669:
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20:
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79:
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515:" has "Shepherds quake at the sight; / Glories stream from heaven afar, / Heavenly hosts sing Alleluia!" However, this is a free translation of the German, which says "Hirten erst kund gemacht / durch der Engel Halleluja ... That is "Shepherds heard the news first, through (by means of) the angels' Halleluja. No mention of shepherds quailing or quaking, nor of 'Glories streaming from heaven afar'. The German does go on to say the song sounds loudly from far and near - "tönt es laut von fern und nah ..."
688:
759:
290:
3054:
394:, which makes for a balanced composition, as the two groups often occupy opposite sides of the image space around the central figures, and fitted with the theological interpretation of the episode, where the two groups represented the peoples of the world between them. This combination is first found in the 6th-century
104:. The angel explains that he has a message of good news for all people, namely that "Today in the town of David a Savior has been born to you; he is the Messiah, the Lord. This will be a sign to you: You will find a baby wrapped in cloths and lying in a manger."
107:
After this, a great many more angels appear, praising God with the words "Glory to God in the highest heaven, and on earth peace to those on whom his favor rests." Deciding to do as the angel had said, the shepherds travel to
Bethlehem, and find
405:
very often show the shepherds on a steep hill, making visual sense of their placement above the main
Nativity scene. The number of shepherds shown varies also, though three is typical in the West; one or more dogs may be included, as in the
668:
280:
The phrase "peace to men on whom his favor rests" has been interpreted both as expressing a restriction to a particular group of people that God has chosen and inclusively, as God displaying favor to the world.
724:
649:
999:
313:, the annunciation to the shepherds became an independent subject for art in the 9th century, but has remained relatively uncommon as such, except in extended cycles with many scenes. The standard
410:(right, with red collar). The annunciation to the shepherds became less common as an independent subject in the late Middle Ages, but depictions continued in later centuries. Famous depictions by
706:
608:'s farewell message in 1871 read "Greetings and thanks to the telegraph fraternity throughout the world. Glory to God in the highest, on earth peace, good will to men. – S. F. B. Morse."
204:
178:
case (apparently reflecting a
Semitic idiom that reads strangely in Greek). Most ancient manuscripts of the Greek New Testament have this reading. The original version of the ancient
2305:
215:, most modern religious scholars and Bible translators accept the reading of the majority of ancient manuscripts, translating as "on earth peace to those on whom his favor rests" (
151:
of the Bible translates the words of the angels differently from modern versions, using the words "Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men". Most
277:, in later tradition thought to be one each from the three continents then known, to represent the first declaration of the Christian message to all the peoples of the world.
2300:
470:
765:
340:
includes the annunciation to the shepherds peripherally, in the upper left corner, even though it represents an episode occurring prior to the main scene. Similarly, in the
511:" (1867) has the lines "O morning stars together, proclaim the holy birth, / And praises sing to God the King, and peace to men on earth!" The originally German carol "
4504:
743:
2256:
136:
368:
4453:
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2003:
996:
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3092:
250:
It is generally considered significant that this message was given to shepherds, who were located on the lower rungs of the social ladder in first-century
3411:
1901:
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19:
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188:(ἐπὶ γῆς εἰρήνη ἐν ἀνθρώποις εὐδοκία), literally "on earth (first subject: peace) to men (second subject: good will)," with two subjects in the
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270:: "He has brought down rulers from their thrones but has lifted up the humble." The shepherds, taken as Jewish, also combine with the
78:
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The text of the New
Testament: an introduction to the critical editions and to the theory and practice of modern textual criticism
195:
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2402:
376:
3085:
586:
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192:. Expressed in standard English, this gives the familiar "Peace on earth, good will to men" of many ancient Christmas carols.
