621:
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759:-mixture alarms (hypoxy guards or ratio controllers) to prevent gas mixtures which contain less than 21–25% oxygen being delivered to the patient. In modern machines it is impossible to deliver 100% nitrous oxide (or any hypoxic mixture) to the patient to breathe. Oxygen is automatically added to the fresh gas flow even if the anaesthesiologist should attempt to deliver 100% nitrous oxide. Ratio controllers usually operate on the pneumatic principle or are chain linked (link 25 system). Both are located on the rotameter assembly, unless electronically controlled.
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40:
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242:, in 1917, although similar machines had been in use in France and the United States. Prior to this time, anaesthesiologists often carried all their equipment with them, but the development of heavy, bulky cylinder storage and increasingly elaborate airway equipment meant that this was no longer practical for most circumstances. Contemporary anaesthetic machines are sometimes still referred to
2339:
3040:
530:, the saturated vapor pressure of desflurane changes greatly with only small fluctuations in temperature. This means that the features of a normal plenum vaporizer are not sufficient to ensure an accurate concentration of desflurane. Additionally, on a very warm day, all the desflurane would boil, and very high (potentially lethal) concentrations of desflurane might reach the patient.
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way round: if it is connected in reverse, much larger volumes of gas enter the vaporizing chamber, and therefore potentially toxic or lethal concentrations of vapor may be delivered. (Technically, although the dial of the vaporizer is calibrated in volume percent (e.g. 2%), what it actually delivers is a partial pressure of anesthetic agent (e.g. 2kPa)).
332:
3406:
396:, and is usually mounted on the machine. The performance of the vaporizer does not change regardless of whether the patient is breathing spontaneously or is mechanically ventilated. The internal resistance of the vaporizer is usually high, but because the supply pressure is constant the vaporizer can be accurately
502:
Drawover vaporizers typically have no temperature compensating features. With prolonged use, the liquid agent may cool to the point where condensation and even frost may form on the outside of the reservoir. This cooling impairs the efficiency of the vaporizer. One way of minimising this effect is to
440:
The performance of the plenum vaporizer depends extensively on the saturated vapor pressure of the volatile agent. This is unique to each agent, so it follows that each agent must only be used in its own specific vaporizer. Several safety systems, such as the Fraser-Sweatman system, have been devised
190:
devices; strictly speaking, the term "anaesthetic machine" refers only to the component which generates the gas flow, but modern machines usually integrate all these devices into one combined freestanding unit, which is colloquially referred to as the "anaesthetic machine" for the sake of simplicity.
666:
Pressure gauges, regulators and 'pop-off' valves, to monitor gas pressure throughout the system and protect the machine components and patient from excessive rises. An adjustable pressure-limiting valve (commonly abbreviated to APL valve, and also referred to as an expiratory valve, relief valve or
752:
Nitrous cut-off or oxygen failure protection device, OFPD: the flow of medical nitrous-oxide is dependent on oxygen pressure. This is done at the regulator level. In essence, the nitrous-oxide regulator is a 'slave' of the oxygen regulator. i.e., if oxygen pressure is lost then the other gases can
436:
of 32%. However, the output of the vaporizer is typically set at 1–2%, which means that only a very small proportion of the fresh gas needs to be diverted through the vaporizing chamber (this proportion is known as the splitting ratio). It can also be seen that a plenum vaporizer can only work one
537:) is heated to 39C and pressurized to 194kPa. It is mounted on the anesthetic machine in the same way as a plenum vaporizer, but its function is quite different. It evaporates a chamber containing desflurane using heat, and injects small amounts of pure desflurane vapor into the fresh gas flow. A
811:
A two-person pre-use check (consisting of an anaesthesiologist and an assistant) of the anaesthetic machine is recommended before each case and has been shown to decrease the risk of 24-hour severe postoperative morbidity and mortality. Various regulatory and professional bodies have formulated
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The relative inefficiency of the drawover vaporizer contributes to its safety. A more efficient design would produce too much anesthetic vapor. The output concentration from a drawover vaporizer may greatly exceed that produced by a plenum vaporizer, especially at low flows. For safest use, the
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Increasing fresh gas flow to a recirculating breathing system can reduce carbon dioxide absorbent consumption. There is a cost/benefit trade-off between gas flow and use of adsorbent material when no inhalational anaesthetic agent is used which may have economic and environmental consequences.
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agent. It works by controlling the vaporization of anesthetic agents from liquid, and then accurately controlling the concentration in which these are added to the fresh gas flow. The design of these devices takes account of varying: ambient temperature, fresh gas flow, and agent
261:
Many of the early innovations in anaesthetic equipment in the United States, including the closed circuit carbon-dioxide absorber (a.k.a. the Guedel-Foregger Midget) and diffusion of such equipment to anaesthesiologists within the United States can be attributed to
408:
The plenum vaporizer works by accurately splitting the incoming gas into two streams. One of these streams passes straight through the vaporizer in the bypass channel. The other is diverted into the vaporizing chamber. Gas in the vaporizing chamber becomes fully
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invented an ether inhaler with a water jacket, and by the late 1899 alternatives to ether came to the fore, mainly due to the introduction of spinal anesthesia. Subsequently, this resulted in the decline of ether (1930–1956) use due to the introduction of
218:, which is light and portable and may be used for ventilation even when no medical gases are available. This device has unidirectional valves which suck in ambient air, which can be enriched with oxygen from a cylinder, with the help of a set of bellows.
