105:
717:
partition coefficients. Anesthetics that are highly soluble require many molecules of drug to raise the partial pressure within a given tissue, as opposed to minimally soluble anesthetics which require relatively few. Generally, inhalational anesthetics that are minimally soluble reach equilibrium more quickly. Inhalational anesthetics that have a high fat:blood partition coefficient, however, reach equilibrium more slowly, due to the minimal vascularization of fat tissue, which serves as a large, slowly-filling reservoir for the drug.
698:
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2220:
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507:. This process is accelerated with intravenous anesthetics, so much so that it is negligible to consider during their use. The four stages of anesthesia are described using Guedel's signs, signifying the depth of anesthesia. These stages describe effects of anesthesia mainly on cognition, muscular activity, and respiration.
729:, tissue solubility, blood flow to the lungs, and patient respiratory rate and inspiratory volume. For gases that have minimal tissue solubility, termination of anesthesia generally occurs as rapidly as the onset of anesthesia. For gases that have high tissue solubility, however, termination of anesthesia is generally
708:
within the various tissues is equivalent to the partial pressure of the drug within the lungs. Healthcare providers can control the rate of anesthesia induction and final tissue concentrations of the anesthetic by varying the partial pressure of the inspired anesthetic. A higher drug partial pressure
665:
in the liver, and existing drug concentration in fat. When large quantities of an anesthetic drug have already been dissolved in the body's fat stores, this can slow its redistribution out of the brain and spinal cord, prolonging its CNS effects. For this reason, the half-lives of these infused drugs
527:
Stage II is often characterized by the receiver being delirious and confused, with severe amnesia. Irregularities in the patterns of respiration are common at this stage of anesthesia. Nausea and vomiting are also indicators of Stage II anesthesia. Struggling and panic can sometimes occur as a result
348:
capacity for its anti-depressant effects. This drug, however, also alters arousal and is often used in parallel with other general anesthetics to help maintain a state of general anesthesia. Administration of ketamine alone leads to a dissociative state, in which a patient may experience auditory and
407:
channels (i.e. TREK-1 and TASK channels). In the case of TREK-1, activation was shown through an anesthetic perturbation to membrane lipid clusters and activation of phospholipase D2; direct binding of anesthetics to purified reconstituted TREK-1 had no effect on conductance. The effects of certain
557:
Aside from the clinically advantageous effects of general anesthetics, there are a number of other physiological consequences mediated by this class of drug. Notably, a reduction in blood pressure can be facilitated by a variety of mechanisms, including reduced cardiac contractility and dilation of
716:
of a gaseous drug is indicative of its relative solubility in various tissues. This metric is the relative drug concentration between two tissues, when their partial pressures are equal (gas:blood, fat:blood, etc.). Inhalational anesthetics vary widely with respect to their tissue solubilities and
536:
Normal breathing resumes at the beginnings of Stage III. Nearing the end of the stage, breathing ceases completely. Indicators for stage III anesthesia include loss of the eyelash reflex as well as regular breathing. Depth of stage III anesthesia can often be gauged by eye movement and pupil size.
440:
agonists are primarily utilized for their analgesic effects. These drugs, however, can also elicit sedation. This effect is mediated by opioid actions on both opioid and acetylcholine receptors. While these drugs can lead to decreased arousal, they do not elicit a loss of consciousness. For this
248:
Induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, and the control of the various physiological side effects is typically achieved through a combinatorial drug approach. Individual general anesthetics vary with respect to their specific physiological and cognitive effects. While general anesthesia
229:
is used in the UK as "field anaesthesia", for instance in road traffic incidents or similar situations where an operation must be conducted at the scene or when there is not enough time to move to an operating room, while preferring other anaesthetics where conditions allow their use. It is more
390:
channel family comprises six subfamilies, which includes 15 unique members. 13 of these channels (excluding TWIK-1 and TWIK-2 homomers) are affected by general anesthetics. While it has not been determined that general anesthetics bind directly to these channels, nor is it clear how these drugs
104:
96:—or mixable—in water, and as gases they dissolve in oils better than in water). It is possible to deliver anaesthesia solely by inhalation or injection, but most commonly the two forms are combined, with an injection given to induce anaesthesia and a gas used to maintain it.
588:. The net effect is decreased respiration, which must be managed by healthcare providers, while the patient is under general anesthesia. The reflexes that function to alleviate airway obstructions are also dampened (e.g. gag and cough). Compounded with a reduction in
249:
induction may be facilitated by one general anesthetic, others may be used in parallel or subsequently to achieve and maintain the desired anesthetic state. The drug approach utilized is dependent upon the procedure and the needs of the healthcare providers.
