158:. The coating reduced echoes by 15% in the 10 to 18 kHz range. This frequency range matched the operating range of the early ASDIC active sonar used by the Allies. The ASDIC types 123, 123A, 144 and 145 all operated in the 14 to 22 kHz range. However, this degradation in echo reflection was not uniform at all diving depths due to the voids being compressed by the water pressure. An additional benefit of the coating was it acted as a sound dampener, containing the U-boat's own engine noises.
22:
88:
76:
363:
Modern tiles may consist of several layers of material with voids of variable sizes, designed to mask and deflect specific sound frequency ranges at different depths. Different materials may be used by marine engineers to cover sections of the submarine where they are needed to absorb specific
209:
It was not until late 1944 that the problems with the adhesive were mostly resolved. The coating required a special adhesive and careful application; it took several thousand hours of glueing and riveting on the U-boat. The first U-boat to test the new adhesive was
127:
music dramas. The coating consisted of sheets approximately 1 m (3 ft 3 in) square and 4 mm (0.16 in) thick, with rows of holes in two sizes, 4 mm (0.16 in) and 2 mm (0.079 in) in diameter.
205:
and casing. This resulted in the sheets loosening and creating turbulence in the water, making it easier for the submarine to be detected. Furthermore, the coating was found to have considerably decreased the speed of the boat.
810:
857:
220:
intended that it would be widely used on the new Type XXI and Type XXII U-boats. However, the war ended before it could be put into large scale use. Ultimately only one operational
345:
tiles. These were initially prone to falling off, but as the technology matured it was apparent that the tiles were having a dramatic effect in reducing the submarines'
769:
Die
Sonaranlagen der deutschen Unterseeboote: Entwicklung, Erprobung, Einsatz und Wirkung akustischer Ortungs- und Täuschungseinrichtungen der deutschen Unterseeboote
499:
181:
probably sometime in April 1941 where it was given the coating. The coating covered the conning tower and sides of the U-boat, but not to the deck. By 15 May 1941,
930:
193:. During July, the coating was removed from all parts of the boat except the conning tower and bow. Further experiments and sound trials were made in the
197:
but they presumably proved unsatisfactory, as all the coating was subsequently removed. Problems were encountered early-on, when it was found that the
864:
701:"Report of interrogation of survivors of U 574, a 500-ton U-boat, sunk at about 0425 on 19th December, 1941, in position 38° 15' N. and 17° 16' W."
776:
755:
734:
687:
641:
568:
525:
62:
To attenuate the sounds emitted from the vessel, typically its engines, to reduce the range at which it can be detected by
925:
151:
503:
409:
400:
231:
172:
166:
920:
478:
407:) or layers of conductive material (paper or plastic with carbon black) separated by layers of di-electric material (
811:"revêtement en caoutchouc absorbant Alberich (tuile anéchoïque) pour sous-marin Uboote (stealth) marine allemande"
788:
700:
653:
43:
or synthetic polymer tiles containing thousands of tiny voids, applied to the outer hulls of military ships and
611:
585:
302:
290:
284:
278:
272:
266:
260:
254:
225:
217:
124:
338:
248:
243:
237:
211:
177:, a Type IX, was the first operational U-boat with this coating. After its first war patrol, it put in at
382:
350:
311:
310:
Anechoic coating based on research & technology supplied by
Germany was also used by the Japanese
349:. Modern Russian tiles are about 100 mm thick, and apparently reduced the acoustic signature of
296:
654:"O.N.I. 250 – G/Serial 16; Report on the interrogation of survivors from U-67 sunk on 16 July 1943"
368:
143:
homopolymer with low-temperature elasticity; the rubber material itself was known by its trademark
378:
346:
832:
772:
751:
730:
683:
637:
564:
26:
105:
48:
391:
In recent years, nearly all modern military submarines are designed to use anechoic tiles.
