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The Pap test is still widely used as a means of early cancer detection and is estimated to have reduced fatalities caused by cancer of the reproductive systems in women by half. By some accounts, the pap test is considered the most significant advance in the control of cancer in the 20th century.
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discharge that he observed in the lab could also be seen in humans. To provide additional subjects for her husband's research, Mary
Papanikolaou also held a party for some female friends, who agreed to have their own cervixes sampled. After one of these women was later diagnosed with
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cycle of guinea pigs, but because he was not a clinician, he lacked access to patients. For 21 years, Mary
Papanikolaou volunteered as an experimental subject for her husband, climbing up onto his examination couch every day so that he could sample and smear her
141:, determined that cancerous cells were indeed visible on the sample. In Georgios' own words: “The first observation of cancer cells in the smear of the uterine cervix gave me one of the greatest thrills I ever experienced during my scientific career.”
125:. She was quoted as saying: "There was no other option but for me to follow him inside the lab, making his way of life mine" and also decided not to have children so she could continue collaborating with her husband.
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differently in various sources; her first name is written as either
Andromahi, Andromachi or Andromache, her maiden name as Mavroyeni, Mavrogeni, Mavrogenis or Mavrogenous, and her last name as Papanikolaou or
84:. She received a good education, could speak French and could play the piano. She met her husband Georgios on a ferry boat journey to Athens, and he fell in love with her charming personality. Papanikolaou
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If one is to respect the person, her married name is "Papanicolaou". This is how her husband George spelled his name in all his publications and how she and he signed their names.
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on
October 9, 1913. Neither Papanikolaou or her husband spoke English, and they had between them only $ 250, the amount then required to enter the U.S. Papanikolaou took a job at
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sampled and smeared by her husband to help with his efforts to create the pap test, which has been shown to reduce cervical cancer deaths by up to 80 percent.
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Throughout her husband's career, Papanikolaou managed both his laboratory affairs and the couple's household affairs. At
Cornell, Georgios was observing the
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Vilos, George A. (March 1998). "The history of the
Papanicolaou smear and the odyssey of George and Andromache Papanicolaou".
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Arbyn, M.; Anttila, A.; Jordan, J.; Ronco, G.; Schenck, U.; Segnan, N.; Wiener, H.; Herbert, A.; von Karsa, L. (March 2010).
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as a seamstress, sewing buttons for $ 5 per week. Her husband took a series of odd jobs before obtaining a position at
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Partly through his wife's volunteer efforts, Georgios was able to determine that the monthly changes to guinea pig
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after his death on
February 19, 1962. She died in Miami in October 1982.{Miami Herald, October 15, 1982 pg.33}
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244:"European Guidelines for Quality Assurance in Cervical Cancer Screening. Second Edition—Summary Document"
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in 1910. After returning to Greece following the death of
Georgios' mother, the couple emigrated to
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Medical
College's Anatomy Department, where Papanikolaou joined him as an unpaid technician.
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561:"Who was Georgios Papanikolaou? Pap Smear pioneer celebrated in Google Doodle"
432:"Georgios Nikolaou Papanikolaou: Person, pictures and information - Fold3.com"
348:"Georgios Nikolaou Papanikolaou: Person, pictures and information - Fold3.com"
304:"Lady Andromache (Mary) Papanicolaou: The Soul of Gynecological Cytopathology"
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with her husband shortly after he obtained his PhD in zoology at the
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Georgios and
Andromachi Papanikolaou's efforts in the fight against
376:"George Papanicolaou (1883–1962): Discoverer of the Pap smear"
46:. For 21 years, Mary Papanikolaou volunteered to have her
536:"The Hilarious and Compelling Origins of the Pap Smear"
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Mary Papanicolaou continued her husband's work at the
559:
EDT, Ewan Palmer On 5/13/19 at 3:46 AM (2019-05-13).
374:Tan, Siang Yong; Tatsumura, Yvonne (October 2015).
308:Journal of the American Society of Cytopathology
506:"Georgios Papanikolaou: Papa of the Pap Smear"
8:
583:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
76:, which made history fighting against the
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62:, Papanikolaou was the descendant of the
651:," KPBS.org, Tuesday, February 27, 2024.
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155:Papanicolaou Cancer Research Institute
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705:Greek emigrants to the United States
457:"Medical History: Mrs. Papanicolaou"
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30:(1890-13 October 1982) was a Greek
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481:"GREECE IS | HEALTH | 2017-2018"
211:Ανδρομάχη Μαυρογένη Παπανικολάου
534:Petrovchich, Iva (2019-04-30).
42:who independently invented the
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710:20th-century Greek scientists
614:10.1016/s0029-7844(97)00695-9
512:. 2019-05-13. Archived from
104:'s Pathology Department and
601:Obstetrics & Gynecology
455:Crazedturkey (2012-08-08).
16:Greek laboratory technician
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320:10.1016/j.jasc.2014.08.004
302:(November–December 2014).
690:Women medical researchers
680:Greek medical researchers
653:Retrieved March 26, 2024.
380:Singapore Medical Journal
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98:Gimbel's Department Store
82:Greek War of Independence
715:20th-century Greek women
695:Cornell University staff
112:Contribution to research
700:Miami University people
300:Nikolaos Chatziantoniou
685:Greek women scientists
392:10.11622/smedj.2015155
177:, are featured in the
28:Mavrogeni Papanikolaou
649:The Cancer Detectives
643:Robinson, Jennifer. "
260:10.1093/annonc/mdp471
184:which first aired on
182:The Cancer Detectives
171:Helen Octavia Dickens
169:, along with that of
36:Georgios Papanikolaou
32:laboratory technician
90:University of Munich
60:Andromachi Mavrogeni
670:19th-century births
645:American Experience
190:on March 26, 2024.
187:American Experience
487:. 25 December 2017
248:Annals of Oncology
106:Cornell University
102:New York Hospital
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40:pathologist
664:Categories
570:2019-09-07
545:2019-09-07
520:2019-09-07
491:2019-09-07
466:2019-09-07
441:2019-09-07
357:2019-09-07
333:2020-06-10
229:References
139:cytologist
64:Phanariote
54:Early life
20:Andromachi
622:0029-7844
400:0037-5675
268:0923-7534
118:ovulatory
579:cite web
565:Newsweek
418:26512152
328:31051722
286:20176693
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207:Greek
194:Notes
149:Death
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58:Born
626:PMID
618:ISSN
585:link
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