709:
in the lungs will drive diffusion more rapidly throughout the body and yield a higher maximum tissue concentration. Respiratory rate and inspiratory volume will also affect the promptness of anesthesia onset, as will the extent of pulmonary blood flow.
486:, analgesia, and unresponsiveness). They are no longer used in the context, because patients experiencing neuroleptic anesthesia were frequently aware of the medical procedures being performed, but could not move or express emotion. Such drugs include
633:
molecules. These characteristics facilitate their rapid preferential distribution into the brain and spinal cord, which are both highly vascularized and lipophilic. It is here where the actions of these drugs lead to general anesthesia induction.
52:
in animals. Clinical definitions are also extended to include an induced coma that causes lack of awareness to painful stimuli, sufficient to facilitate surgical applications in clinical and veterinary practice. General anaesthetics do not act as
61:. General anaesthetics are a structurally diverse group of compounds whose mechanisms encompass multiple biological targets involved in the control of neuronal pathways. The precise workings are the subject of some debate and ongoing research.
733:. As with intravenous anesthetic infusions, prolonged delivery of highly soluble anesthetic gases generally results in longer drug half-lives, slowed elimination from the brain and spinal cord, and delayed termination of anesthesia.
353:. Additionally, the perception of pain is dissociated from the perception of noxious stimuli. Ketamine appears to bind preferentially to the NMDA receptors on GABAergic interneurons, which may partially explain its effects.
127:. An anaesthesia machine allows composing a mixture of oxygen, anaesthetics and ambient air, delivering it to the patient and monitoring patient and machine parameters. Liquid anaesthetics are vapourised in the machine.
472:
sleep. It is used in parallel with other general anesthetics to help maintain a state of general anesthesia, in an off-label capacity. Notably, patients are easily aroused from this non-REM sleep state.
2160:
1971:
2175:
68:. It remains somewhat controversial regarding how this state should be defined. General anesthetics, however, typically elicit several key reversible effects: immobility, analgesia,
2205:
670:. Generally, prolonged anesthetic drug infusions result in longer drug half-lives, slowed elimination from the brain and spinal cord, and delayed termination of general anesthesia.
287:
neurons and function as inhibitory CNS receptors. General anesthetics that agonize them are typically used to induce a state of sedation and/or unconsciousness. Such drugs include
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2714:
577:
mechanisms are triggered in response to cold. (On the other hand, the threshold at which thermoregulatory mechanisms are triggered in response to heat is typically increased.)
2190:
650:. In patients given a single injection of drug, this redistribution results in termination of general anesthesia. Therefore, following administration of a single anesthetic
681:(MAC) is the concentration of an inhalational anesthetic in the lungs that prevents 50% of patients from responding to surgical incision. This value is used to compare the
704:
Induction of anesthesia is facilitated by diffusion of an inhaled anesthetic drug into the brain and spinal cord. Diffusion throughout the body proceeds until the drug's
260:. The relative roles of different receptors is still under debate, but evidence exists for particular targets being involved with certain anaesthetics and drug effects.
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s have been found to be affected by general anesthetics (esp. halogenated inhalation anesthetics) and are currently under investigation as potential targets. The K
1087:
2266:
1852:
2704:
978:. Goodman, Louis S. (Louis Sanford), 1906-2000., Brunton, Laurence L., Chabner, Bruce., Knollmann, Björn C. (12th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 2011.
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while under general anesthesia. Healthcare providers closely monitor individuals under general anesthesia and utilize a number of devices, such as an
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increases the heat lost via peripheral blood flow. By and large, these drugs reduce the internal body temperature threshold at which autonomic
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Inhaled anesthetics are eliminated via expiration, following diffusion into the lungs. This process is dependent largely upon the anesthetic
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reason, they are often used in parallel with other general anesthetics to help maintain a state of general anesthesia. Such drugs include
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2006:
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2001:
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channel activation. This drug-elicited channel activation has been shown to be dependent upon specific amino-acids within certain K
1956:
1634:
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2088:
1910:
1604:
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Injectable anaesthetics are used for the induction and maintenance of a state of unconsciousness. Anaesthetists prefer to use
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2129:
2022:
1641:
1535:
787:
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Franks, Nicholas P. (May 2008). "General anaesthesia: from molecular targets to neuronal pathways of sleep and arousal".
