639:(UDDA) is a model bill, adopted by many US states, stating that an individual who has sustained either 1) irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions or 2) irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem, is dead. This bill was a result of much debate over the definition of death and is applicable to the debate over anencephaly. A related bill, the
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of women of child-bearing age may significantly reduce, although not eliminate, the incidence of neural tube defects. Therefore, it is recommended that all women of child-bearing age consume 0.4 mg of folic acid daily, especially those attempting to conceive or who may possibly conceive, as this
554:
argument, that anencephalic neonates would rarely be a source of organs, and that it would undermine confidence in organ transplantation. Slippery slope concerns are a major issue in personhood debates, across the board. In regards to anencephaly, those who oppose organ donation argue that it could
170:
The
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) describes the presentation of this condition as follows: "A baby born with anencephaly is usually blind, deaf, unaware of its surroundings and unable to feel pain. Although some individuals with anencephaly may be born with a main
626:
The case of baby
Theresa was the beginning of the ethical debate over anencephalic infant organ donation. The story of baby Theresa remains a focus of basic moral philosophy. Baby Theresa was born with anencephaly in 1992. Her parents, knowing that their child was going to die, requested that her
617:
Anencephaly can be diagnosed before delivery with a high degree of accuracy. Although anencephaly is a fatal condition, the option of abortion is dependent on the abortion laws in the state. According to a 2013 report, 26% of the world's population reside in a country where abortion is generally
566:, a child born with anencephaly was reported as the country's youngest organ donor. Teddy Houlston was diagnosed as anencephalic at 12 weeks of gestation. His parents, Jess Evans and Mike Houlston, decided against abortion and instead proposed organ donation. Teddy was born on 22 April 2014, in
646:
There have been two state bills that proposed to change current laws regarding death and organ donation. California Senate Bill 2018 proposed to amend the UDDA to define anencephalic infants as already dead, while New Jersey
Assembly Bill 3367 proposed to allow anencephalic infants to be organ
510:
A high anencephaly rate of 19.7 per 10,000 live births was found in 1990/1991 in
Brownsville, Texas. A cluster of cases made national headlines and prompted a public health investigation and the Texas Neural Tube Defect Project. It was found, that neural tube defects in general, including
558:
Proposals have been made to bypass the legal and ethical issues surrounding organ donation. These include waiting for death to occur before procuring organs, expanding the definition of death, creating a special legal category for anencephalic infants, and defining them as non-persons.
555:
open the door for involuntary organ donors such as an elderly person with severe dementia. Another point of contention is the number of children who would actually benefit. There are discrepancies in statistics; however, it is known that most anencephalic children are stillborn.
386:
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fails to close, usually between the 23rd and 26th day following conception. Strictly speaking, the Greek term translates as "without a brain" (or totally lacking the inside part of the head), but it is accepted that children born with this disorder usually only lack a
627:
organs be given for transplantation. Although her physicians agreed, Florida law prohibited the infant's organs from being removed while she was still alive. By the time she died nine days after birth, her organs had deteriorated past the point of being viable.
199:
643:(UAGA), grants individuals and, after death, their family members the right to decide whether or not to donate organs. Because it is against the law for any person to pay money for an organ, the person in need of an organ transplant must rely on a volunteer.
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162:. The remaining structure is usually covered only by a thin layer of membrane—skin, bone, meninges, etc., are all lacking. With very few exceptions, infants with this disorder do not survive longer than a few hours or days after birth.
340:
present in many cellular types throughout the human body. The cilia defects adversely affect "numerous critical developmental signaling pathways" essential to cellular development and, thus, offer a plausible hypothesis for the often
266:. A woman who has had one child with a neural tube defect such as anencephaly has about a 3% risk of having another child with a neural tube defect, as opposed to the background rate of 0.1% occurrence in the population at large.
