136:
115:
849:
lived in a variety of marine environments, from shallow coastal waters to deeper offshore environments. It is believed to have been a relatively common component of
Cretaceous marine faunas. Some species are believed to have been able to tolerate brackish water environments, while others are only
410:
had a distinctive morphology that allowed it to be easily identified. The genus had an elongated dorsal fin, which was positioned far back on its body, and a long anal fin. Its pectoral fins were relatively small, while the pelvic fins were positioned far back on the body. The scales of
400:, with some species reaching up to 1 meter (3.3 ft) in length. It had a deep and laterally compressed body, with a relatively small head and a large dorsal fin. Like many members of its family,
381:
existed up until the
Cretaceous/Paleocene boundary, and these fossils represent the latest records for the taxon. A single tooth is located slightly above the boundary, which may indicate that
838:
fossils have been found in the Upper
Cretaceous strata of Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, France, and Uzbekistan. In Africa, fossils have been found in Egypt and Morocco.
404:
had strong jaws and teeth adapted for crushing hard prey, making it mainly durophagous. Its diet is believed to have consisted primarily of crustaceans and mollusks.
1425:
335:
had a wide geographic distribution, with fossils found in France, Belgium, the
Netherlands, Spain, Egypt, Uzbekistan, and the United States. Remains of the species
418:
Diagnostic features of this genus include teeth that are generally spherical, kidney-shaped, or elliptical, as well as the presence of four tooth rows in a jaw.
347:
in Sweden, making it one of the northernmost-occurring pycnodont taxa. This northwards migration may be associated with the warming temperatures of the time.
1315:
Luigi
Capasso (2020). "†Pycnodonts (Neopterygii, †Pycnodontiformes) from the Del Rio Formation (Early Cenomanian, Cretaceous) of Waco Lake, Texas (U.S.A.)".
362:
1544:
985:"A diverse assemblage of pycnodont fishes (Actinopterygii, Pycnodontiformes) from the mid-Cretaceous, continental Kem Kem Group of south-east Morocco"
1514:
1412:
1529:
1484:
939:"New vertebrate microfossils expand the chondrichthyan and actinopterygian fauna of the Maastrichtian–Danian Hornerstown Formation in New Jersey"
1639:
1594:
1609:
1056:"Njoerdichthys dyckerhoffi gen. et sp. nov. (Pycnodontiformes, lower Turonian) northward migration caused by the Cretaceous Thermal Maximum"
1252:"Anomoeodus pauciseriale n. sp. (Neopterygii, Pycnodontiformes) from the White Chalk Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Sussex, South England"
814:
is now considered an indeterminate pycnodontid due to having 6 tooth rows. Further taxonomic revisions are likely required for this genus.
1584:
1634:
1629:
1539:
370:
1184:"Pycnodont fishes (Actinopterygii, Pycnodontiformes) from the Upper Cretaceous (lower Turonian) Akrabou Formation of Asfla, Morocco"
1534:
1479:
1619:
1624:
1604:
865:
likely provided some protection from predation, although it is unknown how effective this defense mechanism was in practice.
1519:
879:
1599:
1589:
1579:
1559:
1554:
135:
1569:
1564:
1489:
826:
have been found in marine deposits from the Late
Cretaceous period. In North America, they have been found in the
1614:
1574:
1549:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1150:
n. sp. (Pisces, †Pycnodontiformes) from the late
Cretaceous of the Dakhla Formation, Western Desert, Egypt".
1524:
666:
boundary of
Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Mississippi, New Jersey, North Carolina, and South Carolina (syn:
1367:
1451:
354:
984:
1399:
1263:
1195:
1067:
996:
316:
are colloquially referred to as "drum fish" teeth due to their close resemblance to those of modern
385:
survived further into the early Danian, but this tooth may have been reworked from earlier layers.
