232:
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had been raped by one of the servants at the instigation of Lord
Castlehaven. When questioned about this, Anne Stanley testified that soon after their marriage, Castlehaven had declared that as a husband he had absolute control over his wife's body, and that she was obliged to do whatever he demanded. He had ordered her several times to sleep with one of his servants, but she had always refused. Eventually, Castlehaven had ordered the
370:. He showered his sexual partners with gifts and had his eldest daughter marry one of his favorites, who had joined the household as a page. Anne Stanley's account of the rape and her subsequent suicide attempt was confirmed, also by the alleged rapist Giles Broadway. The investigators recorded only the testimony of male servants; women were considered unreliable witnesses, especially if they were of lower class.
341:
458:. Of these, at least ten had close ties to the Stanley family. There is little doubt that Anne Stanley's influential mother and sisters made efforts to influence the case in their favour. Anne Stanley and her daughter Elizabeth Audley did not appear in court; it was unthinkable that a noblewoman would speak publicly about sexual matters. Their statements were read out. The
411:
447:. In response to a question by Lord Castlehaven whether it could legally be called rape if the victim was a woman of loose morals, the judges responded that the reputation of the woman did not matter. They also ruled that it was irrelevant that Anne Stanley herself had never spoken out about the rape by Broadway.
356:
The Privy
Council started an investigation in November 1630 and interviewed family members and servants at Fonthill Gifford. Elizabeth Audley admitted to having been coerced by her father-in-law into having a sexual relationship with Skipwith. According to Elizabeth Audley, her mother Anne Stanley
278:
Countess of Derby and her three daughters had access to an extensive network of highly influential people, including the royal court. The
Dowager Countess and her daughter Elizabeth, Countess of Huntingdon, were politically active and promoted the interests of their family through that network. All
525:
The possessions of the Earl of
Castlehaven were confiscated by the Crown after his death. Anne Stanley was financially dependent on the income she still received from the estate of her first husband, and on the support from her mother and brothers-in-law. After the death of her mother in 1637, she
331:
Lord Audley. Elizabeth was probably twelve years old at the time. It was not unusual for a stepbrother and stepsister to marry, as a way to ensure that wealth remained within the family. The marriage was not a success and Lord Audley left
Fonthill Gifford while his wife Elizabeth continued to live
521:
In the years after the trial, Anne
Stanley lived with her mother, the Dowager Countess of Derby, who managed to obtain a formal pardon from the King for Anne Stanley's "sexual immorality and debauchery". It was common at that time to grant pardons when people had transgressed against their will.
352:
stating that his father was planning to disown him. Audley claimed that his father had encouraged his (Audley's) wife
Elizabeth to have sex with Henry Skipwith, a favorite servant of Castlehaven's. Should Elizabeth become pregnant by Skipwith, Castlehaven planned to make this child his heir, thus
401:
Lord
Castlehaven denied all charges and claimed his wife and son were conspiring against him. He called his wife a whore, to whose statements no value should be attached, and accused her of having given birth to an illegitimate child during their marriage. The servants who had made incriminating
426:
to be prosecuted for either rape or sodomy. Prosecution for rape occurred mainly if another offense had also been committed, or if the rape was considered to be a flagrant violation of social order. Rape within marriage was not recognized by law; the charge of rape made against Lord
Castlehaven
311:
sympathies and generally not behaved in the manner expected of a nobleman. It was felt that Anne
Stanley, who was connected to the most important and oldest noble families of England, had married beneath her. However, Lord Castlehaven was rich and Anne Stanley was described by her mother as a
161:
Anne Stanley's testimony against her husband was crucial in ensuring his conviction and set the precedent that a wife could give evidence against her husband. After the trial, she lived a very secluded life; her reputation had been severely damaged by the scandal.
442:
The trial of Lord Castlehaven was remarkable in that the judges explicitly ruled that a woman could testify against her husband in criminal proceedings, especially if she was a victim. This had previously not been clear under English law and set an important
462:
emphasized the fact that Lord Castlehaven's behaviour was immoral and unworthy of a nobleman. On 26 April the jury unanimously found Lord Castlehaven guilty of rape, and a majority also found him guilty of sodomy. He was sentenced to death.
361:
Giles Broadway to rape her in his presence; he had assisted in the rape by restraining his wife. Anne Stanley stated that she had made a suicide attempt after the rape, but she had never discussed the incident with anyone.
