25:
293:). This means that half of the vowels are pronounced with the root of the tongue pushed forwards, and half are not. Every word that is not a compound word has vowels that match for this feature. That is, all non-compound words have only vowels with the feature, or vowels without it—there is no mixing. The Bassila dialect, on which the most linguistic research has been done, has two phonological tone levels, low and high, and exhibits both grammatical and lexical tone.
284:
The name "Anii" was chosen in May 1979 by the Anii people as the official name for the language because it is a word that is common to all the Anii dialects. It is an interjection meaning roughly ‘do you hear?’, or ‘do you understand?’ Some of the older names have colonial or derogatory connotations
683:
Research is considering the possibility that Anii is a tenseless language. There is a far-past marker that may be a tense or a temporal remoteness marker. New research is investigating the function of reality status in Anii clauses, documenting the syntax of negation, and beginning to research the
644:
Although there are relatively few speakers and within the speaker population there are many dialects, the language is becoming more popular among the population. This is due in part to the work of the NGO LINGO-Benin, which works hard to publish both original and translated works in Anii, and also
618:
The different villages developed in relative isolation and developed their own names and dialect of Anii. The dialects were also likely affected by language contact, as the different Anii villages have origin stories that tell of different mixes of language groups founding each village. It was not
635:
is not as prevalent. Anii is the main language used in public and private domains. A majority of the younger population still use Anii as their everyday language, and children are learning it as a first language. Most Anii speakers also speak other languages like French, Tem (Kotokoli), or other
288:
Like other languages of the
Central-Togo group, Anii has a robust system of noun classes, contrasting with the reduced or absent systems of surrounding languages. It also has a strong system of vowel harmony based on the feature , or Advanced Tongue Root
268:
There are four major dialect groups in Anii, which are quite different from each other, even to the point that some of the dialects are not mutually intelligible. These differences may include variation in phonology (including tonology),
611:. The Anii people are not originally from neither Togo nor Benin but are believed to have emigrated, likely from the border area between Ghana and Togo sometime before the 19th century. The only closely-related language is
732:
There are four to five distinct dialect clusters that are geographically based. These dialects are distinct based on each group's relative physical isolation from one another and contact with other regional languages.
607:. Benin has the largest Anii population, with fifteen villages and 33,600 Anii, while Togo has three villages comprising roughly 12,300 residents and a significantly smaller community in Oti and Ashanti region
623:
that the language was officially called Anii and a written alphabet was established. A full orthography was officially accepted by the community in 2012, and is being regularly used and taught.
1228:
Morton, Deborah (2011). " Harmony in an Eleven Vowel
Language: The Case of Anii". In Marlo, Michael R.; Adams, Nikki B.; Green, Christopher R.; Morrison, Michelle; Purvis, Tristan M. (eds.).
901:
249:
though this is derogatory) is spoken in Benin, and central-eastern Togo and central eastern Ghana by Makכ-Makua or Bakכ-Bakua clan. It is part of the geographic group of
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1114:
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Additionally, there are significant differences in pronunciation between villages of the same dialect cluster. Each dialect has a varied set of rules including its
1291:
1961:
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1004:
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There are two areas of nearly universal similarity between the dialects: the tone and pitch of the speaker and the influence of the lingua franca
676:
Anii has 14 noun classes, 23 consonant phonemes, and 11 vowel phonemes. It is tonal with both a high and low tone, and uses a modification of the
908:
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Although there are relatively few Anii speakers, the language has a comparatively strong presence among its speakers while the lingua franca,
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facilitates classes for speakers to learn to read and write. According to
Ethnologue the language is classified as a 5 (developing).
150:
68:
46:
1284:
748:, and TAM semantics. This has made it extremely difficult for linguists to document a unified set of grammatical rules for Anii.
1954:
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Zaske, S. (n.d.). Calendrier 2013 en langue anii. SIL Language and
Culture Archives, 1-2. Retrieved February 12, 2016, from
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faith, but Benin is very religiously diverse and there are also people of other faiths living in Anii communities.
