779:, started by Peter the Great. This school was designed to further the sciences in Russia, in order to help the country reach the level of the Western countries of that period. Some of the subjects taught were mathematics, astronomy, and botany. The Academy of Science was also responsible for many expeditions; a notable example was the Bering Sea Expedition. While attempting to determine if America and Asia had been at one point connected, Siberia and its people was also studied. These studies were referenced long after the expedition returned from Siberia. The academy suffered interference from outside parties. Frequently the government and the church would meddle with funding and experimentation, altering data to match their respective points of view. This school of science was very small, never exceeding a population of twelve students in the university and barely over a hundred in the secondary school. Still, it was a huge step forward for education in Russia. Many of the teachers and professors were imported from Germany, bringing a Western viewpoint to instruction students received. Some of the students taught by these German professors later became advisors or teachers to future leaders, such as Catherine the Great's tutor, Adodurov. During Anna's reign the Academy of Science began to include the Arts into the program, as there was no school for the arts yet, and the Empress was a firm supporter of the arts. Theatre, architecture, engraving, and journalism were all added to the curriculum. It was during this time the foundation of what is now the world-famous Russian Ballet was laid down.
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unpopular. Within Russia Anna's reign is often referred to as a "dark era". The issue with her reign derives from her personality flaws. Even considering the need of
Russian rulers to avoid displays of weakness, Anna's rule involved questionable actions towards her subjects. She was known to enjoy hunting animals from the palace windows and, on more than a few occasions, humiliated individuals with disabilities. The issues of serfdom, peasant and lower class slavery, taxation, dishonesty, and rule through constant fear persisted in Russia during her rule. Her empire was described by Lefort, the Saxon minister, as being "comparable to a storm-threatened ship, manned by a pilot and crew who are all drunk or asleep. . . with no considerable future". Anna's war with Turkey, economic issues, and conspiracy revolving around her accession all bring to light an ominous glow of the empress' reign. She restored the court in St. Petersburg and brought Russia's political atmosphere back to where Peter the Great had intended, and its grandeur was almost unmatched in Europe or Asia; but such lavish court life was overshadowed by the thousands of men slaughtered in war.
640:. She was now separated from him and living in Russia, which was in itself disgraceful; and whether her husband was present or absent, his existence could raise problems at her very coronation. His intervention in government affairs at some later point could hardly be prevented, especially since Catherine had a daughter by him. In that event, since he was ruling prince of ancient lineage with years of experience, he would not be as amenable to the council's advice as a Russian princess. Also, the fact that Catherine had a daughter already would provide a certainty of succession which the nobles perhaps preferred not to have.
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in the ice palace, despite it being an extremely cold night in the dead of winter. Empress Anna told the couple to make love and keep their bodies close if they did not wish to freeze to death. Eventually, the couple survived when the maid traded a pearl necklace for a sheepskin coat from one of the guards. An enthusiastic hunter, Anna always kept a shotgun by her window so she could blast away at birds at all hours of the day whenever she felt the urge to hunt.
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1018:. Historians concur that Biron not only had a strong influence on Anna's domestic and foreign policies, but also that at times he wielded power solely without reference to the Empress. Anna was attracted to Biron's personal charm and he proved to be a good companion to her, but his name became synonymous with cruelty and terror. In public perception these negative qualities became the hallmark of Anna's reign.
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683:. She then assumed autocratic powers and ruled as an absolute monarch, in the same fashion as her predecessors. On the night that Anna tore up the Conditions, an aurora borealis appeared in the sky, making the horizon "appear in all blood" in the words of one contemporary, which was widely taken to be a dark omen of what Anna's reign would be like.
663:), and she then proceeded to the Russian capital. On 20 February 1730, shortly after her arrival, Empress Anna exercised her prerogative to do away with her predecessor's Privy Council and dissolved that body. The Supreme Privy Council which had stipulated those onerous "Conditions" had been composed largely of the families of the princes
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observances. Her education consisted of French, German, religious texts and folklore, leavened with some music and dancing. As she grew older, she developed into an obstinate girl, with a mean streak, earning her the nickname "Iv-anna the
Terrible". Anna was famed for her big cheeks, "which, as shown in her portraits", says
411:, who was about the same age as her. Her wedding was held on a grand scale, as per her own inclinations, on 11 November 1710; and her uncle gave her a fabulous dowry of 200,000 roubles. At the feast which followed the wedding, two dwarfs performed a parody by jumping out of enormous pies and dancing on the tables.