2279:
240:
can reduce the risk to 0.03%. It is not advisable to wait until pregnancy has begun, since, by the time a woman knows she is pregnant, the critical time for the formation of a neural tube defect has usually already passed. A
1723:
Glasson, John; Plows, Charles W.; Clarke, Oscar W.; Cosgriff, James H.; Kliger, Craig H.; Ruff, Victoria N.; Tenery, Robert M.; Wilkins, George T.; et al. (1995). "The Use of
Anencephalic Neonates as Organ Donors".
605:(PVS), involves loss of cognitive functioning of the brain. A proposal by law professor David Randolph Smith, in an attempt to prove that neocortical death should legally be treated the same as brain death, involved
2272:
1063:
Cowchock, S.; Ainbender, E.; Prescott, G.; Crandall, B.; Lau, L.; Heller, R.; Muir, W. A.; Kloza, E.; et al. (1980). "The recurrence risk for neural tube defects in the United States: A collaborative study".
543:. Initial legal guidance came from the case of Baby Theresa in 1992, in which the boundaries of organ donation were tested for the first time. Infant organs are scarce, and the high demand for pediatric
175:, the lack of a functioning cerebrum permanently rules out the possibility of ever gaining awareness of their surroundings. Reflex actions such as breathing and responses to sound or touch may occur."
957:
Bonnard, Carine; Navaratnam, Naveenan; Ghosh, Kakaly; Chan, Puck Wee; Tan, Thong Teck; Pomp, Oz; Ng, Alvin Yu Jin; Tohari, Sumanty; Changede, Rishita; Carling, David; Venkatesh, Byrappa (2020-12-07).
467:
as the vault of the skull fails to form. Craniorachischisis occurs in about 1 of every 1000 live births, but various physical and chemical tests can detect neural tube closure during early pregnancy.
1316:
Isada, Nelson B.; Qureshi, Faisal; Jacques, Suzanne M.; Holzgreve, Wolfgang; Tout, Mary Jo; Johnson, Mark P.; Evans, Mark I. (1993). "Meroanencephaly: Pathology and
Prenatal Diagnosis".
1935:
547:
poses a major public health issue. In 1999, it was found that for
American children under the age of two who are waiting for a transplant, 30–50% die before an organ becomes available.
441:
The most common type of anencephaly, where the brain has entirely failed to form, except for the brain stem. Infants rarely survive more than one day after birth with holoanencephaly.
2018:
618:
prohibited. In 2012, Brazil extended the right of abortion to mothers with anencephalic fetuses. This decision is, however, receiving much disapproval by several religious groups.
2084:
Zhao, Qi; Behringer, Richard R.; De
Crombrugghe, Benoit (1996). "Prenatal folic acid treatment suppresses acrania and meroanencephaly in mice mutant for the Cart1 homeobox gene".
1351:
663:(cartilage cells). The CART1 gene to chromosome 12q21.3–q22 has been mapped. Also, it has been found that mice homozygous for deficiency in the Cart1 gene manifested
2560:
523:, low serum vitamin B12, high serum homocysteine levels, and obesity independently contributed to risk. Increasing dietary folate intake had a protective effect.
475:
There is no cure or standard treatment for anencephaly. Prognosis is extremely poor, as many anencephalic fetuses do not survive birth and infants that are not
609:
to determine the similarities. However, this proposal has been criticized on the basis that confirming neocortical death by PET scan may risk indeterminacy.
1993:
1849:
873:
2471:
1184:
Badano, Jose L.; Mitsuma, Norimasa; Beales, Phil L.; Katsanis, Nicholas (2006). "The
Ciliopathies: An Emerging Class of Human Genetic Disorders".
922:
Shaffer, Lisa G.; Marazita, Mary L.; Bodurtha, Joann; Newlin, Anna; Nance, Walter E. (1990). "Evidence for a major gene in familial anencephaly".
