43:
1830:…today's legal prohibition of conquest creates an incentive for states to obfuscate the reality of annexation that did not exist when such actions were lawful. Excessive formalism, accordingly, seems misplaced when assessing whether a state has manifested an intention to hold a territory "under its dominion" with sufficient clarity to constitute an unlawful annexation. Indeed, state practice offers no shortage of examples in which the international community has looked past a state's formal characterization of its actions when evaluating their lawfulness for this purpose—most recently in relation to Russia's annexation of Crimea. Accordingly, while a formal act of annexation is powerful evidence of intent, the lack of one is by no means dispositive. What other kinds of acts signal such an intention? As noted above, it may be signaled by a state's exercise, for a prolonged time, of the kinds of governmental functions typically reserved to a sovereign. An occupant's refusal to accept the law of occupation's applicability would seem probative for drawing this conclusion—as would a refusal to comply with duties under that law that relate specifically to distinguishing the rights of an occupant from those of a sovereign.
1724:
followed by a declaration of annexation, in order to incorporate the territory under the sovereignty of the acquiring State. In the context of armed conflicts, annexation is the case in which the victorious State unilaterally declares that it is henceforth sovereign over the territory having passed under its control as a result of hostilities. This attempt at producing a transfer of sovereignty through the exclusive decision of the victor is not generally recognized as valid, both in classical and in contemporary international law. An example of a case of annexation preceding the adoption of the UN Charter is the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina by the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1908. The annexation was not recognized by the major Powers and required a modification of the 1878 Treaty of Berlin which had simply granted
Austria-Hungary the right to administer the territory. Another example is the annexation of Ethiopia by Italy in 1936. Examples of purported contemporary annexations are the Golan Heights annexed by Israel in 1980 and Kuwait by Iraq in 1990, both declared null and void by the Security Council, or the incorporation of Crimea and the City of Sebastopol in the Russian Federation.
64:
1554:, p. i: "Annexation means the forcible acquisition of territory by one State at the expense of another State. It is one of the principal modes of acquiring territory... in contrast to acquisition a) of terra nullius by means of effective occupation accompanied by the intent to appropriate the territory; b) by cession as a result of a treaty concluded between the States concerned (Treaties), or an act of adjudication, both followed by the effective peaceful transfer of territory; c) by means of prescription defined as the legitimization of a doubtful title to territory by passage of time and presumed acquiescence of the former sovereign; d) by accretion constituting the physical process by which new land is formed close to, or becomes attached to, existing land. Under present international law, annexation no longer constitutes a legally admissible mode of acquisition of territory as it violates the prohibition of the threat or use of force. Therefore annexations must not be recognized as legal."
950:
1539:, p. 360: "Annexation is distinct from cession. Instead of a State seeking to relinquish territory, annexation occurs when the acquiring State asserts that it now holds the territory. Annexation will usual follow a military occupation of a territory, when the occupying power decides to cement its physical control by asserting legal title. The annexation of territory is essentially the administrative action associated with conquest. Mere conquest alone is not enough, but rather the conquering State must assert it is now sovereign over the territory concerned. For example, the defeat of Germany and Japan in 1945 led to their occupation by the United States and allies for a number of years, but the States themselves were not absorbed by the Allied Powers part of their respective territories. Examples of annexation in contemporary practice are not common, and are generally viewed as illegal."
533:
3295:, in the first paragraph in Section III: Occupied territories, restricted the effects of annexation on the rights of persons within those territories: "Protected persons who are in occupied territory shall not be deprived, in any case or in any manner whatsoever, of the benefits of the present Convention by any change introduced, as the result of the occupation of a territory, into the institutions or government of the said territory, nor by any agreement concluded between the authorities of the occupied territories and the Occupying Power, nor by any annexation by the latter of the whole or part of the occupied territory."
619:
1380:
1924:, p. ii: "...States are under a legal obligation to abide by the Stimson Doctrine and not to recognize as lawful territorial changes effected by means of annexation. Moreover, even the annexation of the entire territory of a State does not result in the automatic extinction of that State as a subject of international law notwithstanding that it no longer has the capacity to act as such since it cannot exercise sovereign and effective control over any territory."
249:
459:
1151:
840:
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1126:. India invaded and conquered the areas after 36 hours of fighting, thus ending 451 years of Portuguese colonial rule in India. The action was viewed in India as a liberation of historically Indian territory; in Portugal, however, the loss of both enclaves was seen as a national tragedy. A condemnation of the action by the United Nations Security Council was vetoed by the
1085:
949:
1994:(XXIX) of 14 December 1974, qualify as an act of aggression:(a) The invasion or attack by the armed forces of a State of the territory of another State, or any military occupation, however temporary, resulting from such invasion or attack, or any annexation by the use of force of the territory of another State or part thereof;
1238:
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The perceived separation of the OPT from Israel and the lack of de jure annexation allows the continued attitude toward the OPT as "merely" occupied to persist. In reality, however, events familiar from the context of East Timor, Western Sahara, and
Northern Cyprus, such as settlements and the taking
1723:
Conquest and annexation are not synonymous either. The latter term is used within and outside the context of armed conflicts, to designate a unilateral decision adopted by a State in order to extend its sovereignty over a given territory. In many cases, the effective occupation of a terra nullius was
424:
reaffirmed it was "eeply concerned that Israel has not withdrawn from the Syrian Golan, which has been under occupation since 1967, contrary to the relevant
Security Council and General Assembly resolutions," and "tress the illegality of the Israeli settlement construction and other activities in the
3281:
that a state: "cannot admit the legality of any situation de facto nor... recognize any treaty or agreement entered into between those
Governments... not... recognize any situation, treaty or agreement which may be brought about by means contrary to the covenants and obligations of the Pact of Paris
1064:
After the withdrawal of the
British Empire from India, each of the Princely States of India and Pakistan that had been protectorates of the British Empire were given the choice of either 1. opting to join India, 2. opting to join Pakistan or 3. resume their former status as fully independent states.
1069:
elected instead to resume full independence. Following the expiration of ultimatums from India, the Indian military launched its
Operation Polo on 13 September 1948 and invaded Hyderabad. After conquering most of Hyderabad in five days of warfare, the Nizam signed a treaty on 18 September 1948 that
299:
the West Bank in 1950, it was considered an illegal occupation and Jordan was recognized as the legal sovereign by the United
Kingdom and possibly Pakistan. On 31 July 1988, Jordan relinquished this claim. It has remained occupied until the present day. On 27 June 1967, Israel unilaterally extended
1735:
Kohen, p.288, refers to clause 101 of the PERMANENT COURT OF INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE, 1933, April 5th, General List: No. 43. TWENTY-SIXTH SESSION, LEGAL STATUS OF EASTERN GREENLAND: "Conquest only operates as a cause of loss of sovereignty when there is war between two States and by reason of the
217:
contrasted de jure annexation as a formal declaration by a state that it is claiming permanent sovereignty over territory and de facto annexation without the formal declaration as a descriptive term for a state establishing facts on the ground as the prelude to a future claim of sovereignty.
