20:
141:
A study by Swan et al. determined that the AGD is linked to fertility in males, and penis size. Males with a short AGD (lower than the median around 52 mm (2 in)) have seven times the chance of being sub-fertile as those with a longer AGD. It is linked to both semen volume and sperm count.
218:
In 2017, Gobikrushanth et al. studied the relationship between AGD (the distance from the center of the anus to the base of the vagina and the clitoris) and fertility in
Canadian Holstein cows. They found that in first and second parity cows an increase in AGD has an inverse correlation with
125:
was half as long in females as in males, but it has since been found to be three quarters the male distance in females, although males have more variance. Measuring the anogenital distance in neonatal humans has been suggested as a noninvasive method to determine male
866:
Honma S, Suzuki A, Buchanan DL, Katsu Y, Watanabe H, Iguchi T (2002). "Low dose effect of in utero exposure to bisphenol A and diethylstilbestrol on female mouse reproduction".
142:
A lower than median AGD also increases the likelihood of undescended testes, and lowered sperm counts and testicular tumors in adulthood. Babies with high total exposure to
408:
156:
Women who had high levels of phthalates in their urine during pregnancy gave birth to sons who were ten times more likely to have shorter than expected AGDs.
149:
Swan et al. report that the levels of phthalates associated with significant AGD reductions are found in approximately one-quarter of
Americans tested by the
778:
Hsieh MH, Breyer BN, Eisenberg ML, Baskin LS (March 2008). "Associations among hypospadias, cryptorchidism, anogenital distance, and endocrine disruption".
150:
599:"Identification in rats of a programming window for reproductive tract masculinization, disruption of which leads to hypospadias and cryptorchidism"
493:"Anogenital distance in adult women is a strong marker of endometriosis: results of a prospective study with laparoscopic and histological findings"
146:
were ninety times more likely to have a short AGD, despite not every type of the nine phthalates tested being correlated with shorter AGD.
432:
Salazar-Martinez, Eduardo; Romano-Riquer, Patricia; Yanez-Marquez, Edith; Longnecker, Matthew P.; Hernandez-Avila, Mauricio (2004-09-13).
603:
313:
77:(AGI) is an index used to compare the AGD relative to a model based on body weight. It is computed as the AGD divided by weight .
721:
Barrett, E. S.; Hoeger, K. M.; Sathyanarayana, S.; Abbott, D. H.; Redmon, J. B.; Nguyen, R. H. N.; Swan, S. H. (January 2018).
825:"Shorter anogenital distance correlates with undescended testis: a detailed genital anthropometric analysis in human newborns"
649:
416:
194:
There have been extensive studies of AGD effects on animals. In some animals, it is routinely measured to determine health.
113:
in males (AGD-AS). An alternative measurement, AGD-AC, defined only in females, is measured from the anus to the clitoris.
723:"Anogenital distance in newborn daughters of women with polycystic ovary syndrome indicates fetal testosterone exposure"
198:
160:
909:
94:
670:
Swan SH, Sathyanarayana S, Barrett ES, Janssen S, Liu F, Nguyen RH, Redmon JB, TIDES Study Team (April 2015).
54:. It is considered medically significant for a number of reasons, in both humans and other animals, including
780:
219:
pregnancy success after first artificial insemination. This correlation was not found in third+ parity cows.
962:
868:
491:
Crestani, A; Arfi, A; Ploteau, S; Breban, M; Boudy, A-S; Bendifallah, S; Ferrier, C; Darai, E (2020-06-06).
206:
127:
183:
135:
19:
905:"Characterization of anogenital distance and its relationship to fertility in lactating Holstein cows"
201:
this distance is shortened when the mother is exposed to chemicals that are anti-androgenic, such as
182:
are conditions which may be induced in males with short AGD. Other problems in males include risk of
409:"Swan et al., "Decrease in Anogenital Distance among Male Infants with Prenatal Phthalate Exposure""
233:
90:
63:
59:
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805:
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760:
742:
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579:
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473:
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396:
340:
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202:
434:"Anogenital distance in human male and female newborns: a descriptive, cross-sectional study"
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838:
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685:
620:
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463:
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255:"High Prenatal Exposure to Bisphenol A Reduces Anogenital Distance in Healthy Male Newborns"
98:
755:
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574:
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525:
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366:
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179:
55:
881:
468:
433:
956:
367:"Decrease in Anogenital Distance among Male Infants with Prenatal Phthalate Exposure"
809:
164:
131:
228:
212:
175:
793:
738:
143:
746:
516:
508:
459:
843:
824:
689:
550:"Validity of anogenital distance as a marker of in utero phthalate exposure"
67:
39:
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889:
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801:
764:
707:
634:
583:
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477:
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159:
A 2018 study by
Barrett et al. found that infant girls born to women with
565:
326:
122:
106:
47:
672:"First trimester phthalate exposure and anogenital distance in newborns"
271:
215:
in certain doses increases the AGD of both genders of a study on mice.
110:
51:
933:
903:
Gobikrushanth M, Bruinje TC, Colazo MG, Butler ST, Ambrose DJ (2017).
616:
382:
43:
18:
102:
86:
35:
85:
The AGD is usually measured as follows: from the center of the
101:
begins) in females (AGD-AF); and from the center of the
259:
Journal of
Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology
727:
16:
Distance from midpoint of the anus to the genitalia
650:"Key genital measurement linked to male fertility"
167:exposure, than girls born to women without PCOS.