421:
bones, a median cranial defect, and a cranial protrusion called area cerebrovasculosa. Area cerebrovasculosa is a section of abnormal, spongy,
1928:
1903:
906:
830:
Centers for
Disease Control (CDC) (1991-08-02). "Use of folic acid for prevention of spina bifida and other neural tube defects--1983-1991".
791:
704:
2022:
1124:
2190:
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had been occurring in Mexican-American women undetected for years in the area. Subsequently, multiple risk factors were found, foremost
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1425:
812:
764:
739:
636:
1864:
1680:"The diagnosis is anencephaly and the parents ask about organ donation: Now what? A guide for hospital counsel and ethics committees"
244:
may prescribe even higher dosages of folic acid (5 mg/day) for women having had a previous pregnancy with a neural tube defect.
1468:
308:, that are now being found to be related. As a result of new genetic research, some of these are, in fact, highly related in their
1959:
2423:
455:
The most severe type of anencephaly where area cerebrovasculosa and area medullovasculosa fill both cranial defects and the
1589:
Suarez, Lucina; Felkner, Marilyn; Brender, Jean D.; Canfield, Mark; Zhu, Huiping; Hendricks, Katherine A. (November 2012).
1162:
1264:"Detection of fetal structural abnormalities by an 11-14-week ultrasound dating scan in an unselected Swedish population"
1801:
1099:
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is usually offered to women at a higher risk of having a child with a neural tube defect to discuss available testing.
2446:
1825:
640:
602:
370:
346:
2380:
1591:"Neural tube defects on the Texas-Mexico border: What we've learned in the 20 years since the Brownsville cluster"
350:
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Within the medical community, the main ethical issues with organ donation are a misdiagnosis of anencephaly, the
354:
1986:
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2201:
480:
358:
259:
kinase leads to anencephaly in humans. Animal models indicate a possible association with deficiencies of the
2264:
865:
495:, anencephaly occurs in about 1 out of every 4600 births. Rates may be higher among Africans with rates in
288:
and people with insulin-dependent diabetes have a higher risk of having a child with a neural tube defect.
2428:
1345:
1219:
JoĂł JG, Beke A, Papp C, et al. (2007). "Neural tube defects in the sample of genetic counselling".
655:
Some genetic research has been conducted to determine the causes of anencephaly. It has been found that
520:
134:
235:, folic acid may play a role in anencephaly. Studies have shown that the addition of folic acid to the
260:
959:"A loss-of-function NUAK2 mutation in humans causes anencephaly due to impaired Hippo-YAP signaling"
526:
Research has suggested that, overall, female babies are more likely to be affected by the disorder.
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has been shown to be important in neural tube formation since at least 1991, and as a subtype of
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71:
708:
788:"Anencephaly Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)"
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55:
1552:"Neural tube defect surveillance and folic acid intervention--Texas-Mexico border, 1993-1998"
154:, the largest part of the brain consisting mainly of the cerebral hemispheres, including the
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405:) and detailed fetal ultrasound can be useful for screening for neural tube defects such as
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297:
236:
60:
1679:
1441:
2414:
2045:"Syndromes, Disorders and Maternal Risk Factors Associated with Neural Tube Defects (III)"
1871:
1805:
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422:
252:
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Ultrasound and the Fetal Brain: Progress in Obstetric and Gynecological Sonography Series
459:. Craniorachischisis is characterized by anencephaly accompanied by bony defects in the
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1125:"Anencephaly | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program"
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512:
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1014:
Kaneko, Kotaro J.; Kohn, Matthew J.; Liu, Chengyu; Depamphilis, Melvin L. (2007).
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328:. The underlying cause may be a dysfunctional molecular mechanism in the primary
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843:
705:"Cephalic disorders – Overview, Anencephaly, Colpocephaly – neurologychannel"
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admixed with glial tissue ranging from simply a membrane to a large mass of
345:
nature of a large set of syndromes and diseases. Known ciliopathies include
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321:
313:
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Until recently, medical literature did not indicate a connection among many
241:
172:
159:
155:
99:
17:
2070:
1897:"Anencephalic Infants as Potential Organ Sources: Ethical and Legal Issues"
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will suppress acrania and meroanencephaly in the Cart1-deficient mutants.