317:
submarines, though completely different in composition from German rubber-based tiles like
529:
230:, was coated with the anechoic tiles. U-boats with the anechoic tiles coating include:
202:
120:
914:
403:- camouflage antiradar submarine coatings of synthetic rubber and iron oxide powder (
178:
889:
334:
136:
100:
154:, but contained air cavities; these cavities resulted in a degraded reflection of
59:, reducing and distorting the return signal, thereby reducing its effective range.
21:
32:. Two patches of missing tiles are visible towards the forward edge of the sail.
194:
449:
333:
After the war the technology was not used again until the late 1960s when the
221:
190:
140:
162:
132:
109:
44:
704:
482:
87:
657:
357:
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116:
364:
frequencies associated with machinery at that location inside the hull.
75:
83:
tile, illustrating patterns of multiple holes with different diameters
342:
40:
748:
U-Boat
Operations of the Second World War: Career Histories, U1-U510
634:
The U-Boat: The
Evolution and Technical History of German Submarines
607:
581:
479:"C.B. 04051 (76); U 135; Interrogation of Survivors; November, 1943"
139:
tile and made using a stabilized, non-polar, high molecular weight
155:
86:
74:
63:
56:
500:"When the hunter becomes the prey – The first furtive submarine"
186:
201:
had insufficient strength to bond synthetic rubber with the
367:
The Royal Navy started using anechoic tiles in 1980, when
216:
a Type VIIC. With good results with the new adhesive, the
98:
The technology of anechoic tiles was developed by the
727:
Lost
Patrols: Submarine Wrecks of the English Channel
858:"Nuclear Submarine Refitting 1970–1983 (continued)"
680:Wolf Pack: The Story of the U-Boat in World War II
381:also started using anechoic tiles in 1980, with
337:began coating its submarines, starting with the
374:was fitted with them during its second refit.
528:. BASF – The Chemical Company. Archived from
360:, (i.e. 10% to 1% of its original strength).
8:
555:
553:
551:
549:
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494:
492:
473:
471:
469:
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444:
442:
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432:
890:"Change of command welcome aboard pamphlet"
682:. Osprey Publishing; First Edition (2005).
561:Geschichte des deutschen U-Bootbaus, Band 2
833:"Подводные лодки. Проект 671, 671В, 671К"
20:
428:
16:Sonar-reducing and sound-altering tiles
614:from the original on 17 December 2010
588:from the original on 17 December 2010
7:
931:German inventions of the Nazi period
729:. Periscope Publishing Ltd (2002).
608:"ASDIC Equipment Types – Section B"
582:"ASDIC Equipment Types - Section A"
656:. uboatarchive.net. Archived from
481:. uboatarchive.net. Archived from
14:
750:. Naval Institute Press (1998).
703:uboatarchive.net. Archived from
563:. Bernard & Graefe Verlag.
119:of the Rhinegold treasure from
71:Development in the Third Reich
25:Anechoic tiles on the hull of
1:
94:tiles as they appear on U-480
55:To absorb the sound waves of
51:. Their function is twofold:
401:Radiation-absorbent material
117:the invisible guardian dwarf
947:
789:"Recubrimiento Anti-Sonar"
526:"Oppanol – polyisobutenes"
161:The coating had its first
771:. Bernard & Graefe.
189:performing tests in the
218:Oberkommando der Marine
125:Der Ring des Nibelungen
502:. Arte. Archived from
135:as a specially formed
95:
84:
79:A close-up view of an
33:
356:by between 10 and 20
150:The material was not
90:
78:
24:
926:Submarine components
678:Williamson, Gordon.
532:on 20 September 2013
450:"Anti Sonar Coating"
767:Rössler, Eberhard.
707:on 18 December 2010
660:on 19 December 2010
452:. www.uboataces.com
347:acoustic signatures
921:Stealth technology
632:Eberhard Rossler.
559:Rösler, Eberhard.
379:United States Navy
96:
85:
34:
746:Wynn, Kenneth G.
725:McCartney, Innes.