3887:
2416:
1799:
1578:
430:
the scene was one of those used most often in the development of the depiction of night scenes, especially in 15th century
3912:
2337:
2124:
2119:
1633:
332:
approach on the left. This is also very common in the West, though the Magi are very often omitted. For example, the 1485
4329:
3517:
2492:
2196:
1742:
567:
523:
431:
174:(ἐπὶ γῆς εἰρήνη ἐν ἀνθρώποις εὐδοκίας), literally "on earth peace to men of good will", with the last word being in the
4255:
4473:
4285:
3978:
3902:
3826:
628:
556:" (1700) is entirely devoted to describing the annunciation to the shepherds, and the episode is also significant in "
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631:" uses the line to juxtapose the meaning of the holiday with the often chaotic nature of the celebrations; as
800:
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1971:
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involving a single letter. The Greek text accepted by most modern theological scholars today uses the words
449:, the shepherds are sometimes depicted with musical instruments. A charming but atypical miniature in the
159:", for example, using the words "Peace on the earth, good will to men, / From Heaven's all gracious King."
4354:
3922:
3486:
2542:
2166:
2109:
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The phrase "Peace on earth, good will to men" has been widely used in a variety of contexts. For example,
500:
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337:
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preaches the annunciation of peace and good will, "(just) at that moment, someone slugs Uncle Ben."
382:
Scenes showing the shepherds at the side of the crib are a different subject, formally known as the
184:(denoted א* by scholars) has this reading, but it has been altered by erasure of the last letter to
4245:
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2602:
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2201:
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1998:
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593:
582:
475:
350:, the annunciation to the shepherds is seen on a hillside through an opening in the stable wall.
251:
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148:
3697:
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Even though some other ancient Greek manuscripts (and many medieval ones) agree with the edited
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2020:
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1951:
1941:
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Christmas cantatas often deal with the
Annunciation. It features prominently in both Bach's
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24:
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289:
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1986:
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585:, reflects on the phrase "Peace on earth, good will to men" in a pacifist sense, as does "
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1214:
The
Telegraph: A history of Morse's invention and its predecessors in the United States
611:
519:
480:
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93:
4250:
596:" (Come, you Shepherds) reflects the Annunciation and the Adoration of the shepherds.
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top left of the relevant page, at the end of the sixth line of the first column
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2010:
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1638:
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1558:
1543:
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259:
175:
55:
1030:
242:, this is updated to "on earth peace to those on whom his favor rests".
4219:
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4103:
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1926:
1896:
1682:
1628:
1409:
454:
294:
121:
47:
3070:
1058:
4209:
4118:
3998:
3968:
3953:
3541:
3245:
3128:
2768:
1454:
960:. Stuttgart: United Bible Societies. pp. xv, xxvii, and 207.
367:
288:
194:
117:
101:
96:, shepherds were tending their flocks out in the countryside near
77:
59:
51:
43:
18:
3502:
254:. Contrasting with the more powerful characters mentioned in the
4214:
3235:
2990:
2654:
1372:
321:
3506:
3074:
1283:
238:, but renders it "on earth peace to men of good will". In the
1279:
434:
and manuscript illustration (see illustrations here and the
324:
to the present, is to show the scene in the background of a
401:
The landscape varies, though scenes in the background of a
219:) or "on earth peace among those with whom he is pleased" (
92:
As described in verses 8–20 of the second chapter of the
620:, explaining that "that's what Christmas is all about,
499:
mention the annunciation to the shepherds, with the
4441:
4365:
4313:
4238:
4152:
3931:
3880:
3710:
3688:
3555:
3540:
3469:
3397:
3361:
3334:
3261:
3254:
3226:
3210:
3176:
3148:
3115:
3108:
2983:
2952:
2899:
2873:
2852:
2731:
2676:
2663:
2461:
2356:
2267:
2098:
1820:
1741:
1652:
1529:
1383:
234:, derives from the same Greek text as the original
143:(Manner of) - Announcement to the shepherds c.1600
100:, when they were terrified by the appearance of an
953:
880:The Gospel of Luke: A commentary on the Greek text
461:, as a delighted Virgin Mary stands to one side.
1120:, 3rd edition, Laurence King Publishing, 2005,
3518:
3086:
1295:
309:Initially depicted only as part of a broader
8:
1061:for a comparison of many other translations.