827:
344:
130:
770:
The majority of these species are only known from isolated dental elements. Only a few species (
1456:
908:
1438:
1430:
1294:"Late Cretaceous pycnodont fishes (Actinopterygii, Neopterygii) from Saxony (Eastern Germany)"
1229:
1211:
1101:
1083:
1012:
960:
306:
1443:
1324:
1271:
1219:
1203:
1159:
1091:
1075:
1004:
950:
874:
831:
397:
366:
190:
1146:
Capasso, L.; Tantawy, A. A.; Mousa, M. K.; Wahba, D. G. A.; Abu El-Kheir, G. A. (2021). "
1267:
1199:
1071:
1000:
1224:
1183:
1096:
850:
known from offshore marine deposits. It is generally thought to have been a reef fish.
460:
272:
177:
114:
793:
is the presence of 4 tooth rows, excluding several former species. The former species
1473:
1251:
443:
288:
276:
244:
203:
67:
36:
937:
Boles, Zachary; Ullmann, Paul; Putnam, Ian; Ford, Mariele; Deckhut, Joseph (2024).
725:
229:
1207:
1079:
1008:
320:. However, they are unrelated to actual drumfish, which only appeared during the
1055:
799:
42:
1390:
1119:
1030:
710:
456:
358:
317:
280:
87:
52:
1215:
1087:
1016:
964:
1163:
858:
659:
595:
340:
299:
were described by Louis
Agassiz in 1833, although they were described under
147:
92:
1328:
1233:
1105:
955:
1384:
938:
321:
301:
167:
82:
77:
62:
57:
47:
1417:
1275:
97:
72:
1344:"A comprehensive study of the skull and dentition of pycnodont fishes"
663:
529:
374:
292:
284:
157:
104:
32:
1361:
789:
Cooper & Martill (2020) determined that a diagnostic feature of
415:
were large and thick, with a distinctive concentric growth pattern.
1343:
1293:
853:
In addition to its role as a predator of crustaceans and mollusks,
1054:
Cawley, John; Lehmann, Jens; Wiese, Frank; Kriwet, JĂĽrgen (2020).
857:
likely served as a prey item for larger marine predators, such as
1404:
1365:
353:
803:
due to having more than 5 tooth rows, and the former species "
312:
In the United States, fossil teeth of the widespread species
861:
and sharks. The thick scales and heavily armored head of
598:
to Maastrichtian of Maryland, Mississippi, and New Jersey
724:
Campanian of Sweden, Maastrichtian of the Netherlands (
983:
Cooper, Samuel L. A.; Martill, David M. (2020-08-01).
279:. This genus primarily lived during the mid-to-late
236:
1374:
361:, which records a mass mortality event during the
1182:Cooper, Samuel L.A.; Martill, David M. (2020).
377:. In any case, their presence indicates that
8:
1362:
271:is an extinct genus of prehistoric marine
113:
20:
1223:
1095:
954:
373:, it is technically in the very earliest
891:
786:) are known from more than just teeth.
369:. As it is located slightly above the
305:. Some studies have recovered it as a
1287:
1285:
830:in Wyoming and South Dakota, and the
797:has been reclassified into the genus
363:Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event
7:
1245:
1243:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1141:
1139:
978:
976:
974:
932:
930:
928:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
1124:NJfossils.com - New Jersey Fossils
1035:NJfossils.com - New Jersey Fossils
745:- Cenomanian of the United Kingdom
647:- Cenomanian of the United Kingdom
14:
426:The following species are known:
396:was one of the largest genera of
1545:Cretaceous fish of North America
134:
1515:Maastrichtian genus extinctions
1530:Late Cretaceous fish of Africa
1485:Albian genus first appearances
616:- Cenomanian of Germany (syn:
1:
1640:Fossil taxa described in 1887
1595:Fossils of the Czech Republic
1342:Kriwet, JĂĽrgen (2005-01-01).
1250:Kriwet, JĂĽrgen (2002-04-01).