363:
Law professor Omar M. Dajani and others discuss de facto annexation (also referred to as "creeping annexation"). The debate considers whether, in all the circumstances, there is a pattern of behavior sufficient to conclude that Israel is in violation of the international prohibition against
759:. Jordan did not officially relinquish its claim to rule the West Bank until 1988. Israel has not taken the step of annexing the territory (except for the part of it that was made part of the Jerusalem Municipality). Rather, there were enacted a complex (and highly controversial) system of
443:
stated "the status of Golan has not changed", and the decision received worldwide condemnation with
European members of the United Nations Security Council noting "we raise our strong concerns about the broader consequences of recognizing illegal annexation and also about broader regional
1222:
and disarming the Palace Guards. A referendum was held in which 97.5% of the voting people (59% of the people entitled to vote) voted to join the Indian Union. A few weeks later, on 16 May 1975, Sikkim officially became the 22nd state of the Indian Union and the monarchy was abolished.
425:
occupied Syrian Golan since 1967." The
General Assembly then voted by majority, 110 in favour to 6 against (Canada, Israel, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, United States), with 59 abstentions, to demand a full Israeli withdrawal from the Syrian Golan Heights.
1681:
333:, which recognizes Jerusalem as the united capital of Israel and requires the relocation of the U.S. embassy there in 1995. The act included a provision permitting the President to delay its implementation due to national security concerns. This waiver was used by presidents
42:
208:
Illegally annexed territory is considered as still occupied under international law and the provisions of international humanitarian law continue to apply. For precision, such territory may be referred to as "occupied and illegally annexed". In a report to the
176:
today: "All
Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations".
413:, the largest Syrian village in the Golan, have held onto their Syrian passports. When Israel annexed the Golan Heights in 1981, 95% of the Majdal Shams residents refused Israeli citizenship, and are still firmly of that opinion, in spite of the
1198:, and controlling its external affairs, defence, diplomacy and communications. A state council was established in 1955 to allow for constitutional government under the Sikkimese monarch. Meanwhile, trouble was brewing in the state after the
1645:
229:
with respect to the question of the protection of civilians, and the rules regarding inviolability of rights have "an absolute character", making it much more difficult for a state to bypass international law through the use of annexation.
2326:
the ICJ concluded that the "route of the Wall will prejudge the future frontier between Israel and Palestine" and generates "the fear that Israel may integrate the settlements and their means of access" in a manner "tantamount to de facto
63:
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by the Government of Tibet in October 1951. From 1959 onwards, claims were made that this agreement was signed under pressure; academics have debated this ever since, but Tibet is recognized internationally as part of China.
2054:
it was obvious that they were in fact always subservient to the will of the Occupying Power. Such practices were incompatible with the traditional concept of occupation (as defined in Article 43 of the Hague Regulations of
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527:
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that its measures constituted administrative and municipal integration rather than annexation. Later rulings by the Israeli Supreme Court indicated that East Jerusalem had become part of Israel. In 1980, Israel passed the
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2491:
1320:
2034:"Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949. Commentary - Art. 47. Part III: Status and treatment of protected persons #Section III: Occupied territories"
988:(ROC) to inherit all Qing territories, including Tibet. However, the ROC had no effective control over Tibet from 1912 to 1951; In the opinion of the Chinese government, this condition does not represent Tibet's
2413:
1210:, Chinese border attacks were repulsed. In 1973, riots in front of the palace led to a formal request for protection from India. The Chogyal was proving to be extremely unpopular with the people. In 1975, the
905:) in August 1990. Hussein's primary justifications included a charge that Kuwaiti territory was in fact an Iraqi province, and that annexation was retaliation for "economic warfare" Kuwait had waged through
300:
its law and jurisdiction to East Jerusalem and some of the surrounding area, incorporating about 70 square kilometers of territory into the Jerusalem Municipality. Although at the time, Israel informed the
444:
consequences" and that "annexation of territory by force is prohibited under international law", adding that unilateral changes to borders violate "the rules-based international order and the UN Charter".
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432:
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Jewish neighborhoods have since been built in East Jerusalem, and Israeli Jews have since also settled in Arab neighborhoods there, though some Jews may have returned from their 1948 expulsion after the
506:
peace process was initiated in 1991, but it has been stalled, and as of mid-2012, the UN is holding direct negotiations between Morocco and the Polisario front to reach a solution to the conflict. The
103:
of the territory. In current international law, it is generally held to be an illegal act. Annexation is a unilateral act where territory is seized and held by one state, as distinct from the complete
2347:
1039:
2460:
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827:-sponsored agreement between the two sides, the people of East Timor rejected the offer of autonomy within Indonesia. East Timor achieved independence in 2002 and is now officially known as
3020:
It was evident that the Chinese were not prepared to accept any compromises and that the Tibetans were compelled, under the threat of immediate armed invasion, to sign the Chinese proposal.
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2146:
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ultimately condemned Iraq's actions, and moved to drive out Iraqi forces. Authorized by United Nations Security Council resolutions, an American-led coalition of 34 nations fought the
635:
743:". It was annexed to Jordan in 1950 at the request of a Palestinian delegation. It had been questioned, however, how representative that delegation was, and at the insistence of the
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2601:
121:
The illegality of annexation means that states carrying out such acts usually avoid using the word annexation in describing their actions; in each of the unresolved annexations by
584:
2124:
981:
2251:
313:, which declared Jerusalem the "complete and united" capital of Israel. In other words, Israel purported to annex East Jerusalem. The annexation was declared null and void by
3332:
2483:
1763:
Unlike cession, whereby territory is given or sold through treaty, annexation is a unilateral act made effective by actual possession and legitimized by general recognition.
1488:
2544:
1483:
1870:
However, in an era which has repudiated the 'right of conquest', the term 'annexation' is discreetly avoided by all states effecting acquisitions of territory by force.
2409:
1194:
came under pressure. He requested Indian help to quell the uprising, which was offered. Subsequently, in 1950, India signed a treaty with Sikkim bringing it under its
532:
3237:
580:. The UN General Assembly considers the Russian possession of Crimea and Sevastopol to be an "attempted annexation" and the Russian Federation an "occupying power".
192:
can be transferred in such a situation has been the subject of legal debate. 'nnexation by the use of force of the territory of another State or part thereof' is an
1991:
1439:
181:
2928:
545:
523:
395:
130:
71:
3103:
325:. Only Costa Rica recognized Israel's annexation of East Jerusalem, and those countries who maintained embassies in Israel did not move them to Jerusalem. The
2986:
In Western opinion, the "Tibet question" is settled: Tibet should not be part of China; before being forcibly annexed, in 1951, it was an independent country.
2802:
2339:
755:
recognized the annexation by Jordan. It was not condemned by the United Nations Security Council and it remained under Jordanian rule until 1967 when it was
604:
358:
1593:
30:
This article is about the incorporation of additional territory into a nation state. For the incorporation of additional territory into an urban area, see
2456:
1609:
820:
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3345:
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Scholars have debated the existence of a norm against conquest since 1945 but states have continued to pursue annexation of small swaths of territory.