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During administration of an anesthetic, the receiver goes through different stages of behavior ultimately leading to
755:
While most research focuses on the intoxicating effects of ethanol, it can also produce a general anesthesia. Since
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1935:
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1007:
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1981:
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1996:
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of an anesthetic drug following a prolonged infusion, however, depends upon both drug redistribution kinetics,
81:
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1991:
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92:). All of these agents share the property of being quite hydrophobic (i.e., as liquids, they are not freely
89:
1279:
Pavel, Mahmud Arif; Petersen, E. Nicholas; Wang, Hao; Lerner, Richard A.; Hansen, Scott B. (16 June 2020).
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1986:
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No respiration occurs in stage IV. This is shortly followed by circulatory failure and depression of the
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the vasculature. This drop in blood pressure may activate a reflexive increase in heart rate, due to a
130:
Many compounds have been used for inhalation anaesthesia, but only a few are still in widespread use.
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1966:
1961:
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of the drug utilized by healthcare providers during general anesthesia induction and/or maintenance.
143:
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549:. Death is common at this stage of anesthesia if no breathing and circulatory support is available.
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646:(CNS), the anesthetic drug then diffuses out of the CNS into the muscles and viscera, followed by
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properties. Previously, they were used in parallel with opioids to elicit neuroleptic anesthesia (
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It is postulated that general anaesthetics exert their action by the activation of inhibitory
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Benzodiazepines are sedatives and are used in combinations with other general anaesthetics.
1222:
Steinberg, E. A.; Wafford, K. A.; Brickley, S. G.; Franks, N. P.; Wisden, W. (2015-05-01).
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49:
48:) are often defined as compounds that induce a loss of consciousness in humans or loss of
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are particularly well supported as playing a role in the induction of general anesthesia.
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Below are several key targets of general anesthetics that likely mediate their effects:
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tone, which increases the frequency of regurgitation, patients are especially prone to
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31:
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Metabolism of inhaled anesthetics is generally not a major route of drug elimination.
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2301:
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879:"General Anesthesia and Altered States of Arousal: A Systems Neuroscience Analysis"
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2403:
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1457:
654:, duration of drug effect is dependent solely upon the redistribution kinetics.
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General anesthetics are frequently administered as volatile liquids or gases.
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72:, unconsciousness, and reduced autonomic responsiveness to noxious stimuli.
54:
1375:
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1205:
1179:
1058:. Katzung, Bertram G., Trevor, Anthony J. (Thirteenth ed.). New York.
928:
836:
629:
Intravenously delivered general anesthetics are typically small and highly
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580:
Anesthetics typically affect respiration. Inhalational anesthetics elicit
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3511:
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2571:
2527:
2507:
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2408:
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1812:
1511:
1116:. Rang, H. P., Dale, Maureen M. (6th ed.). : Churchill Livingstone.
519:
followed by amnesia and a sense of confusion moving into the next stage.
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190:
93:
58:
35:
902:
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Brown, Emery N.; Purdon, Patrick L.; Van Dort, Christa J. (2011-06-21).
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1340:"Temperature management under general anesthesia: Compulsion or option"
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69:
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2968:
2499:
116:
80:
General anaesthetics can be administered either as gases or vapours (
820:
565:
Patients under general anesthesia are at greater risk of developing
178:, as they are faster, generally less painful and more reliable than
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2810:
2371:
424:
420:
344:
antagonist, is used primarily for its analgesic effects and in an
163:
103:
3309:
2686:
2248:
1461:
399:
studies have shown that certain general anesthetics result in K
2161:
American
Society of Anesthesia Technologists & Technicians
378:
in neurons. Opening of these channels therefore facilitates a
120:
976:
Goodman & Gilman's pharmacological basis of therapeutics
685:
of various inhalational general anesthetics and impacts the
374:
modulate the potassium conductance that contributes to the
2125:
Helsinki
Declaration for Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology
1972:
Effects of early-life exposures to anesthesia on the brain
1430:
Eger II EI, Saidman LJ, Westhorpe RN (14 September 2013).
1338:
Bindra, Ashish; Bindu, Barkha; Rath, Girija (2017-07-01).
2176:
1391:"Ethanol as a general anesthetic: actions in spinal cord"
1389:
Wong, SM; Fong, E; Tauck, DL; Kendig, JJ (25 June 1997).
2206:
European
Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care
1436:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 4–.
1054:
Katzung, Bertram G.; Trevor, Anthony J. (2014-12-23).
2715:
611:, eliciting nausea and vomiting following treatment.