253:Mammadov, E; Uncu, M; Dalkan, C (1 March 2018).
163:(PCOS) had longer AGD, suggesting higher fetal
597:Welsh, Michelle; et al. (13 March 2008).
8:
365:Swan, Shanna H.; et al. (August 2005).
23:Anogenital distance of human female and male
360:
358:
356:
354:
302:
300:
34:) is the distance from the midpoint of the
151:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
932:
922:
842:
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697:
624:
573:
524:
467:
449:
390:
334:
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134:and thereby predict neonatal and adult
548:McEwen, GN; Renner, G (January 2006).
197:Experiments have demonstrated that in
823:Jain VG, Singal AK (September 2013).
309:"Are EDCs Blurring Issues of Gender?"
7:
121:Early studies showed that the human
648:Zabarenko, Deborah (4 April 2011).
153:(CDC) for phthalate body burdens.
14:
604:Journal of Clinical Investigation
554:Environmental Health Perspectives
371:Environmental Health Perspectives
314:Environmental Health Perspectives
109:skin with the rugate skin of the
105:to the junction of the smooth
1:
882:10.1016/S0890-6238(02)00006-0
62:exposure. It is regulated by
307:Hood, Ernie (October 2005).
66:, which can be disrupted by
979:
794:10.1007/s11934-008-0025-0
739:10.1017/S2040174417001118
161:polycystic ovary syndrome
910:Journal of Dairy Science
869:Reproductive Toxicology
781:Current Urology Reports
497:Human Reproduction Open
42:, the underside of the
924:10.3168/jds.2017-13033
509:10.1093/hropen/hoaa023
207:benzyl butyl phthalate
136:reproductive disorders
24:
844:10.1093/humrep/det286
690:10.1093/humrep/deu363
451:10.1186/1476-069X-3-8
184:testicular dysgenesis
70:common in plastics.
22:
566:10.1289/ehp.114-a19b
438:Environmental Health
327:10.1289/ehp.113-a670
93:convergence of the
64:dihydrotestosterone
60:endocrine disruptor
58:and as a marker of
28:Anogenital distance
830:Human Reproduction
677:Human Reproduction
272:10.4274/jcrpe.4817
25:
917:(12): 9815–9823.
413:Our Stolen Future
321:(10): A670–A677.
203:dibutyl phthalate
56:sex determination
970:
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617:10.1172/JCI34241
611:(4): 1479–1490.
594:
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488:
482:
481:
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429:
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415:. Archived from
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383:10.1289/ehp.8100
377:(8): 1056–1061.
362:
349:
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190:In other animals
75:anogenital index
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234:Waist–hip ratio
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83:
17:
12:
11:
5:
976:
974:
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963:Mammal anatomy
955:
954:
949:
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895:
858:
815:
788:(2): 137–142.
770:
733:(3): 307–314.
713:
684:(4): 963–972.
662:
640:
589:
540:
503:(3): hoaa023.
483:
424:
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421:
419:on 2005-06-05.
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199:rodent studies
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180:cryptorchidism
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82:
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15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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930:
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916:
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879:
876:(2): 117–22.
875:
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850:
845:
840:
837:(9): 2343–9.
836:
832:
831:
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560:(1): A19–20.
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654:. Retrieved
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417:the original
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265:(1): 25–29.
262:
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196:
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165:testosterone
158:
155:
148:
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132:virilization
128:feminisation
120:
84:
74:
72:
31:
27:
26:
229:Digit ratio
213:Bisphenol A
176:Hypospadias
130:and female
97:(where the
81:Measurement
934:11019/1690
656:2011-08-24
240:References
186:syndrome.
171:Conditions
144:phthalates
95:fourchette
68:phthalates
747:2040-1744
652:. Reuters
517:2399-3529
460:1476-069X
205:(DBP) or
117:In humans
99:vestibule
91:posterior
40:genitalia
957:Category
943:28941819
890:11955942
853:23838161
810:11807854
802:18419998
765:29310733
708:25697839
635:18340380
584:16393642
535:32529050
478:15363098
444:(1): 8.
401:16079079
345:16203228
291:28825590
223:See also
209:(BBzP).
123:perineum
107:perineal
48:clitoris
756:5997496
699:4359397
626:2267017
575:1332693
526:7275635
392:1280349
336:1281309
282:5838369
111:scrotum
89:to the
52:scrotum
50:or the
38:to the
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469:521084
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46:, the
44:vagina
806:S2CID
939:PMID
886:PMID
849:PMID
798:PMID
761:PMID
743:ISSN
704:PMID
631:PMID
580:PMID
531:PMID
513:ISSN
501:2020
474:PMID
456:ISSN
397:PMID
341:PMID
287:PMID
178:and
103:anus
87:anus
73:The
36:anus
929:hdl
919:doi
915:100
878:doi
839:doi
790:doi
751:PMC
735:doi
694:PMC
686:doi
621:PMC
613:doi
609:118
570:PMC
562:doi
558:114
521:PMC
505:doi
464:PMC
446:doi
387:PMC
379:doi
375:113
331:PMC
323:doi
319:113
277:PMC
267:doi
32:AGD
959::
937:.
927:.
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835:28
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448::
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30:(
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