678:
3924:
2081:
3878:
2172:
2150:
511:
169:
3206:
2952:"Tibet and China 65 Years Later: Tibet was annexed by the Chinese 65 years ago. The struggle for Tibetan independence has continued ever since"
1186:, acting as the leader of Executive Council, agreed that Sikkim would not be treated as an Indian state. Between 1947 and 1950, Sikkim enjoyed
599:. A term often used in Russia to describe these events is "re-unification" (воссоединение) to highlight the fact that Crimea was a part of the
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1214:(prime minister) appealed to the Indian Parliament for a change in Sikkim's status so that it could become a state of India. In April, the
682:
266:
3015:
1312:
782:
486:, the last Spanish troops withdrew from the territory and ceded the administration to Mauritania and Morocco. This was challenged by an
3063:
1817:
1434:(coincidentally named after the man who first charted the island). The team cemented in a brass plaque on Hall's Ledge and hoisted the
3841:
973:
703:
453:
226:
3188:
2959:
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of land and of natural resources, as detailed in the next chapter, have occurred in this territory even without a formal annexation.
2243:
776:
161:
153:
122:
2073:
2041:
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3159:
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1493:
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1107:
independence. In 1961, the territory was merged with India after its government signed an agreement with the Indian government.
421:
314:
210:
3443:
3292:
2981:
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2829:
588:
399:
2670:
2633:"New UNGA resolution: Crimea temporarily occupied by Russia, Russia must release political prisoners & stop repressions"
3233:
2360:
The United Nations' first report on Israel's overall settlement policy describes it as a "creeping annexation" of territory
3444:
Occupation/annexation of a territory: Respect for international humanitarian law and human rights and consistent EU policy
1355:
99:, is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state's territory by another state, usually following
1133:
3909:
2071:
Commentary on Part III : Status and treatment of protected persons #Section III : Occupied territories Art. 47
1478:
756:
711:
674:
670:
197:
184:. Since the use of force against territorial integrity or political independence is illegal, the question as to whether
2920:
622:
Regions of Ukraine annexed by Russia, with a red line marking the area of actual control by Russia on 30 September 2022
3734:
1442:
in the waters beyond 12 nautical miles from Rockall are neither claimed by Britain nor recognised by Denmark (for the
1207:
1103:
within India, ended Portuguese rule with the help of nationalist volunteers. From 1954 to 1961, the territory enjoyed
627:
569:
322:
2693:
3904:
2578:
2217:
1286:
944:
667:
565:
736:
618:
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Russia rejects the view that this was an annexation and regards it as an accession to the Russian Federation of a
3585:
1199:
1001:
573:
386:
during the 1967 Six-Day War, and subsequently built Jewish settlements in the area. In 1981, Israel passed the
222:
165:
3087:
2709:
3503:
3471:
3337:
2602:"New UN resolution on Crimea confirms Russia is an occupying power, brings 10 important changes for Ukraine"
1232:
1059:
957:
126:
3790:
3535:
3530:
1241:
1115:
1096:
760:
326:
115:
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to stake the UK's claim. However, any effect of this annexation on valuable maritime rights claims under
953:
3520:
1304:
1190:
independence. However, Indian independence spurred popular political movements in Sikkim and the ruling
1171:
969:
330:
2176:
1709:
The Law of Armed Conflict and the Use of Force: The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law
2069:
Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949.
924:. Iraq's invasion (and annexation) was deemed illegal and Kuwait remains an independent nation today.
909:
into Iraq's oil supplies. The monarchy was deposed after annexation, and an Iraqi governor installed.
3929:
3914:
3805:
3580:
1400:
1268:(OPM) has engaged in a small-scale yet bloody conflict with the Indonesian military since the 1960s.
852:
310:
31:
812:. It was regarded by Indonesia as the country's 27th province, but this was never recognised by the
3899:
3820:
3800:
3714:
3676:
3651:
1646:"The Evolution of Territorial Conquest After 1945 and the Limits of the Territorial Integrity Norm"
1451:
1379:
1361:. On most maps, there had been an unclaimed area between Queen Maud Land's borders of 1939 and the
1265:
729:
659:
440:
193:
100:
2304:
The ABC of the OPT: A Legal Lexicon of the Israeli Control over the Occupied Palestinian Territory
2019:
1621:
3624:
2514:
2226:
1981:
1809:
1673:
1253:
1249:
894:
890:
868:
856:
764:
647:
611:
recognize this view. Ukraine considers Crimea and Sevastopol its own territory, and oversees the
3135:
1736:
defeat of one of them sovereignty over territory passes from the loser to the victorious State."
878:
3085:
1035:
in October 1950. Many analysts consider the incorporation of Tibet into the PRC an annexation.
3681:
3575:
3545:
3458:
3428:
3420:
3405:
3384:
3363:
3316:
3039:
3033:
3005:
2887:
2862:
2835:
2808:
2781:
2752:
2748:
2315:
2278:
1971:
1891:
1887:
1852:
1848:
The Right of Conquest: The Acquisition of Territory by Force in International Law and Practice
1846:
1801:
1746:
1712:
1704:
1665:
1625:
1277:
1145:
1079:
1005:
913:
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area. This declaration was declared "null and void and without international legal effect" by
387:
373:
173:
157:
142:
96:
3401:
The acquisition of territory in international Law with a New Introduction by Marcelo G. Kohen
3310:
2999:
2777:
980:
which had occupied Tibet in 1720, and lasted until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912. The
3863:
3848:
3699:
3560:
3555:
3450:
3278:
3059:
2442:
2307:
2199:
1963:
1791:
1657:
1617:
1574:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1183:
1088:
1024:
414:
390:, which extended Israeli "law, jurisdiction, and administration" to the area, including the
185:
1779:
3836:
3759:
3749:
3661:
3644:
3565:
3540:
3192:
3185:
3142:
3091:
2951:
2697:
2128:
2077:
1882:
Boris N. Mamlyuk (6 July 2015). "The Ukraine Crisis, Cold War II, and International Law".
1420:
1358:
1341:
1159:
1066:
1016:
977:
612:
608:
491:
2884:
Running From Tenda Gyamar: A Volunteer's Story of Life with the Refugee Children of Tibet
1990:
Any of the following acts, regardless of a declaration of war, shall, in accordance with
816:. The people of East Timor resisted Indonesian forces in a prolonged guerrilla campaign.
458:
248:
3656:
3634:
3608:
2203:
2110:
Understanding the Holy Land: Answering Questions about the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
2070:
2033:
1308:
1175:
1038:
If the actions of 1950 constituted an annexation, it was subsequently legalized by the
921:
906:
902:
824:
813:
752:
699:
663:
655:
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541:
503:
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338:
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284:
3163:
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1985:
1813:
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1575:
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1424:
1412:
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1300:
1203:
1123:
495:
429:
379:
306:
270:
49:
2571:"Putin signs laws on reunification of Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol with Russia"
1150:
839:
3868:
3764:
3744:
3739:
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2092:
1347:
1179:
1127:
1020:
965:
844:
487:
410:
391:
346:
342:
334:
214:
2973:
2484:"Trump recognizes Golan Heights as Israeli, boosting Netanyahu and angering Syria"
1960:
The Crime of Aggression under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
1289:
billboard marking the 30th anniversary of the reunification of the country in 1975
3399:
3378:
3357:
2898:
With the collapse of the Chinese Empire in 1911, Tibet Declared its independence.
