147:
125:
1706:
1730:
830:
Joyce, Walter G.; Anquetin, Jérémy; Cadena, Edwin-Alberto; Claude, Julien; Danilov, Igor G.; Evers, Serjoscha W.; Ferreira, Gabriel S.; Gentry, Andrew D.; Georgalis, Georgios L.; Lyson, Tyler R.; Pérez-García, Adán (2021-02-09).
282:
The cladogram below follows the most likely result found by another analysis of turtle relationships, this one using only fossil evidence, published by Rainer Schoch and Hans-Dieter Sues in 2015. This study found
1001:
1771:
262:(tuatara, lizards and snakes) and their fossil relatives. This clade was historically supported based on microRNA analysis as well as some
994:
146:
1764:
1709:
1652:
987:
1795:
1399:
133:
795:
Schoch, R. R.; Sues, H.-D. (2015). "A Middle
Triassic stem-turtle and the evolution of the turtle body plan".
940:
1800:
1367:
1757:
287:
to be an actual early stem-turtle, though other versions of the analysis found weak support for it as a
1086:
882:
Simões, Tiago R.; Kammerer, Christian F.; Caldwell, Michael W.; Pierce, Stephanie E. (2022-08-19).
1587:
1524:
1417:
141:
1597:
1494:
884:"Successive climate crises in the deep past drove the early evolution and radiation of reptiles"
746:
Lyson, T.R.; Sperling, E.A.; Heimberg, A.M.; Gauthier, J.A.; King, B.L.; Peterson, K.J. (2012).
1790:
1473:
1307:
1146:
1124:
1098:
1010:
965:
921:
903:
864:
812:
777:
477:
324:
237:
1741:
1514:
957:
948:
911:
895:
854:
844:
804:
767:
759:
311:
1618:
1388:
1329:
1318:
1267:
451:
388:
348:
124:
833:"A nomenclature for fossil and living turtles using phylogenetically defined clade names"
1463:
1340:
916:
772:
747:
39:
1784:
1629:
1566:
1483:
1355:
883:
725:
626:
434:
419:
274:), and other recent cladistic analyses have supported Archelosauria over Ankylopoda.
267:
232:
81:
1699:
1545:
1443:
1379:
1226:
1195:
1184:
1173:
594:
540:
360:
288:
24:
1504:
1433:
1297:
608:
567:
496:
56:
849:
1576:
1556:
1534:
1453:
1287:
1236:
1216:
1205:
1071:
1040:
642:
263:
259:
101:
66:
20:
907:
868:
832:
266:. However, it was strongly contradicted by molecular evidence which supports
1729:
1607:
1277:
1257:
1247:
1163:
271:
158:
106:
50:
969:
925:
899:
816:
781:
763:
1641:
1034:
941:"A Middle Triassic stem-turtle and the evolution of the turtle body plan"
728:, an alternative clade that places turtles as sister taxon to archosaurs.
373:
178:
96:
91:
76:
71:
61:
43:
961:
859:
808:
1737:
1405:
1046:
188:
111:
86:
1658:
1055:
1028:
298:
255:
201:
168:
979:
1662:
251:
1021:
983:
1745:
939:
Schoch, Rainer R.; Sues, Hans-Dieter (24 June 2015).
