667:, head of British intelligence in the US, who bypassed diplomatic channels to give details of a bomb plot directly to the New York police. This led to the arrest of Chandra Kanta Chuckrevarty. As links became apparent, within the Chuckrevarty papers and the Igel papers, the investigations by federal authorities ultimately expanded to cover the entire conspiracy. The US agreed to pass on evidence so long as Britain did not seek admission of liability for Breaches of Neutrality. At a time that Diplomatic relations with Germany were deteriorating, the Foreign Office directed the Embassy to cooperate with the investigations. These ultimately resolved the Anglo-American diplomatic disputes just as America entered the war.
1400:
584:
in
American soil, the American government's inactions despite concrete knowledge (in Spring Rice's opinion) of the conspiracies, as well as concerns regarding the image of Britain in American public opinion if Britain were seen to persecute oppressed people. Further, Spring Rice was particularly wary
449:
plan. The Ghadar Party was incidentally established after Irish
Republicans, sensing infiltration, encouraged an exclusively Indian society. Following this, a number of approaches were adopted, including instituting a "Native" Indian intelligence officer to infiltrate the movement, as well as the use
298:
at the time, could not sail for another month. Even during this time, rumours abounded that it was to be used to smuggle arms into
Southeast Asia. The ship was searched a number of times by customs and security agents, who only found the ship's empty hold. Immediately before it left, it received an
557:
to appease the
British government. In addition, the jury during the trial was carefully selected to exclude Irish persons with republican views or associations. The British authorities hoped that the conviction of the Indians would result in their deportation from the United States back to India.
544:
were tried. The trial lasted from
November 20, 1917, to April 24, 1918. The trial was also sensationally notable for the assassination of the chief conspirator Ram Chandra. Chandra was assassinated on the last day of the trial in a packed courtroom by one of his fellow accused, Ram Singh. Singh
423:
In the United States, the conspiracy was successfully infiltrated by
British intelligence through both the Irish, as well as Indian channels. The activities of Ghadar on the Pacific coast were noted by W. C Hopkinson, who had grown up in India and spoke fluent Hindi. In the meantime, through
132:
With the approval of San
Francisco German vice-consul E.H. von Schack, arrangements for funds and armaments were secured. Ram Chandra was to receive a monthly payment of $ 1,000. At the same time $ 200,000 worth of small arms and ammunition was acquired by the German military attaché Captain
607:, attempted to persuade Spring Rice to raise the issue in front of the United States government. American authorities in the Philippines were also more cooperative at this time, and assured Britain they would have foreknowledge of any plans against Hong Kong. Following the conclusion of the
1799:
444:
as early as 1910. Francis
Cunliffe Owen, the officer heading the Home Office agency in New York, had become thoroughly acquainted with George Freeman and Myron Phelps posing as members of the Clan-na-Gael. Owens' efforts were successful in thwarting the SS
404:. At Anjer, a German operative named Theodore Helfrichs was instructed to dispose of the ship. However, it was seized by Dutch authorities. Starr-Hunt and four of the Ghadarites attempted to flee in a ship, but were captured by the British cruiser
631:
The issue did precipitate a more general Anglo-American neutrality dispute. This was aggravated by belligerent preventive measures taken by the
British far-eastern fleet that threatened the sovereignty of American vessels. In particular, HMS
615:
was forced to override Spring Rice's hesitation; in
February 1916, the British government officially presented its concerns regarding the conspiracy and German complicity to the American government. Although the new secretary of state
303:
passports. They carried with themselves large amounts of Ghadarite literature, and were tasked by Ram Chandra to establish contacts with Indian revolutionaries and arrange for the arms to be transported inland. However, awaiting the
457:
An Irish double agent by the name of Charles Lamb is said to have passed on the majority of the information that compromised the conspiracy and ultimately helped the construction of the prosecution. An Indian operative, codenamed
79:
By 1914, plans for a pan-Indian revolution had been hatched. As World War I broke out, Germany decided to actively support the Ghadar plan. For this, links established between Indian and Irish residents in Germany (including