2662:
3795:
3719:
3108:
1775:
1473:
1468:
1215:
997:
787:
744:
596:
402:
recognized the annexation and in 2019, the United States joined in recognition.
276:
253:
189:
86:
Two examples of unilateral annexation laws, both illegal under international law
3380:
State Death: The Politics and Geography of Conquest, Occupation, and Annexation
1282:
1084:
502:, Mauritania withdrew from the territory that left it controlled by Morocco. A
3873:
3815:
3671:
3666:
3603:
3570:
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1435:
1404:
1384:
1362:
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848:
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803:
795:
577:
475:
77:
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Transformative military occupation: applying the laws of war and human rights
1805:
1669:
3858:
3810:
2574:
2020:
Situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967
1780:"Symposium on revisiting Israel's settlements: Israel's creeping annexation"
1428:
1396:
1365:
until 12 June 2015, when Norway formally claimed to have annexed that area.
1257:
791:
740:
592:
288:
3419:
Rothwell, Donald; Kaye, Stuart; Akhtarkhavari, Afshin; Davis, Ruth (2014).
2804:
Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives on the Making of the Modern World
2374:"Symposium on Revisiting Israel's Settlements Israel's Creeping Annexation"
156:
evolved significantly in the 20th century. Key agreements include the 1907
2691:
2311:
1967:
1065:
While most of the princely states opted to join either Pakistan or India,
3853:
3724:
3550:
3277:
It is generally held that countries are under obligation to abide by the
2190:
Lustick, Ian S. (16 January 1997). "Has Israel Annexed East Jerusalem?".
1416:
1408:
1295:
917:
748:
104:
3084:
India–Portugal Relations, Indian ministry of External Affairs, Sep 2010
2570:
2147:"UNSC Resolutions referred to in UNSC res 476 - 252, 267, 271, 298, 465"
2133:
UNISPAL – United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine
1796:
528:
Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts
17:
3785:
2275:
The Writing on the Wall: Rethinking the International Law of Occupation
2132:
1447:
1392:
1374:
1316:
1219:
1191:
1100:
707:
561:
479:
108:
54:
1597:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 73.
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3639:
1351:
1321:
Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam
1155:
1028:
886:
643:
631:
615:, an international diplomatic initiative to restore its sovereignty.
557:
553:
537:
499:
292:
280:
2244:"US confirms no more presidential waivers for Jerusalem Embassy Act"
1610:"The Development of Territorial Norms and the Norm against Conquest"
3425:
International Law: Cases and Materials with Australian Perspectives
3160:"Report claims secret genocide in Indonesia – University of Sydney"
2340:"UN report: Israel's "creeping annexation" of territory is illegal"
498:
against both Mauritania and Morocco. In 1979, and after a military
3454:
3035:
One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet
2457:"Trump formally recognises Israeli sovereignty over Golan Heights"
1512:
1378:
1281:
1236:
1111:
1083:
1012:
948:
838:
786:
617:
531:
483:
457:
406:
383:
247:
118:
if generally recognized by other states and international bodies.
1118:
engaged in a brief military conflict over Portuguese-controlled
1032:
1023:, negotiations between the Government of Tibet and the PRC, and
882:
874:
133:, the states have avoided characterizing their actions as such.
3475:
2545:"Trump's Golan proclamation gathers international condemnation"
2515:"U.N. chief clear that Golan status has not changed: spokesman"
435:
the Golan Heights as sovereign Israeli territory. In response,
2099:. Ed. Avraham Sela. New York: Continuum, 2002. pp. 391–498.
1905:
1903:
1901:
1536:
1119:
1423:
and former Royal Marine), were deposited on the island by a
1319:
was officially reunited one year later as the merger of the
1202:
demanded fresh elections and greater representation for the
1019:
to gain international recognition, efforts to modernize its
2410:"Syria: 'We still feel Syrian,' say Druze of Golan Heights"
2513:
Nichols, Michelle (25 March 2019). Oatis, Jonathan (ed.).
640:
annexation of territories in southern and eastern Ukraine.
72:
Admitting to the Russian Federation the Republic of Crimea
3207:"Norge utvider Dronning Maud Land helt frem til Sydpolen"
2801:
Esherick, Joseph; Kayali, Hasan; Van Young, Eric (2006).
317:(UNSC) resolutions 252, 267, 271, 298, 465, 476 and 478.
3234:"On this day: 21 September 1955: Britain claims Rockall"
1851:. Clarendon Press. pp. 253–254 (also see note 11).
806:(Timor-Leste) was annexed by Indonesia and was known as
2097:
The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East
1608:
Goertz, Gary; Diehl, Paul F.; Balas, Alexandru (2016),
1174:
in India, Sikkim had an ambiguous status, as an Indian
992:
independence as many other parts of China also enjoyed
3001:
Authenticating Tibet: Answers to China's 100 Questions
2302:
Orna Ben-Naftali; Michael Sfard; Hedi Viterbo (2018).
1130:. Goa and Daman and Diu were incorporated into India.
585:
state that had just declared independence from Ukraine
234:
Annexations since the foundation of the United Nations
111:, in which territory is given or sold through treaty.
2065:
2063:
939:
Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
2807:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 245.
982:
Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor
3829:
3773:
3692:
3617:
3594:
3511:
3333:
Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law
2433:
2431:
2740:
2218:
1260:. West Papua is the western half of the island of
763:in effect applying Israeli law in many spheres to
252:Israel and the territories Israel occupied in the
3104:"Did India have a right to annex Sikkim in 1975?"
1484:List of national border changes from 1815 to 1914
646:claimed sovereignty over the territories of four
3186:The Timeline of the Political History of Vietnam
1707:. In Frauke Lachenmann; Rüdiger Wolfrum (eds.).
1264:and smaller islands to its west. The separatist
1134:Portugal recognized India's sovereignty over Goa
996:independence when the Chinese state was torn by
984:issued in 1912 provided the legal basis for the
564:since 1991 and administers the territory as two
2998:Anne-Marie Blondeau; Katia Buffetrille (2008).
1992:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3314
1562:
1560:
881:(largely due to desiring Iraqi protection from
514:that has claimed the entire region since 1976.
3004:. University of California Press. p. 61.
2921:"What's in store for Hong Kong? Look at Tibet"
1489:List of national border changes (1914–present)
1383:Lieutenant Commander Desmond Scott hoists the
524:Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
396:United Nations Security Council Resolution 497
364:annexation, even absent a formal declaration.
180:These principles were reconfirmed by the 1970
3487:
2482:Holland, Steve; Mason, Jeff (25 March 2019).
1945:
1909:
843:Civilians and coalition military forces wave
747:, Jordan was considered a trustee only. Only
8:
3060:"The United Nations Security Council S/5033"
2861:. City University of HK Press. p. 273.