486:, and claimed they were innocent. Anne Stanley was present in court to declare under oath that her recorded statement was true. Broadway was found guilty of rape, and Fitzpatrick found guilty of sodomy. They were
365:
The inhabitants of Fonthill Gifford told the Privy Council's investigators that Lord Castlehaven had sexual relations with both male and female staff, including the footman Lawrence Fitzpatrick, and that he was a
389:
by the Crown. Giles Broadway was charged with the rape of Anne Stanley, and Lawrence Fitzpatrick was charged with sodomy. Anne Stanley was ordered by the Privy Council to temporarily take up residence with the
481:
The trial of Giles Broadway and Lawrence Fitzpatrick took place in June 1631. Both withdrew the confessions they had made during the trial of Lord Castlehaven, possibly because they had been falsely promised
231:
581:
scholars. It is seen by them as an important landmark in the development of the relationship between the state and sexuality, and a step in the recognition of the position of women under the law.
518:, wrote a number of these leaflets. The fact that both Lord Castlehaven and Giles Broadway had portrayed her as immoral and evil minutes before they were executed further damaged her reputation.
303:, Earl of Castlehaven (ca. 1593–1631). This marriage was controversial. The title Earl of Castlehaven had only been granted to the Touchet family in 1616. Furthermore, it was a title in the
490:
on 6 July 1631. On the scaffold, Broadway declared Anne Stanley to be the most wicked woman who ever lived; he claimed she had sexual relations with servants and had killed her own child.
215:
would have no children, and this focused attention on the Earl of Derby as a possible future king. After his death in 1594, opinion in the matter of the succession began to favour King
398:
Countess of Derby. The Dowager Countess was not prepared to take in her granddaughter Elizabeth, Lady Audley, who she feared would be a bad influence on her younger siblings.
1871:
948:
307:
and therefore seen by the old English aristocracy as somewhat inferior. Lord Castlehaven was also more than ten years younger than his new wife, had previously shown
599:
Anne Brydges, believed to have been born in 1612 and married to gentleman described as Mr. Torteson. Few facts about her life but many older genealogies show her.
353:
depriving his own son of his inheritance. Audley also stated that his stepmother Anne Stanley behaved in a lewd manner and had taken servants as her lovers.
171:
506:
After the execution of her husband, Anne Stanley withdrew from public life. She always maintained that she was blameless. However, already during the trial
470:
to pardon Lord Castlehaven, arguing that Anne Stanley was a promiscuous woman and an unreliable witness. The King, however, refused, and Castlehaven was
498:
248:
1036:
414:
James Touchet, Baron Audley, was Anne Stanley's stepson and son in law. His complaint to the Privy Council led to his father's trial and execution.
344:
Mervyn Touchet, Earl of Castlehaven, second husband of Anne Stanley. The names of the members of the jury in his trial are listed below the image.
323:, the country seat of the Touchets in southern England. Some time after their marriage Anne Stanley's eldest daughter Elizabeth Brydges married
1911:
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147:
83:
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in the rape of Anne Stanley by Giles Broadway. In the case of people of high rank, the charge of sodomy was usually added to charges such as
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324:
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177:
136:
112:
42:
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refers to the Castlehaven scandal. This work describes the triumph of chastity over debauchery; it was written by Milton in 1634 for the
203:
that in the line of succession Mary's descendants would follow immediately after his own children. In doing so, he excluded the kings of
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Anne Stanley was the eldest of three daughters. When Ferdinando Stanley died, they inherited his considerable fortune. The title
181:
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20:
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The trial of Lord Castlehaven remained notorious well into the 18th century. In the 17th century it was often presented in an
1733:
1604:"Lady Anne Stanley. In: The peerage: a genealogical survey of the peerage of Britain as well as the royal families of Europe"
200:
1136:
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and, through her two marriages, became Baroness Chandos and later Countess of Castlehaven. She was a distant relative of
1891:
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223:
was contrary to the will of Henry VIII, and therefore illegal. Anne Stanley herself never made a claim to the throne.