614:recites the scene verbatim at the climax of
4347:Witness: Five Plays from the Gospel of Luke
388:. This is very commonly combined with the
162:The disparity reflects a dispute about the
3552:
3525:
3511:
3503:
3258:
3112:
3093:
3079:
3071:
2673:
1302:
1288:
1280:
1230:
1191:The Guide to United States Popular Culture
1035:in terra pax in hominibus bonae voluntatis
903:
901:
899:
897:
205:painting of the Adoration of the shepherds
518:The episode plays a much greater role in
870:
868:
866:
352:
135:
30:shows the annunciation to the shepherds.
810:
808:
793:
645:
471:Und es waren Hirten in derselben Gegend
4505:Nativity of Jesus in the New Testament
155:reflect this older translation, with "
2632:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
1168:Renaissance Art: A topical dictionary
1138:
1136:
1134:
1114:Paoletti, John T. and Gary M. Radke,
991:The erasure is visible in the online
932:
930:
735:Angels Appearing before the Shepherds
445:art, drawing on classical stories of
172:epi gēs eirēnē en anthrōpois eudokias
7:
1171:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1987,
1148:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996,
956:The Greek New Testament, 3rd edition
835:
833:
554:While Shepherds Watched Their Flocks
373:The Angel appearing to the Shepherds
358:The Angel Appearing to the Shepherds
328:, typically on the right, while the
186:epi gēs eirēnē en anthrōpois eudokia
86:The Angel Appearing to the Shepherds
4304:Jiizas: di Buk We Luuk Rait bout Im
1047:New American Bible online (Luke 2).
457:shows the shepherds playing to the
1145:Medieval Art: A topical dictionary
1031:Douay-Rheims Bible online (Luke 2)
575:I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day
305:was painted between 1332 and 1338.
124:, just as they had been told. The
14:
1010:for a manuscript comparison tool.
801:Luke 2:11–12, NIV (BibleGateway).
716:The Annunciation to the Shepherds
679:The Annunciation to the Shepherds
303:Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence
4495:Angelic apparitions in the Bible
3201:
3053:
3052:
2508:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
2403:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight
1188:Browne, Ray B. and Browne, Pat,
757:
742:
723:
705:
686:
667:
648:
334:Adoration of the shepherds scene
587:It Came Upon the Midnight Clear
566:, the originally French carol "
563:Angels from the Realms of Glory
534:Peace on earth, and mercy mild,
157:It Came Upon the Midnight Clear
3908:Nunc dimittis (Song of Simeon)
2488:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
2417:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
1800:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
1579:Legend of the Christmas Spider
1235:Annunciation to the shepherds
1082:Luke 1:52, NIV (BibleGateway).
1020:Luke 2:14, ESV (BibleGateway).
849:. Eerdmans. pp. 288–289.
826:Luke 2:14, KJV (BibleGateway).
815:Luke 2:14, NIV (BibleGateway).
783:Chapel of the Shepherds' Field
544:"Christ is born in Bethlehem!"
542:With th'angelic host proclaim,
540:Join the triumph of the skies;
375:, fresco of the 12th century,
1:
3913:Parable of the Unjust Steward
3349:Annunciation to the shepherds
2439:Christmas television specials
2338:The New Oxford Book of Carols
1425:Annunciation to the shepherds
752:stained-glass window, c. 1910
660:Annunciation to the Shepherds
530:Hark! The herald angels sing,
377:Basilica of San Isidoro, León
62:. It is a common subject of
36:annunciation to the shepherds
2493:Christmas and holiday season
568:Angels We Have Heard on High
538:Joyful, all ye nations rise,
536:God and sinners reconciled!"