251:, with direct evidence of autosomal recessive inheritance. As reported by
27:
Neural tube defect involving absence of much of the brain, skull and scalp
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606:
417:
Meroanencephaly is a rare form of anencephaly characterized by malformed
309:
301:
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273:
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Neural Tube Defects: From Origin to Treatment: From Origin to Treatment
664:
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496:
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1420:(9th ed.). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. p. 338.
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were removed. His kidneys were later transplanted into an adult in
759:(1st publ ed.). New York: Parthenon Pub. Group. p. 102.
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571:
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500:
384:
329:
272:
263:
256:
130:
126:
122:
1761:"Anencephalic infants as organ donors: Beware the slippery slope"
429:, hemorrhagic vascular channels, glial nodules, and disorganized
2195:
1595:
Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology
656:
2268:
1550:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2000-01-14).
1016:"Transcription factor TEAD2 is involved in neural tube closure"
594:: failure of heart, failure of lungs, whole brain death, and
479:
will usually die within a few hours or days after birth from
393:
Anencephaly can often be diagnosed before birth through an
1365:
Murlimanju, N; Vishal, K; Maligi, AM; Naveen, NS (2010).
503:
estimated at 8 per 10,000 in 1992. As of 2005, rates in
104:
Death typically occurs within hours to days after birth.
1902:. National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature.
892:
890:
2127:
755:
Chervenak, F.A.; Kurjak, A.; Comstock, C.H. (1995).
590:
There are four different concepts used to determine
570:, Wales, and lived for 100 minutes, after which his
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2495:
2486:
2363:
2315:
2306:
2227:
2131:
1960:"Anencephaly in Brazil: A New Decision, Old Issues"
1630:Timson, J. (1970). "The sex ratio in anencephaly".
1463:. Oxford University Press. 2005. pp. 125–126.
255:and colleagues, the homozygous inactivation of the
108:
98:
90:
80:
70:
54:
35:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1350:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1161:. National Institutes of Health. 22 August 2011.
667:and meroanencephaly, and prenatal treatment with
499:estimated at 3 per 10,000 in 1990 while rates in
1497:"Lessons from Brownsville's anencephaly cluster"
145:that occurs when the rostral (head) end of the
2049:Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
901:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier.
539:One issue concerning anencephalic newborns is
320:. Anencephaly is one such disease, part of an
2280:
1268:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
813:"Baby Without A Brain, Nickolas Coke, Update"
8:
1186:Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
1929:"The World's Abortion Laws Map 2013 Update"
1556:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
832:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
247:Neural tube defects can follow patterns of
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2312:
2287:
2273:
2265:
2128:
1865:"Ethics in Neuroscience: Mind over Matter"
1453:
1451:
1371:Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice
734:. New York: Wiley-Liss, Inc. p. 253.
389:Ultrasound image of fetus with anencephaly
312:despite the widely varying set of medical
41:
32:
2060:
2019:"Uniform Declaration of Death Act (UDDA)"
1890:
1888:
1886:
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121:is the absence of a major portion of the
582:. Teddy's twin, Noah, was born healthy.
2472:Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria
1718:
1716:
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778:
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284:It is known that people taking certain
216:X-ray of an anencephalic stillborn baby
2561:Congenital disorders of nervous system
1848:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1841:
1343:
76:Absence of the cerebrum and cerebellum
1198:10.1146/annurev.genom.7.080505.115610
204:A front view of an anencephalic fetus
50:Illustration of an anencephalic fetus
7:
1870:. Indiana University. Archived from
1808:. BBC News. Retrieved on 2015-04-23.