1625:
1614:
1603:
1593:
1583:
1572:
1562:
1552:
1541:
1530:
1520:
1510:
1500:
1490:
1479:
1469:
1459:
1449:
1439:
1429:
1352:
1336:
1325:
1314:
1303:
1293:
1283:
1273:
1263:
1253:
1243:
1232:
1222:
1212:
1201:
1191:
1180:
1169:
1159:
622:
590:
563:
536:
493:
473:
448:
431:
345:
1639:
1416:
1387:
1378:
1351:
1144:
1097:
1070:
1765:
995:
8:
748:"MicroRNAs support a turtle + lizard clade"
1772:
1758:
1422:
1384:
1152:
1141:
1076:
1067:
1018:
1002:
988:
980:
123:
31:
915:
858:
848:
771:
738:
19:For the extinct group of mammals, see
7:
1726:
1724:
615:
583:
556:
529:
466:
441:
426:
366:
338:
331:
304:
294:
1744:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
23:. For the group of dinosaurs, see
14:
1728:
1705:
1704:
145:
837:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology
1:
270:(the grouping of turtles and
254:that hypothetically contains
1817:
1723:
850:10.1186/s13358-020-00211-x
18:
1689:
1425:
1155:
1140:
1121:
1079:
1066:
1017:
640:
620:
613:
588:
581:
561:
554:
534:
527:
491:
471:
464:
446:
439:
424:
386:
371:
364:
343:
336:
329:
309:
302:
229:
224:
142:Scientific classification
140:
131:
122:
34:
134:Proganochelys quenstedti
16:Former group of reptiles
900:10.1126/sciadv.abq1898
764:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0477
962:10.1038/nature14472
809:10.1038/nature14472
264:cladistic analyses
219:Lyson et al., 2012
1753:
1752:
1718:
1717:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1474:Eichstaettisaurus
1308:Helveticosauridae
1147:Lepidosauromorpha
1136:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1125:Lepidosauromorpha
1117:
1116:
1099:Lepidosauromorpha
1011:Lepidosauromorpha
956:(7562): 584–587.
716:
715:
707:
706:
698:
697:
689:
688:
680:
679:
671:
670:
662:
661:
653:
652:
516:
515:
507:
506:
478:Sinosaurosphargis
408:
407:
399:
398:
325:Lepidosauromorpha
323: Ankylopoda/
245:
244:
238:Lepidosauromorpha
225:Extant subclades
220:
40:Earliest Triassic
1808:
1796:Reptile taxonomy
1774:
1767:
1760:
1732:
1725:
1708:
1707:
1627:
1616:
1605:
1595:
1585:
1574:
1564:
1554:
1543:
1532:
1522:
1515:Huehuecuetzpalli
1512:
1502:
1492:
1481:
1471:
1461:
1451:
1441:
1431:
1423:
1385:
1354:
1338:
1327:
1316:
1305:
1295:
1285:
1275:
1265:
1255:
1245:
1234:
1224:
1214:
1203:
1193:
1182:
1171:
1161:
1153:
1142:
1077:
1068:
1061:
1060:
1019:
1004:
997:
990:
981:
974:
973:
945:
936:
930:
929:
919:
888:Science Advances
879:
873:
872:
862:
852:
827:
821:
820:
792:
786:
785:
775:
743:
624:
616:
592:
584:
565:
557:
538:
530:
495:
475:
467:
450:
442:
433:
427:
367:
347:
339:
332:
312:Archosauromorpha
305:
295:
218:
150:
149:
127:
116:
53:
38:Temporal range:
32:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1721:
1719:
1714:
1669:
1635:
1619:Tamaulipasaurus
1412:
1400:Rhynchocephalia
1389:Rhynchocephalia
1374:
1347:
1330:Saurosphargidae
1319:Kuehneosauridae
1268:Tamaulipasaurus
1149:
1128:
1113:
1093:
1062:
1024:
1023:
1013:
1008:
978:
977:
943:
938:
937:
933:
881:
880:
876:
829:
828:
824:
803:(7562): 584–7.
794:
793:
789:
745:
744:
740:
735:
722:
717:
708:
699:
690:
681:
672:
663:
654:
517:
508:
452:Eosauropterygia
437:
409:
400:
389:Rhynchocephalia
349:Kuehneosauridae
280:
250:was a proposed
217:
144:
118:
117:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
48:
47:
46:
36:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1814:
1812:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1733:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1655:
1646:
1644:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1623:
1612:
1601:
1591:
1581:
1570:
1560:
1550:
1539:
1528:
1518:
1508:
1498:
1488:
1477:
1467:
1464:Dalinghosaurus
1457:
1447:
1437:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1402:
1393:
1391:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1361:
1359:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1341:Thalattosauria
1334:
1323:
1312:
1301:
1291:
1281:
1271:
1261:
1251:
1241:
1230:
1220:
1210:
1199:
1189:
1178:
1167:
1156:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1080:
1074:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1022:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1006:
999:
992:
984:
976:
975:
931:
874:
822:
787:
758:(1): 104–107.