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Anna gave many privileges to the nobility. In 1730 she ensured the repeal of Peter the Great's primogeniture law prohibiting the division of estates among heirs. Starting in 1731 landlords were made responsible for their serfs' taxes, which had the effect of tightening their economic bondage further.
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in 1731, one year after coming to the throne. The Cadet Corps was a group of young boys starting at the age of eight being trained for the military. It incorporated a very rigorous training program which included all the schooling necessary for someone to hold an important position in the military.
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The newly wedded couple spent several weeks in Russia before proceeding to
Courland. Only twenty miles out of St. Petersburg, on the road to Courland, on 21 January 1711, Duke Frederick died. The cause of death was uncertain - it has been attributed variously to a chill or to the effects of alcohol.
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In the West, Anna's reign was traditionally viewed as a continuation of the transition from the old
Muscovy ways to the European court envisioned by Peter the Great. Her government, on the whole, was prudent, beneficial and even glorious; but it was undoubtedly severe and became at last universally
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There is a lot of mention of
Germans throughout the reign of Anna. For example, she often gave them ruling positions in her cabinet and other important decision-making positions. This was because she had very little trust in the Russians. It was because of this strong German influence in government
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measuring thirty-three feet high and eighty feet long built together with icy beds, steps, chairs, windows and even logs of ice in a fireplace of ice. Prince
Golitsyn and his bride were placed in a cage atop an elephant and paraded through the streets to this structure, to spend their wedding night
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embassies to Anna's court, first at Moscow in 1731, then at St
Petersburg the following year, were the only ones China dispatched to Europe through the 18th century. These embassies were unique also in that they represented the only occasions where officials of the Chinese Empire kowtowed before a
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was staffed by monks and aided by state authorities. Under the empress' decree, they presided under a huge increase in conversions, where converts were provided goods and cash in return for a "reward for accepting baptism". However, intimidation and violence also played a role in conversions, as a
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Ivan V had been the older brother of Peter the Great and co-ruler with him, and by that reckoning, his daughters may be considered to have the prior claim. However, if seen from the perspective that the successor should be the nearest kin of the most recent monarch, then the daughters of Peter the
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In Jacobi's ironic and critical historical pastiche, the thoroughly
Frenchified ministers, their weaknesses symbolized by crutches and a rolling invalid's chair, are dominated by the absent presence of the Empress, through her empty seat at table and her shadowed portrait looming on the wall; at
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Anna's reign was different from that of other imperial
Russian rulers in one respect: her court was almost entirely made up of foreigners, the majority of whom were German. Some observers have argued that historians isolate her rule from Russian history due to their long-term prejudice towards
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had been an exemplary wife to a mentally disabled man, and expected her daughters to live up to her own high standards of morality and virtue. Anna grew up within a milieu which cherished womanly virtue and domesticity above all else, and placed strong emphasis on thrift, charity and religious
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Investigation when in fact it was run by the senator A. I. Ushakov. The punishments meted out for the convicted were often very painful and disgusting. For example, some people that had supposedly been plotting against the government had their noses slit in addition to being beaten with the
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Anna resurrected the Secret Office of
Investigation, whose purpose was to punish those convicted of political crimes, although some cases were occasionally taken that were not of a political nature. It has been rumored since Anna's reign that Biron was the power behind the Secret Office of
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even though Catherine was at that time resident in Russia whereas Anna was not. There were some reasons for this: Anna was a childless widow and there was no immediate danger of an unknown foreigner wielding power in Russia; she also had some experience of government, because she had been
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After being widowed just weeks following her wedding, Anna never remarried. As empress of Russia, she enjoyed the power she held over all men and may have thought that marriage would undermine her power and position. Nevertheless, Anna's reign is often referred to as "The Age of Biron"
391:. This meant a change of not just location but also society, and this had a significant effect on Anna. She greatly enjoyed the splendour of court and the lavishness of high society, which was very different from the austerity preferred by her mother.