2834:. City University of HK Press. p. 190.
1391:On 18 September 1955 at precisely 10:16 am,
359:Proposed Israeli annexation of the West Bank
2886:. Winchester, UK: Mantra Books. p. 5.
2306:. Cambridge University Press. p. 411.
2277:. Cambridge University Press. p. 122.
1547:
1545:
1419:AA Fraser RM, and James Fisher (a civilian
3494:
3480:
3472:
1346:One example of a claimed annexation after
802:Following an Indonesian invasion in 1975,
3350:The American Journal of International Law
2710:"Sessions of the Arab League (1945–1994)"
1840:
1838:
1795:
1622:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199301027.001.0001
1244:was formally annexed by Indonesia in 1969
3398:Jennings, R. Y.; Kohen, Marcelo (2017).
2739:Marshall J. Berger, Ora Ahimeir (2002).
2600:Pechonchyk, Tetiana (19 December 2017).
1711:. Oxford University Press. p. 289.
1149:
3261:
3032:Tsepon Wangchuk Deden Shakabpa (2009).
1921:
1551:
1504:
1395:was declared officially annexed by the
1218:moved into Sikkim, seizing the city of
170:Chapter I of the United Nations Charter
50:Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel
3330:Hofmann, Rainer (2013). "Annexation".
2776:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p.
2747:. Syracuse University Press. pp.
2005:
706:. He dissolved it in 1962 and annexed
3116:from the original on 28 February 2019
3066:from the original on 28 February 2019
2612:from the original on 22 December 2017
2381:American Society of International Law
2122:"A/35/508-S/14207 of 8 October 1980."
1790:. Cambridge University Press: 51–56.
1272:Vietnam reunification (South Vietnam)
1158:was realized in the 1960s during the
724:Jordanian annexation of the West Bank
349:, but was allowed to expire in 2019.
196:according to the Rome Statute of the
107:of another country, and differs from
7:
2581:from the original on 1 December 2014
2022:(Report). United Nations. p. 7.
1933:
1820:from the original on 25 January 2022
1532:
1530:
1528:
1011:Tibet came under the control of the
267:Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem
3352:. vol. 100, pp. 580–622 (2006)
3018:from the original on 23 June 2016.
2720:from the original on 5 October 2022
2643:from the original on 2 January 2022
2547:. DW. 26 March 2019. Archived from
2390:from the original on 7 October 2022
783:Indonesian occupation of East Timor
603:from 1783 to 1917, and part of the
2984:from the original on 19 May 2017,
2673:from the original on 28 April 2019
2525:from the original on 26 March 2019
2494:from the original on 25 March 2019
2463:from the original on 25 March 2019
2232:, November 8, 1995, 109 Stat. 398.
2223:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
2204:10.1111/j.1475-4967.1997.tb00247.x
2192:Middle East Policy Council Journal
2112:. New York: Viking, 2005. p. 74.
2044:from the original on 17 April 2016
454:Political status of Western Sahara
378:Israel occupied two-thirds of the
353:West Bank excluding East Jerusalem
227:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
25:
3213:from the original on 4 March 2016
2962:from the original on 1 July 2019.
2931:from the original on 29 June 2020
2416:from the original on 7 April 2019
2350:from the original on 7 March 2022
2018:Lynk, Michael (22 October 2018).
1684:from the original on 3 March 2022
1227:By Indonesia (Western New Guinea)
777:Indonesian invasion of East Timor
626:On 30 September 2022, during the
168:, culminating in Article 2(4) of
162:Covenant of the League of Nations
3240:from the original on 25 May 2017
2743:Jerusalem: a city and its future
2254:from the original on 23 May 2021
2242:Ahren, Raphael; staff, T. O. I.
1753:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1567:
1494:Timeline of geopolitical changes
1182:. Prior to Indian independence,
1070:saw Hyderabad annexed by India.
508:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
152:International law regarding the
62:
41:
3925:Aggression in international law
3502:Autonomous types of first-tier
3449:(Report). European parliament.
3404:. Manchester University Press.
2216:Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995,
2136:. 8 October 1980. 8 June 2008
422:United Nations General Assembly
315:United Nations Security Council
223:Fourth Geneva Convention (GCIV)
211:United Nations General Assembly
3427:. Cambridge University Press.
3383:. Princeton University Press.
3315:. Cambridge University Press.
2919:Carlson, Allen (2 June 2020).
2631:Fb, Or on (24 December 2018).
1962:. Cambridge University Press.
1354:'s southward expansion of the
1136:in a treaty in December 1974.
400:Federated States of Micronesia
182:Friendly Relations Declaration
137:Evolution of international law
1:
3312:Handbook of International Law
3195:". San José State University.
2950:Matthew Wills (23 May 2016).
2459:. Al Jazeera. 25 March 2019.
1369:British annexation of Rockall
1311:of its government system and
1256:or West Papua was annexed by
3421:"6.6 Cession and Annexation"
3136:How the UN Failed West Papua
3038:. Brill. pp. 953, 955.
2974:"Tibet Through Chinese Eyes"
2774:A Historical Atlas of Jordan
2714:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
2663:"Eritrea profile – Timeline"
1479:List of military occupations
1154:The strategic importance of
1015:(PRC) after attempts by the
851:flags as they celebrate the
712:Eritrean War of Independence
198:International Criminal Court
27:Concept in political science
1616:, Oxford University Press,
1208:Nathu La and Cho La clashes
761:military government decrees
698:In 1952, Ethiopian Emperor
628:Russian invasion of Ukraine
560:, which had been a part of
470:In 1975, and following the
462:Morocco officially annexed
3946:
1650:International Organization
1372:
1339:
1287:Communist Party of Vietnam
1275:
1230:
1143:
1095:In 1954, the residents of
1077:
1057:
1013:People's Republic of China
945:Tibetan sovereignty debate
942:
936:
866:
780:
774:
721:
521:
512:partially recognized state
451:
371:
356:
264:
140:
29:
3586:List of federal countries
3377:Tanisha M. Fazal (2011).
3359:The Recognition of States
2344:Christian Science Monitor
1958:Carrie McDougall (2021).
1946:Jennings & Kohen 2017
1910:Jennings & Kohen 2017
1662:10.1017/S0020818320000119
1040:Seventeen Point Agreement
675:Luhansk People's Republic
671:Donetsk People's Republic
420:On 29 November 2012, the
204:Occupation and annexation
2882:Freeman, Lesley (2013).
2696:October 2, 2011, at the
1703:Marcelo G Kohen (2017).
1250:controversial plebiscite
1200:Sikkim National Congress
972:was established after a
960:advance in February 1950
956:and approximate line of
912:United States president
873:After being allied with
666:– and recognised as its
3920:Latin words and phrases
3338:Oxford University Press
2372:Omar M. Dajani (2017).
1751:Encyclopædia Britannica
1594:Encyclopædia Britannica
1233:West New Guinea dispute
1060:Annexation of Hyderabad
704:federation with Eritrea
3536:Corporative federalism
3531:Cooperative federalism
3362:. LIT Verlag Münster.