162:. Researchers are also actively exploring the use of
150:. Older, less popular volatile anaesthetics include
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3304:
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3215:
3128:
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3032:
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2590:
2557:
2498:
2465:
2417:
2389:
2380:
2287:
2191:
Australian and New
Zealand College of Anaesthetists
2148:
2112:
2061:
2015:
1949:
1881:
1800:
1764:
1711:
1650:
1499:
1224:"The role of K2P channels in anaesthesia and sleep"
230:
frequently used in the operative setting in the US.
1164:"Molecular targets underlying general anaesthesia"
562:. Some anesthetics, however, disrupt this reflex.
1344:Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology
1281:"Studies on the mechanism of general anesthesia"
1285:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1228:PflĂĽgers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology
584:, an increase in respiratory rate, and reduced
515:The receiver of the anesthesia primarily feels
382:current, which reduces neuronal excitability. K
112:Inhalational anaesthetic substances are either
2698:
2260:
1473:
759:, prior to the development of modern agents,
256:(CNS) receptors, and the inactivation of CNS
27:Compound that induces a loss of consciousness
8:
2713:Major chemical drug groups – based upon the
1853:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
1144:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
408:general anesthetics are less pronounced in K
2705:
2691:
2683:
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2267:
2253:
2245:
2156:American Association of Nurse Anesthetists
1480:
1466:
1458:
1086:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2201:International Anesthesia Research Society
1808:ASA physical status classification system
1406:
1365:
1355:
1314:
1304:
1255:
1195:
918:
1553:Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia
696:
560:baroreceptor-mediated feedback mechanism
186:. Among the most widely used drugs are:
30:These drugs are not to be confused with
3734:Drugs with unknown mechanisms of action
2186:Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists
1450:from the original on 18 September 2017.
799:
3692:Pharmacological classification systems
3059:Selective estrogen receptor modulators
1137:
1079:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
999:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
244:Theories of general anaesthetic action
64:General anesthetics elicit a state of
3339:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
2166:American Society of Anesthesiologists
1217:
1215:
1157:
1155:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
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854:
123:, and are usually delivered using an
57:and should also not be confused with
7:
2171:Anaesthesia Trauma and Critical Care
603:General anesthetics also affect the
419:counterparts. Cumulatively, TASK-1,
146:today. They are often combined with
2952:Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
2196:Australian Society of Anaesthetists
2104:Physicians' assistant (anaesthesia)
2007:Postoperative residual curarization
895:10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-153200
763:was used as a general anaesthetic.
2084:Operating department practitioners
25:
2094:Certified anesthesia technologist
2002:Postoperative nausea and vomiting
1517:Procedural sedation and analgesia
1162:Franks, Nicholas P (2006-01-01).
468:leads to sedation that resembles
3701:
3681:
3680:
2228:
2219:
2218:
1635:Transverse abdominis plane block
1433:The Wondrous Story of Anesthesia
1395:European Journal of Pharmacology
674:Inhalational general anesthetics
642:Following distribution into the
3089:Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones
2229:
2135:History of neuraxial anesthesia
2089:Certified anesthesia technician
1911:Double-lumen endobronchial tube
1772:Blood–gas partition coefficient
1605:Intravenous regional anesthesia
1168:British Journal of Pharmacology
1056:Basic and clinical pharmacology
727:blood:gas partition coefficient
620:Intravenous general anesthetics
2381:
2181:Royal College of Anaesthetists
2140:History of tracheal intubation
1787:Minimum alveolar concentration
1724:Anesthesia provision in the US
1114:Rang & Dale's pharmacology
679:Minimal alveolar concentration
541:Stage IV: Medullary Depression
532:Stage III: Surgical Anesthesia
478:antagonists have sedative and
368:Two-pore potassium channels (K
358:Two-pore potassium channels (K
1:
2841:Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics
2130:History of general anesthesia
1642:Total intravenous anaesthesia
1590:Inferior alveolar nerve block
1536:Continuous wound infiltration
1408:10.1016/S0014-2999(97)89174-1
883:Annual Review of Neuroscience
788:History of general anesthesia
3552:Wakefulness-promoting agents
1693:Neuromuscular-blocking drugs
600:, to ensure patient safety.