524:Hark! The Herald Angels Sing
432:Early Netherlandish painting
230:, translated from the Latin
4286:Jerusalem school hypothesis
3903:New Wine into Old Wineskins
629:I Yust Go Nuts at Christmas
532:"Glory to the newborn King;
4526:
4433:Ohrid Glagolitic fragments
3755:Presentation at the Temple
1405:Adoration of the Shepherds
1272:Adoration of the Shepherds
698:The Sheperds and the angel
579:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
509:O Little Town of Bethlehem
385:Adoration of the shepherds
246:Theological interpretation
126:adoration of the shepherds
4469:American Standard Version
3199:
3048:
2649:WWE Tribute to the Troops
2410:A Visit from St. Nicholas
2331:The Oxford Book of Carols
1907:Feast of the Seven Fishes
1470:Massacre of the Innocents
1319:
1268:
1259:
1247:
1233:
617:A Charlie Brown Christmas
317:depiction, still used in
3736:John the Baptist's Birth
2451:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
1117:Art in Renaissance Italy
981:Aland and Aland, p. 233.
843:; Barbara Aland (1995).
526:" (1739), which begins:
503:being the most ancient.
4256:Authorship of Luke–Acts
2613:Small Business Saturday
2483:Black Friday (shopping)
2478:Black Friday (partying)
1972:Nine Lessons and Carols
1902:Events and celebrations
1194:, Popular Press, 2001,
570:", and several others.
418:exist. Along with the
262:, they seem to reflect
23:This late 15th-century
16:Scene from the Nativity
4049:Mary, sister of Martha
3923:The four woes of Jesus
3731:Adoration of shepherds
3487:Church of the Nativity
2257:Post-War United States
1002:July 25, 2011, at the
547:
501:Gloria in Excelsis Deo
436:Geertgen tot Sint Jans
379:
365:
348:Geertgen tot Sint Jans
306:
258:, such as the Emperor
208:
199:This 1663 painting by
144:
89:
31:
4474:World English Version
4281:Two-gospel hypothesis
4039:Mary, mother of Jesus
3760:Finding in the Temple
3384:Saint Joseph's dreams
3379:Virgin birth of Jesus
3321:Adoration of the Magi
2306:Hit singles in the US
2301:Hit singles in the UK
1862:Carols by Candlelight
1790:Santa Claus' daughter
1398:Adoration of the Magi
552:'s well-known carol "
528:
391:Adoration of the Magi
371:
356:
292:
198:
139:
81:
38:is an episode in the
22:
3918:Rich man and Lazarus
3718:Annunciation to Mary
2598:Santa's Candy Castle
1922:Google Santa Tracker
675:Jules Bastien-Lepage
473:, Part II of Bach's
338:Domenico Ghirlandaio
132:Translational issues
4246:Luke the Evangelist
4014:Joseph of Arimathea
3790:Sermon on the Plain
3741:Census of Quirinius
2603:Santa Claus Village
2518:Christmas Mountains
2424:Journey of the Magi
1430:Baptism of the Lord
1217:, McFarland, 2003,
875:Marshall, I. Howard
731:Henry Ossawa Tanner
421:Agony in the Garden
398:made in Palestine.
58:about the birth of
4464:King James Version
4334:(Penderecki, 1966)
3780:Calling of Matthew
2713:Twelve-dish supper
2563:Jews and Christmas
2513:Christmas Lectures
2242:American Civil War
1977:NORAD Tracks Santa
1353:Saint Nicholas Day
1033:, from the Latin "
940:; Black, Matthew;
916:, Eerdmans, 1997,
913:The Gospel of Luke
883:, Eerdmans, 1978,
627:The novelty song "
600:In popular culture
594:Kommet, ihr Hirten
592:The German carol "
583:American Civil War
476:Christmas Oratorio
380:
366:
307:
240:New American Bible
228:Douay-Rheims Bible
209:
149:King James Version
145:
90:
74:Biblical narrative
32:
4482:
4481:
4298:Gospel of Marcion
4144:Seventy disciples
4064:Philip (tetrarch)
3817:Great Commandment
3802:Calming the storm
3785:Counting the cost
3726:and the shepherds
3706:
3705:
3500:
3499:
3432:Nativity displays
3422:Christmas village
3389:Flight into Egypt
3374:Star of Bethlehem
3357:
3356:
3263:Gospel of Matthew
3228:Gifts of the Magi
3197:
3196:
3102:Nativity of Jesus
3068:
3067:
3044:
3043:
2708:Thirteen desserts
2628:Virginia O'Hanlon
2473:Advent Conspiracy
2387:Films (Christmas,
2379:A Christmas Carol
2324:Carols for Choirs
1867:Cavalcade of Magi
1847:Boar's Head Feast
1516:Star of Bethlehem
1487:Nativity of Jesus
1475:flight into Egypt
1360:St. Stephen's Day
1278:
1277:
1269:Succeeded by
1093:Marshall, p. 112.