3356:Daniel Högger (2015).
3309:Aust, Anthony (2010).
2828:Zhai, Zhiyong (2017).
2127:June 12, 2012, at the
1884:The German Law Journal
1388:
1290:
1245:
1167:
1097:Dadra and Nagar Haveli
1092:
961:
928:Subsequently legalized
864:
799:
689:Subsequently withdrawn
623:
549:
467:
428:On 25 March 2019, the
327:United States Congress
257:
225:of 1949 amplified the
154:use of force by states
3521:Asymmetric federalism
2312:10.1017/9781316661376
2248:www.timesofisrael.com
1968:10.1017/9781108769143
1425:Royal Navy helicopter
1382:
1309:effective dissolution
1285:
1240:
1172:British colonial rule
1153:
1087:
974:Qing expedition force
952:
842:
823:held in 1999 under a
790:
737:1948 Arab–Israeli War
621:
535:
461:
405:The vast majority of
331:Jerusalem Embassy Act
251:
3581:Symmetric federalism
3442:Wrange, Pål (2015).
3282:of August 27, 1928".
3149:. 19 September 2016.
3112:. 18 February 2015.
2909:Grunfeld, 1996, p256
2855:Gao, Quanxi (2016).
2772:Romano, Amy (2003).
2669:. 15 November 2018.
2412:. 28 November 2012.
2273:Aeyal Gross (2017).
1644:Altman, Dan (2020).
1537:Rothwell et al. 2014
1401:Lieutenant-Commander
857:annexation of Kuwait
546:annexation by Russia
323:Battle for Jerusalem
32:Municipal annexation
3910:Political geography
3821:Territorial dispute
3801:Military occupation
3715:Dependent territory
3677:Supranational union
3652:Multinational state
2925:The Washington Post
2551:on 11 November 2020
2445:on 2 December 2012.
2346:. 31 January 2013.
2153:on 24 February 2015
1845:Korman, S. (1996).
1797:10.1017/aju.2017.21
1614:The Puzzle of Peace
1356:dependent territory
1266:Free Papua Movement
1025:a military conflict
1017:Government of Tibet
765:Israeli settlements
730:Mandatory Palestine
728:The part of former
710:, resulting in the
607:from 1921 to 1954.
591:, and considers it
589:disputed referendum
166:Kellogg–Briand Pact
101:military occupation
3879:Tribal sovereignty
3625:Composite monarchy
3209:. Aftenposten.no.
3205:Rapp, Ole Magnus.
3191:2021-08-04 at the
3141:2018-09-16 at the
3090:2018-04-27 at the
2439:"UN Doc A/67/L.24"
2179:on 5 January 2012.
2076:2016-04-17 at the
1389:
1315:on 30 April 1975.
1291:
1254:Western New Guinea
1246:
1242:Western New Guinea
1168:
1093:
1074:Goa, Daman and Diu
962:
869:Invasion of Kuwait
865:
863:(28 February 1991)
800:
757:occupied by Israel
733:occupied by Jordan
632:Russian Federation
624:
570:Republic of Crimea
550:
468:
439:Secretary-General
297:Jordan had annexed
258:
114:Annexation can be
3905:International law
3887:
3886:
3682:Continental union
3576:Fiscal federalism
3546:Ethnic federalism
3464:978-92-823-7550-1
3434:978-1-107-69119-3
3411:978-1-5261-1718-2
3390:978-1-4008-4144-8
3369:978-3-643-80196-8
3322:978-1-139-48578-4
3045:978-90-04-17732-1
3011:978-0-520-24464-1
2893:978-1-78099-853-4
2868:978-962-937-291-0
2841:978-962-937-321-4
2814:978-0-7425-7815-9
2787:978-0-8239-3980-0
2758:978-0-8156-2912-2
2577:. 21 March 2014.
2321:978-1-107-15652-4
2284:978-1-316-50932-6
1977:978-1-108-73852-1
1858:978-0-19-158380-3
1718:978-0-19-878462-3
1631:978-0-19-930102-7
1352:Kingdom of Norway
1278:Reunification Day
1146:History of Sikkim
1080:Annexation of Goa
1002:Japanese invasion
986:Republic of China
920:to reinstate the
914:George H. W. Bush
739:was renamed "the
648:Ukrainian oblasts
558:Crimean Peninsula
388:Golan Heights Law
374:Golan Heights Law
194:act of aggression
158:Porter Convention
143:Right of conquest
97:international law
16:(Redirected from
3937:
3864:Stateless nation
3849:Decentralization
3700:Associated state
3561:Federal republic
3556:Federal monarchy
3496:
3489:
3482:
3473:
3468:
3448:
3438:
3415:
3394:
3373:
3341:
3326:
3296:
3289:
3283:
3279:Stimson Doctrine
3275:
3269:
3266:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3202:
3196:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3162:. Archived from
3156:
3150:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3100:
3094:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3029:
3023:
3022:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2746:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2706:
2700:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2637:Euromaidan Press
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2606:Euromaidan Press
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2441:. Archived from
2435:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2389:
2378:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2239:
2233:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2175:. Archived from
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2149:. Archived from
2143:
2137:
2119:
2113:
2106:
2100:
2095:. "Jerusalem."
2090:
2084:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1896:
1895:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1799:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1743:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1564:
1555:
1549:
1540:
1534:
1523:
1509:
1184:Jawaharlal Nehru
1178:or as an Indian
1089:Portuguese India
1031:area of western
964:The rule of the
933:By China (Tibet)
668:federal subjects
566:federal subjects
441:António Guterres
415:Syrian Civil War
287:, a part of the
275:During the 1967
80:on 21 March 2014
66:
53:, passed by the
45:
21:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3842:Autonomous area
3825:
3769:
3760:Tributary state
3750:Satellite state
3688:
3662:Political union
3645:Colonial empire
3613:
3590:
3566:Federated state
3541:Dual federalism
3507:
3500:
3465:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3418:
3412:
3397:
3391:
3376:
3370:
3355:
3344:Adam Roberts. "
3329:
3323:
3308:
3305:
3303:Further reading
3300:
3299:
3290:
3286:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3243:
3241:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3216:
3214:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3193:Wayback Machine
3183:
3179:
3169:
3167:
3166:on 15 June 2011
3158:
3157:
3153:
3143:Wayback Machine
3133:
3129:
3119:
3117:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3092:Wayback Machine
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2698:Wayback Machine
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2166:
2156:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2129:Wayback Machine
2120:
2116:
2108:Frank, Mitch.
2107:
2103:
2091:
2087:
2078:Wayback Machine
2068:
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1956:
1952:
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1861:
1859:
1844:
1843:
1836:
1823:
1821:
1776:Dajani, Omar M.