1066:American Journal of Medical Genetics
963:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
924:American Journal of Medical Genetics
794:from the original on 2 December 2016
192:A side view of an anencephalic fetus
1863:Beresford, H. Richard (July 1996).
897:Ratcliffe, Stephen D., ed. (2008).
707:. September 3, 2015. Archived from
647:sources even if they are not dead.
316:that are clinically visible in the
2298:malformations and deformations of
637:Uniform Determination of Death Act
25:
732:Human Embryology & Teratology
1738:10.1001/jama.1995.03520440068039
730:O'Rahilly, M; Muller, F (1992).
601:Neocortical death, similar to a
507:were estimated at 5 per 10,000.
397:examination. The maternal serum
209:
197:
185:
2424:Agenesis of the corpus callosum
1999:from the original on 2014-12-14
1941:from the original on 2015-12-02
1909:from the original on 2012-05-22
1831:from the original on 2013-10-15
1702:from the original on 2014-03-26
1477:from the original on 2016-01-31
1262:Cedergren M, Selbing A (2006).
1165:from the original on 2011-08-05
876:from the original on 2018-04-08
866:"Lancet 1991; 338:8760:131-137"
277:An infant with anencephaly and
94:Mother taking enough folic acid
1684:Western New England Law Review
657:cartilage homeoprotein (CART1)
292:Relation to genetic ciliopathy
1:
2062:10.1016/S1028-4559(08)60070-4
1513:10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01318-1
1367:"Craniorachischisis totalis"
659:is selectively expressed in
158:, which is responsible for
2390:other reduction deformities
1318:Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy
1100:"Neural Tube Defects (NTD)"
641:Uniform Anatomical Gift Act
603:persistent vegetative state
2582:
1678:Bard, Jennifer S. (1999).
1416:Gilbert, Scott F. (2010).
899:Family medicine obstetrics
631:United States uniform acts
448:
347:primary ciliary dyskinesia
1895:Meinke, Sue (June 1989).
1495:Xiao, Emily (July 2023).
1442:"Facts about Anencephaly"
1281:10.1080/00016340500448438
1129:rarediseases.info.nih.gov
324:class of diseases called
49:
40:
2376:Congenital hydrocephalus
2043:Chen, Chih-Ping (2008).
481:cardiorespiratory arrest
1759:Ahmad, Ferhaan (1992).
1384:10.4103/0976-3147.63108
1332:(inactive 2024-09-13).
1159:Genetics Home Reference
1078:10.1002/ajmg.1320050314
936:10.1002/ajmg.1320360119
390:
371:Meckel–Gruber syndrome
281:
2429:Septo-optic dysplasia
2381:Dandy–Walker syndrome
1418:Developmental biology
613:Pregnancy termination
521:folic acid deficiency
388:
351:Bardet–Biedl syndrome
276:
135:embryonic development
112:1 in 4600 in the U.S.
86:Folic acid deficiency
1877:on November 1, 2005.
975:10.1084/jem.20191561
463:and the exposure of
375:retinal degeneration
373:, and some forms of
261:transcription factor
141:that results from a
2355:Chiari malformation
1771:(2): 236–241, 244.
133:that occurs during
2526:Currarino syndrome
2497:Neural tube defect
2439:Hemimegalencephaly
2405:Microlissencephaly
2317:Neural tube defect
2228:External resources
2098:10.1038/ng0796-275
1987:"What is Morality"
1804:2018-05-28 at the
1644:10.1007/BF00958926
1608:10.1002/bdra.23070
1135:on 20 January 2022
445:Craniorachischisis
391:
332:structures of the
282:
268:Genetic counseling
233:neural tube defect
166:Signs and symptoms
143:neural tube defect
2548:
2547:
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2543:
2482:
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2395:Holoprosencephaly
2262:
2261:
1330:10.1159/000263862
1032:10.1002/dvg.20330
908:978-0-323-04306-9
622:Legal proceedings
545:organ transplants
427:connective tissue
399:alpha-fetoprotein
355:polycystic kidney
302:genetic syndromes
298:genetic disorders
139:cephalic disorder
116:
115:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
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2531:Diastomatomyelia
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2021:. Archived from
2015:
2009:
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1991:
1985:Rachels, James.