946:Metzger, Bruce M.
343:Nativity at Night
141:Abraham Bloemaert
42:described in the
40:Nativity of Jesus
4517:
4459:Wycliffe Version
4428:Codex Nitriensis
4293:Textual variants
4261:Synoptic Gospels
4059:Philip (apostle)
4004:John the Baptist
3837:Passion of Jesus
3832:Olivet Discourse
3807:Feeding the 5000
3553:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3504:
3259:
3205:
3113:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3072:
3060:
3056:
3055:
2891:Redcurrant sauce
2680:
2674:
2669:
2643:Winter festivals
2393:Christmas horror
2360:
2271:
2102:
1957:Meals and feasts
1877:Christmas jumper
1824:
1795:Santa's reindeer
1747:
1693:Father Christmas
1657:
1614:Santa's workshop
1535:
1497:in later culture
1375:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1313:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1281:
1248:Preceded by
1231:
1226:
1209:
1203:
1186:
1180:
1163:
1157:
1140:
1129:
1112:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1055:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1028:
1022:
1017:
1011:
993:Codex Sinaiticus
989:
983:
978:
972:
971:
959:
942:Martini, Carlo M
934:
925:
905:
892:
872:
861:
860:
837:
828:
823:
817:
812:
803:
798:
761:
746:
727:
713:Heinrich Vogeler
709:
690:
671:
652:
558:The First Nowell
497:Christmas carols
491:Christmas carols
427:Arrest of Christ
319:Eastern Orthodox
285:Depiction in art
266:'s words in the
236:Codex Sinaiticus
213:Codex Sinaiticus
181:Codex Sinaiticus
153:Christmas carols
68:Christmas carols
54:tell a group of
4525:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4437:
4361:
4331:St Luke Passion
4322:St Luke Passion
4309:
4234:
4148:
4099:Tiberius Caesar
3994:Herod the Great
3927:
3876:
3812:Transfiguration
3702:
3684:
3544:
3536:
3531:
3501:
3496:
3465:
3393:
3353:
3330:
3250:
3222:
3206:
3193:
3189:Herod the Great
3172:
3144:
3104:
3099:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3040:
3006:Pickled herring
2979:
2948:
2895:
2886:Cranberry sauce
2869:
2848:
2824:Red velvet cake
2809:Poppy seed roll
2727:
2678:
2667:
2665:
2659:
2638:White Christmas
2528:Christmas truce
2523:Christmas seals
2503:Christmas creep
2465:
2463:
2457:
2358:
2352:
2269:
2263:
2100:
2094:
1947:Lord of Misrule
1882:Christmas Peace
1832:Advent calendar
1822:
1816:
1765:Knecht Ruprecht
1745:
1743:
1737:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1450:Herod the Great
1385:
1379:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1274:
1264:
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1243:
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1229:
1210:
1206:
1187:
1183:
1164:
1160:
1141:
1132:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1065:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1041:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1014:
1004:Wayback Machine
990:
986:
979:
975:
968:
936:
935:
928:
906:
895:
873:
864:
857:
839:
838:
831:
824:
820:
813:
806:
799:
795:
791:
779:
774:
773:
772:
769:
762:
753:
747:
738:
728:
719:
710:
701:
691:
682:
672:
663:
656:Joachim Wtewael
653:
641:
633:Gabriel Heatter
602:
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
505:Phillips Brooks
493:
467:
438:linked above).