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281:. There are significant differences from village to village within groups, particularly regarding pronunciation.
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Selected
Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference on African Linguistics: African Languages in Context
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and Anii are used for preaching, and daily service. However, private prayer is always spoken in Anii.
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The Anii people are a diverse group with approximately eighteen villages along the border region of
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1970:
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Morton, Deborah (2023). "The Anii
Language: A Progressive Language Island in Togo and Benin".
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Anii is classified under the Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo and Kwa language groups.
2660:
1400:
1194:
837:
810:
447:
229:
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876:
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1206:
Heine, Bernd (1968b). "A preliminary survey of the noun classes of
Bassila".
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278:
209:
193:
962:
200:
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1802:
1520:
1052:
780:
1116:
The
Temporal and Aspectual Semantics and Verbal Tonology of Gisdia Anii
946:
800:
769:
737:
694:
The temporal and
Aspectual Semantics and Verbal Tonology of Gisida Anii
270:
89:
1269:
1187:
Blench, R. (2001). Language: Anii. Retrieved
February 12, 2016, from
745:
665:
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654:
274:
1939:
773:
608:
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107:
99:
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that includes symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet.
604:
462:
427:
412:
371:
340:
315:
103:
2267:
1943:
1273:
2329:
1351:
1078:"Expanding the notion of a tenseless language: Data from Anii"
285:
and should no longer be used, and just be kept for reference.
18:
1243:
http://www.sil.org/africa/benin/show_work.asp?id=928474552183
291:
https://en.wikipedia.org/Advanced_and_retracted_tongue_root
902:"A sociolinguistic survey of the Anii-Akpe language area"
1264:
934:
https://revue-gugu.org/dist/ed00/gugu_ed00_p09_full.jpg
932:
Revue GʊGʊ, edition 0, 2011, Bassila, Benin, page 9;
724:
translated verbs with the accompanying tone pattern.
708:
translated nouns with the accompanying tone pattern.
1259:
776:) - the most prominent dialect, especially by adults
16:
Niger–Congo language spoken in Ghana, Togo and Benin
2674:
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2601:
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2546:
2506:
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2310:
2301:
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2213:
2165:
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2019:
1998:
1977:
1846:
1820:
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1752:
1599:
1431:
1424:
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1323:
1307:
1199:
Die Verbreitung und Gliederung der Togorestsprachen
223:
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186:
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123:
113:
95:
83:
1189:http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/anii1245
998:
996:
1082:Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America
900:Tompkins, Barbara; Kluge, Angela (August 2008).
1119:(Thesis). Ohio State University. Archived from
895:
893:
891:
889:
664:, Anii, Kotokoli, Tchamba or a combination of
2279:
1955:
1285:
8:
1255:http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3809
653:In general, the Anii people ascribe to the
2552:
2307:
2286:
2272:
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1962:
1948:
1940:
1428:
1292:
1278:
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80:
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1047:
1045:
1043:
684:structure of dialects other than Gisida.
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
300:
32:This article includes a list of general
864:
826:Ngmeelang ka gija (Agerendebou village)
247:Oji-Ouji, Ouinji-Ouinji, Winji-Winji,
951:STUF-Language Typology and Universals
241:is a Guan language (sometimes called
7:
806:Naagayili ka gija (Nagayile village)
907:. SIL International. Archived from
977:"Did you know Anii is vulnerable?"
786:Frinyio ka gija (Frignion Village)
692:See Deborah Morton's dissertation
257:or Togo Remnant languages) of the
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1219:Dakubu, M.E. Kropp, ed. (1988).
1173:from the original on 2023-02-24.
1148:from the original on 2023-02-24.
23:
789:Gikodowaraja (Kodowari village)
1:
2739:Ghana–Togo Mountain languages
853:Ghana–Togo Mountain languages
621:Sous-Commission National Anii
251:Ghana Togo Mountain languages
1208:Journal of African Languages
615:spoken in that border area.
1223:. Kegan Paul International.
1076:Morton, Deborah C. (2014).