100:, archaeologist and the head of the newly formed Intelligence bureau for the east. Upon Oppenheim fell the task of arranging the Indian student groups into a cohesive group. Oppenheim also convinced Indian revolutionary
522:
644:, the British government accusing them of planning to foment an armed uprising in India. This incident provoked outrage from the American government, and was followed by a number of incidents including the SS
349:
to replenish its supplies. However, it faced trouble as three of the crew members refused to sail the ship, claiming it was not seaworthy. Captain Sheultzer was able to successfully appeal for help from the
553:
of the Ghadar Party were indicted by a federal grand jury on a charge of conspiracy to form a military enterprise against Britain. The trial in later years has been criticised for being largely a
253:, and was under orders to scuttle the ship if challenged by Allied warships. The impression at the docks was that the ship was to relieve congestion in the East Indian Coconut industry, in
1653:
572:
By 1916, the majority of the resources of the American department of the British Foreign office were related to the Indian seditionist movement. Before the outbreak of the war,
369:
made for Socorro Island again. However, in adverse weather, this attempt failed as well, and after twenty-two days Scheultzer gave up, choosing to make for the northern port of
1976:
201:
was not suitable for a trans-Pacific voyage. Frederick Jebsen, a German reserve naval officer with close connections to the German embassy, arranged for another ship, the
1319:
656:
to the Philippines. The relations were strained until May 1916, when the British government decided to relax its aggressive policy and seek cooperation with the US. The
205:, to be purchased under the illusion that it was to be used by the "American-Asiatic Oil Company", a fake oil-trading company, and was to deploy between China and
1346:
493:
revolutionaries and spy networks who were in touch with their counterparts in the United States. The American network of the Czech organisation, headed by
466:(later the chief prosecution witness in the trial), also passed on the details of the conspiracy to British and American intelligence. On 29 June 1915, the
279:, which had earlier been interned by the U.S. government in San Francisco. Page was given complete authority over the ship's movement and he set sail for
612:
604:
660:
prisoners were released that month, but relations did not improve before November that year, with a number of exchanges through the rest of 1916.
165:. However, Charles Martinez, a customs official who had arranged the shipment to San Diego, was not told of the true destination, and hired the
312:
ran out of fresh water and, without a condenser on board, was forced to head for the mainland of Mexico. Arriving at the rendezvous point, the
365:
wireless, the German crew were able to notify the German Consulate of their position and of the failed rendezvous. Sailing from Acapulco, the
1312:
851:
245:
received a crew composed of sailors from two German ships interned at San Francisco. An American by the name of John B. Starr-Hunt served as
241:. For this purpose, Jebsen established a fake company to hide the true ownership of the ship, taking his attorney Ray Howard as partner. The
104:
of the feasibility of the project and was able to establish contact with the Ghadar Party in the United States. In an October meeting of the
1956:
1787:
1716:
1568:
272:. Also placed on board was a person by the name of Walter Page as supercargo. Page's real identity was L. Othmer, the captain of the German
1837:
1817:
505:
diplomats. Voska, being pro-American, pro-British and anti-German, on learning of the plot from the Czech European network, spoke of it to
429:
558:
However, in the face of strong public support in favor of the Indians, officials of the U.S. Department of Justice chose not to do so.
1905:
620:
was initially as uncooperative as Bryan, the first investigations of the conspiracy opened with the raid of the Wall Street office of
1782:
1772:
625:
518:
52:
1859:
1244:
1197:
995:
664:
1961:
1681:
1543:
1305:
1777:
441:
1696:
546:
1671:
440:. The Home department of the British Indian government had begun the task of actively tracking Indian seditionists on the
89:
1757:
1643:
1424:
1342:
608:
470:
was raided at Hoquiam and its contraband cargo seized. However, Page was able to escape and later made for Germany. The
105:
44:
1328:
425:
64:
48:
1523:
580:
not to make this a diplomatic issue. Spring Rice's dispatches cite concerns with regards to American tolerance of the
338:
crew searched the ship. A subsequent visit by an American warship also revealed nothing save the ship's empty hold.
1611:
157:
via the Mallory Steamship Company, an Irish-American shipping firm. From Galveston the guns were sent by train to
1951:
1920:
1900:
1616:
567:
463:
509:, who then passed the information to the American authorities. The Americans informed British intelligence.