412:Abraham Hondius
287:
248:
203:has a matching
201:Abraham Hondius
190:nominative case
134:
116:and the infant
76:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4523:
4521:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4500:Gospel of Luke
4497:
4487:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4351:
4343:
4335:
4327:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4266:Gospel of Mark
4263:
4253:
4248:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4225:Sea of Galilee
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4069:Pontius Pilate
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4044:Mary Magdalene
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4019:Judas Iscariot
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
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3941:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3893:Fishers of men
3890:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3847:Pilate's court
3844:
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3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3694:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3677:
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3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3561:
3559:
3550:
3538:
3537:
3534:Gospel of Luke
3532:
3530:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3507:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3336:Gospel of Luke
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3267:
3265:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3121:
3119:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3075:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2937:Smoking Bishop
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2671:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2625:
2620:
2618:Super Saturday
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2548:Giving Tuesday
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2498:Christmas club
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2396:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2375:
2364:
2362:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2345:Piae Cantiones
2341:
2334:
2327:
2317:
2311:Music charts (
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2275:
2273:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2259:
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2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
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1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
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1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1780:Père Fouettard
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1746:Saint Nicholas
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1698:Grandpa Indian
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1666:Saint Nicholas
1662:
1660:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1604:Old Man Winter
1601:
1596:
1591:
1589:Miner's figure
1586:
1581:
1576:
1574:Kallikantzaros
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1540:
1538:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1504:Nativity scene
1501:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1389:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1339:Children's Day
1335:
1328:
1325:Blue Christmas
1320:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1284:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1258:
1251:Birth of Jesus
1249:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1204:
1181:
1165:Earls, Irene,
1158:
1142:Ross, Leslie,
1130:
1107:
1104:Green, p. 137.
1096:
1085:
1074:
1071:Green, p. 130.
1063:
1050:
1039:
1023:
1012:
984:
973:
966:
950:Wikgren, Allen
926:
908:Green, Joel B.
893:
862:
855:
829:
818:
804:
792:
790:
787:
786:
785:
778:
775:
771:
770:
763:
756:
754:
748:
741:
739:
729:
722:
720:
711:
704:
702:
692:
685:
683:
673:
666:
664:
654:
647:
644:
643:
642:
640:
637:
612:Linus van Pelt
601:
598:
577:", written by
520:Charles Wesley
492:
489:
466:
463:
451:La Flora Hours
396:Monza ampullae
311:Nativity scene
286:
283:
247:
244:
133:
130:
94:Gospel of Luke
75:
72:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4522:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4454:Latin Vulgate
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4350:(2007, radio)
4349:
4348:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
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4186:
4183:
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4171:
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4158:
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4155:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
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4122:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3989:Herod Antipas
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3822:Lord's Prayer
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3747:
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2019:
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1967:Moravian star
1965:
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1962:Midnight Mass
1960:
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1852:Candle arches
1850:
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1842:Advent wreath
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1837:Advent candle
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1656:Gift-bringers
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1521:Twelfth Night
1519:
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1482:Nativity Fast
1480:
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1440:Christmastide
1438:
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1415:Angel Gabriel
1413:
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1393:Biblical Magi
1391:
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1346:Christmas Eve
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1262:New Testament
1256:
1252:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1240:Life of Jesus
1232:
1224:
1223:0-7864-1808-7
1220:
1216:
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1208:
1205:
1201:
1200:0-87972-821-3
1197:
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1177:0-313-24658-0
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1154:0-313-29329-5
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889:0-8028-3512-0
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856:0-8028-4098-1
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766:St. Matthew's
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639:Image gallery
638:
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623:
622:Charlie Brown
619:
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362:Govert Flinck
359:
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177:
173:
169:
168:New Testament
165:
160:
158:
154:
150:
142:
138:
131:
129:
127:
123:
120:lying in the
119:
115:
111:
105:
103:
99:
95:
87:
84:
80:
73:
71:
69:
65:
64:Christian art
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
29:
26:
21:
4353:
4345:
4337:
4330:
4321:
4302:
4205:Jordan River
3999:Jesus Christ
3867:Resurrection
3827:Prodigal son
3751:Circumcision
3746:Jesus' Birth
3725:
3470:Remembrances
3348:
3316:Matthew 2:11
3311:Matthew 1:25
3306:Matthew 1:24
3301:Matthew 1:23
3296:Matthew 1:22
3291:Matthew 1:21
3286:Matthew 1:20
3281:Matthew 1:19
3276:Matthew 1:18
3241:Frankincense
3125:Christ Child
2996:Gefilte fish
2944:Ponche crema
2779:Melomakarono
2647:
2538:Cyber Monday
2443:
2408:
2377:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2319:Music books
2312:
2150:Nazi Germany
2042:
2038:Secret Santa
2025:
1912:Flying Santa
1619:Tió de Nadal
1569:Korvatunturi
1424:
1420:Annunciation
1386:Christianity
1367:Sol Invictus
1260:
1255:The Nativity
1238:
1212:
1207:
1189:
1184:
1166:
1161:
1156:, pp. 16–17.