1030:Journal of Language Contact
947:"The gender system of Anii"
823:Gideenguja (Dengou village)
2765:
1201:. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
660:Depending on the village:
88:
1113:Morton, Deborah (2014).
1833:Adamorobe Sign Language
1331:Ghanaian Pidgin English
1095:10.3765/exabs.v0i0.2372
882:(subscription required)
636:surrounding languages.
253:(formerly known as the
119:49,000 (2011–2012)
53:more precise citations.
1828:Ghanaian Sign Language
1221:The Languages of Ghana
1005:"The Dialects of Anii"
963:10.1515/stuf-2021-1037
945:Fiedler, Ines (2021).
1838:Nanabin Sign Language
1265:http://revue-gugu.org
1425:Indigenous languages
1340:Government-sponsored
981:Endangered Languages
763:Dialects of villages
627:Origin and use today
1847:Immigrant languages
1237:. Cascadilla Press.
1159:Morton, Deborah C.
1134:Morton, Deborah C.
716:This list contains
704:This list contains
619:until 1979 and the
303:
2744:Languages of Ghana
1999:National languages
1301:Languages of Ghana
794:Kemetou Penezoulou
672:Language structure
301:
243:Bassila or Baseca,
2749:Languages of Togo
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2020:Working languages
1978:Official language
1971:Languages of Togo
1937:
1936:
1816:
1815:
1308:Official language
1260:http://gasana.org
1003:Morton, Deborah.
880:(18th ed., 2015)
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79:
78:
71:
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2701:Avikam–Alladian
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1324:Creole languages
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1161:"Anii Verb List"
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1150:
1149:
1147:
1140:
1136:"Anii Noun List"
1131:
1125:
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1110:
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1103:
1098:. Archived from
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1073:
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255:Togorestsprachen
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129:
81:
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67:
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60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
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1182:Further reading
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1249:External links
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1123:on 2016-06-01.
1105:
1102:on 2018-06-02.
1068:
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1017:on 2016-10-11.
992:
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957:(2): 369–385.
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302:Anii alphabet
298:
297:Writing system
295:
245:also known as
233:
232:
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197:
189:
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187:Language codes
184:
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178:
174:Writing system
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141:Atlantic–Congo
133:
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120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
97:
96:Native to
93:
92:
86:
85:
77:
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31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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2323:
2321:
2318:
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2309:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2295:Kwa languages
2289:
2284:
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2277:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2250:
2247:
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2244:
2240:
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2115:
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2110:
2108:
2105:
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2100:
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2053:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1991:
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1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
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1972:
1965:
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1927:
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1598:
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1233:
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1196:
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1190:
1186:
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1127:
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978:
972:
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964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
941:
938:
935:
929:
926:
914:on 2014-09-07
910:
903:
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858:
854:
851:
850:
846:
844:
839:
835:
832:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:Gibayaakuja (
815:
812:
808:
805:
802:
799:Gipenelanja (
798:
795:
792:Gipenesulja (
791:
788:
785:
782:
778:
775:
771:
767:
766:
762:
760:
758:
754:
749:
747:
743:
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727:
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723:
719:
711:
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699:
697:
695:
687:
685:
681:
679:
671:
669:
667:
663:
658:
656:
648:
646:
640:Language risk
639:
637:
634:
626:
624:
622:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
594:
592:
586:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
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487:
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478:
477:
474:
471:
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466:
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461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
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439:
436:
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431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
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404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
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369:
367:
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362:
359:
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354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
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334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
306:
305:
296:
294:
292:
286:
282:
280:
276:
272:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
231:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
212:
211:
206:
202:
198:
195:
190:
185:
182:
179:
175:
169:
157:
154:
153:
152:
149:
148:
147:
144:
143:
142:
139:
138:
136:
132:
128:
122:
118:
112:
109:
105:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
82:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2639:Nyangbo-Tafi
2567:
2385:Jwira–Pepesa
2312:Central Tano
2189:
2102:Bago-Kusuntu
1724:Nyangbo-Tafi
1669:Jwira-Pepesa
1618:
1230:
1220:
1211:
1207:
1198:
1195:Heine, Bernd
1154:
1129:
1121:the original
1115:
1108:
1100:the original
1085:
1081:
1071:
1060:. Retrieved
1056:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1012:the original
984:. Retrieved
980:
971:
954:
950:
940:
928:
916:. Retrieved
909:the original
875:
867:
843:
829:Giborokoja (
750:
735:
731:
715:
703:
693:
691:
682:
678:Latin script
675:
659:
652:
643:
630:
620:
617:
598:
590:
287:
283:
267:
254:
246:
242:
238:
236:
208:
155:
65:
56:
37:
918:25 February
779:Gifolanga (
479:Lower case
307:Upper case
263:Niger–Congo
135:Niger–Congo
51:introducing
2733:Categories
2588:Santrokofi
2548:Ghana–Togo
2423:Chumburung
2303:Potou–Tano
2046:Indigenous
1904:Portuguese
1729:Santrokofi
1654:Chumburung
1062:2018-04-20
1057:Ethnologue
986:2018-04-20
877:Ethnologue
859:References
809:Gibodija (
688:Word lists
261:branch of
151:Anii–Adere
59:March 2013
34:references