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after 1957, was founded during Anna's reign on May 4, 1738. It was the first ballet school in Russia, as well as the second in the world. The school was established through the initiative of the French ballet master and teacher Jean-Baptiste Landé.
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In 1736, the age for a noble to begin his compulsory service to the state changed to 20 with a 25-year service time. Anna and her government also determined that if a family had more than one son, one could now stay behind to run the family estate.
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preferred the childless and widowed Duchess of Courland. They hoped that she would feel indebted to the nobles and remain a figurehead at best, and malleable at worst. To make sure of that, the Council convinced Anna to sign a declaration of
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Anna continued to lavish architectural advances in St. Petersburg. She completed a waterway that began construction under Peter the Great and called for seafaring ships to accompany this new canal and continue naval expansion. Anna's lover
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As time went on, the program was improved upon by other emperors and empresses, such as Catherine the Great. These began to include the arts and sciences into cadets' schooling, alongside established studies of military topics.
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Anna died on 17 October 1740 at the age of 47 from a kidney stone that made for a slow and painful death. The tsaritsa's final words focused on Biron. Ivan VI was only a two-month-old baby at the time, and his mother,
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signed by Peter the Great. Münnich had given Russia its first campaign against Turkey that had not ended in crushing disaster and dissipated the illusion of Ottoman invincibility. He had further shown that Russia's
659:" was presented to Anna in January, and she signed the same on 18 January 1730, which was just around the time of his death. The ceremony of endorsement was held at her capital, Mitau in Courland (now known as
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petition described how the clergy "mercilessly beat them and baptized them against their will". In addition, hundreds of mosques were destroyed. By the 1750s, over 400,000 pagans and Muslims had converted.
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The war against the Turks took four and a half years, a hundred thousand men, and millions of rubles; its burdens caused great stress on the people of Russia, and it only gained Russia the city of
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The government under Anna established an Office for the Affairs of New Converts in 1740 to expand the conversion to Orthodoxy. The office which was situated in the Bogoroditsky Monastery in
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588:. The dilemma was made greater because the daughters of Peter the Great had been born out of wedlock, and had been legitimized later by him, after he formally married their mother
596:, the wife of Ivan V, had been a nobleman's daughter and a devoted wife and mother; moreover, she had been a lady greatly respected for her many virtues, not least her chastity.
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were favored with government offices, leading to the resentment of the ethnic Russian nobility, though the American historian Walter Moss cautioned that the popular image of the
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and its environs. Its effects, however, were greater than they first appeared. Osterman's policy of southern expansion prevailed over the 1711
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had been a net drain on the imperial treasury for the entirety of their occupation. Three years later, in 1735, conforming to the
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selected Anna, the second daughter of Ivan V, to be the new Empress of Russia. She was selected in preference to her elder sister
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The deliberations of the council were held even as Peter II lay dying of smallpox during the winter of 1729–30. The document of "
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ways to the European court envisioned by Peter the Great. Within Russia, Anna's reign is often referred to as a "dark era".
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from 1730 to 1740. Much of her administration was defined or heavily influenced by actions set in motion by her uncle,
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furthermore permitted an alliance against the Ottoman Empire, the common enemy and, in any case, the provinces of
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had been exterminated and Russia's signal and unexpected successes greatly increased its prestige within Europe.
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law in 1730. In the West, Anna's reign was traditionally viewed as a continuation of the transition from the old
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noted soon after that "This court begins to have a great deal to say in the affairs of Europe".
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The Tsar's Foreign Faiths: Toleration and the Fate of Religious Freedom in Imperial Russia
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Great were nearer to the throne, because they were the aunts of the recently deceased
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1914:– Historical reconstruction "The Romanovs". StarMedia. Babich-Design(Russia, 2013)
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https://vocal.media/families/the-wicked-empress-who-plunged-russia-into-a-dark-age
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A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East
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Lipski, Alexander (1956), "A Re-Examination of the "Dark Era" of Anna Ioanovna",
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Romanovs. The fourth film. Anna Ioannovna; Anna Leopoldovna; Elizabeth Petrovna
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891:. Russia's involvement with the conflict was quickly over, however, and the
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1758:, vol. 2 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 60
1793:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 68–69.