1143:
1115:
1110:
1099:
1088:
1077:
1066:
1053:
1042:
1034:
1026:
1015:
992:
987:
976:
955:
911:
878:
845:
821:
796:
734:
715:
697:
678:
659:
626:
615:
610:
606:Samuel Morse
603:
591:
572:
561:
548:
529:
517:
513:Silent Night
494:
484:
483:of Handel's
474:
468:
459:Infant Jesus
450:
440:
425:
419:
408:Taddeo Gaddi
402:
400:
389:
383:
381:
372:
357:
341:
325:
308:
299:Taddeo Gaddi
279:
249:
235:
225:
212:
210:
185:
179:
171:
161:
146:
106:
91:
85:
35:
33:
4366:Manuscripts
4358:(2014 film)
4342:(1979 film)
4314:Adaptations
4230:Trachonitis
4084:Simon Peter
3852:Crucifixion
3842:Last Supper
3117:Holy Family
3011:Roast goose
2932:Mulled wine
2912:Champurrado
2907:Apple cider
2881:Bread sauce
2834:Szaloncukor
2814:Pumpkin pie
2764:Gingerbread
2718:Smörgåsbord
2359:Other media
2197:Philippines
2187:New Zealand
2070:Twelve Days
2027:Räuchermann
1982:Nutcrackers
1932:Las Posadas
1892:Decorations
1872:Christingle
1812:Zwarte Piet
1807:Snegurochka
1728:Sinterklaas
1678:Santa Claus
1211:Lewis Coe,
1006:. See also
938:Aland, Kurt
841:Aland, Kurt
581:during the
573:The carol "
443:Renaissance
50:, in which
4489:Categories
4449:Greek Text
4355:The Savior
4134:Samaritans
4089:Theophilus
3898:Magnificat
3888:Benedictus
3862:Empty tomb
3795:Beatitudes
3775:Temptation
3399:In culture
3255:Narratives
2739:Candy cane
2688:Joulupöytä
2588:Pikkujoulu
2252:New Mexico
2101:By country
2075:Wassailing
2016:Poinsettia
1823:Traditions
1775:Mrs. Claus
1755:Belsnickel
1708:Julemanden
1703:Joulupukki
1634:Wenceslaus
1599:North Pole
1564:Jack Frost
1554:Christkind
1509:Neapolitan
1332:Boxing Day
789:References
764:Window at
694:Carl Bloch
550:Nahum Tate
330:Three Magi
275:Three Magi
268:Magnificat
164:Greek text
4510:Shepherds
4373:Papyrus 2
4324:, BWV 246
4251:Luke–Acts
4200:Jerusalem
4180:Decapolis
4175:Capernaum
4170:Bethsaida
4139:Sanhedrin
4129:Sadducees
4124:Pharisees
4109:Zechariah
4074:Quirinius
3979:Elizabeth
3872:Ascension
3765:Genealogy
3722:Elizabeth
3482:Christmas
3271:Matthew 1
3218:Bethlehem
3184:Shepherds
3168:Balthazar
3026:Tourtière
3016:Romeritos
2953:Dumplings
2900:Beverages
2804:Pecan pie
2794:Panettone
2789:Pampushka
2784:Mince pie
2759:Fruitcake
2703:Réveillon
2583:NFL games
2578:NBA games
2573:In August
2543:Economics
2313:Billboard
2167:Indonesia
2110:Australia
2085:Yule goat
2060:Stockings
1994:Ornaments
1723:Père Noël
1718:Olentzero
1713:Noel Baba
1688:Ded Moroz
1644:Yule Lads
1584:Mari Lwyd
1435:Bethlehem
1312:Christmas
1202:, p. 171.