88:
were used to tap into the Indo-Irish network in the United States. In September 1914, the German Chancellor
174:. For this purpose, an elaborate deception was hatched to convey the idea that the arms were meant for the
1706:
1462:
593:
577:
214:
85:
1966:
1752:
1711:
1596:
1553:
1503:
1478:
1382:
1352:
536:
cargo. One hundred and five people, including the former Consul-General and vice consul, members of the
121:
1237:
Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire 1904-1924
1971:
1767:
1528:
1488:
1483:
1468:
1387:
478:
405:
113:
1040:
Dignan, Don (February 1971), "The Hindu Conspiracy in Anglo-American Relations during World War I",
1874:
1548:
370:
351:
187:
1276:
847:
628:. Much to the chagrin of the British government, however, it was not pursued further at the time.
506:
331:. The Ghadar agents were forced to burn the revolutionary literature in the boiler room while the
1842:
1762:
1601:
1419:
1223:
1173:
1137:
1101:
1065:
1029:
590:
550:
482:
175:
1930:
1915:
1686:
1676:
1638:
1621:
1493:
1456:
1377:
1240:
1193:
1165:
1129:
1093:
1057:
1021:
991:
649:
573:
97:
1648:
1591:
1563:
1538:
1515:
1451:
1430:
1367:
1215:
1206:
Plowman, Matthew (2003), "Irish Republicans and the Indo-German Conspiracy of World War I",
1157:
1121:
1085:
1049:
1013:
691:
486:
154:
146:
600:. This pamphlet had been classified as seditionist by the Indian and Imperial governments.
324:
waited for twenty-nine days for the Schooner's return. During this time, it was visited by
55:, described at the time as the longest and most expensive trial in American legal history.
1807:
1691:
1633:
1558:
1441:
502:
389:
325:
284:
134:
1270:
1910:
1895:
1864:
1812:
1473:
1446:
1436:
617:
586:
490:
451:
280:
238:
226:
117:
81:
1945:
1879:
1854:
1822:
1747:
1701:
1498:
1357:
1227:
1105:
621:
576:, the Ambassador to United States at the time of the war, is known to have urged the
541:
526:
498:
150:
142:
1186:
1925:
1533:
537:
385:
170:
108:, the consulate in San Francisco was tasked to make contact with Ghadar leaders in
70:
40:
17:
1832:
1739:
1586:
1362:
494:
265:
202:
190:. This ruse was convincing enough to elicit an offer of $ 15,000 from the rival
93:
74:
36:
32:
1089:
1848:
554:
246:
109:
1169:
1133:
1097:
1061:
1025:
611:, and as more evidence of German complicity came to light, Foreign Secretary
1869:
1606:
1414:
1399:
653:
581:
412:
222:
191:
158:
101:
1297:
1219:
1148:
Jensen, Joan M (February 1979), "The "Hindu Conspiracy": A Reassessment",
1112:
Hoover, Karl (May 1985), "The Hindu Conspiracy in California, 1913-1918",
1627:
1372:
1076:
Fraser, Thomas G (April 1977), "Germany and Indian Revolution, 1914-18",
346:
179:
166:
268:
on 8 March 1915 under Captain Paul Schlueter for rendezvous with the SS
1214:(3), Center for Irish Studies at the University of St. Thomas: 81–105,
1177:
1141:
1069:
1033:
641:
295:
149:
to make the necessary arrangements for shipping the arms purchase from
357:
which was in the area. Its contraband cargo was not discovered by the
1827:
273:
206:
1161:
1125:
1053:
1017:
432:
had a clear picture of the conspiracy and the true purposes of the
392:
by the German consulate for a second effort to rendezvous with the
47:
and the German Foreign office, was a part of the larger so-called "
397:
162:
138:
477:
cargo was sold at an auction despite the German Ambassador Count
848:"Echoes of Freedom:South Asian pioneers in California 1899-1965"
596:
had eight years previously written the highly critical pamphlet
428:
arising from British, Irish, European, and Mexican sources, the
401:
300:
254:
1301:
1004:
Brown, Giles (August 1948), "The Hindu Conspiracy, 1914-1917",
396:. However, this failed too and it was subsequently directed to
299:
additional crew of five Indian Ghadar activists carrying fake
603:
Following Bryan's departure, the British secretary of state,
481:'s attempts to take possession insisting they were meant for
636:
seized German and Turkish passengers on the American vessel
624:. The papers seized were later presented as evidence in the
290:
However, at this stage the plan started falling apart. The
320:'s departure by a two-man crew left behind by Page. The
485:. Additionally, some of the plans involving the Indian
882:
880:
529:
on November 12, 1917, following the uncovering of the
182:
attorney in charge of placing the arms on board the
1888:
1798:
1727:
1664:
1579:
1514:
1407:
1335:
194:to divert the shipment to a Villa-controlled port.