444:
Saturated vapor pressure for any one agent varies with temperature, and plenum vaporizers are designed to operate within a specific temperature range. They have several features designed to compensate for temperature changes (especially cooling by
748:
an oxygen failure alarm (a.k.a. 'Oxygen
Failure Warning Device' or OFWD). In older machines this was a pneumatic device called a Ritchie whistle which sounds when oxygen pressure is 38 psi descending. Newer machines have an electronic
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is the ducting through which the breathing gases flow from the machine to the patient and back, and includes components for mixing, adjusting, and monitoring the composition of the breathing gas, and for removing carbon dioxide.
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A warm-up period is required after switching on. The desflurane vaporizer will fail if mains power is lost. Alarms sound if the vaporizer is nearly empty. An electronic display indicates the level of desflurane in the vaporizer.
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The design of the drawover vaporizer is much simpler: in general it is a simple glass reservoir mounted in the breathing attachment. Drawover vaporizers may be used with any liquid volatile agent (including older agents such as
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vapor over a wide range of fresh gas flows. The plenum vaporizer is an elegant device which works reliably, without external power, for many hundreds of hours of continuous use, and requires very little maintenance.
449:). They often have a metal jacket weighing about 5 kg, which equilibrates with the temperature in the room and provides a source of heat. In addition, the entrance to the vaporizing chamber is controlled by a
492:). Because the performance of the vaporizer is so variable, accurate calibration is impossible. However, many designs have a lever which adjusts the amount of fresh gas which enters the vaporizing chamber.
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the NIST (Non-Interchangeable Screw Thread) or
Diameter Index Safety System, DISS system for pipeline gases, which prevents piped gases from the wall being accidentally connected to the wrong inlet on the
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The functions of the machine should be checked at the beginning of every operating list in a "cockpit-drill". Machines and associated equipment must be maintained and serviced regularly.
199:", which is designed to provide an accurate supply of medical gases mixed with an accurate concentration of anaesthetic vapour, and to deliver this continuously to the patient at a safe
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so that filling a plenum vaporizer with the wrong agent is extremely difficult. A mixture of two agents in a vaporizer could result in unpredictable performance from the vaporizer.
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Low flow anesthesia supplies fresh gas flow of less than half the patient's minute ventilation of the patient, which is usually less than 3.0 litres per minute in a normal adult.
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The expense and complexity of the desflurane vaporizer have contributed to the relative lack of popularity of desflurane, although in recent years it is gaining in popularity.
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600:. By the 1980s, the anesthetic vaporizer had evolved considerably; subsequent modifications lead to a raft of additional safety features such as temperature compensation, a
301:, in the scrubber, so that expired gas becomes suitable to re-use. With a very efficient recirculation system, the fresh gas flow may be reduced to the patient's minimum
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Closed system anesthesia supplies fresh gas flow as needed to make up the recirculated gas volume to compensate for the patient’s need for oxygen and anesthetic agents.
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Despite its drawbacks, the drawover vaporizer is cheap to manufacture and easy to use. In addition, its portable design means that it can be used in the field or in
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High flow anesthesia supplies fresh gas flow which approximates the patient’s minute ventilation, which is usually about 3 to 6 litres per minute in a normal adult.
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trade name) in honour of the
British anaesthetist Henry Boyle. In India, however, the trade name 'Boyle' is registered with Boyle HealthCare Pvt. Ltd., Indore MP.
1528:— written by his son, R. Foregger, this website chronicles one of the leading manufacturers and developers of anesthesiology equipment in the early 20th century.
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982:"Environmental and economic impact of using increased fresh gas flow to reduce carbon dioxide absorbent consumption in the absence of inhalational anaesthetics"
286:. Typically the fresh gas flow emerges from the common gas outlet, a specific outlet on the anaesthetic machine to which the breathing attachment is connected.
1961:
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The adjustable pressure-limiting valve on a
General Electric Datex-Ohmeda Aisys anaesthetic machine, with pressure gradations shown in centimetres of water
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agents which is produced by an anaesthetic machine and has not been recirculated. The flow rate and composition of the fresh gas flow is determined by the
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Older machines may lack some of the safety features and refinements present on newer machines. However, they were designed to be operated without
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Open circuit forms of equipment, such as the Magill attachment, require high fresh gas flows (e.g. 7 litres/min) to prevent the patient from
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The original concept of continuous-flow machines was popularised by Boyle's anaesthetic machine, invented by the
British anaesthetist
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checklists for different countries. Machines should be cleaned between cases as they are at considerable risk of contamination with
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Based on experience gained from analysis of mishaps, the modern anaesthetic machine incorporates several safety devices, including:
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372:. There are generally two types of vaporizers: plenum and drawover. Both have distinct advantages and disadvantages. The
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with volatile anesthetic vapor. This gas is then mixed with the gas in the bypass channel before leaving the vaporizer.