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https://www.genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00144641&tree=LEO
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for almost two decades. Catherine, on the other hand, was married to the
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During Anna's reign Russia became involved in two major conflicts, the
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maid Avdotya Buzheninova. To celebrate the wedding, the Empress had an
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to become her court jester and had him married off to her unattractive
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Catherine Mikhailovna, Duchess George Augustus of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
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as one of total Baltic German domination of Russia is exaggerated.
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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The Russians also established a protectorate over the khan of the
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right a courtier behind the screen eavesdrops on the proceedings.
576:(born 1694), and the sole surviving daughter of Peter the Great,
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Alexandra Nikolaevna, Princess Frederick William of Hesse-Cassel
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28 January] 1693 – 28 October [
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The Three Empresses: Catherine I, Anna and Elizabeth of Russia
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After her husband died, Anna proceeded to Mitau (now known as
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Burials at Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg
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Anastasia Mikhailovna, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
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http://www.saint-petersburg.com/royal-family/anna-ioannovna/
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Elena Vladimirovna, Princess Nicholas of Greece and Denmark
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Elena Pavlovna, Hereditary Princess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
1504:"Vaganova Academy - History of the Vaganova Ballet Academy"
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had forced Russia to return the lands in northern mainland
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Germans, towards whom Anna seems to have been sympathetic.
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Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna, Mrs. Nikolai Kulikovsky
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Cabinet Ministers of Empress Anna Ivanovna, painting by
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1218:"Unhinged Facts About Anna of Russia, the Mad Tsarina"
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As her health declined Anna declared her grandnephew,
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Maria Pavlovna, Princess Sergei Mikhailovich Putiatin
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Maria Pavlovna, Grand Duchess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
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Court jesters of Empress Anna Ivanovna; painting by
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1956:11 November 1710 – 21 January 1711
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1990:29 January 1730 – 28 October 1740
2867:title granted by Grand Duke Vladimir Cyrillovich
1613:, New York, Oxford University Press, pp. 115–118
2861:title granted by Grand Duke Cyril Vladimirovich
1800:A Forgotten Empress: Anna Ivanovna and Her Era.
285:17 October] 1740), also russified as
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1802:, New York: Frederick Unga Publishing Company
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906:that had been taken during Peter the Great's
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1428:. Oxford University Press. pp. 76–77.
1065:Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)
403:arranged for the 17-year-old Anna to marry
316:), such as the lavish building projects in
2908:18th-century women from the Russian Empire
2746:Olga Konstantinovna, Queen of the Hellenes
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2669:Catherine Pavlovna, Queen of Württemberg
1846:American Slavic and East European Review
1818:American Slavic and East European Review
1809:American Slavic and East European Review
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2679:Anna Pavlovna, Queen of the Netherlands
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64:26 (15) February 1730 –
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1303:
863:. In the former, Russia worked with
474:adding citations to reliable sources
2553:*raised to Grand Ducal rank in 1721
958:could defeat twice their number of
700:Prince Mikhail Alekseevich Golitsyn
171:Frederick William, Duke of Courland
27:Empress of Russia from 1730 to 1740
2818:Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna
1885:, vol. 1, Boston: McGraw-Hill
844:Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet
783:The Secret Office of Investigation
25:
356:became the sole ruler of Russia.
2846:Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna
2808:Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna
2772:Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna
1763:
450:
256:
2710:Grand Duchess Maria Mikhailovna
2638:Grand Duchess Natalia Alexeevna
827:Westernization continued after
461:needs additional citations for
311:
182:
32:Anna of Russia (disambiguation)
2813:Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna
2617:Grand Duchess Natalia Petrovna
1:
2953:Daughters of Russian emperors
2903:18th-century Russian monarchs
2803:Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna
893:Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)
857:War of the Polish Succession
638:Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
611:Empress Anna abrogates the "
143:Saint Petersburg Governorate
2943:18th-century women monarchs
2923:Empresses regnant of Russia
2674:Grand Duchess Olga Pavlovna
1952:Duchess consort of Courland
1890:Tucker, Spencer C. (2010),
1746:Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878),
1609:Hsu, Immunel C.-Y. (1999),
1070:Tsars of Russia family tree
775:Anna continued to fund the
675:. Anna duly repudiated the
2979:
2958:18th-century women regents
2948:Deaths from kidney disease
2095:Sviatoslav III of Vladimir
1872:Longworth, Philip (1972),
1014:), after her German lover
966:. The Tatar hordes of the
777:Russian Academy of Science
363:, and one younger sister,
322:Russian Academy of Science
297:, served as regent of the
29:
2855:
2593:Grand Duchesses of Russia
2550:
2507:3rd generation (Romanovs)
2461:2nd generation (Romanovs)
2043:Grand princes of Vladimir
1992:
1983:
1975:
1970:
1958:
1949:
1939:
1934:
1920:
895:was much more important.