354:-class submarines
49:anechoic chambers
938:
905:
904:
902:
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894:
886:
880:
879:
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869:
863:. Archived from
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791:. u-historia.com
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485:on 14 June 2012.
475:
462:
461:
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410:Jaumann absorber
329:Modern day usage
137:synthetic rubber
131:Manufactured by
106:Second World War
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937:
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870:on 19 July 2011
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141:polyisobutylene
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610:. Jerry Proc.
599:
584:. Jerry Proc.
573:
543:
517:
506:on 9 June 2010
488:
463:
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171:, a Type IIB.
121:Richard Wagner
72:
69:
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60:
37:Anechoic tiles
15:
13:
10:
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6:
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3:
2:
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756:1-55750-860-7
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735:1-904381-04-9
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688:1-84176-872-3
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642:0-304-36120-8
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569:3-86047-153-8
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203:pressure hull
200:
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179:Wilhelmshaven
176:
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93:
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65:
64:passive sonar
61:
58:
54:
53:
52:
50:
47:, as well as
46:
42:
38:
31:
30:
23:
19:
897:. Retrieved
884:
872:. Retrieved
865:the original
852:
840:. Retrieved
837:deepstorm.ru
836:
827:
815:. Retrieved
813:. loutan.net
805:
793:. Retrieved
783:
768:
763:
747:
742:
726:
721:
709:. Retrieved
705:the original
695:
679:
674:
662:. Retrieved
658:the original
648:
633:
628:
616:. Retrieved
602:
590:. Retrieved
576:
560:
534:. Retrieved
530:the original
520:
508:. Retrieved
504:the original
483:the original
454:. Retrieved
408:
404:
390:
384:
376:
370:
366:
362:
351:
339:Victor class
335:Soviet Union
332:
322:
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285:
279:
273:
267:
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249:
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182:
173:
167:
165:in 1940, on
160:
149:
144:
130:
112:
101:Kriegsmarine
99:
97:
91:
80:
57:active sonar
36:
35:
28:
18:
895:. p. 3
795:17 December
711:17 December
664:17 December
636:. Cassell.
618:17 December
592:17 December
510:17 December
456:17 December
195:Little Belt
152:homogeneous
104:during the
915:Categories
899:19 January
874:22 October
817:27 October
418:References
222:Type XXIII
191:Baltic Sea
163:sea trials
45:submarines
405:Tarnmatte
383:USS
371:Churchill
369:HMS
323:Tarnmatte
133:IG Farben
110:codenamed
27:HMS
842:22 April
612:Archived
586:Archived
395:See also
358:decibels
319:Alberich
199:adhesive
113:Alberich
92:Alberich
81:Alberich
536:10 June
385:Batfish
185:was in
145:Oppanol
29:Triumph
775:
754:
733:
686:
640:
567:
343:rubber
315:-class
304:U-4709
298:U-4708
292:U-4704
286:U-1308
280:U-1306
274:U-1304
268:U-1107
262:U-1106
256:U-1105
227:U-4709
115:after
41:rubber
893:(PDF)
868:(PDF)
861:(PDF)
423:Notes
352:Akula
341:, in
313:I-400
250:U-486
245:U-485
239:U-480
213:U-480
156:ASDIC
901:2013
876:2010
844:2021
819:2020
797:2010
773:ISBN
752:ISBN
731:ISBN
713:2010
684:ISBN
666:2010
638:ISBN
620:2010
594:2010
565:ISBN
538:2013
512:2010
458:2010
377:The
301:and
233:U-11
187:Kiel
183:U-67
174:U-67
168:U-11
39:are
388:.
321:or
123:'s
917::
835:.
546:^
491:^
466:^
431:^
413:).
325:.
307:.
295:,
289:,
283:,
277:,
271:,
265:,
259:,
253:,
242:,
236:,
224:,
147:.
108:,
903:.
878:.
846:.
821:.
799:.
758:.
737:.
715:.
690:.
668:.
622:.
596:.
571:.
540:.
514:.
460:.
66:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