192:
510:
had been published that questioned her innocence or even identified her as the evil mastermind behind the events in
191:
were among the most influential and prominent noble families in England. Ferdinando Stanley was a great-grandson of
279:
four Stanley women were interested in drama and poetry, and supported theatre groups, writers and poets, including
1896:
1162:
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19:
This article is about Tudor heir to the English throne. For her cousin and wife of the 1st Earl of Ancram, see
267:, Baron Chandos of Sudeley, who was known as the King of the Cotswolds. She lived with him in great style in
1881:
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Anne Stanley and her first husband Gray Brydges, 5th Baron Chandos of Sudeley, had the following children
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1217:
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140:
563:
515:
196:
1866:
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467:
391:
543:
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In the 17th century, rape and sodomy were seen as serious, morally reprehensible crimes; they were
135:(May 1580 – c. 8 October 1647) was an English noblewoman. She was the eldest daughter of the
570:. After about 1750 the case was largely forgotten, though it remained known by legal historians.
419:
394:. Her younger children from her first marriage were placed in the care of their grandmother, the
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1759:
1729:
1683:
260:
172:
Alternative successions of the English crown § Descendants of Mary Tudor, Queen of France
1677:
299:
In 1621 Anne Stanley's husband Baron Chandos died. Three years later she married the widower
1637:"Such Daughters and Such a Mother": The Countess of Derby and her Three Daughters, 1560-1647
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context. In the 18th century it was cited as an example of immoral behavior by the
471:
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1635:
450:
The trial of Lord Castlehaven began on 25 April 1631 and lasted just one day. The
567:
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with the servant Lawrence Fitzpatrick on 6 April 1631. He was imprisoned in the
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1651:
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439:, and served mainly to raise doubts about the moral character of the accused.
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1603:
263:. This marriage did not come about, and in 1607 she married the very wealthy
219:
who, in 1603, indeed succeeded Elizabeth I. However, some believed that this
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but prosecution and convictions were rare. It was certainly unusual for a
259:, 5th Earl of Huntingdon. There were plans for Anne to marry a son of the
507:
455:
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66:
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William Brydges, 7th Baron Chandos of Sudeley, circa 1620 - August 1676.
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Alice Spencer, countess of Derby, the influential mother of Anne Stanley
143:
and for some time was seen as a possible heiress to the English throne.
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statements against him had done so out of spite and jealousy, he said.
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A House in Gross Disorder: Sex, Law, and the 2nd Earl of Castlehaven
1726:
A house in gross disorder: sex, law and the 2nd Earl of Castlehaven
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605:, 6th Baron Chandos of Sudeley, 9 August 1620 – February 1654/55
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In the 21st century, the Castlehaven affair was rediscovered by
514:. Lord Castlehaven's sister, the poet and Protestant prophetess
451:
374:
151:
327:, the eldest son of Lord Castlehaven (1612–1684) who used the
348:
In 1630 Lord Audley, Lord Castlehaven's son, appealed to the
1652:"1596-1603 Heiress Presumptive Lady Anne Stanley of England"
255:, who became the 1st Earl of Bridgewater; Elizabeth married
150:, was arrested and charged with being an accomplice to her
235:
Grey Brydges, baron Chandos, first husband of Anne Stanley
1756:
Sex and Punishment: Four Thousand Years of Judging Desire
319:
The Earl and Countess of Castlehaven lived mainly in
555:, who was married to Anne Stanley's sister Frances.
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Countess of Castlehaven, previously Baroness Chandos
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621:Ancestors of Anne Stanley, Countess of Castlehaven
251:prestigious husbands were sought. Frances married
1828:Potential Heir to the English and Irish Thrones
373:Lord Castlehaven was formally charged with the
8:
1682:. Oxford University Press. pp. 12–13.
478:. He maintained his innocence to the last.
1775:
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41:
25:
593:Elizabeth Brydges, deceased March 1678/79
596:Robert Brydges, deceased on 20 June 1611
1872:Heirs presumptive to the English throne
1592:
247:. For Anne and her sisters Frances and
158:, found guilty and sentenced to death.
1780:Anne Stanley, Countess of Castlehaven
1656:Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership
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84:Mervyn Tuchet, 2nd Earl of Castlehaven
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211:. By 1580, it was obvious that Queen
180:, 5th Earl of Derby (1559–1594), and
154:by a servant. He was also accused of
113:Ferdinando Stanley, 5th Earl of Derby
7:
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1011:Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk
227:Childhood, family and first marriage
1640:(Thesis). University of California.
271:. They had at least five children.