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interlocks between the vaporizers preventing inadvertent administration of more than one volatile agent concurrently
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A high-flow oxygen flush, which bypasses the flowmeters and vaporisers to provide pure oxygen at 30-75 litres/minute
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requirements (e.g. 250ml/min), plus a little volatile as needed to maintain the concentration of anaesthetic agent.
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Arbous, et al. (2005). "Impact of anesthesia management characteristics on severe morbidity and mortality".
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developed by the patient, and must therefore have a low resistance to gas flow. Its performance depends on the
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453:, which admits more gas to the chamber as it cools, to compensate for the loss of efficiency of evaporation.
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The third category of vaporizer (the dual-circuit gas–vapor blender) was created specifically for the agent
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of 32kPa (about 1/3 of an atmosphere). This means that the gas mixture leaving the vaporizing chamber has a
1519:
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vaporizer, released onto the market shortly after
Halothane was introduced into clinical practice in 1956.
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736:, as well as an integrated mechanical ventilator, to accurately ventilate the patient during anaesthesia.
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mask for dripping liquid ether. Now obsolete, it was a mask constructed of wire, and covered with cloth.
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526:. Desflurane boils at 23.5 °C, which is very close to room temperature. This means that at normal
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The modern anaesthetic machine still retains all the key working principles of the Boyle's machine (a
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363:) is a device generally attached to an anesthetic machine which delivers a given concentration of a
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as "Boyle's machine", and are usually mounted on anti-static wheels for convenient transportation.
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797:, using compressed gas power for the ventilator and suction apparatus. Modern machines often have
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Systems for monitoring the gases being administered to, and exhaled by, the patient, including an
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concentration of anesthetic vapor in the breathing attachment should be continuously monitored.
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1219:"International Anesthesia Equipment Checkout Recommendations - Virtual Anesthesia Machine"
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for a more reliable method of administering ether helped modernize its delivery. In 1877,
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The drawover vaporizer may be mounted either way round, and may be used in circuits where
410:
360:
187:
148:
75:
65:
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207:, which provide gas flow only on demand when triggered by the patient's own inspiration.
257:, made in the UK, 1947. This device was designed for self-administration by the patient.
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which allows excess gas to leave the system while preventing ambient air from entering.
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connectors, which prevents hoses being accidentally plugged into the wrong wall socket
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An anaesthetic machine. This particular machine is a "Flow-I" model, manufactured by
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846: – Equipment allowing or assisting the user to breath in a hostile environment
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283:
90:
17:
1503:— a free transparent reality simulation of a generic anaesthetic machine from the
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951:
950:
Steven M. Yentis, Nicholas P. Hirsch, James K. Ip (2013). "Anaesthetic machine".
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Free resource which graphically explains the principles of anesthesia vaporizers
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Simpler anaesthetic apparatus may be used in special circumstances, such as the
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Anaesthesia and
Intensive Care A–Z: An Encyclopaedia of Principles and Practice
319:
Minimal flow anesthesia supplies fresh gas flow of about 0.5 litres per minute.
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828: – State of medically-controlled temporary loss of sensation or awareness
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Eales M, Cooper, Robin (March 2007). "Principles of anaesthetic vaporizers".
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The first temperature-compensated plenum vaporizer was the
Cyprane 'FluoTEC'
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3183:
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Operating
Instructions & Maintenance Guidelines for Precision Vaporizers
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837: – Medical device to supply a mix of life-support and anaesthetic gases
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457:
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A modern anaesthetic machine includes at minimum the following components:
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may be incorporated, in some cases with additional options for monitoring
568:(1848). Ether then slowly made a revival (1862–1872) with regular use via
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their own expired carbon dioxide. Recirculating (rebreather) systems, use
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Essentials of
Anaesthetic Equipment4: Essentials of Anaesthetic Equipment
813:
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The Physics, Clinical Measurement and Equipment of Anaesthetic Practice
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of the patient: its output drops with increasing minute ventilation.
302:
235:
122:
45:
1500:
214:, a simplified anaesthesia delivery system invented for the British
27:
Medical device to supply a mix of life-support and anaesthetic gases
3405:
1232:
Baillie JK, P. Sultan, E. Graveling, C. Forrest, C. Lafong (2007).
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to provide accurate dosage control when using volatile anaesthetics
278:
In anaesthesia, fresh gas flow is the mixture of medical gases and
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3284:
3243:
3122:
619:
611:
330:
248:
1234:"Contamination of anaesthetic machines with pathogenic organisms"
775:
prevents cylinders being accidentally connected to the wrong yoke
980:
Zhong G, Abbas A, Jones J, Kong S, McCulloch T (November 2020).
875: – Device that provides mechanical ventilation to the lungs
604:, temperature-adjusted splitting ratio and anti-spill measures.
3060:
2872:
2827:
2745:
2588:
2437:
2395:
2357:
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852: – Device which absorbs carbon dioxide from circulated gas
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used to generate and mix a fresh gas flow of medical gases and
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2270:
American Society of Anesthesia Technologists & Technicians
762:
ventilator alarms, which warn of low or high airway pressures.