2028:Critical emergency medicine
809:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
283:are chloride channels that
3750:
3202:Intravenous immunoglobulin
2074:Anesthesiologist assistant
1936:Relative analgesia machine
1357:10.4103/joacp.joacp_334_16
748:
605:chemoreceptor trigger zone
590:lower esophageal sphincter
553:Physiological side effects
462:alpha2 adrenergic receptor
376:resting membrane potential
241:
29:
3676:
2643:
2214:
1982:Local anesthetic toxicity
1240:10.1007/s00424-014-1654-4
609:brainstem vomiting center
332:NMDA receptor antagonists
142:are the most widely used
82:inhalational anaesthetics
3257:Topoisomerase inhibitors
2941:renin–angiotensin system
2935:Calcium channel blockers
1997:Postanesthetic shivering
1863:Neuromuscular monitoring
1754:Rapid sequence induction
1683:Inhalational anesthetics
783:Intraoperative awareness
569:, as the aforementioned
2048:Oral sedation dentistry
2038:Intensive care medicine
1992:Perioperative mortality
1848:Guedel's classification
1595:Intercostal nerve block
1306:10.1073/pnas.2004259117
415:, as compared to their
184:subcutaneous injections
3049:Hormonal contraception
2979:Bile acid sequestrants
2760:Proton-pump inhibitors
2723:gastrointestinal tract
2099:Anaesthetic technician
1987:Malignant hyperthermia
1180:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706441
1006:: CS1 maint: others (
778:Mechanical ventilation
701:
644:central nervous system
460:Administration of the
254:central nervous system
176:intravenous injections
109:
76:Mode of administration
1921:Laryngeal mask airway
1765:Scientific principles
1734:Dogliotti's principle
1610:Occipital nerve block
1575:Brachial plexus block
1112:M., Dale, M. (2007).
714:partition coefficient
700:
144:volatile anaesthetics
107:
84:), or as injections (
3658:Radiopharmaceuticals
3446:Antiparkinson agents
2592:Neuroactive steroids
2559:Arylcyclohexylamines
1967:Drug-induced amnesia
1962:Anesthesia awareness
1896:Anesthetic vaporizer
1873:Thyromental distance
1777:Concentration effect
1651:Pharmacologic agents
1620:Pudendal nerve block
523:Stage II: Excitement
499:Stages of anesthesia
397:electrophysiological
258:excitatory receptors
42:General anaesthetics
18:Anesthetics, general
3441:Antimigraine agents
3431:Antidementia agents
3334:Anti-inflammatories
3024:Medicated dressings
2964:Antihyperlipidemics
2791:Diabetes medication
2276:General anesthetics
1891:Anaesthetic machine
1749:Tracheal intubation
1739:Intravenous therapy
1678:General anesthetics
1630:Sciatic nerve block
1585:Femoral nerve block
1580:Fascia iliaca block
1558:Epidural anesthesia
1524:Twilight anesthesia
1297:2020PNAS..11713757P
1291:(24): 13757–13766.
751:Alcohols (medicine)
238:Mechanism of action
166:as an anaesthetic.
125:anaesthesia machine
3294:Immunosuppressants
3164:Antimycobacterials
3120:Antithyroid agents
3104:Mineralocorticoids
2908:Cardiac stimulants
2898:Cardiac glycosides
2890:cardiac therapy /
2786:Anti-obesity drugs
2670:Never to phase III
1977:Emergence delirium
1957:Allergic reactions
1833:Entropy monitoring
1615:Paracervical block
1600:Interpleural block
1563:Spinal anaesthesia
1548:Neuraxial blockade
702:
511:Stage I: Analgesia
110:
66:general anesthesia
3716:
3715:
3619:Ophthalmologicals
3329:Anabolic steroids
3232:Anticancer agents
3195:Ectoparasiticides
2915:Antihypertensives
2863:Antifibrinolytics
2680:
2679:
2639:
2638:
2457:Thiotetrabarbital
2362:Trichloroethylene
2242:
2241:
2079:Nurse anesthetist
1906:Bronchial blocker
1901:Arterial catheter
1792:Second gas effect
1719:Airway management
1688:Local anesthetics
1625:Retrobulbar block
1443:978-1-4614-8441-7
773:Local anaesthesia
731:context-dependent
668:context-dependent
598:endotracheal tube
547:vasomotor centers
476:Dopamine receptor
321:sodium thiopental
271:receptor agonists
16:(Redirected from
3741:
3705:
3684:
3683:
3668:Senotherapeutics
3522:Neuroprotectives
3517:Mood stabilizers
3416:Anti-ADHD agents
3356:Muscle relaxants
3289:Immunostimulants
3284:Immunomodulators
3116:Thyroid hormones
3054:Fertility agents
2957:Renin inhibitors
2848:Antihemorrhagics
2815:forming organs (
2801:Dietary minerals
2707:
2700:
2693:
2684:
2387:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2246:
2232:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2069:Anesthesiologist
1858:Mallampati score