1208:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104607
1080:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104590
1009:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104456
943:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
880:List of prehistoric bony fish
637:(Pictet & Campiche, 1858)
371:Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary
1610:Fossils of the United States
1256:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
607:- Cretaceous of Mississippi
291:age, and possibly into the
1656:
1585:Fossils of the Netherlands
1298:Freiberger Forschungshefte
1635:Fossils of South Carolina
1630:Fossils of North Carolina
1540:Cretaceous fish of Europe
283:period, ranging from the
257:
252:
235:
228:
131:Scientific classification
129:
121:
112:
23:
365:, likely just after the
275:belonging to the family
1535:Cretaceous fish of Asia
1480:Pycnodontiformes genera
1164:10.1285/i15910725v43p89
459:of the United Kingdom,
295:. The first fossils of
287:to the very end of the
16:Extinct genus of fishes
1620:Fossils of Mississippi
1329:10.1285/i15910725v42p9
1120:"Anomoeodus phaseolus"
1031:"Anomoeodus phaseolus"
956:10.4202/app.01117.2023
766:Cretaceous of Portugal
122:Fossil tooth plate of
1625:Fossils of New Jersey
1605:Fossils of Uzbekistan
1452:Paleobiology Database
1148:Anomoeodus aegypticus
834:in Texas. In Europe,
754:- Cenomanian of Texas
355:Hornerstown Formation
1520:Cretaceous bony fish
1292:Kogan, Ilja (2011).
832:Eagle Ford Formation
240:Pycnodus subclavatus
1600:Fossils of Portugal
1317:Thalassia Salentina
1268:2002PalZ...76..117K
1200:2020CrRes.11604607C
1188:Cretaceous Research
1152:Thalassia Salentina
1072:2020CrRes.11604590C
1060:Cretaceous Research
1001:2020CrRes.11204456C
989:Cretaceous Research
602:A. mississippiensis
339:are known from the
1590:Fossils of Germany
1580:Fossils of England
1560:Fossils of Tunisia
1555:Fossils of Morocco
1276:10.1007/BF02988190
828:Niobrara Formation
618:Pycnodus depressus
465:Pycnodus cretaceus
463:and Germany (syn:
345:Kristianstad Basin
1570:Fossils of Sweden
1565:Fossils of France
1490:Cenomanian genera
1467:
1466:
1439:Open Tree of Life
1368:Taxon identifiers
813:
762:
753:
744:
736:
720:
705:
696:
692:Pycnodus imitator
689:
681:
672:
662:to Maastrichtian/
655:
646:
642:A. pauciseriale -
638:
629:
622:
615:
606:
593:
580:
572:
564:
556:
548:
540:
527:
515:
507:
499:
490:
483:
476:
469:
454:
442:
439:
307:wastebasket taxon
264:
263:
224:
1647:
1615:Fossils of Texas
1575:Fossils of Spain
1550:Fossils of Egypt
1510:Campanian genera
1505:Santonian genera
1500:Coniacian genera
1460:
1459:
1447:
1446:
1434:
1433:
1421:
1420:
1408:
1407:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1363:
1356:
1355:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1289:
1280:
1279:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1227:
1179:
1168:
1167:
1143:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1027:
1021:
1020:
980:
969:
968:
958:
934:
923:
922:
920:
919:
905:
875:Prehistoric fish
811:
760:
751:
742:
734:
718:
703:
694:
687:
679:
670:
653:
644:
636:
627:
620:
613:
604:
591:
578:
570:
562:
554:
546:
538:
521:
513:
505:
497:
488:
486:P. subdeltoideus
481:
474:
467:
452:
440:
433:
398:Pycnodontiformes
367:Chicxulub impact
238:
222:
215:
202:
191:Pycnodontiformes
189:
139:
138:
117:
102:
39:
29:Temporal range:
21:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1495:Turonian genera
1470:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1455:
1450:
1442:
1437:
1429:
1424:
1416:
1411:
1403:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1370:
1360:
1359:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1181:
1180:
1171:
1145:
1144:
1137:
1128:
1126:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1039:
1037:
1029:
1028:
1024:
982:
981:
972:
936:
935:
926:
917:
915:
907:
906:
893:
888:
871:
844:
820:
784:A. pauciseriale
719:(Agassiz, 1844)
701:A. splendidus -
688:(Cornuel, 1877)
614:(Agassiz, 1834)
571:(Coquand, 1860)
563:(Cornuel, 1877)
547:(Agassiz, 1843)
514:(Sauvage, 1872)
498:(Sauvage, 1872)
479:P. rhomboidalis
453:(Agassiz, 1844)
424:
391:
330:
273:ray-finned fish
248:
242:
221:
213:
200:
187:
133:
108:
101:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
31:
30:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1653:
1651:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1525:Paleocene fish
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1448:
1435:
1422:
1409:
1396:
1380:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1358:
1357:
1354:(45): 135–188.