126:
1332:
Hahn CE, Palayiwa, E, Sugg, BR, Lindsay-Scott, D (Oct 1986).
1290:
Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain
191:
In the developed world, the most frequent type in use is the
3700:
3638:
3531:
1111:
Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain
376:
is a third type of vaporizer used exclusively for the agent
2234:
Helsinki Declaration for Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology
2081:
Effects of early-life exposures to anesthesia on the brain
1146:
Baha Al-Shaikh, Simon Stacey (2013). "Breathing systems".
652:
from a wall supply in the healthcare facility, or reserve
2285:
Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland
1526:
History of Richard von Foregger and the Foregger Company
499:
takes place, or inside the circle breathing attachment.
839:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
830:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2315:
European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care
869: – Chemical mixture for absorbing carbon dioxide
728:
are also typically incorporated, including a manual
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Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists
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2124:
2058:
1990:
1909:
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1820:
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1608:
1334:"A microprocessor-controlled anaesthetic vaporizer"
564:'s inhaler (1847) but was superseded by the use of
533:A desflurane vaporizer (e.g. the TEC 6 produced by
167:agents for the purpose of inducing and maintaining
133:
114:
96:
86:
71:
61:
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973:
945:
943:
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801:backup, but may fail when this becomes depleted.
656:of oxygen, air, and nitrous oxide attached via a
432:is about 101kPa), this equates conveniently to a
858: – Historic surgical operating amphitheater
1534:Definitions & Principles of Practical Usage
1369:"The development of the anaesthetic vaporizer"
1284:Boumphrey S, Marshall, N. (10 November 2011).
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
768:alarms on all the above physiological monitors
3072:
2369:
1582:
560:(the first volatile agent) was first used by
174:The machine is commonly used together with a
8:
1962:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
1522:— resources for UK anaesthetists in training
1152:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 55–73.
782:pipeline gas hoses have non-interchangeable
32:
1452:Patrick Magee, Mark Tooley (January 2005).
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3118:
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2354:
2265:American Association of Nurse Anesthetists
1589:
1575:
1567:
1431:Andrew J Davey, Ali Diba (25 April 2012).
616:Simple schematic of an anaesthetic machine
38:
31:
2310:International Anesthesia Research Society
1917:ASA physical status classification system
1384:
1349:
1313:Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine
1301:
1249:
1194:
1122:
1081:
1071:
997:
919:
909:
1662:Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia
1479:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 30.
1437:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 48.
1054:Chakravarti S, Basu S (September 2013).
956:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 34.
503:place the vaporizer in a bowl of water.
488:, although it would be dangerous to use
137:hospitals and outpatient surgery centres
2295:Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists
1532:Anesthesia Equipment & Instruments:
1510:Various anaesthesia-related simulations
1458:. Oxford University Press. p. 51.
1412:Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening
884:
732:for ventilation in combination with an
428:of isoflurane of 32kPa. At sea-level (
400:to deliver a precise concentration of
205:intermittent-flow anaesthetic machines
2275:American Society of Anesthesiologists
1473:Baha Al-Shaikh, Simon Stacey (2013).
1022:"What and Why of Low Flow Anesthesia"
700:Systems for monitoring the patient's
7:
3027:
2280:Anaesthesia Trauma and Critical Care
468:The drawover vaporizer is driven by
3436:Heated humidified high-flow therapy
2889:Breathing performance of regulators
2612:Continuous positive airway pressure
2305:Australian Society of Anaesthetists
2213:Physicians' assistant (anaesthesia)
2116:Postoperative residual curarization
1149:Essentials of Anaesthetic Equipment
193:continuous-flow anaesthetic machine
2486:Self-contained breathing apparatus
2421:Mountaineering breathing apparatus
2193:Operating department practitioners
1386:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1988.tb05754.x
740:Safety features of modern machines
734:adjustable pressure-limiting valve
681:for oxygen, air, and nitrous oxide
388:The plenum vaporizer is driven by
87:Main technologies or sub-processes
25:
2779:Surface-supplied diving equipment
2491:Self-contained self-rescue device
2398:High altitude breathing apparatus
2203:Certified anesthesia technologist
2111:Postoperative nausea and vomiting
1626:Procedural sedation and analgesia
3878:
3404:
3165:
3159:
3038:
3026:
3015:
3014:
2939:Respiratory protective equipment
2924:Open circuit breathing apparatus
2513:Powered air-purifying respirator
2439:Occupational breathing apparatus
2337:
2328:
2327:
1744:Transverse abdominis plane block
1501:Virtual Anesthesia Machine (VAM)
1251:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.05261.x
1187:10.1097/00000542-200502000-00005
1105:Boumphrey S, Marshall N (2011).
1056:"Modern anaesthesia vapourisers"
343:(purple) vaporizers on the right
253:Handheld anaesthetic device for
212:triservice anaesthetic apparatus
203:and flow. This is distinct from
2338:
2244:History of neuraxial anesthesia
2198:Certified anesthesia technician
2020:Double-lumen endobronchial tube
1881:Blood–gas partition coefficient
1714:Intravenous regional anesthesia
894:"The basic anaesthesia machine"
608:Components of a typical machine
2748:Underwater breathing apparatus
2675:Respiratory gas humidification
2290:Royal College of Anaesthetists
2249:History of tracheal intubation
1896:Minimum alveolar concentration
1833:Anesthesia provision in the US
1338:British Journal of Anaesthesia
986:British Journal of Anaesthesia
753:not flow past their regulator.