1774:
1773:
1769:
1756:
1754:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1730:
1719:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1581:Barclay, Thomas
1579:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1550:
1543:
1535:
1526:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1460:
1377:
1371:
1359:Queen Maud Land
1344:
1342:Queen Maud Land
1338:
1336:Queen Maud Land
1333:
1305:military defeat
1280:
1274:
1235:
1229:
1160:Sino-Indian War
1148:
1142:
1099:, a Portuguese
1082:
1076:
1067:Hyderabad State
1062:
1056:
1051:
1049:
978:Dzungar Khanate
947:
941:
935:
930:
871:
837:
785:
779:
773:
726:
720:
702:orchestrated a
696:
691:
638:, declared the
613:Crimea Platform
595:as a result of
552:In March 2014,
530:
522:Main articles:
520:
492:Polisario Front
456:
450:
376:
370:
361:
355:
309:as part of its
273:
265:Main articles:
263:
246:
241:
236:
206:
150:
145:
139:
90:
89:
88:
87:
83:
82:
81:
67:
59:
58:
57:on 30 July 1980
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3943:
3941:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3892:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3657:Personal union
3654:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3637:
3635:Dynastic union
3632:
3627:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3609:Regional state
3606:
3600:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3517:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:administration
3501:
3499:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3463:
3439:
3433:
3416:
3410:
3395:
3389:
3374:
3368:
3353:
3342:
3327:
3321:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3284:
3270:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3224:
3197:
3177:
3151:
3127:
3095:
3077:
3062:. www.un.org.
3051:
3044:
3024:
3010:
2990:
2965:
2942:
2911:
2902:
2892:
2874:
2867:
2847:
2840:
2820:
2813:
2793:
2786:
2764:
2757:
2731:
2701:
2684:
2654:
2623:
2592:
2562:
2536:
2505:
2474:
2448:
2427:
2401:
2364:
2331:
2320:
2294:
2283:
2265:
2234:
2209:
2182:
2173:"UNSC res 478"
2164:
2138:
2114:
2101:
2085:
2059:
2025:
2010:
1998:
1976:
1950:
1938:
1926:
1914:
1897:
1874:
1857:
1834:
1767:
1738:
1728:
1717:
1695:
1656:(3): 490–522.
1636:
1630:
1600:
1589:Chisholm, Hugh
1556:
1541:
1524:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1403:Desmond Scott
1373:Main article:
1370:
1367:
1340:Main article:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1303:following the
1293:North Vietnam
1273:
1270:
1228:
1225:
1206:. In the 1967
1176:princely state
1144:Main article:
1141:
1138:
1078:Main article:
1075:
1072:
1058:Main article:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
937:Main article:
934:
931:
929:
926:
907:slant drilling
903:Saddam Hussein
867:Main article:
836:
833:
814:United Nations
775:Main article:
772:
769:
753:United Kingdom
722:Main article:
719:
716:
700:Haile Selassie
695:
692:
690:
687:
601:Russian Empire
548:(14 June 2015)
519:
516:
504:United Nations
490:movement, the
488:independentist
472:Madrid Accords
464:Western Sahara
452:Main article:
449:
446:
437:United Nations
372:Main article:
369:
366:
354:
351:
302:United Nations
285:East Jerusalem
262:
261:East Jerusalem
259:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
205:
202:
149:
146:
138:
135:
85:
84:
76:passed by the
68:
61:
60:
47:
40:
39:
38:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3942:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3730:Indirect rule
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3630:Dual monarchy
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3596:Unitary state
3593:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3526:Confederation
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3497:
3492:
3490:
3485:
3483:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3466:
3460:
3456:
3455:10.2861/80851
3452:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3255:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3225:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3081:
3078:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3003:
3002:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2943:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2851:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2824:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2797:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2765:
2760:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2735:
2732:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2624:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2593:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2506:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2266:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2227:104–45 (text)
2221:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:Sela, Avraham
2089:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2014:
2011:
2008:, p. 14.
2007:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1951:
1948:, p. 81.
1947:
1942:
1939:
1936:, p. 36.
1935:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1915:
1912:, p. 80.
1911:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1696:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1576:public domain
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1444:Faroe Islands
1441:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1397:British Crown
1394:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1325:North Vietnam
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1301:South Vietnam
1298:
1297:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1164:Map in Polish
1161:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1124:Daman and Diu
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1061:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
976:defeated the
975:
971:
967:
959:
955:
951:
946:
940:
932:
927:
925:
923:
919:
915:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
879:Iran–Iraq War
876:
870:
862:
858:
854:
850:
849:Saudi Arabian
846:
841:
834:
832:
830:
826:
822:
817:
815:
811:
810:
805:
797:
793:
789:
784:
778:
770:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
731:
725:
717:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
693:
688:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
642:As a result,
641:
637:
633:
629:
620:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
547:
544:flying after
543:
539:
534:
529:
525:
517:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:guerrilla war
494:that waged a
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
465:
460:
455:
447:
445:
442:
438:
434:
431:
430:United States
426:
423:
418:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
380:Golan Heights
375:
368:Golan Heights
367:
365:
360:
352:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
318:
316:
312:
308:
307:Jerusalem Law
303:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
272:
271:Jerusalem Law
268:
260:
255:
250:
243:
238:
233:
231:
228:
224:
219:
216:
212:
203:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
178:
175:
171:
167:
164:and the 1928
163:
159:
155:
147:
144:
136:
134:
132:
128:
124:
119:
117:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
79:
75:
73:
65:
56:
52:
51:
44:
33:
19:
3869:Subsidiarity
3780:
3765:Vassal state
3745:Puppet state
3740:Protectorate
3705:Client state
3424:
3400:
3379:
3358:
3349:
3331:
3311:
3287:
3273:
3264:
3242:. Retrieved
3227:
3215:. Retrieved
3200:
3180:
3170:16 September
3168:. Retrieved
3164:the original
3154:
3147:The Diplomat
3146:
3130:
3118:. Retrieved
3107:
3098:
3080:
3068:. Retrieved
3054:
3034:
3027:
3019:
3000:
2993:
2985:
2978:The Atlantic
2977:
2968:
2955:
2945:
2933:. Retrieved
2924:
2914:
2905:
2897:
2883:
2877:
2857:
2850:
2830:
2823:
2803:
2796:
2773:
2767:
2742:
2734:
2722:. Retrieved
2713:
2704:
2687:
2675:. Retrieved
2666:
2657:
2645:. Retrieved
2636:
2626:
2614:. Retrieved
2605:
2595:
2583:. Retrieved
2565:
2553:. Retrieved
2549:the original
2539:
2527:. Retrieved
2518:
2508:
2496:. Retrieved
2487:
2477:
2465:. Retrieved
2451:
2443:the original
2418:. Retrieved
2404:
2392:. Retrieved
2380:
2367:
2359:
2352:. Retrieved
2343:
2334:
2325:
2303:
2297:
2288:
2274:
2268:
2256:. Retrieved
2247:
2237:
2212:
2198:(1): 34–45.