879:who was dependent on the
875:against the candidacy of
690:In this 1878 painting by
603:Coinage of Anna of Russia
552:Imperial monogram of Anna
274:
201:
192:
44:
2140:Dmitry the Terrible Eyes
2035:List of Russian monarchs
1611:The Rise of Modern China
859:(1733–1735) and another
376:, were "comparable to a
344:as the daughter of Tsar
158:Peter and Paul Cathedral
2090:Yaroslav II of Vladimir
1790:Encyclopædia Britannica
1781:Anne, Empress of Russia
1755:Encyclopædia Britannica
1422:Werth, Paul W. (2014).
993:Relationship with Biron
938:were returned as well.
277:; 7 February [
2289:Emperors of all Russia
1798:Curtiss, Mini (1974),
1009:
1002:
744:Ernst Johann von Biron
738:
727:
695:
677:document of Conditions
616:
604:
553:
436:Ernst Johann von Biron
202:Anna Ivanovna Romanova
2938:Duchesses of Courland
2483:Ekaterina Alekseyevna
2100:Andrey II of Vladimir
2070:Vsevolod the Big Nest
1881:Moss, Walter (1997),
1749:"Anna Ivanovna"
1098:The English minister
1000:
877:Stanisław Leszczyński
733:
722:
689:
645:Supreme Privy Council
621:Supreme Privy Council
619:Finally, the Russian
610:
602:
551:
432:Count Peter Bestuzhev
77:28 April (9 May) 1730
2898:18th-century regents
2535:Elizabeth I Petrovna
2493:Feodosia Alekseyevna
2468:Yevdokia Alekseyevna
2213:Ivan IV the Terrible
2080:Konstantin of Rostov
2060:Andrei I Bogolyubsky
1451:Under the Old Regime
1022:Death and succession
470:improve this article
66:28 (17) October 1740
30:For other uses, see
2918:Tsarevnas of Russia
2913:Royalty from Moscow
2498:Natalia Alekseyevna
2452:Tatiana Mikhailovna
2404:Tsarevnas of Russia
2205:Tsars of all Russia
2180:Vasily II the Blind
2120:Dmitry of Pereslavl
2085:Yuri II of Vladimir
2075:Yuri II of Vladimir
2065:Mikhail of Vladimir
1883:A History of Russia
1777:Bain, Robert Nisbet
1709:, pp. 232–233.
1685:, pp. 231–232.
1673:, pp. 290–293.
594:Praskovia Saltykova
383:In time, her uncle
369:Praskovia Saltykova
350:Praskovia Saltykova
237:Praskovia Saltykova
2524:Praskovya Ivanovna
2478:Sophia Alekseyevna
2185:Ivan III the Great
2125:Andrey of Gorodets
2115:Vasily of Kostroma
1964:of Saxe-Weissenfel
1508:vaganovaacademy.ru
1192:, pp. 80, 81.
1044:Elizabeth Petrovna
1016:Ernst Johann Biron
1003:
1001:Ernst Johann Biron
771:Academy of Science
739:
728:
696:
617:
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2875:
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2612:Empress Elizabeth
2559:
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2473:Marfa Alekseyevna
2442:Irina Mikhailovna
2370:
2369:
2170:Dmitry of the Don
2145:Alexander of Tver
2055:Yuri I Dolgorukiy
2002:
2001:
1993:Succeeded by
1986:Empress of Russia
1962:Johanna Magdalene
1959:Succeeded by
1541:, pp. 68–69.