120:and an intermediary named Charles Lattendorf, with
1185:
692:"U.S. Customs at Grays Harbor seizes the schooner
112:. German military attache to the German consulate
51:", and it was the prime offence cited in the 1917
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
741:
739:
714:
712:
696:loaded with arms and ammunition on June 29, 1915"
376:Returning to San Diego after failing to meet the
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
1275:. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. p.
1012:(3), University of California Press: 299–310,
1313:
686:
684:
682:
680:
415:, Starr-Hunt confessed his role in the plot.
161:, where they were to be shipped to India via
8:
1156:(1), University of California Press: 65–83,
1048:(1), University of California Press: 57–76,
545:himself was also immediately shot dead by a
497:, was a counter-espionage network spying on
225:fully loaded. The two would rendezvous off
1977:History of Grays Harbor County, Washington
1320:
1306:
1298:
1120:(2), German Studies Association: 245–261,
898:
886:
871:
384:was directed by Fred Jebsen to proceed to
988:Indian Revolutionaries Abroad, 1905-1927.
585:of the political commitments of American
540:, and members of the German consulate in
462:" and described most likely to have been
910:
730:
718:
676:
116:was able to establish contact, through
1257:, New York: Doubleday, Doran & Co.
970:
958:
946:
934:
813:
790:
757:
745:
663:The issue was ultimately addressed by
145:. In the meantime, Papen arranged for
1294:affair by participant J.B. Starr-Hunt
854:from the original on 16 November 2007
834:
778:
7:
922:
186:, posed as a representative for the
1290:Includes a detailed account of the
361:boarding party. Allowed to use the
233:would transfer its shipment to the
92:authorised German activity against
850:. UC, Berkeley, Bancroft Library.
562:Impact on Anglo-American relations
96:. The German effort was headed by
25:
1084:(2), Sage Publications: 255–272,
237:which would then proceed towards
35:plot in the United States during
1682:Intelligence Bureau for the East
1398:
1778:Provisional Government of India
1078:Journal of Contemporary History
1253:Voska, E.V.; Irwin, W (1940),
1235:Popplewell, Richard J (1995),
39:. The plot, involving India's
1:
1818:Indian Political Intelligence
1783:Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial
1672:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
1150:The Pacific Historical Review
1042:The Pacific Historical Review
1006:The Pacific Historical Review
626:Hindu–German Conspiracy trial
587:President Wilson's government
519:Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial
388:, where it was redirected to
90:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
53:Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial
1906:Ingress into India Ordinance
1758:Lahore Conspiracy Case trial
1644:Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari
1343:Indian independence movement
901:, p. 98,108,120,122,123
609:Lahore Conspiracy Case trial
589:, especially given that the
217:around the same time as the
45:Irish Republican Brotherhood
1993:
1090:10.1177/002200947701200203
565:
176:warring factions in Mexico
68:
62:
1921:Jallianwala Bagh massacre
1901:Defence of India Act 1915
1396:
1269:Strother, French (1918).
