213:) are not identified as essential nutrients but appear to impact health in both positive and negative ways. Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes, together with other substances. Some nutrients can be stored internally (e.g., the fat soluble vitamins), while others are required more or less continuously. Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients or, in extreme cases, too much of a required nutrient. For example, both salt provides sodium and chloride, both essential nutrients, but will cause illness or even death in too large amounts.
155:. Some of the structural material can be used to generate energy internally, though the net energy depends on such factors as absorption and digestive effort, which vary substantially from instance to instance. Vitamins, minerals, fiber, and water do not provide energy, but are required for other reasons. A third class dietary material, fiber (i.e., non-digestible material such as cellulose), seems also to be required, for both
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245:(the animal can produce them from other nitrogen-containing compounds). A diet that contains adequate amounts of amino acids (especially those that are essential) is particularly important in some situations: during early development and maturation, pregnancy, lactation, or injury (a burn, for instance).
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which are characterized by the inclusion of nitrogen and sometimes sulfur. The body requires amino acids to produce new proteins (protein retention) and to replace damaged proteins (maintenance). As there is no protein or amino acid storage provision, amino acids must be present in the diet. Excess
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cannot be made by the animal. Some of the amino acids are convertible (with the expenditure of energy) to glucose and can be used for energy production just as ordinary glucose. By breaking down existing protein, some glucose can be produced internally; the remaining amino acids are discarded,
384:. This entry measures the weight of inorganic material left over after the food is burned for two hours at 600 °C. Thus, it does not include water, fibre, and nutrients that provide calories, but it does include some nutrients, such as minerals
302:, a common electrolyte, but also needed structurally (for muscle and digestive system health, bones, some forms neutralizes acidity, may help clear toxins, and provide signaling ions for nerve and membrane functions)
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in the diet: they cannot be synthesized in the body. Protein molecules contain nitrogen atoms in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. The fundamental components of protein are nitrogen-containing
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Proteins are the basis of many animal body structures (e.g. muscles, skin, and hair). They also form the enzymes which control chemical reactions throughout the body. Each molecule is composed of
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Macronutrients (excluding fiber and water) provide structural material (amino acids from which proteins are built, and lipids from which cell membranes and some signaling molecules are built) and
373:), and animal nutrition researchers have managed to establish safe levels for some common companion animals. Deficiency or excess of minerals can also have serious health consequences.
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Morris PJ, Salt C, Raila J, Brenten T, Kohn B, Schweigert FJ, Zentek J. Safety evaluation of vitamin A in growing dogs. British
Journal of Nutrition. 2012; 108(10):1800-1809.
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Many elements are essential in relative quantity; they are usually called "bulk minerals". Some are structural, but many play a role as
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288:. The term "mineral" is archaic, since the intent is to describe simply the less common elements in the diet.
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deficiencies may result in disease conditions. Excess of some vitamins is also dangerous to health (notably
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and related reactions (builds bone, causes strong peristalsis, increases flexibility, increases alkalinity)
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A few amino acids from protein can be converted into glucose and used for fuel through a process called
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for three amino acids and therefore many proteins (skin, hair, nails, liver, and pancreas)
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amino acids are discarded, typically in the urine. For all animals, some amino acids are
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primarily as urea in urine. This occurs normally only during prolonged starvation.
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584:; Canadian Veterinary Journal 1989 January 30(1): 73–79; last checked 2009-07-22
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and food production, but also in zoos, aquariums, and wildlife management.
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Many elements are required in trace amounts, usually because they play a
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Phosphorus: An
Outline of its Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Technology
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Low ash cat foods: The role of magnesium in feline nutrition
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required by living organisms, other than the four elements
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452:(5th ed.). San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. p. 603.
239:(an animal cannot produce them internally) and some are
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is sometimes found on nutrition labels, especially for
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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163:reasons, though the exact reasons remain unclear.
597:International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)
376:ASH Though not a nutrient as such, an entry for
205:Other dietary substances found in plant foods (
736:Evidence-Based Veterinary Medicine Association
705:Veterinary Medical College Application Service
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531:. Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books.
189:backbone. Some fatty acids, but not all, are
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481:(3rd ed.). New York: Worth Publishing.
415:, and are also affected by the food eaten.
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170:(glucose, fructose, galactose) to complex
135:focuses on the dietary nutrients needs of
602:National Dairy Research Institute (India)
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
721:American Veterinary Medical Association
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448:Berg J, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L (2002).
506:(5th ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
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726:Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons
529:Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry
527:Lippard, S. J.; Berg, J. M. (1994).
477:Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
58:adding citations to reliable sources
731:College of Veterinarians of Ontario
473:Nelson, D. L.; Cox, M. M. (2000).
25:
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27:Science of nutrition for animals
387:Too much ash may contribute to
284:that are present in nearly all
45:needs additional citations for
695:Veterinary education in France
407:contain a large population of
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312:ions; very common electrolyte
562:The Facts About Dietary Ash
502:D. E. C. Corbridge (1995).
340:, a very common electrolyte
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399:Intestinal bacterial flora
389:feline urological syndrome
318:, required for processing
571:; last checked 2009-07-22
607:Poultry Science Society
411:which are essential to
567:July 21, 2011, at the
672:List of veterinarians
667:Veterinary pharmacist
662:Paraveterinary worker
199:Essential amino acids
139:, primarily those in
754:Alternative medicine
147:Constituents of diet
54:improve this article
819:Preventive medicine
700:Veterinarian's Oath
643:Veterinary medicine
430:Animal nutritionist
216:Dietary fibre is a
178:, made of assorted
174:(starch). Fats are
69:"Animal nutrition"
896:Nutrition by type
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295:. These include:
286:organic molecules
266:chemical elements
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43:This article
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809:Parasitology
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450:Biochemistry
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
870:Philippines
746:Specialties
230:amino acids
211:polyphenols
195:amino acids
161:biochemical
141:agriculture
885:Categories
799:Obstetrics
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326:Phosphorus
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855:Indonesia
814:Pathology
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682:Education
413:digestion
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371:vitamin A
352:catalytic
332:Potassium
316:Magnesium
236:essential
191:essential
185:bound to
834:Virology
804:Oncology
769:Behavior
565:Archived
560:Purina;
419:See also
382:pet food
362:Vitamins
354:role in
310:chloride
306:Chlorine
278:nitrogen
274:hydrogen
264:are the
262:minerals
260:Dietary
256:Minerals
187:glycerol
183:monomers
901:Zoology
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356:enzymes
300:Calcium
224:Protein
137:animals
94:scholar
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344:Sulfur
338:Sodium
282:oxygen
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533:ISBN
508:ISBN
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159:and
73:news
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378:ash
320:ATP
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