518:Dual-circuit gas–vapor blender
374:dual-circuit gas-vapor blender
1:
3204:Effervescent powder or tablet
2239:History of general anesthesia
1751:Total intravenous anaesthesia
1699:Inferior alveolar nerve block
1645:Continuous wound infiltration
1410:Sjølie K (Mar 30, 1989). "".
1026:clinicalview.gehealthcare.com
892:Gurudatt C (September 2013).
862:History of general anesthesia
695:oxygen failure warning device
3988:Patient-controlled analgesia
3293:Orally disintegrating tablet
2409:Aviation breathing apparatus
1802:Neuromuscular-blocking drugs
1515:Virtual Anaesthesia Textbook
1434:Ward's Anaesthetic Equipment
667:spill valve) is part of the
335:Anesthetic machine, showing
2934:Positive pressure breathing
2919:Negative pressure breathing
2591:Medical breathing apparatus
2137:Critical emergency medicine
1325:10.1016/j.mpaic.2006.12.013
1117:(6). Elsevier BV: 199–203.
541:senses the fresh gas flow.
4055:
3499:Relative analgesia machine
2904:Escape breathing apparatus
2830:User respiratory interface
2568:GB2626 (China), and others
2183:Anesthesiologist assistant
2045:Relative analgesia machine
1550:The Anesthesia Gas Machine
1286:"Understanding vaporizers"
1107:"Understanding vaporizers"
416:A typical volatile agent,
3876:
3402:
3157:
3010:
2966:Closed circuit rebreather
2879:
2868:
2836:
2823:
2754:
2741:
2661:Built-in breathing system
2597:
2584:
2563:EN 149/14683/143 (Europe)
2551:42 CFR 84 (United States)
2448:
2444:
2433:
2404:
2391:
2323:
2091:Local anesthetic toxicity
1367:Zuck D (September 1988).
1181:(2): 257–68, quiz 491–2.
999:10.1016/j.bja.2020.07.043
579:Pressure and demand from
232:St Bartholomew's Hospital
37:
3088:Routes of administration
2670:Positive airway pressure
2644:Non-invasive ventilation
2106:Postanesthetic shivering
1972:Neuromuscular monitoring
1863:Rapid sequence induction
1792:Inhalational anesthetics
1540:on howequipmentworks.com
1303:10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkr040
1124:10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkr040
1073:10.4103/0019-5049.120142
911:10.4103/0019-5049.120138
718:end-tidal carbon dioxide
216:Defence Medical Services
165:inhalational anaesthetic
101:inhalational anaesthetic
3614:Extra-amniotic infusion
3219:Molecular encapsulation
3151:Osmotic delivery system
3146:Time release technology
2981:Carbon dioxide scrubber
2949:Constant flow regulator
2801:Atmospheric diving suit
2717:Partial rebreather mask
2481:Supplied-air respirator
2414:Emergency oxygen system
2157:Oral sedation dentistry
2147:Intensive care medicine
2101:Perioperative mortality
1957:Guedel's classification
1704:Intercostal nerve block
850:Carbon dioxide scrubber
773:Pin Index Safety System
658:pin index safety system
3917:Central nervous system
3705:
3643:
3571:Mucoadhesive microdisc
3536:
2533:Elastomeric respirator
2498:Particulate respirator
2208:Anaesthetic technician
2096:Malignant hyperthermia
1351:10.1093/bja/58.10.1161
806:British Oxygen Company
625:
617:
528:operating temperatures
357:anaesthetic vapouriser
344:
327:Anaesthetic vapouriser
258:
121:of feedstock from the
4029:Drug delivery devices
3760:Transfersome vesicles
3704:
3642:
3619:Intravesical infusion
3535:
2811:Helium reclaim system
2789:Helicopter escape set
2774:Full-face diving mask
2030:Laryngeal mask airway
1874:Scientific principles
1843:Dogliotti's principle
1719:Occipital nerve block
1684:Brachial plexus block
1505:University of Florida
835:Anaesthetic vaporiser
640:Connections to piped
623:
615:
552:Historical vaporizers
512:veterinary anesthesia
334:
252:
176:mechanical ventilator
109:volatile anaesthetics
4019:Anesthetic equipment
3446:Metered-dose inhaler
3431:Anesthetic vaporizer
2899:Emergency gas supply
2794:Submarine escape set
2076:Drug-induced amnesia
2071:Anesthesia awareness
2005:Anesthetic vaporizer
1982:Thyromental distance
1886:Concentration effect
1760:Pharmacologic agents
1729:Pudendal nerve block
1556:Precision vaporisers
430:atmospheric pressure
349:anesthetic vaporizer
280:volatile anaesthetic
268:The Foregger Company
264:Richard von Foregger
72:Industrial sector(s)
4039:Breathing apparatus
3871:Transdermal implant
3831:(into tissue/blood)
