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The warriors and soldiers of the Merina society were traditionally selected from the
Andriana caste, or from the nobles. However, in the 19th century when Merina conquered the other kingdoms and ruled most of the island, a much larger army was needed, and the soldiers then included the Hova caste as
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The
Andriana, the Hova and the Andevo strata were endogamous in the Merina society. According to William Ellis memoir in 1838, a Hova in the Malagasy society was prohibited from marrying a noble or a slave, as well as a Zaza-hova. The exception, stated Ellis, was the unmarried Queen who could marry
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In and after the 16th century, slaves were brought into
Madagascar's various kingdoms, and social strata emerged in Merina kingdom. The Hova emerged as the free commoners caste below the nobles hierarchy. The subset of Hova related to the king by blood came under the title
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originally applied to all members of a
Malagasy clan (possibly of the Zafiraminia people) that migrated into the central highlands from the southeast coast of the island around the 15th century and absorbed the existing population of
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well. The traditional occupation of the Hova caste was managing rice and crop lands as owners and trading. The labor in the farms and other servitude was the occupation of the Andevo (slave) caste, also called the
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who were denied the right to own land. A Hova person could be reduced to slavery as punishment for crime or a debt in default, and in this state he would be referred to as
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Kus, Susan (1995). "Sensuous human activity and the state: towards an archaeology of bread and circuses". In Miller, Daniel; Rowlands, Michael (eds.).
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under his rule. The term Hova remained in use through the 20th century, though some foreigners transliterated that word to be
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111:) to describe the land occupied by the Hova people, who thereafter gradually adopted the identity and label of
103:(1575–1612), who further subdivided the Andriana into four ranks. Ralambo was also the first to use the term
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75:(1540–1575) consolidated the power of the Hova when he united many of the Hova chiefdoms around
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This article is about a caste among the Merina people in
Madagascar. For other uses, see
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Endangered
Species: Health, Illness, and Death Among Madagascar's People of the Forest
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anyone from any strata including the Hova, and her children were deemed to be royal.
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Vingt ans Ă Madagascar: colonisation, traditions historiques, moeurs et croyances
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99:. The social structure of the new kingdom became further defined under his son
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434:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 829.
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David
Griffiths and the Missionary "History of Madagascar"
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David
Griffiths and the Missionary "History of Madagascar"
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David
Griffiths and the Missionary "History of Madagascar"
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One of three main historic castes in the Merina
Kingdom
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Madagascar, Mauritius and Other East-African Islands
356:de la Vaissière, Camille; Abinal, Antoine (1885).
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90:Kotokeli, a Hova boy, Madagascar 1911-1912.
171:de la Vassière & Abinal (1885), p. 62
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404:(in French). Paris: Karthala Editions.
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30:A Hova man, or free commoner, of the
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282:. Carolina Academic Press. pp.
226:. BRILL Academic. pp. 623–624.
253:. BRILL Academic. pp. 63–67.
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398:Raison-Jourde, Françoise (1983).
362:(in French). Paris: V. Lecoffre.
162:Raison-Jourde (1983), pp. 141–142
187:. BRILL Academic. p. 410.
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449:Social history of Madagascar
401:Les souverains de Madagascar
383:. London: Psychology Press.
313:. S. Sonnenschein. pp.
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380:Domination and Resistance
431:Encyclopædia Britannica
210:Kus (1995), pp. 140–154
459:Social class in Africa
331:William Ellis (1838).
307:Conrad Keller (1901).
274:Janice Harper (2002).
247:Gwyn Campbell (2012).
220:Gwyn Campbell (2012).
181:Gwyn Campbell (2012).
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454:Culture of Madagascar
334:History of Madagascar
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62:(slaves). The term
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411:978-2-86537-059-7
390:978-0-415-12254-2
293:978-0-89089-238-1
260:978-90-04-19518-9
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443:Categories
147:References
52:Madagascar
125:Zaza-hova
135:See also
97:Andriana
56:Andriana
34:in 1896.
105:Imerina
101:Ralambo
69:Vazimba
46:in the
464:Castes
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286:–107.
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121:Mainty
113:Merina
109:Merina
81:Ankova
60:Andevo
44:castes
406:ISBN
385:ISBN
364:ISBN
317:–91.
288:ISBN
255:ISBN
228:ISBN
189:ISBN
64:hova
40:Hova
38:The
21:Hova
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