1982:
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1962:. Archived from
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1507:(10395): 17–19.
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1131:. Archived from
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1102:. Archived from
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882:
881:
862:
856:
855:
827:
821:
820:
815:. Archived from
809:
803:
802:
800:
799:
784:
771:
770:
752:
746:
745:
727:
721:
720:
718:
716:
701:
431:choroid plexuses
409:or anencephaly.
367:Alström syndrome
363:nephronophthisis
306:genetic diseases
213:
201:
189:
61:Medical genetics
45:
33:
21:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2566:Brain disorders
2551:
2550:
2549:
2540:
2514:
2478:
2415:Hydranencephaly
2359:
2302:
2293:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2223:
2222:
2140:
2126:
2121:
2086:Nature Genetics
2083:
2082:
2078:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2028:
2026:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1882:
1874:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1819:"Archived copy"
1817:
1816:
1812:
1806:Wayback Machine
1798:
1794:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1705:
1703:
1677:
1676:
1667:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1601:(11): 882–892.
1588:
1587:
1583:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1480:
1478:
1471:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1342:
1315:
1314:
1305:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1233:10.1002/pd.1801
1218:
1217:
1213:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1136:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1109:
1107:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1013:
1012:
1008:
956:
955:
951:
921:
920:
916:
909:
896:
895:
888:
879:
877:
864:
863:
859:
838:(30): 513–516.
829:
828:
824:
811:
810:
806:
797:
795:
786:
785:
774:
767:
754:
753:
749:
742:
729:
728:
724:
714:
712:
703:
702:
698:
694:
677:
653:
633:
624:
615:
588:
537:
532:
489:
473:
453:
447:
439:
437:Holoanencephaly
423:vascular tissue
415:
413:Meroanencephaly
383:
294:
286:anticonvulsants
253:Bruno Reversade
226:
221:
220:
219:
218:
217:
214:
206:
205:
202:
194:
193:
190:
178:
168:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2579:
2577:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2553:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2467:Polymicrogyria
2463:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2458:Schizencephaly
2455:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2434:Megalencephaly
2431:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2321:
2319:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2300:nervous system
2294:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2269:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2244:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2209:
2198:
2187:
2172:
2157:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:Classification
2125:
2124:External links
2122:
2120:
2119:
2076:
2035:
2010:
1977:
1966:on 13 May 2012
1951:
1920:
1880:
1855:
1810:
1792:
1751:
1732:(20): 1614–8.
1712:
1665:
1622:
1581:
1542:
1487:
1469:
1447:
1433:
1427:978-0878933846
1426:
1408:
1357:
1303:
1254:
1227:(10): 912–21.
1211:
1176:
1146:
1116:
1091:
1055:
1006:
949:
914:
907:
886:
857:
822:
819:on 2012-09-14.
804:
772:
766:978-1850706120
765:
747:
741:978-0471382256
740:
722:
711:on May 9, 2008
695:
693:
690:
689:
688:
683:
676:
673:
652:
649:
632:
629:
623:
620:
614:
611:
587:
584:
564:United Kingdom
552:slippery slope
541:organ donation
536:
535:Organ donation
533:
531:
530:Ethical issues
528:
488:
485:
472:
469:
449:Main article:
446:
443:
438:
435:
414:
411:
382:
379:
293:
290:
225:
222:
215:
208:
207:
203:
196:
195:
191:
184:
183:
182:
181:
180:
167:
164:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
102:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
84:
78:
77:
74:
68:
67:
58:
52:
51:
47:
46:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2578:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2537:
2536:Syringomyelia
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2400:Lissencephaly
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2350:Encephalocele
2348:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2092:(3): 275–83.