3608:Intrauterine device
3489:Anaesthetic machine
3484:Oxygen concentrator
2986:Semi-closed circuit
2929:Oxygen concentrator
2697:Non-rebreather mask
2680:Supplemental oxygen
2656:Hyperbaric medicine
2602:Anaesthetic machine
2385:Breathing apparatus
2000:Anaesthetic machine
1858:Tracheal intubation
1848:Intravenous therapy
1787:General anesthetics
1739:Sciatic nerve block
1694:Femoral nerve block
1689:Fascia iliaca block
1667:Epidural anesthesia
1633:Twilight anesthesia
1552:by Michael P. Dosch
844:Breathing apparatus
464:Drawover vaporizers
402:volatile anesthetic
365:volatile anesthetic
145:anaesthetic machine
34:
33:Anaesthetic machine
18:Anaesthesia machine
3983:Nanocell injection
3706:
3644:
3537:
3391:Dry-powder inhaler
2944:Pressure regulator
2759:Open-circuit scuba
2520:Chemical cartridge
2086:Emergence delirium
2066:Allergic reactions
1942:Entropy monitoring
1724:Paracervical block
1709:Interpleural block
1672:Spinal anaesthesia
1657:Neuraxial blockade
1544:Anesthetic machine
626:
618:
570:Curt Schimmelbusch
420:, has a saturated
394:anesthetic machine
345:
259:
188:patient monitoring
153:anesthesia machine
4006:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3833:
3795:Transdermal spray
3790:Transdermal patch
3780:Medicated shampoo
3511:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3494:Medical inhalants
3441:Medical inhalants
3369:Respiratory tract
3363:
3362:
3257:
3256:
3054:
3053:
3006:
3005:
2998:Escape respirator
2993:Work of breathing
2976:Oxygen rebreather
2864:
2863:
2819:
2818:
2769:Diving rebreather
2737:
2736:
2690:Reservoir cannula
2580:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2429:
2428:
2351:
2350:
2188:Nurse anesthetist
2015:Bronchial blocker
2010:Arterial catheter
1901:Second gas effect
1828:Airway management
1797:Local anesthetics
1734:Retrobulbar block
1558:on Anaesthesia.UK
1520:AnaesthesiaUK.com
1486:978-0-7020-4954-5
1465:978-0-19-850859-5
1444:978-0-7020-4878-4
1159:978-0-7020-4954-5
963:978-0-7020-4420-5
795:mains electricity
726:Breathing systems
714:oxygen saturation
669:Breathing circuit
630:breathing circuit
594:trichloroethylene
470:negative pressure
390:positive pressure
384:Plenum vaporizers
255:trichloroethylene
184:suction equipment
141:
140:
16:(Redirected from
4046:
3882:
3838:
3829:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3379:
3308:Sublingual drops
3281:
3169:
3163:
3119:
3105:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3058:
3042:
3041:
3030:
3029:
3018:
3017:
2870:
2825:
2743:
2722:Simple face mask
2586:
2446:
2435:
2393:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2355:
2341:
2340:
2331:
2330:
2178:Anesthesiologist
1967:Mallampati score
1927:Bispectral index
1767:Anticholinergics
1591:
1584:
1577:
1568:
1546:: a presentation
1490:
1469:
1448:
1427:
1414:(in Norwegian).
1406:
1388:
1363:
1353:
1328:
1307:
1305:
1272:
1271:
1253:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1198:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1085:
1075:
1060:Indian J Anaesth
1051:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1001:
977:
968:
967:
947:
934:
933:
923:
913:
898:Indian J Anaesth
889:
840:
831:
602:bimetallic strip
451:bimetallic strip
426:partial pressure
353:American English
180:breathing system
157:American English
119:phase transition
103:agents, chiefly
48:, a division of
42:
35:
21:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4009:
4008:
4007:
3998:
3978:Intraperitoneal
3950:musculoskeletal
3948:
3939:
3911:
3907:Intra-articular
3883:
3874:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3803:
3684:
3622:
3575:
3520:
3503:
3461:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3400:
3359:
3328:
3253:
3170:
3164:
3155:
3109:Digestive tract
3094:
3085:
3055:
3050:
3002:
2875:
2860:
2840:Breathing mask
2832:
2815:
2750:
2733:
2593:
2572:
2556:ANSI K13.1-1973
2539:
2453:
2440:
2425:
2400:
2387:
2382:
2352:
2347:
2319:
2253:
2217:
2166:
2120:
2054:
1986:
1932:Body mass index
1905:
1869:
1816:
1782:Benzodiazepines
1755:
1604:
1595:
1497:
1487:
1472:
1466:
1451:
1445:
1430:
1409:
1366:
1331:
1310:
1283:
1280:
1278:Further reading
1275:
1244:(12): 1257–61.