1334:
1307:
1281:
1262:(1): 117–123.
1239:
1169:
1135:
1111:
1046:
1022:
970:
924:
913:paleobiodb.org
890:
889:
887:
884:
883:
882:
877:
870:
867:
843:
840:
819:
816:
780:A. subclavatus
768:
767:
755:
746:
743:Woodward, 1893
737:
735:Woodward, 1893
729:
716:A. subclavatus
713:
709:Cenomanian of
698:
682:
674:
648:
639:
631:
625:P. complanatus
608:
599:
586:
581:
573:
565:
557:
549:
541:
539:Woodward, 1895
533:
516:
511:A. cenomanicus
508:
506:Woodward, 1895
500:
492:
461:Czech Republic
447:
423:
420:
390:
387:
337:A. subclavatus
329:
326:
262:
261:
259:30+, see text
255:
254:
250:
249:
243:
233:
232:
226:
225:
211:
207:
206:
198:
194:
193:
185:
181:
180:
178:Actinopterygii
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
127:
126:
124:A. subclavatus
119:
118:
110:
109:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
40:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1652:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1304:(540): 79–90.
1303:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
979:
977:
975:
971:
966:
962:
957:
952:
948:
944:
940:
933:
931:
929:
925:
914:
910:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
892:
885:
881:
878:
876:
873:
872:
868:
866:
864:
860:
856:
851:
848:
841:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
818:Fossil record
817:
815:
810:
806:
802:
801:
796:
792:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
765:
761:Sauvage, 1898
759:
756:
752:Capasso, 2020
750:
747:
741:
738:
733:
730:
727:
723:
717:
714:
712:
708:
702:
699:
695:Cornuel, 1877
693:
686:
683:
680:(Leidy, 1857)
678:
675:
669:
668:Pycnodus faba
665:
661:
658:
652:
649:
643:
640:
635:
632:
628:Agassiz, 1844
626:
621:Agassiz, 1844
619:
612:
609:
603:
600:
597:
590:
587:
585:
582:
577:
574:
569:
566:
561:
560:A. disparilis
558:
553:
550:
545:
542:
537:
534:
531:
525:
520:
517:
512:
509:
504:
501:
496:
493:
487:
482:Agassiz, 1844
480:
475:Agassiz, 1844
473:
468:Agassiz, 1844
466:
462:
458:
451:
448:
445:
444:Maastrichtian
437:
432:
431:A. aegypticus
429:
428:
427:
421:
419:
416:
414:
409:
405:
403:
399:
395:
388:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
327:
325:
323:
319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
303:
298:
294:
290:
289:Maastrichtian
286:
282:
278:
277:Pycnodontidae
274:
270:
269:
260:
256:
251:
246:
241:
234:
231:
227:
220:
219:
212:
209:
208:
205:
204:Pycnodontidae
199:
196:
195:
192:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
137:
132:
128:
125:
120:
116:
111:
106:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
38:
37:Maastrichtian
34:
26:
22:
19:
1375:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1301:
1297:
1259:
1255:
1191:
1187:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1127:. Retrieved
1123:
1114:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1038:. Retrieved
1034:
1025:
992:
988:
946:
942:
916:. Retrieved
912:
862:
854:
852:
846:
845:
842:Paleoecology
835:
823:
821:
812:Kriwet, 1999
808:
804:
798:
794:
790:
788:
783:
779:
775:
771:
769:
763:
758:A. woodwardi
757:
748:
739:
731:
726:type species