2091:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2055:(2): 131–40.
2054:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2036:
2025:on 2013-09-06
2024:
2020:
2014:
2011:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1978:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1937:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1827:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1638:(3): 457–65.
1637:
1633:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1476:
1472:
1470:9780199775149
1466:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:Prenat. Diagn
1215:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1177:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:"Anencephaly"
1150:
1147:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1106:on 2011-03-04
1105:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1072:(3): 309–14.
1071:
1067:
1059:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1026:(9): 577–87.
1025:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1007:
1002:
998:
993:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
953:
950:
945:
941:
937:
933:
930:(1): 97–101.
929:
925:
918:
915:
910:
904:
900:
893:
891:
887:
875:
871:
867:
861:
858:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
826:
823:
818:
814:
808:
805:
793:
789:
783:
781:
779:
777:
773:
768:
762:
758:
751:
748:
743:
737:
733:
726:
723:
715:September 19,
710:
706:
700:
697:
691:
687:
684:
682:
679:
678:
674:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
650:
648:
644:
642:
638:
630:
628:
621:
619:
612:
610:
608:
604:
599:
597:
593:
585:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
556:
553:
548:
546:
542:
534:
529:
527:
524:
522:
518:
517:encephalocele
514:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
493:United States
486:
484:
482:
478:
470:
468:
466:
465:neural tissue
462:
458:
457:spinal column
452:
444:
442:
436:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
412:
410:
408:
404:
403:AFP screening
400:
396:
387:
380:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:liver disease
356:
352:
348:
344:
343:multi-symptom
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
291:
289:
287:
280:
275:
271:
269:
265:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
238:
234:
230:
223:
212:
200:
188:
179:
176:
174:
165:
163:
161:
157:
153:
152:telencephalon
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
111:
107:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
83:
79:
75:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59:
57:
53:
48:
44:
39:
34:
19:
2510:Rachischisis
2505:Spina bifida
2453:Porencephaly
2445:
2389:
2371:Microcephaly
2343:Iniencephaly
2324:
2246:
2235:
2211:
2200:
2189:
2174:
2159:
2144:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2027:. Retrieved
2023:the original
2013:
2001:. Retrieved
1980:
1968:. Retrieved
1964:the original
1954:
1943:. Retrieved
1923:
1911:. Retrieved
1872:the original
1858:
1833:. Retrieved
1813:
1795:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1729:
1725:
1704:. Retrieved
1690:(1): 49–95.
1687:
1683:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1479:. Retrieved
1459:
1436:
1417:
1411:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1346:cite journal
1324:(6): 423–8.
1321:
1317:
1274:(8): 912–5.
1271:
1267:
1257:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1167:. Retrieved
1158:
1149:
1137:. Retrieved
1133:the original
1128:
1119:
1108:. Retrieved
1104:the original
1094:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1023:
1019:
1009:
966:
962:
952:
927:
923:
917:
898:
878:. Retrieved
870:www.sjsu.edu
869:
860:
835:
831:
825:
817:the original
807:
796:. Retrieved
756:
750:
731:
725:
713:. Retrieved
709:the original
699:
686:Microcephaly
661:chondrocytes
654:
645:
634:
625:
616:
600:
589:
561:
557:
549:
538:
525:
513:spina bifida
509:
490:
487:Epidemiology
474:
454:
451:Rachischisis
440:
416:
407:spina bifida
392:
326:ciliopathies
295:
283:
246:
227:
177:
169:
118:
117:
82:Risk factors
18:Anencephalic
2488:Spinal cord
2325:Anencephaly
2237:MedlinePlus
1377:(1): 54–5.
596:neocortical
592:brain death
586:Brain death
147:neural tube
119:Anencephaly
36:Anencephaly
2555:Categories
2410:Pachygyria
2296:Congenital
2213:DiseasesDB
2029:2013-08-23
1945:2015-11-30
1835:2013-10-15
1706:2012-07-20
1562:(1): 1–4.