1818:Bispectral index
1658:Anticholinergics
1482:
1475:
1468:
1459:
1452:
1451:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1410:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1369:
1359:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1308:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1259:
1219:
1210:
1209:
1199:
1159:
1150:
1149:
1143:
1135:
1109:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1077:
1051:
1012:
1011:
1005:
997:
972:
933:
932:
922:
874:
849:
848:
804:
706:partial pressure
687:partial-pressure
615:Pharmacokinetics
575:thermoregulatory
21:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3708:Medicine portal
3672:
3628:
3600:
3595:
3587:Cough medicines
3582:Bronchodilators
3563:
3556:
3436:Antidepressants
3426:Anticonvulsants
3374:
3365:
3361:Bisphosphonates
3351:Corticosteroids
3313:
3300:
3272:
3263:
3247:Spindle poisons
3237:Antimetabolites
3220:
3211:
3133:
3124:
3099:Glucocorticoids
3094:Corticosteroids
3075:
3068:
3035:
3028:
2985:
2903:Antiarrhythmics
2876:
2869:
2826:Antithrombotics
2814:
2805:
2781:Antipropulsives
2777:Antidiarrhoeals
2754:
2725:
2717:
2711:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2660:Clinical trials
2635:
2614:
2586:
2553:
2494:
2467:Benzodiazepines
2461:
2413:
2376:
2283:
2273:
2243:
2238:
2210:
2144:
2108:
2057:
2011:
1945:
1877:
1823:Body mass index
1796:
1760:
1707:
1673:Benzodiazepines
1646:
1495:
1486:
1456:
1455:
1444:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1174:(S1): S72–S81.
1161:
1160:
1153:
1136:
1124:
1111:
1110:
1095:
1078:
1066:
1053:
1052:
1015:
998:
986:
974:
973:
936:
876:
875:
852:
821:10.1038/nrn2372
806:
805:
801:
796:
769:
753:
747:
742:
723:
695:
676:
666:are said to be
663:drug metabolism
648:adipose tissues
640:
627:
622:
617:
582:bronchodilation
555:
543:
534:
525:
513:
505:unconsciousness
501:
466:dexmedetomidine
438:Opioid receptor
434:
411:
406:
402:
394:
389:
385:
380:hyperpolarizing
371:
364:
361:
334:
301:benzodiazepines
280:
273:
270:
246:
240:
218:Benzodiazepines
172:
102:
78:
50:righting reflex
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3747:
3745:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3721:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3653:Contrast media
3650:
3644:
3642:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3615:
3613:
3606:sensory organs
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3451:Antipsychotics
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3421:Antiaddictives
3418:
3413:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3391:
3385:
3383:
3376:nervous system
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3346:Antirheumatics
3343:
3342:
3341:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3280:
3278:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3252:Antineoplastic
3249:
3244:
3239:
3228:
3226:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3185:Antiprotozoals
3180:Antiparasitics
3177:
3172:
3167:
3160:Antibacterials
3156:Antimicrobials
3152:
3150:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3113:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3019:Antipsoriatics
3016:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2947:ACE inhibitors
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2886:
2884:
2875:cardiovascular
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2836:Anticoagulants
2833:
2822:
2820:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2737:
2735:
2719:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2347:Methoxypropane
2344:
2342:Methoxyflurane
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2226:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2023:Cardiothoracic
2019:
2017:
2016:Subspecialties
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1931:Magill forceps
1928:
1926:Laryngeal tube
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1838:Fick principle
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1668:Butyrophenones
1665:
1660:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1493:anesthesiology
1487:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1462:
1454:
1453:
1442:
1422:
1401:(2–3): 121–7.
1381:
1350:(3): 306–316.
1330:
1271:
1234:(5): 907–916.
1211:
1151:
1123:978-0443069116
1122:
1093:
1064:
1013:
984:
934:
889:(1): 601–628.
850:
815:(5): 370–386.