990:, Patna: Bharati Bhawan,
464:Chandra Kanta Chakraverty
1617:Amarendranath Chatterjee
1272:Fighting Germany's spies
568:Anglo-American relations
308:for nearly a month, the
1962:Indian-American history
1957:Hindu–German Conspiracy
1329:Hindu–German Conspiracy
450:of the famous American
209:. The plan was for the
65:Hindu–German Conspiracy
49:Hindu–German Conspiracy
1768:Silk Letter Conspiracy
899:Voska & Irwin 1940
594:William Jennings Bryan
578:British Foreign office
1554:Abhinash Bhattacharya
1353:Shyamji Krishna Varma
1220:10.1353/nhr.2003.0069
1114:German Studies Review
598:British Rule in India
574:Sir Cecil Spring Rice
549:. In May 1917, eight
547:United States Marshal
141:agent by the name of
106:Imperial Naval Office
86:German Foreign office
1800:Counter-intelligence
913:, p. 50,221,242
640:at the mouth of the
479:Johann von Bernstoff
426:intelligence sources
316:was informed of the
213:to leave empty from
178:. J. Clyde Hizar, a
114:Wilhelm von Brincken
1875:W. Somerset Maugham
1549:Bhupendranath Datta
1425:Pandurang Khankhoje
1208:New Hibernia Review
1184:Masaryk, T (1970),
986:Bose, A.C. (1971),
605:Robert Crewe-Milnes
582:Anarchist movements
551:Indian nationalists
489:leaked out through
371:Hoquiam, Washington
29:Annie Larsen affair
1896:Lawrence of Arabia
1880:East Persia Cordon
1763:Christmas Day Plot
1602:Bhavabhushan Mitra
1255:Spy and Counterspy
925:, p. 2332,233
591:Secretary of State
483:German East Africa
454:detective agency.
430:Justice Department
419:Resolving the plot
1939:
1938:
1916:Rowlatt Committee
1687:Max von Oppenheim
1639:Ubaidullah Sindhi
1622:Atulkrishna Ghosh
1457:Baba Gurdit Singh
1378:Alipore Bomb Case
1192:, Howard Fertig,
1188:Making of a State
698:. HistoryLink.org
650:US Atlantic Fleet
521:commenced in the
229:near Mexico. The
98:Max von Oppenheim
18:Annie Larsen plot
16:(Redirected from
1984:
1952:Arms trafficking
1753:Singapore mutiny
1649:Sufi Amba Prasad
1564:Herambalal Gupta
1539:M. P. T. Acharya
1516:Berlin Committee
1431:Hindustan Ghadar
1402:
1383:Delhi Conspiracy
1368:Anushilan Samiti
1322:
1315:
1308:
1299:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1258:
1249:
1231:
1202:
1191:
1180:
1144:
1108:
1072:
1036:
1000:
973:
968:
962:
956:
950:
944:
938:
932:
926:
920:
914:
908:
902:
896:
890:
884:
875:
869:
863:
862:
860:
859:
844:
838:
832:
817:
811:
794:
788:
782:
776:
761:
755:
749:
743:
734:
728:
722:
716:
707:
706:
704:
703:
688:
535:
487:Berlin Committee
476:
337:
188:Carranza Faction
147:Joseph McGarrity
21:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1884:
1860:William Wiseman
1808:W. C. Hopkinson
1794:
1723:
1660:
1634:Mahmud al-Hasan
1575:
1559:Mahendra Pratap
1510:
1442:Ghadar Movement
1403:
1394:
1331:
1326:
1281:
1279:
1268:
1265:
1263:Further reading
1252:
1247:
1234:
1205:
1200:
1183:
1162:10.2307/3638938
1147:
1126:10.2307/1428642
1111:
1075:
1054:10.2307/3637829
1039:
1018:10.2307/3634258
1003:
998:
985:
982:
977:
976:
969:
965:
957:
953:
945:
941:
933:
929:
921:
917:
909:
905:
897:
893:
887:Popplewell 1995
885:
878:
872:Popplewell 1995
870:
866:
857:
855:
846:
845:
841:
833:
820:
812:
797:
789:
785:
777:
764:
756:
752:
744:
737:
729:
725:
717:
710:
701:
699:
690:
689:
678:
673:
665:William Wiseman
570:
564:
533:
515:
474:
421:
390:Johnston Island
335:
294:, which was in
285:Baja California
135:Franz von Papen
130:
77:
67:
61:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1990:
1988:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1931:TĹŤyama Mitsuru
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1911:Sidney Rowlatt
1908:
1903:
1898:
1892:
1890:
1889:Related topics
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1865:Charles Tegart
1862:
1857:
1852:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1813:John Wallinger
1810:
1804:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1737:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1697:von Bernstorff
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1665:German figures
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1581:
1580:Indian figures
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1474:Bhai Parmanand
1471:
1466:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1437:Ghadar di gunj
1434:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1250:
1245:
1232:
1203:
1198:
1181:
1145:
1109:
1073:
1037:
1001:
996:
981:
978:
975:
974:
963:
951:
939:
927:
915:
903:
891:
876:
864:
839:
818:
795:
783:
762:
750:
735:
723:
708:
675:
674:
672:
669:
648:incident. The
618:Robert Lansing
563:
560:
523:District Court
514:
511:
420:
417:
281:Socorro Island
239:Southeast Asia
227:Socorro Island
129:
126:
118:Tarak Nath Das
82:Roger Casement
63:Main article:
60:
57:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1989:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1855:Vincent Kraft
1853:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1838:Robert Nathan
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1823:Basil Thomson
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1773:Kabul Mission
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1748:February plot
1746:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1702:George Rodiek
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1597:Sachin Sanyal
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1499:Agnes Smedley
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1489:Vishnu Pingle
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1469:Bhagwan Singh
1467:
1465:
1464:
1463:Komagata Maru
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1358:Bhikaiji Cama
1356:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1293:
1288:
1287:annie larsen.