1501:The Lancet
1481:2015-08-09
1192:: 125–48.
1139:4 December
1110:2011-04-01
880:2018-12-10
798:2016-12-02
692:References
669:folic acid
395:ultrasound
338:organelles
310:root cause
229:Folic acid
173:brain stem
137:. It is a
91:Prevention
65:pediatrics
2338:Acalvaria
2253:neuro/639
2248:eMedicine
1568:0149-2195
1537:259290246
1521:0140-6736
1169:28 August
983:1540-9538
844:0149-2195
681:Acalvaria
607:PET scans
477:stillborn
471:Prognosis
381:Diagnosis
318:disorders
242:physician
160:cognition
156:neocortex
109:Frequency
100:Prognosis
56:Specialty
2447:CNS cyst
2329:Acephaly
2114:12341689
2071:18603496
1994:Archived
1936:Archived
1904:Archived
1844:cite web
1826:Archived
1802:Archived
1700:Archived
1696:12774804
1660:21682384
1632:Genetica
1617:22945287
1576:10993565
1529:37393913
1475:Archived
1403:21799625
1298:22388577
1290:16862467
1249:33282525
1241:17602445
1206:16722803
1163:Archived
1050:17868131
1001:32845958
874:Archived
792:Archived
675:See also
651:Research
322:emerging
314:symptoms
249:heredity
72:Symptoms
2333:Acrania
2207:D000757
2106:8673125
2003:19 July
1970:19 July
1913:19 July
1787:1735049
1778:1488368
1746:7745776
1652:4922971
1394:3137839
1338:8286034
1086:7405962
1041:2765819
1020:Genesis
992:7953732
944:2333913
852:2072886
665:acrania
598:death.
576:kidneys
568:Cardiff
562:In the
497:Nigeria
491:In the
419:cranial
300:, both
279:acrania
2242:001580
2196:206500
2155:LA00.0
2112:
2104:
2069:
1785:
1775:
1744:
1694:
1658:
1650:
1615:
1574:
1566:
1535:
1527:
1519:
1467:
1424:
1401:
1391:
1336:
1296:
1288:
1247:
1239:
1204:
1084:
1048:
1038:
999:
989:
981:
969:(12).
942:
905:
850:
842:
763:
738:
515:, and
224:Causes
129:, and
2519:Other
2364:Other
2308:Brain
2185:740.0
2170:Q00.0
2110:S2CID
1997:(PDF)
1990:(PDF)
1939:(PDF)
1932:(PDF)
1907:(PDF)
1900:(PDF)
1875:(PDF)
1868:(PDF)
1829:(PDF)
1822:(PDF)
1656:S2CID
1533:S2CID
1294:S2CID
1245:S2CID
580:Leeds
572:heart
505:China
501:Ghana
461:spine
330:cilia
264:TEAD2
257:NUAK2
131:scalp
127:skull
123:brain
2202:MeSH
2191:OMIM
2180:9-CM
2102:PMID
2067:PMID
2005:2012
1972:2012
1915:2012
1850:link
1783:PMID
1765:CMAJ
1742:PMID
1726:JAMA
1692:PMID
1648:PMID
1613:PMID
1572:PMID
1564:ISSN
1525:PMID
1517:ISSN
1465:ISBN
1422:ISBN
1399:PMID
1352:link
1334:PMID
1286:PMID
1237:PMID
1202:PMID
1171:2011
1141:2021
1082:PMID
1046:PMID
997:PMID
979:ISSN
940:PMID
903:ISBN
848:PMID
840:ISSN
761:ISBN
736:ISBN
717:2016
635:The
574:and
357:and
334:cell
304:and
237:diet
2218:705
2176:ICD
2161:ICD
2146:ICD
2094:doi
2057:doi
1773:PMC
1769:146
1734:doi
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