798:
797:
795:
792:
791:
790:
785:
780:
775:
768:
765:
749:Main article:
746:
743:
741:
738:
722:
719:
694:
691:
675:
672:
639:
636:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
554:
551:
542:
539:
533:
530:
524:
521:
512:
509:
500:
497:
496:
495:
473:
458:
433:
430:
429:
428:
413:knock-out mice
409:
404:
400:
392:
387:
383:
369:
363:
359:
356:
355:
354:
351:hallucinations
333:
330:
329:
328:
278:
272:
268:
265:
239:
236:
232:
231:
224:
215:
198:
193:
171:
168:
160:methoxyflurane
101:
98:
77:
74:
32:sleep medicine
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3746:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3577:Decongestants
3575:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3496:Dissociatives
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3486:Hallucinogens
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3270:
3266:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3190:Anthelmintics
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3034:genitourinary
3031:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3014:Antipruritics
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2930:Beta blockers
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:Antiplatelets
2829:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2577:Phencyclidine
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2538:Phenoperidine
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2442:Narcobarbital
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2352:Nitrous oxide
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2312:Diethyl ether
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2235:
2227:
2225:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:Organizations
2147:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2053:Pain medicine
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:Complications
1948:
1942:
1941:Tracheal tube
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1843:Goldman index
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1065:9780071825054
1061:
1057:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1003:
995:
991:
987:
985:9780071624428
981:
977:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
935:
930:
926:
921:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
851:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
803:
800:
793:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
766:
764:
762:
758:
752:
744:
739:
737:
734:
732:
728:
720:
718:
715:
710:
707:
699:
692:
690:
688:
684:
680:
673:
671:
669:
664:
660:
655:
653:
649:
645:
637:
635:
632:
624:
619:
614:
612:
610:
606:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
578:
576:
572:
568:
563:
561:
552:
550:
548:
540:
538:
531:
529:
528:of delirium.
522:
520:
518:
510:
508:
506:
498:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
474:
471:
467:
463:
459:
456:
452:
451:hydromorphone
448:
444:
439:
436:
435:
431:
426:
422:
418:
414:
398:
395:conductance,
381:
377:
373:
366:
365:
362:s) activation
357:
352:
347:
343:
342:NMDA receptor
339:
336:
335:
331:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
285:hyperpolarize
282:
275:
274:
266:
264:
261:
259:
255:
250:
245:
237:
235:
228:
225:
223:
219:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
188:
187:
185:
181:
180:intramuscular
177:
169:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
148:nitrous oxide
145:
141:
137:
133:
128:
126:
122:
118:
115:
106:
99:
97:
95:
91:
90:intramuscular
87:
83:
75:
73:
71:
67:
62:
60:
56:
51:
47:
43:
37:
33:
19:
3491:Psychedelics
3461:Aphrodisiacs
3398:
3135:infestations
3111:Sex hormones
3064:Sex hormones
3009:Cicatrizants
2939:
2925:Vasodilators
2892:antianginals
2889:
2741:stomach acid
2740:
2610:Hydroxydione
2543:Remifentanil
2437:Methohexital
2432:Hexobarbital
2419:Barbiturates
2302:Cyclopropane
2289:Inhalational
2275:
1916:Gas cylinder
1801:Measurements
1744:Laryngoscopy
1729:Bronchoscopy
1432:
1425:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1231:
1227:
1171:
1167:
1113:
1055:
975:
903:1721.1/86331
886:
882:
812:
808:
802:
754:
735:
724:
711:
703:
677:
656:
641:
628:
602:
594:asphyxiation
586:tidal volume
579:
571:vasodilation
564:
556:
544:
535:
526:
514:
502:
455:remifentanil
325:methohexital
317:barbiturates
262:
251:
247:
233:
205:methohexital
201:Barbiturates
173:
129:
111:
79:
63:
45:
41:
40:
3624:Otologicals
3596:antagonists
3562:respiratory
3537:Orexigenics
3532:Neurotoxins
3481:Euphoriants
3471:Entactogens
3466:Depressants
3456:Anxiolytics
3394:Anesthetics
3170:Antifungals
2767:Antiemetics
2755:antagonists
2656:from market