1278:
1274:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1246:0-7146-4580-X
1242:
1239:, Routledge,
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1199:0-685-09575-4
1195:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
999:
997:81-7211-123-1
993:
989:
984:
983:
979:
972:
967:
964:
961:, p. 260
960:
955:
952:
948:
943:
940:
937:, p. 257
936:
931:
928:
924:
919:
916:
912:
907:
904:
900:
895:
892:
889:, p. 148
888:
883:
881:
877:
874:, p. 147
873:
868:
865:
853:
849:
843:
840:
837:, p. 304
836:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
819:
816:, p. 256
815:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
796:
793:, p. 255
792:
787:
784:
781:, p. 303
780:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
763:
760:, p. 253
759:
754:
751:
748:, p. 252
747:
742:
740:
736:
732:
727:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
697:
695:
687:
685:
683:
681:
677:
670:
668:
666:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
629:
627:
623:
622:Wolf von Igel
619:
614:
610:
606:
601:
599:
595:
592:
588:
583:
579:
575:
569:
561:
559:
556:
552:
548:
543:
542:San Francisco
539:
532:
528:
527:San Francisco
524:
520:
512:
510:
508:
507:Tomáš Masaryk
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
473:
469:
465:
461:
455:
453:
448:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
418:
416:
414:
410:
409:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
355:
348:
344:
339:
334:
330:
329:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
197:However, the
195:
193:
192:Villa faction
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
143:Hans Tauscher
140:
136:
128:Arms shipment
127:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:British India
91:
87:
83:
76:
72:
66:
58:
56:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
1967:Ghadar Party
1926:Pan-Asianism
1847:
1843:Kirpal Singh
1788:
1741:
1735:Annie Larsen
1734:
1717:
1654:
1626:
1612:Pritam Singh
1569:
1534:A. R. Pillai
1504:
1484:Kartar Singh
1461:
1429:
1388:
1292:Annie Larsen
1291:
1286:
1280:. Retrieved
1271:
1254:
1236:
1211:
1207:
1187:
1153:
1149:
1117:
1113:
1081:
1077:
1045:
1041:
1009:
1005:
987:
966:
954:
949:, p. 65
942:
930:
918:
911:Masaryk 1970
906:
894:
867:
856:. Retrieved
842:
786:
753:
733:, p. 85
731:Plowman 2003
726:
721:, p. 90
719:Plowman 2003
700:. Retrieved
694:Annie Larsen
693:
662:
657:
645:
637:
633:
630:
602:
597:
571:
538:Ghadar Party
531:Annie Larsen
530:
516:
472:Annie Larsen
471:
468:Annie Larsen
467:
459:
456:
446:
438:Annie Larsen
437:
433:
422:
407:
394:Annie Larsen
393:
386:Hilo, Hawaii
381:
378:Annie Larsen
377:
375:
367:Annie Larsen
366:
362:
358:
353:
343:Annie Larsen
342:
340:
332:
327:
321:
318:Annie Larsen
317:
313:
310:Annie Larsen
309:
305:
291:
289:
276:
269:
262:Annie Larsen
261:
259:
257:and Borneo.