737:
736:
734:
731:
730:
729:
721:
718:
714:
713:
710:
709:
705:
704:
701:
700:
696:
695:
692:
691:
687:
686:
683:
682:
678:
677:
674:
673:
669:
668:
665:
664:
660:
659:
656:
655:
651:
650:
647:
646:
639:
636:
635:
632:
631:
619:
614:
612:
604:
603:
600:
599:
587:
582:
580:
577:
576:
573:
572:
560:
555:
553:
550:
549:
546:
545:
533:
528:
526:
523:
522:
519:
518:
514:
513:
510:
509:
505:
504:
501:
500:
490:
487:
486:
483:
482:
470:
465:
463:
460:
459:
456:
455:
445:
440:
438:
430:
425:
423:
420:Pantestudines?
415:
414:
411:
410:
406:
405:
402:
401:
397:
396:
393:
392:
385:
382:
381:
378:
377:
370:
365:
363:
357:
356:
353:
352:
342:
337:
335:
330:
328:
320:
319:
316:
315:
308:
303:
301:
293:
279:
278:Classification
276:
243:
242:
241:
240:
235:
227:
226:
222:
221:
212:
205:
204:
199:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
138:
137:
129:
128:
120:
119:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
54:
37:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1813:
1802:
1801:Reptile stubs
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1740:article is a
1739:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1711:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1630:Yabeinosaurus
1624:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1567:Oculudentavis
1561:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1484:Gephyrosaurus
1478:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1368:Sauropterygia
1365:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:Sauropterygia
1350:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1000:
998:
993:
991:
986:
985:
982:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
950:
942:
935:
932:
927:
923:
918:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
878:
875:
870:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
842:
838:
834:
826:
823:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
791:
788:
783:
779:
774:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
742:
739:
732:
727:
726:Archelosauria
724:
723:
719:
712:
711:
703:
702:
694:
693:
685:
684:
676:
675:
667:
666:
658:
657:
649:
648:
645:
644:
638:
637:
634:
633:
630:
629:
628:
627:Proganochelys
618:
617:
610:
606:
605:
602:
601:
598:
597:
596:
586:
585:
579:
578:
575:
574:
571:
570:
569:
559:
558:
552:
551:
548:
547:
544:
543:
542:
532:
531:
525:
524:
521:
520:
512:
511:
503:
502:
499:
498:
489:
488:
485:
484:
481:
480:
479:
469:
468:
462:
461:
458:
457:
454:
453:
444:
443:
436:
435:Sauropterygia
429:
428:
421:
417:
416:
413:
412:
404:
403:
395:
394:
391:
390:
384:
383:
380:
379:
376:
375:
369:
368:
362:
359:
358:
355:
354:
351:
350:
341:
340:
334:
333:
326:
322:
321:
318:
317:
314:
313:
307:
306:
300:
297:
296:
292:
290:
286:
277:
275:
273:
269:
268:Archelosauria
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
239:
236:
234:
233:Pantestudines
231:
230:
228:
223:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
148:
143:
139:
136:
135:
130:
126:
121:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
52:
45:
41:
33:
30:
26:
22:
1746:expanding it
1735:
1720:
1700:Eolacertilia
1694:
1628:
1617:
1606:
1596:
1588:Sakurasaurus
1586:
1575:
1565:
1555:
1546:Megachirella
1544:
1533:
1525:Kuroyuriella
1523:
1513:
1503:
1493:
1482:
1472:
1462:
1452:
1444:Bavarisaurus
1442:
1432:
1418:Pan-Squamata
1380:Lepidosauria
1339:
1328:
1317:
1306:
1296:
1286:
1276:
1266:
1256:
1246:
1235:
1227:Megachirella
1225:
1215:
1204:
1196:Fraxinisaura
1194:
1185:Feralisaurus
1183:
1174:Coartaredens
1172:
1162:
1123:
1051:
953:
947:
934:
891:
887:
877:
860:11336/155192
840:
836:
825:
800:
796:
790:
755:
751:
741:
641:
625:
621:
595:Odontochelys
593:
589:
566:
562:
541:Eunotosaurus
539:
535:
492:
476:
472:
447:
387:
372:
361:Lepidosauria
344:
310:
285:Eunotosaurus
284:
281:
247:
246:
214:
208:
195:
132:
29:
25:Ankylosauria
1505:Hoyalacerta
1434:Ardeosaurus
1298:Vinitasaura
609:Testudinata
568:Pappochelys
497:Placodontia
289:parareptile
260:lepidosaurs
49:252–0
1785:Categories
1695:Ankylopoda
1693:See also:
1598:Scandensia
1577:Palaeagama
1557:Meyasaurus
1535:Marmoretta
1495:Hongshanxi
1454:Bellairsia
1288:Vellbergia
1237:Palaeagama
1217:Marmoretta
1206:Lacertulus
1108:see below↓
1087:Sauropsida
1072:Sauropsida
1045:Subclass:
1041:Sauropsida
752:Biol. Lett
733:References
643:Testudines
272:archosaurs
248:Ankylopoda
215:Ankylopoda
35:Ankylopods
21:Ancylopoda
1657:includes
1608:Sophineta
1404:includes
1278:Taytalura
1258:Sophineta
1248:Paliguana
1164:Cargninia
1027:Kingdom:
908:2375-2548
869:1664-2384
165:Kingdom:
159:Eukaryota
1791:Saurians
1710:Category
1653:Squamata
1642:Squamata
1047:Diapsida
1035:Chordata
1033:Phylum:
1029:Animalia
970:26106865
926:35984885
843:(1): 5.
817:26106865
782:21775315
720:See also
374:Squamata
189:Reptilia
179:Chordata
175:Phylum:
169:Animalia
155:Domain:
44:Holocene
1738:reptile
1659:lizards
1406:tuatara
1039:Class:
917:9390993
773:3259949
611:
422:
327:
256:turtles
185:Class:
1663:snakes
1640:Crown-
1056:Sauria
968:
949:Nature
924:
914:
906:
894:(33).
867:
815:
797:Nature
780:
770:
607:
418:
299:Sauria
202:Sauria
1736:This
1052:Clade
944:(PDF)
252:clade
209:Clade
196:Clade
1742:stub
1661:and
1651:see
1398:see
1366:see
1085:see
966:PMID
922:PMID
904:ISSN
865:ISSN
813:PMID
778:PMID
258:and
57:PreꞒ
958:doi
954:523
912:PMC
896:doi
855:hdl
845:doi
841:140
805:doi
801:523
768:PMC
760:doi
1787::
1054::
964:.
952:.
946:.
920:.
910:.
902:.
890:.
886:.
863:.
853:.
839:.
835:.
811:.
799:.
776:.
766:.
754:.
750:.
291:.
211::
198::
107:Pg
51:Ma
42:-
1773:e
1766:t
1759:v
1748:.
1626:†
1622:?
1615:†
1611:?
1604:†
1594:†
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1573:†
1563:†
1553:†
1549:?
1542:†
1538:?
1531:†
1521:†
1511:†
1501:†
1491:†
1487:?
1480:†
1470:†
1460:†
1450:†
1440:†
1430:†
1358:?
1353:†
1344:?
1337:†
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1326:†
1322:?
1315:†
1311:?
1304:†
1294:†
1284:†
1274:†
1264:†
1254:†
1244:†
1240:?
1233:†
1223:†
1213:†
1209:?
1202:†
1192:†
1188:?
1181:†
1177:?
1170:†
1160:†
1003:e
996:t
989:v
972:.
960::
928:.
898::
892:8
871:.
857::
847::
819:.
807::
784:.
762::
756:8
623:†
591:†
564:†
537:†
494:†
474:†
449:†
432:†
346:†
112:N
102:K
97:J
92:T
87:P
82:C
77:D
72:S
67:O
62:Ꞓ
27:.
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