2523:Embutramide
2518:Anileridine
2490:Remimazolam
2427:Amobarbital
2404:Fospropofol
2367:Vinyl ether
2357:Sevoflurane
2120:ACE mixture
2062:Professions
1883:Instruments
1828:Capnography
1782:Fink effect
1663:Antiemetics
1570:Nerve block
721:Elimination
638:Elimination
567:hypothermia
488:haloperidol
209:thiopentone
140:sevoflurane
86:intravenous
46:anesthetics
3729:Anesthesia
3723:Categories
3547:Stimulants
3527:Nootropics
3501:Deliriants
3476:Entheogens
3411:Anorectics
3389:Analgesics
3242:Alkylating
3175:Antivirals
3130:infections
3004:Emollients
2858:Coagulants
2728:metabolism
2631:Propanidid
2605:Alfaxalone
2600:Alfadolone
2582:Tiletamine
2567:Esketamine
2549:Sufentanil
2533:Alfentanil
2452:Thiopental
2337:Isoflurane
2307:Desflurane
2297:Chloroform
1868:Pain scale
1712:Techniques
1489:Anesthesia
794:References
631:lipophilic
492:droperidol
480:antiemetic
297:isoflurane
242:See also:
213:thiopental
136:isoflurane
132:Desflurane
100:Inhalation
55:analgesics
3697:ATC codes
3663:Dressings
3648:Antidotes
3512:Sedatives
3508:Hypnotics
3217:malignant
3074:endocrine
2920:Diuretics
2853:Platelets
2813:and blood
2772:Laxatives
2666:Phase III
2654:Withdrawn
2626:Etomidate
2513:Oxycodone
2485:Lorazepam
2475:Midazolam
2447:Thiamylal
2382:Injection
2332:Halothane
2327:Fluroxene
2317:Enflurane
2043:Obstetric
2033:Geriatric
1703:Sedatives
1248:0031-6768
1188:1476-5381
1140:cite book
1082:cite book
1074:875520239
1002:cite book
994:498979404
911:0147-006X
829:1471-0048
757:antiquity
693:Induction
683:potencies
659:half-life
625:Induction
517:analgesia
484:catalepsy
417:wild-type
346:off-label
309:lorazepam
305:midazolam
293:etomidate
281:receptors
222:midazolam
196:Etomidate
170:Injection
156:enflurane
152:halothane
59:sedatives
3542:Serenics
3207:Vaccines
2974:Fibrates
2796:Vitamins
2746:Antacids
2572:Ketamine
2528:Fentanyl
2508:Morphine
2480:Diazepam
2409:Propofol
2399:Ciprofol
2322:Ethylene
2224:Category
1813:Baricity
1512:Sedation
1448:Archived
1376:29109627
1325:32467161
1266:25482669
1206:16402123
1132:76798115
929:21513454
845:14020693
837:18425091
767:See also
464:agonist
447:fentanyl
443:morphine
391:affect K
338:Ketamine
313:diazepam
289:propofol
227:Ketamine
220:such as
203:such as
191:Propofol
114:volatile
94:miscible
88:or even
36:insomnia
3399:General
3306:muscles
3275:L03–L04
3271:disease
3223:L01–L02
3219:disease
2969:Statins
2500:Opioids
2391:Phenols
2234:Outline
2113:History
1698:Opioids
1541:Topical
1507:General
1417:9226403
1367:5672515
1316:7306821
1293:Bibcode
1257:4428837
1197:1760740
920:3390788
761:alcohol
745:Ethanol
740:History
470:non-REM
349:visual
315:), and
117:liquids
70:amnesia
3706:
3685:
3633:other
3564:system
3316:joints
3269:immune
3076:system
3036:system
2877:system
2649:WHO-EM
2619:Others
1440:
1415:
1374:
1364:
1323:
1313:
1264:
1254:
1246:
1204:
1194:
1186:
1130:
1120:
1072:
1062:
992:
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927:
917:
909:
843:
835:
827:
453:, and
432:Others
425:TREK-1
423:, and
421:TASK-3
158:, and
3687:Drugs
3404:Local
3371:brain
3310:bones
2811:blood
2372:Xenon
1531:Local
1500:Types
841:S2CID
652:bolus
340:, an
164:xenon
121:gases
3314:and
2991:skin
2280:N01A
1491:and
1438:ISBN
1413:PMID
1372:PMID
1321:PMID
1262:PMID
1244:ISSN
1202:PMID
1184:ISSN
1146:link
1128:OCLC
1118:ISBN
1088:link
1070:OCLC
1060:ISBN
1008:link
990:OCLC
980:ISBN
925:PMID
907:ISSN
833:PMID
825:ISSN
712:The
657:The
607:and
490:and
277:GABA
267:GABA
207:and
138:and
44:(or
34:for
3635:ATC
3373:and
3132:and
1403:doi
1399:329
1362:PMC
1352:doi
1311:PMC
1301:doi
1289:117
1252:PMC
1236:doi
1232:467
1192:PMC
1176:doi
1172:147
915:PMC
899:hdl
891:doi
817:doi
182:or
119:or
3725::
3510:/
3308:,
3158::
3147:QI
3145:,
3141:,
3118:/
2779:/
2726:/
2662::
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1250:.
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1230:.
1226:.
1214:^
1200:.
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445:,
410:2P
405:2P
401:2P
393:2P
388:2P
384:2P
372:s)
370:2P
360:2P
327:).
323:,
311:,
307:,
299:,
295:,
291:,
154:,
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3637:(
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3610:S
3608:(
3594:1
3592:H
3570:)
3568:R
3566:(
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3380:N
3378:(
3322:)
3320:M
3318:(
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3277:)
3273:(
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3139:J
3137:(
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3078:(
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2879:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