250:
242:
234:
231:Annie Larsen
230:
219:Annie Larsen
218:
210:
199:Annie Larsen
198:
196:
184:Annie Larsen
183:
171:Annie Larsen
169:
131:
78:
71:Ghadar Party
41:Ghadar Party
28:
26:
1972:World War I
1833:Vernon Kell
1712:Niedermayer
1592:Rash Behari
1587:Bagha Jatin
1544:Barkatullah
1479:Ram Chandra
1420:Sohan Singh
1363:India House
1230:, 1092-3977
971:Dignan 1971
959:Fraser 1977
947:Jensen 1979
935:Fraser 1977
814:Hoover 1985
791:Hoover 1985
758:Hoover 1985
746:Hoover 1985
652:dispatched
613:Edward Grey
495:E. V. Voska
452:Pinkerton's
411:. Taken to
266:Topolobampo
264:sailed for
203:SS Maverick
122:Ram Chandra
75:World War I
37:World War I
33:gun-running
1946:Categories
1728:Conspiracy
1677:Zimmermann
1494:Kanshi Ram
1452:Guran Ditt
1447:Tarak Nath
1336:Background
1282:2012-01-22
980:References
858:2007-11-11
835:Brown 1948
779:Brown 1948
702:2007-09-22
654:destroyers
566:See also:
555:show trial
442:East Coast
363:Yorktown's
359:Yorktown's
345:sailed to
247:supercargo
137:through a
110:California
84:) and the
69:See also:
59:Background
1870:Guy Gaunt
1607:M. N. Roy
1228:144632198
1170:0030-8684
1134:0149-7952
1106:161813088
1098:0022-0094
1062:0030-8684
1026:0030-8684
923:Bose 1971
634:Laurentic
413:Singapore
408:Newcastle
406:HMS
352:USS
223:San Diego
215:San Pedro
159:San Diego
155:Galveston
102:Har Dayal
1742:Maverick
1628:Deobandi
1415:Hardayal
1373:Jugantar
1347:militant
852:Archived
503:Austrian
447:Moraitis
436:and the
434:Maverick
382:Maverick
354:Yorktown
347:Acapulco
322:Maverick
314:Maverick
306:Maverick
292:Maverick
270:Maverick
251:Maverick
243:Maverick
235:Maverick
211:Maverick
180:Colorado
167:schooner
151:New York
1529:Champak
1178:3638938
1142:1428642
1070:3637829
1034:3634258
646:Henry S
642:Yangtze
301:Persian
296:drydock
249:on the
221:leaves
1828:MI5(g)
1707:Hentig
1524:Chatto
1408:Ghadar
1243:
1226:
1196:
1176:
1168:
1140:
1132:
1104:
1096:
1068:
1060:
1032:
1024:
994:
534:'s
499:German
475:'s
380:, the
336:'s
283:, off
207:Borneo
43:, the
31:was a
1692:Papen
1224:S2CID
1174:JSTOR
1138:JSTOR
1102:S2CID
1066:JSTOR
1030:JSTOR
671:Notes
658:China
638:China
513:Trial
491:Czech
398:Anjer
277:Atlas
163:Burma
139:Krupp
1849:Oren
1789:More
1718:More
1655:More
1570:More
1505:More
1389:More
1241:ISBN
1194:ISBN
1166:ISSN
1130:ISSN
1094:ISSN
1058:ISSN
1022:ISSN
992:ISBN
517:The
501:and
402:Java
341:The
333:Kent
328:Kent
326:HMS
274:bark
260:The
255:Java
73:and
27:The
1740:SS
1277:226
1216:doi
1158:doi
1122:doi
1086:doi
1050:doi
1014:doi
525:in
153:to
1948::
1285:.
1222:,
1210:,
1172:,
1164:,
1154:48
1152:,
1136:,
1128:,
1116:,
1100:,
1092:,
1082:12
1080:,
1064:,
1056:,
1046:40
1044:,
1028:,
1020:,
1010:17
1008:,
879:^
821:^
798:^
765:^
738:^
711:^
679:^
400:,
373:.
287:.
124:.
1349:)
1345:(
1321:e
1314:t
1307:v
1218::
1212:7
1160::
1124::
1118:8
1088::
1052::
1016::
861:.
705:.
460:C
458:"
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.