1435:978-0-19-959177-0
908:Russo-Persian War
883:and amiable with
762:Anna founded the
715:Empress of Russia
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340:Anna was born in
303:Empress of Russia
299:duchy of Courland
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16:(Redirected from
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2447:Anna Mikhailovna
2431:1st generation (
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2160:Ivan II the Fair
2155:Simeon the Proud
2110:Yaroslav of Tver
2105:Alexander Nevsky
2028:
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1976:Preceded by
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1940:Preceded by
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1900:External links
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2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1938:
1935:Royal titles
1933:
1929:
1928:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1899:
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1879:
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1863:
1859:
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1823:
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1814:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1792:
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1778:
1773:
1772:public domain
1761:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1733:, p. 63.
1732:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1628:
1625:, p. 84.
1624:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1579:
1576:, p. 69.
1575:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1532:
1529:, p. 68.
1528:
1523:
1520:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1490:, p. 72.
1489:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1453:, p. 133
1452:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1399:
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1382:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1358:
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1339:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1262:, p. 83.
1261:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1247:, p. 82.
1246:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1207:, p. 81.
1206:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1180:, p. 79.
1179:
1174:
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1163:
1160:
1156:
1151:
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1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
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1128:
1126:
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1120:
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1075:
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1062:
1058:
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1049:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1010:Bironovschina
999:
992:
990:
987:
982:
980:
976:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
948:
944:
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929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
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862:
858:
850:
848:
845:
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808:
803:
795:
793:
791:
782:
780:
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770:
768:
765:
757:
755:
753:
752:Bironovschina
749:
745:
737:
736:Valery Jacobi
732:
726:
725:Valery Jacobi
721:
714:
712:
709:
705:
701:
693:
692:Valery Jacobi
688:
684:
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651:
646:
641:
639:
635:
630:
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614:
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591:
587:
586:Tsar Peter II
581:
580:(born 1709).
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:Tsar Peter II
550:
540:
537:
529:
526:February 2020
518:
515:
511:
508:
504:
501:
497:
494:
490:
487: –
486:
482:
481:Find sources:
475:
471:
465:
464:
459:This section
457:
453:
448:
447:
441:
439:
437:
433:
429:
426:(now western
425:
421:
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410:
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402:
394:
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381:
379:
375:
370:
366:
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347:
343:
335:
333:
331:
327:
326:primogeniture
323:
319:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
287:Anna Ivanovna
284:
280:
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268:
259:
255:
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84:
80:
76:
74:
70:
63:
59:
56:
52:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
2866:
2860:
2622:Empress Anna
2621:
2552:
2518:
2352:Alexander II
2332:Catherine II
2311:
2249:
2237:
1984:
1950:
1925:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1849:
1845:
1821:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1788:
1753:
1731:Curtiss 1974
1726:
1719:Curtiss 1974
1714:
1707:Curtiss 1974
1702:
1695:Curtiss 1974
1690:
1683:Curtiss 1974
1678:
1671:Curtiss 1974
1666:
1659:Curtiss 1974
1654:
1647:Curtiss 1974
1642:
1635:Curtiss 1974
1630:
1623:Curtiss 1974
1618:
1610:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1546:
1534:
1522:
1511:. Retrieved
1507:
1488:Curtiss 1974
1471:
1459:
1450:
1444:
1424:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1388:, p. 5.
1381:
1376:, p. 4.
1369:
1364:, p. 2.