1231:
1230:
1226:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1053:
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1041:
1031:
1029:
1020:
1019:
1015:
979:
978:
971:
964:
949:
948:
937:
891:
890:
886:
882:
838:
829:
822:
742:
610:
581:dental surgeons
554:
520:
466:
386:
361:British English
329:
276:
224:
197:Boyle's machine
149:British English
134:Main facilities
76:anaesthesiology
66:physical change
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4052:
4050:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4011:
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4004:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3985:
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3965:
3960:
3954:
3952:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3921:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3897:Intracavernous
3893:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3877:
3875:
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3867:
3866:
3856:
3851:
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3826:
3825:
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3815:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3804:
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3757:
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3731:
3726:
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3699:
3697:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3680:Nutrient enema
3677:
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3665:
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2876:
2873:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2844:Full facepiece
2837:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
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2699:
2694:
2693:
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2677:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2651:Oxygen therapy
2648:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2622:Bag valve mask
2614:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2589:
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2581:
2578:
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2574:
2573:
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2535:
2530:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2503:N95 respirator
2495:
2494:
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2483:
2478:
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2455:
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2172:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2132:Cardiothoracic
2128:
2126:
2125:Subspecialties
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2040:Magill forceps
2037:
2035:Laryngeal tube
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1947:Fick principle
1944:
1939:
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1779:
1777:Butyrophenones
1774:
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1602:anesthesiology
1596:
1594:
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1579:
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1565:
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1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
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1496:
1495:External links
1493:
1492:
1491:
1485:
1470:
1464:
1449:
1443:
1428:
1407:
1379:(9): 773–775.
1364:
1344:(10): 1161–6.
1329:
1319:(3): 111–115.
1308:
1296:(6): 199–203.
1279:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1224:
1210:
1175:Anesthesiology
1165:
1158:
1138:
1097:
1039:
1013:
992:(5): 773–778.
969:
962:
935:
883:
881:
878:
877:
876:
870:
864:
859:
853:
847:
841:
832:
821:
818:
788:
787:
784:Schrader valve
780:
776:
769:
766:
763:
760:
754:
750:
741:
738:
710:blood pressure
698:
697:
691:
688:
682:
672:
664:
609:
606:
556:Historically,
553:
550:
519:
516:
465:
462:
422:vapor pressure
385:
382:
370:vapor pressure
328:
325:
324:
323:
320:
317:
314:
299:carbon dioxide
275:
272:
240:United Kingdom
223:
220:
161:medical device
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
116:
112:
111:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4051:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3968:Intramuscular
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3946:
3942:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3925:Intracerebral
3923:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3745:Iontophoresis
3743:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3714:Topical cream
3712:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3479:Nasal cannula
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3407:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3162:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3077:
3075:
3070:
3068:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3047:
3046:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3013:
3012:
3009:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2884:Breathing gas
2882:
2881:
2878:
2871:
2867:
2855:
2854:orinasal mask
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2764:Diving helmet
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2685:Nasal cannula
2683:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2458:Regulated by
2456:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2344:
2336:
2334:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:Organizations
2256:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2162:Pain medicine
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:Complications
2057:
2051:
2050:Tracheal tube
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1952:Goldman index
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1066:(5): 464–71.
1065:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1000:
995:
991:
987:
983:
976:
974:
970:
965:
959:
955:
954:
946:
944:
942:
940:
936:
931:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
904:(5): 438–45.
903:
899:
895:
888:
885:
879:
874:
871:
868:
865:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
836:
833:
827:
824:
823:
819:
817:
815:
809:
807:
802:
800:
796:
791:
785:
781:
777:
774:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
751:
747:
746:
745:
739:
737:
735:
731:
730:reservoir bag
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
696:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
676:
673:
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
654:gas cylinders
651:
650:nitrous oxide
647:
643:
639:
638:
637:
634:
631:
622:
614:
607:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
586:
582:
577:
575:
572:'s "mask", a
571:
567:
563:
559:
551:
549:
546:
542:
540:
536:
531:
529:
525:
517:
515:
513:
508:
504:
500:
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
482:diethyl ether
477:
475:
474:minute volume
471:
463:
461:
459:
454:
452:
448:
442:
438:
435:
434:concentration
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
406:
403:
399:
395:
391:
383:
381:
379:
375:
371:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
342:
339:(yellow) and
338:
333:
326:
321:
318:
315:
312:
311:
310:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
273:
271:
269:
265:
256:
251:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
221:
219:
217:
213:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
136:
132:
128:
125:phase to the
124:
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
105:nitrous oxide
102:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
64:
60:
55:
51:
50:Getinge Group
47:
41:
36:
30:
19:
4034:Dosage forms
3973:Intraosseous
3963:Intracardiac
3902:Intravitreal
3864:Injector pen
3859:Subcutaneous
3830:
3800:Jet injector
3785:Dermal patch
3598:Vaginal ring
3566:Insufflation
3488:
3318:Effervescent
3092:dosage forms
3043:
3031:
3019:
2954:Demand valve
2806:Gas extender
2727:Venturi mask
2617:Resuscitator
2601:
2025:Gas cylinder
1999:
1910:Measurements
1853:Laryngoscopy
1838:Bronchoscopy
1475:
1454:
1433:
1418:(9): 966–7.