2195:
2191:
2185:
2177:the original
2167:
2155:. Retrieved
2151:the original
2141:
2131:
2117:
2109:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2053:
2046:. Retrieved
2037:
2028:
2013:
2001:
1989:
1959:
1953:
1941:
1929:
1922:Hofmann 2013
1917:
1883:
1877:
1869:
1862:. Retrieved
1847:
1829:
1822:. Retrieved
1787:
1784:AJIL Unbound
1783:
1770:
1762:
1755:. Retrieved
1750:
1747:"Annexation"
1741:
1731:
1722:
1708:
1698:
1686:. Retrieved
1653:
1649:
1639:
1613:
1603:
1592:
1552:Hofmann 2013
1519:
1515:
1507:
1430:
1390:
1348:World War II
1345:
1294:
1292:
1248:Following a
1247:
1211:
1187:
1180:protectorate
1169:
1163:
1132:
1128:Soviet Union
1109:
1104:
1094:
1063:
1037:
1010:
993:
989:
966:Qing dynasty
963:
922:Kuwaiti Emir
911:
872:
821:a referendum
818:
807:
801:
727:
697:
679:Zaporizhzhia
660:Zaporizhzhia
634:, following
625:
605:Russian SFSR
587:following a
582:
574:federal city
556:annexed the
551:
542:Russian flag
536:Tourists in
469:
427:
419:
411:Majdal Shams
407:Syrian Druze
404:
392:Shebaa farms
377:
362:
319:
274:
220:
215:Michael Lynk
207:
179:
151:
120:
113:
92:
91:
70:Federal Law
69:
48:
3930:Imperialism
3915:Sovereignty
3796:Irredentism
3774:Development
3755:Trusteeship
3720:Direct rule
3693:Subordinacy
3504:subdivision
3232:BBC staff.
3109:India Today
2956:JSTOR Daily
2327:annexation"
2157:24 November
2006:Wrange 2015
1474:Irredentism
1469:Imperialism
1411:Brian Peel
1216:Indian Army
1170:During the
877:during the
829:Timor-Leste
809:Timor Timur
745:Arab League
735:during the
636:referendums
597:irredentism
329:passed the
277:Six-Day War
254:Six-Day War
190:sovereignty
172:, which is
160:, the 1920
116:legitimized
3900:Annexation
3894:Categories
3874:Suzerainty
3816:Separatism
3791:Detachment
3781:Annexation
3672:Superstate
3667:Real union
3604:Devolution
3571:Federation
3513:Federalism
3293:Article 47
2420:7 December
1705:"Conquest"
1585:Annexation
1522:, joining)
1518:, to, and
1500:References
1464:Hard power
1436:Union Flag
1421:naturalist
1385:Union Flag
1363:South Pole
1276:See also:
1262:New Guinea
1231:See also:
1196:suzerainty
998:warlordism
943:See also:
819:Following
804:East Timor
796:East Timor
781:See also:
771:East Timor
609:Few states
578:Sevastopol
476:Mauritania
448:By Morocco
433:recognized
357:See also:
239:Unresolved
148:Illegality
141:See also:
93:Annexation
78:State Duma
3859:Home rule
3811:Secession
3806:Partition
3244:15 August
3120:7 October
2858:政治憲法與未來憲制
2724:5 October
2647:2 January
2616:2 January
2575:ITAR TASS
1986:241838777
1934:Aust 2010
1814:149297181
1806:2398-7723
1678:226467742
1670:0020-8183
1583:(1911). "
1429:HMS
1258:Indonesia
1252:in 1969,
1110:In 1961,
1054:Hyderabad
1006:civil war
958:communist
792:Indonesia
741:West Bank
685:Oblasts.
593:secession
540:with the
518:By Russia
311:Basic Law
289:West Bank
283:captured
244:By Israel
3854:Hegemony
3837:Autonomy
3830:See also
3725:Dominion
3551:Federacy
3238:Archived
3217:8 August
3211:Archived
3189:Archived
3139:Archived
3114:Archived
3088:Archived
3064:Archived
3016:Archived
2982:archived
2980:, 1999,
2960:Archived
2929:Archived
2718:Archived
2694:Archived
2671:Archived
2667:BBC News
2641:Archived
2610:Archived
2585:21 March
2579:Archived
2555:22 April
2529:23 April
2523:Archived
2498:25 March
2492:Archived
2467:25 March
2461:Archived
2414:Archived
2385:Archived
2348:Archived
2252:Archived
2125:Archived
2074:Archived
2048:20 March
2042:Archived
1818:Archived
1778:(2017).
1757:20 March
1682:Archived
1458:See also
1417:Corporal
1409:Sergeant
1313:military
1299:annexed
1296:de facto
1204:Nepalese
1188:de facto
1116:Portugal
1105:de facto
1048:By India
1021:military
994:de facto
918:Gulf War
853:reversal
794:annexed
751:and the
749:Pakistan
572:and the
474:between
295:. While
174:in force
105:conquest
18:Annexure
3786:Cession
3735:Mandate
3236:. BBC.
3070:17 July
2935:27 June
2677:12 June
2519:Reuters
2488:Reuters
2394:7 March
2354:7 March
2219:Pub. L.
2080:by the
1892:2627417
1864:9 March
1824:9 March
1688:4 March
1591:(ed.).
1578::
1452:Ireland
1448:Iceland
1393:Rockall
1387:in 1955
1375:Rockall
1350:is the
1317:Vietnam
1220:Gangtok
1192:Chogyal
1101:enclave
1091:in 1961
1027:in the
990:de jure
901:(under
895:annexed
891:invaded
855:of the
845:Kuwaiti
798:in 1976
708:Eritrea
694:Eritrea
683:Kherson
664:Kherson
656:Donetsk
652:Luhansk
562:Ukraine
480:Morocco
466:in 1976
335:Clinton
291:, from
127:Morocco
109:cession
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630:, the
568:– the
554:Russia
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500:putsch
482:, and
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345:, and
293:Jordan
281:Israel
131:Russia
123:Israel
3447:(PDF)
3291:GCIV
3256:Notes
2388:(PDF)
2377:(PDF)
2230:(PDF)
2055:1907)
1982:S2CID
1810:S2CID
1674:S2CID
1520:nexus
1513:Latin
1431:Vidal
1427:from
1399:when
1331:Other
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970:Tibet
968:over
954:Tibet
510:is a
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382:from
347:Trump
343:Obama
186:title
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3459:ISBN
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3406:ISBN
3385:ISBN
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3317:ISBN
3246:2018
3219:2016
3172:2018
3122:2018
3072:2017
3040:ISBN
3006:ISBN
2937:2020
2888:ISBN
2863:ISBN
2836:ISBN
2809:ISBN
2782:ISBN
2753:ISBN
2726:2022
2679:2019
2649:2022
2618:2022
2587:2014
2557:2020
2531:2020
2500:2019
2469:2019
2422:2012
2396:2022
2356:2022
2316:ISBN
2279:ISBN
2260:2021
2159:2011
2082:ICRC
2050:2014
2038:ICRC
1972:ISBN
1888:SSRN
1866:2022
1853:ISBN
1826:2022
1802:ISSN
1759:2014
1713:ISBN
1690:2022
1666:ISSN
1626:ISBN
1323:and
1307:and
1212:Kazi
1122:and
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889:was
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847:and
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662:and
526:and
339:Bush
269:and
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1658:doi
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