1338:
1326:
1283:Curtiss 1974
1278:
1267:
1226:
1212:
1185:
1173:
1162:
1094:
1084:
1053:
1036:
1025:
1007:
1004:
983:
972:
940:
897:
854:
841:
837:
833:
826:
817:
799:
786:
774:
761:
751:
740:
697:
654:
642:
618:
582:
555:
532:
523:
513:
506:
499:
492:
480:
468:Please help
463:verification
460:
417:
413:
398:
382:
358:
348:by his wife
339:
294:
286:
266:
265:
134:(1740-10-28)
2893:1740 deaths
2888:1693 births
2362:Nicholas II
2342:Alexander I
2302:Catherine I
2279:(co-rulers)
1598:Lipski 1956
1586:Lipski 1956
1551:Tucker 2010
1464:Lipski 1950
1410:Lipski 1956
1398:Lipski 1956
1386:Lipski 1959
1374:Lipski 1959
1362:Lipski 1959
1155:Lipski 1956
1136:Baynes 1878
960:janissaries
869:Augustus II
867:to support
861:Turkish war
764:Cadet Corps
758:Cadet Corps
590:Catherine I
378:Westphalian
82:Predecessor
2882:Categories
2347:Nicholas I
2267:Feodor III
2190:Vasily III
1852:(1): 2–5,
1824:(4): 488,
1740:References
1513:2024-02-05
952:grenadiers
924:Mazanderan
900:Nader Shah
708:ice palace
665:Dolgorouki
657:Conditions
650:Conditions
613:Conditions
496:newspapers
336:Early life
291:anglicized
112:1693-02-07
73:Coronation
2327:Peter III
2322:Elizabeth
2251:Vladislav
2245:Vasili IV
2233:Feodor II
1811:(1): 1–11
1779:(1911). "
1574:Bain 1911
1539:Bain 1911
1527:Bain 1911
1319:Moss 1997
1304:Moss 1997
673:Catherine
629:Catherine
578:Elizabeth
574:Praskovya
570:Catherine
568:, namely
556:In 1730,
442:Accession
399:In 1710,
365:Praskovia
361:Catherine
253:Signature
92:Successor
2433:Romanovs
2413:Godunovs
2307:Peter II
2218:Feodor I
2175:Vasily I
1979:Peter II
1059:See also
898:In 1732
889:Ottomans
887:and the
873:Augustus
814:Nobility
669:Galitzin
634:Courland
424:Courland
243:Religion
86:Peter II
2317:Ivan VI
2297:Peter I
2272:Peter I
2257:Michael
2195:Ivan IV
1996:Ivan VI
1912:YouTube
1866:3001041
1838:3001306
1787:(ed.).
1774::
1475:Lipski.
1028:Ivan VI
986:Chinese
975:Kirghiz
956:hussars
916:Shirvan
871:'s son
865:Austria
807:Chuvash
681:Siberia
661:Jelgava
510:scholar
420:Jelgava
330:Muscovy
271:Russian
217:Romanov
187:
179:
175:
96:Ivan VI
2337:Paul I
2276:Ivan V
2262:Alexis
2150:Ivan I
2047:Moscow
1864:
1836:
1783:". In
1768:
1432:
1050:Legacy
1032:Ivan V
968:Crimea
964:spahis
922:, and
920:Ghilan
910:; the
904:Persia
885:Sweden
881:French
704:Kalmyk
566:Ivan V
512:
505:
498:
491:
483:
428:Latvia
380:ham".
346:Ivan V
342:Moscow
233:Mother
223:Father
165:Spouse
153:Burial
119:Moscow
2228:Boris
2223:Irina
1862:JSTOR
1834:JSTOR
1076:Notes
979:Khiva
802:Kazan
790:knout
517:JSTOR
503:books
212:House
197:Names
181:(
177:
61:Reign
2312:Anna
2274:and
2045:and
1430:ISBN
984:Two
962:and
954:and
943:Azov
934:and
667:and
643:The
489:news
295:Anne
283:O.S.
279:O.S.
129:Died
106:Born
40:Anna
2865:**
1910:on
1854:doi
1826:doi
472:by
293:as
2884::
2859:*
2848:**
1860:,
1850:18
1848:,
1832:,
1822:15
1820:,
1752:,
1558:^
1506:.
1495:^
1480:^
1350:^
1311:^
1290:^
1252:^
1237:^
1197:^
1143:^
1112:^
981:.
918:,
407:,
312:r.
273::
183:m.
145:,
141:,
121:,
2831:*
2825:*
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2543:*
2537:*
2531:*
2435:)
2415:)
2396:e
2389:t
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2027:e
2020:t
2013:v
1856::
1828::
1516:.
1438:.
1285:.
1138:.
1006:(
648:"
615:"
539:)
533:(
528:)
524:(
514:·
507:·
500:·
493:·
466:.
309:(
269:(
114:)
110:(
34:.
20:)
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