2653:Ga–Dangme
2483:Nchumbulu
2048:languages
1197:(1968a).
742:phonology
712:Verb list
700:Noun list
279:semantics
210:Glottolog
194:ISO 639-3
2705:Alladian
2458:Ginyanga
2418:Cherepon
2215:Yoruboid
1909:Japanese
1803:Nafaanra
1649:Cherepon
1566:Tamprusi
1551:Safaliba
1511:Mamprusi
1496:Konkomba
1168:Archived
1143:Archived
847:See also
840:, Benin)
833:, Benin)
820:, Benin)
813:, Benin)
803:, Benin)
796:, Benin)
783:, Benin)
781:Guiguizo
768:Giseda (
728:Dialects
649:Religion
217:anii1245
2692:Adjukru
2624:Avatime
2619:Animere
2602:Ka-Togo
2556:Na-Togo
2380:Chakosi
2343:Akuapem
2195:Chakosi
2180:Agotime
2152:Tammari
2142:Ngangam
2032:English
1990:English
1919:Russian
1899:Chinese
1879:Italian
1869:Spanish
1864:Punjabi
1854:English
1762:Bambara
1644:Chakosi
1634:Avatime
1624:Animere
1556:Sisaala
1546:Paasaal
1491:Kantosi
1451:Chakali
1441:Birifor
1386:Dagbani
1381:Dagaare
1362:Akuapem
1315:English
1214:: 1–13.
831:Mboroko
818:Bayakou
801:Penelan
770:Bassila
753:English
738:lexicon
718:English
706:English
595:History
271:lexicon
47:improve
2710:Avikam
2687:Abidji
2675:Lagoon
2666:Dangme
2629:Bowili
2573:Lelemi
2568:Basila
2524:Eotile
2507:Others
2498:Ntrapo
2493:Nkonya
2478:Nawuri
2473:Krache
2468:Kplang
2453:Larteh
2390:Morofo
2375:Baoulé
2336:Asante
2320:Ahanta
2233:Yoruba
2147:Ntcham
2027:French
2011:Kabiyé
1985:French
1924:Danish
1914:Romani
1894:Arabic
1889:Hebrew
1874:German
1859:French
1808:Yoruba
1781:Others
1772:Tonjon
1719:Nkonya
1694:Lelemi
1689:Larteh
1684:Krache
1639:Bowili
1614:Ahanta
1536:Ntcham
1506:Kusasi
1486:Kamara
1471:Frafra
1391:Dangme
1357:Asante
1053:"Anii"
757:French
746:syntax
722:French
666:Arabic
662:Arabic
655:Muslim
633:French
277:, and
275:syntax
90:Basila
36:, but
2697:Attié
2634:Kposo
2614:Akebu
2609:Ahlon
2583:Logba
2578:Likpe
2563:Adele
2534:Mbato
2529:Krobu
2519:Ebrié
2514:Abure
2488:Nkami
2463:Gonja
2448:Kyode
2438:Foodo
2433:Efutu
2428:Dwang
2410:Guang
2400:Sefwi
2395:Nzema
2370:Anyin
2358:Fante
2249:Hausa
2242:Other
2205:Kposo
2185:Ahlon
2175:Adele
2137:Mooré
2127:Lukpa
2122:Losso
2112:Kabye
2064:Aguna
1929:Dutch
1884:Hindi
1793:Hausa
1767:Ligbi
1754:Mande
1734:Sehwi
1714:Nkami
1704:Logba
1699:Likpe
1679:Kposo
1659:Efutu
1629:Anyin
1609:Adele
1586:Winye
1576:Vagla
1561:Talni
1531:Notre
1526:Nabit
1521:Mooré
1501:Konni
1481:Kabye
1476:Hanga
1456:Chala
1416:Nzema
1411:Kasem
1406:Gonja
1374:Fante
1235:(PDF)
1171:(PDF)
1164:(PDF)
1146:(PDF)
1139:(PDF)
1015:(PDF)
1008:(PDF)
912:(PDF)
905:(PDF)
774:Benin
613:Adele
609:Ghana
601:Benin
181:Latin
108:Benin
100:Ghana
2593:Siwu
2363:Wasa
2350:Bono
2325:Akan
2200:Kebu
2190:Anii
2132:Moba
2117:Lama
2107:Delo
2084:Wudu
2079:Waci
2074:Phla
1798:Mpur
1744:Wasa
1739:Siwu
1709:Mpra
1674:Kebu
1619:Anii
1591:Yobe
1581:Wali
1541:Nuni
1516:Moba
1466:Delo
1446:Buli
1367:Bono
1347:Akan
920:2018
872:Anii
838:Yari
811:Bodi
755:and
720:and
605:Togo
603:and
239:Anii
237:The
230:Anii
156:Anii
106:and
104:Togo
84:Anii
2717:Ega
2682:Abé
2443:Gua
2330:Twi
2228:Ifè
2223:Ede
2167:Kwa
2157:Tem
2094:Gur
2069:Aja
2056:Gbe
2037:Gen
2006:Ewe
1788:Gbe
1664:Gua
1601:Kwa
1571:Tem
1461:Deg
1433:Gur
1396:Ewe
1352:Twi
1090:doi
959:doi
874:at
541:ny
509:gb
259:Kwa
225:ELP
201:blo
146:Kwa
2735::
2661:Ga
1401:Ga
1210:.
1166:.
1141:.
1088:.
1084:.
1080:.
1055:.
1042:^
1034:16
1032:.
995:^
979:.
955:74
953:.
949:.
888:^
772:,
759:.
744:,
740:,
696:.
580:y
571:u
565:sh
556:p
547:ŋm
529:kp
526:k
494:ɖ
448:Sh
418:Ŋm
408:Ny
388:Kp
356:Gb
273:,
265:.
137:?
102:,
2719:?
2287:e
2280:t
2273:v
1963:e
1956:t
1949:v
1293:e
1286:t
1279:v
1212:7
1092::
1086:5
1065:.
1036:.
989:.
965:.
961::
922:.
577:w
574:ʊ
568:t
562:s
559:r
553:ɔ
550:o
544:ŋ
538:n
535:m
532:l
523:j
519:ɩ
515:i
512:h
506:g
503:f
500:ɛ
497:e
491:c
488:b
485:ǝ
482:a
473:Y
468:W
463:Ʊ
458:U
453:T
443:S
438:R
433:P
428:Ɔ
423:O
413:Ŋ
403:N
398:M
393:L
383:K
378:J
372:Ɩ
366:I
361:H
351:G
346:F
341:Ɛ
336:E
331:Ɖ
326:C
321:B
316:Ǝ
311:A
289:(
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.