1415:
1411:
1376:
1372:
1341:
1337:
1316:
1312:
1293:
1289:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1213:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1148:
1141:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1063:
1059:
1030:. Retrieved
1025:
1016:
989:
985:
952:
901:
897:
887:
810:
803:
792:
789:
743:
699:
660:yoke with a
635:
629:
627:
590:cyclopropane
578:
555:
547:
543:
535:Datex-Ohmeda
532:
521:
509:
505:
501:
497:re-breathing
494:
478:
467:
455:
443:
439:
415:
407:
387:
373:
356:
348:
346:
307:
288:
284:anaesthetist
277:
260:
244:metonymously
225:
209:
204:
196:
192:
173:
152:
144:
142:
91:vaporization
62:Process type
29:
3958:Intravenous
3945:Circulatory
3930:Intrathecal
3854:Intradermal
3846:transdermal
3813:Parenterals
3719:Topical gel
3675:Murphy drip
3653:Suppository
3541:Nasal spray
3475:Oxygen mask
3324:Chewing gum
3263:Oral mucosa
2971:Counterlung
2914:Hazmat suit
2712:Oxygen tent
2707:Oxygen mask
2702:Oxygen hood
2627:Pocket mask
2607:Bubble CPAP
2544:Regulations
2524:Facepieces
2229:ACE mixture
2171:Professions
1992:Instruments
1937:Capnography
1891:Fink effect
1772:Antiemetics
1679:Nerve block
1373:Anaesthesia
1238:Anaesthesia
1028:. July 2020
826:Anaesthesia
722:temperature
646:medical air
447:evaporation
337:sevoflurane
291:rebreathing
228:Henry Boyle
169:anaesthesia
4013:Categories
3818:Injections
3581:Urogenital
3517:Ophthalmic
3373:inhalation
3347:Toothpaste
3275:sublingual
3239:Suspension
3209:Herbal tea
2961:Rebreather
2894:Dead space
2634:Ventilator
2528:Smoke hood
2462:and others
2451:Respirator
1977:Pain scale
1821:Techniques
1598:Anesthesia
1196:1874/12590
1032:12 October
880:References
873:Ventilator
856:Ether Dome
702:heart rate
685:Vaporisers
679:rotameters
675:Flowmeters
662:Bodok seal
566:chloroform
539:transducer
524:desflurane
490:desflurane
486:chloroform
418:isoflurane
398:calibrated
378:desflurane
341:isoflurane
297:to absorb
115:Product(s)
3823:infusions
3755:Liposomes
3551:Eye drops
3546:Ear drops
3457:Vaporizer
3452:Nebulizer
3342:Mouthwash
3271:sublabial
3194:Electuary
3184:Decoction
2909:Facepiece
2849:Half mask
2639:Iron lung
2508:Dust mask
2152:Obstetric
2142:Geriatric
1812:Sedatives
1133:1743-1816
867:Soda lime
814:pathogens
598:halothane
562:John Snow
458:Halothane
411:saturated
392:from the
295:soda lime
274:Flow rate
97:Feedstock
56:, Sweden.
4024:Machines
3994:PIC line
3935:Epidural
3775:Lip balm
3750:Hydrogel
3741:solution
3724:Liniment
3709:Ointment
3668:Hydrogel
3663:Solution
3648:Ointment
3588:Ointment
3561:Hydrogel
3556:Ointment
3352:Ointment
3313:Lozenges
3303:Lollipop
3249:Tincture
3234:Solution
3214:Hydrogel
3199:Emulsion
3141:Pastille
3045:Glossary
3021:Category
2474:Canister
2469:Gas mask
2333:Category
1922:Baricity
1621:Sedation
1403:31549505
1268:24338540
1260:17991263
1205:15681938
1092:24249879
1008:32859360
930:24249876
820:See also
677:such as
574:narcosis
201:pressure
80:medicine
3694:topical
3632:enteral
3593:Pessary
3423:Liquids
3396:Smoking
3334:Liquids
3229:Softgel
3176:Liquids
3136:Capsule
3113:enteral
3033:Commons
2874:General
2784:Snorkel
2343:Outline
2222:History
1807:Opioids
1650:Topical
1616:General
1424:2705180
1395:3052161
1360:3768229
1083:3821263
921:3821260
799:battery
779:machine
757:hypoxic
749:sensor.
222:History
159:) is a
54:Getinge
3889:Organs
3770:Lotion
3690:Dermal
3628:Rectal
3603:Douche
3383:Solids
3320:tablet
3285:Solids
3267:buccal
3224:Powder
3189:Elixir
3131:Tablet
3123:Solids
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648:, and
642:oxygen
596:, and
585:Clover
303:oxygen
236:London
186:, and
123:liquid
46:Maquet
3765:Cream
3729:Paste
3658:Enema
3610:(IUD)
3526:nasal
3448:(MDI)
3356:Spray
3244:Syrup
2460:NIOSH
1640:Local
1609:Types
1399:S2CID
1264:S2CID
558:ether
355:) or
151:) or
129:phase
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3842:Skin
3739:DMSO
3734:Film
3522:otic
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1600:and
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1034:2023
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195:or "
107:and
3467:Gas
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1381:doi
1346:doi
1321:doi
1298:doi
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1179:102
1119:doi
1078:PMC
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994:doi
990:125
916:PMC
906:doi
706:ECG
484:or
347:An
234:in
230:at
143:An
127:gas
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