721:
715:
706:
704:Nessov, 1985
700:
691:
684:
676:
667:
656:
651:A. phaseolus
650:
645:Kriwet, 2002
641:
633:
624:
617:
611:A. muensteri
610:
605:Gidley, 1913
601:
592:Gidley, 1913
588:
583:
576:A. fraiponti
575:
567:
559:
552:A. cottreaui
551:
543:
536:A. confertus
535:
523:
518:
510:
502:
494:
485:
478:
472:P. elongatus
471:
464:
449:
435:
430:
425:
417:
412:
407:
406:
401:
393:
392:
382:
378:
351:A. phaseolus
350:
349:
336:
332:
331:
328:Distribution
314:A. phaseolus
313:
311:
300:
296:
267:
266:
265:
258:
239:
230:Type species
217:
216:
123:
24:
18:
822:Fossils of
800:Agassizilia
776:A. willetti
772:A. angustus
740:A. willetti
732:A. superbus
685:A. sculptus
677:A. robustus
671:Leidy, 1872
654:(Hay, 1899)
634:A. obliquus
589:A. latidens
579:Forir, 1889
555:Priem, 1912
532:of Arkansas
495:A. aulercus
489:Reuss, 1845
450:A. angustus
389:Description
223:Forir, 1887
1474:Categories
1376:Anomoeodus
1348:Zitteliana
1194:: 104607.
1158:: 89–104.
1129:2024-02-25
1066:: 104590.
1040:2024-02-26
995:: 104456.
918:2024-02-25
886:References
863:Anomoeodus
855:Anomoeodus
847:Anomoeodus
836:Anomoeodus
824:Anomoeodus
795:A. barberi
791:Anomoeodus
711:Uzbekistan
584:A. hunteri
568:A. distans
544:A. couloni
503:A. carteri
457:Cenomanian
413:Anomoeodus
408:Anomoeodus
402:Anomoeodus
394:Anomoeodus
383:Anomoeodus
379:Anomoeodus
359:New Jersey
333:Anomoeodus
297:Anomoeodus
281:Cretaceous
268:Anomoeodus
218:Anomoeodus
25:Anomoeodus
1216:0195-6671
1088:0195-6671
1017:0195-6671
965:0567-7920
859:mosasaurs
660:Coniacian
596:Campanian
519:A. caddoi
341:Campanian
154:Kingdom:
148:Eukaryota
103:Possible
1391:Q4769978
1385:Wikidata
1323:: 9–24.
1234:32863512
1106:34690488
869:See also
809:nursalli
749:A. wolfi
446:of Egypt
434:Capasso
322:Cenozoic
318:drumfish
302:Pycnodus
253:Species
197:Family:
168:Chordata
164:Phylum:
158:Animalia
144:Domain:
35:–latest
1444:4949749
1431:1331265
1418:4841570
1405:4654776
1264:Bibcode
1225:7442934
1196:Bibcode
1097:7611863
1068:Bibcode
997:Bibcode
522:Suarez
422:Species
343:of the
245:Agassiz
210:Genus:
184:Order:
174:Class:
1232:
1222:
1214:
1104:
1094:
1086:
1015:
963:
909:"PBDB"
690:(syn:
664:Danian
530:Albian
526:, 2021
524:et al.
438:, 2021
375:Danian
293:Danian
285:Albian
247:, 1833
107:record
105:Danian
33:Albian
1457:35169
1426:IRMNG
436:et al
1413:GBIF
1230:PMID
1212:ISSN
1102:PMID
1084:ISSN
1013:ISSN
961:ISSN
43:Preęž’
1400:EoL
1325:doi
1272:doi
1220:PMC
1204:doi
1192:116
1160:doi
1092:PMC
1076:doi
1064:116
1005:doi
993:112
951:doi
357:in
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93:Pg
1352:A
1331:.
1327::
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1132:.
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1007::
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967:.
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805:A
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673:)
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237:â€
214:â€
201:â€
188:â€
98:N
88:K
83:J
78:T
73:P
68:C
63:D
58:S
53:O
48:ęž’
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