199:. Henry VIII had stipulated in his
1834:28 September 1596 – 24 March 1603
770:Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk
207:, descendants of his elder sister
103:William Brydges, 7th Baron Chandos
14:
1840:George Brydges, 6th Baron Chandos
676:Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby
650:Thomas Stanley, 2nd Earl of Derby
176:Anne Stanley was the daughter of
146:In 1630, her second husband, the
100:George Brydges, 6th Baron Chandos
734:Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby
123:Alice Spencer, Countess of Derby
21:Anne Stanley, Countess of Ancram
295:Marriage to Earl of Castlehaven
80:Grey Brydges, 5th Baron Chandos
538:It is widely assumed that the
466:The Touchet family urged King
166:Possible heiress to the throne
1:
1912:17th-century English nobility
1902:16th-century English nobility
1844:3rd Act of Succession Ignored
1634:Wilkie, Vanessa Jane (2009).
454:consisted of 27 men from the
195:, the younger sister of King
243:went to his younger brother
1728:. Oxford University Press.
1724:Herrup, Cynthia B. (1999).
1928:
1907:17th-century English women
1887:16th-century English women
1877:Daughters of British earls
1676:Cynthia B. Herrup (2001).
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385:and his properties were
1821:Lady Margaret Clifford
1817:Elizabeth I of England
975:Lady Margaret Clifford
794:9. Lady Dorothy Howard
516:Eleanor Davies Touchet
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1819:. Potential heir was
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1037:Lady Eleanor Brandon
392:Bishop of Winchester
217:James VI of Scotland
1606:. 28 November 2016.
1503:Margaret Donnington
1478:30. John Donnington
1445:7. Katherine Kitson
1275:13. Susan Knightley
1193:25. Isabella Graunt
1163:Sir William Spencer
553:Earl of Bridgewater
148:Earl of Castlehaven
1892:English baronesses
1422:29. Margaret Smyth
1329:Lady Alice Spencer
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178:Ferdinando Stanley
16:English noblewoman
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1837:Succeeded by
1689:978-0-19-513925-9
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1533:31. Elizabeth Pye
1367:28. Robert Kitson
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97:Elizabeth Brydges
61:c. 8 October 1647
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1897:Irish countesses
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184:(1556–1637).
183:
182:Alice Spencer
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1659:. Retrieved
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265:Gray Brydges
253:John Egerton
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133:Anne Stanley
132:
131:
129:
95:Anne Brydges
67:Noble family
30:Anne Stanley
1867:1647 deaths
1862:1580 births
568:aristocracy
549:John Milton
460:prosecutors
387:confiscated
336:Accusations
314:spendthrift
289:John Milton
213:Elizabeth I
1856:Categories
1735:0195139259
1587:References
1069:Mary Tudor
494:Later life
476:Tower Hill
437:corruption
433:conspiracy
429:complicity
285:John Donne
221:succession
197:Henry VIII
193:Mary Tudor
170:See also:
528:Harefield
508:pamphlets
468:Charles I
445:precedent
249:Elizabeth
76:Spouse(s)
1793:May 1580
1758:. Saqi.
613:Ancestry
585:Children
484:immunity
472:beheaded
456:nobility
309:Catholic
209:Margaret
205:Scotland
53:May 1580
1661:3 April
396:Dowager
332:there.
276:Dowager
245:William
71:Stanley
1796:
1762:
1732:
1686:
577:- and
540:masque
534:Legacy
488:hanged
379:sodomy
368:voyeur
156:sodomy
119:Mother
109:Father
1798:Died:
1791:Born:
544:Comus
406:Trial
383:Tower
325:James
90:Issue
1760:ISBN
1730:ISBN
1684:ISBN
1663:2017
1501:15.
1390:14.
1161:12.
1135:24.
1067:23.
1035:11.
1009:22.
947:21.
915:10.
889:20.
823:19.
768:18.
706:17.
648:16.
575:LGBT
452:jury
424:peer
375:rape
359:page
287:and
274:The
201:will
187:The
152:rape
58:Died
50:Born
1327:3.
1216:6.
1093:1.
973:5.
849:2.
732:4.
674:8.
562:or
547:by
435:or
1858::
1744:^
1698:^
1654:.
1612:^
1595:^
316:.
291:.
283:,
1768:.
1738:.
1692:.
1665:.
23:.
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