1057:See also
924:, p. 129.
891:, p. 111.
479:, and in
416:Rembrandt
315:Byzantine
252:Palestine
128:follows.
98:Bethlehem
83:Rembrandt
56:shepherds
28:miniature
4276:L source
4271:Q source
4029:Lysanias
3964:Caiaphas
3959:Augustus
3557:Chapters
3417:Batlejka
3158:Melchior
3059:Category
3030:meat pie
3021:Stuffing
2975:Varenyky
2844:Yule log
2819:Qurabiya
2693:Julebord
2666:Food and
2593:SantaCon
2558:El Gordo
2445:Yule Log
2217:Scotland
2130:Ethiopia
2115:Colombia
2090:Yule log
2044:Spanbaum
2021:Pyramids
1887:Crackers
1785:Sack Man
1671:folklore
1639:Yule cat
1544:Badalisc
1534:folklore
1445:Epiphany
1225:, p. 36.
1179:, p. 18.
1128:, p. 91.
1000:Archived
952:(1983).
777:See also
424:and the
403:Nativity
326:Nativity
260:Augustus
256:Nativity
176:genitive
4442:Sources
4239:Related
4220:Samaria
4190:Galilee
4165:Bethany
4160:Abilene
4104:Zebedee
4024:Lazarus
3984:Gabriel
3881:Phrases
3770:Baptism
3454:Serbian
3412:In film
3362:Related
2965:Pierogi
2960:Hallaca
2865:Borscht
2829:Stollen
2799:Pavlova
2774:Makówki
2754:Cozonac
2723:Wigilia
2608:Scrooge
2568:In July
2466:society
2398:Poetry
2232:Ukraine
2207:Romania
2172:Ireland
2162:Iceland
2157:Hungary
2145:Germany
2135:Finland
2125:England
2120:Denmark
2080:Windows
2011:Piñatas
1999:Parades
1952:Markets
1937:Letters
1927:Hampers
1770:Krampus
1609:Perchta
1549:Caganer
1265:Events
995:at the
750:Tiffany
485:Messiah
447:Orpheus
364:, 1639
301:in the
272:Gentile
232:Vulgate
166:of the
66:and of
25:Flemish
4326:(1730)
4195:Iturea
4185:Emmaus
4153:Places
4119:Angels
4115:Groups
4094:Thomas
4079:Simeon
4054:Naaman
4034:Martha
4009:Joseph
3974:Elisha
3944:Andrew
3939:Abijah
3932:People
3857:Burial
3711:Events
3690:Verses
3565:Luke 1
3477:Advent
3461:Others
3449:Vertep
3427:Szopka
3407:In art
3369:Manger
3344:Luke 2
3325:In art
3177:Others
3163:Caspar
3140:Joseph
3109:People
3036:Turkey
2970:Tamale
2927:Kissel
2917:Eggnog
2874:Sauces
2860:Menudo
2839:Turrón
2749:Cookie
2732:Sweets
2698:Kūčios
2679:Dinner
2553:Grinch
2464:modern
2431:Tomten
2390:Santa,
2373:novels
2291:Operas
2279:Carols
2247:Hawaii
2227:Sweden
2222:Serbia
2212:Russia
2202:Poland
2192:Norway
2182:Mexico
2140:France
2055:Stamps
2050:Szopka
1942:Lights
1897:Didukh
1733:Others
1683:Befana
1629:Vertep
1492:in art
1460:Joseph
1410:Advent
1221:
1198:
1175:
1152:
1124:
964:
920:
887:
853:
768:, 1912
737:, 1910
718:, 1902
700:, 1879
681:, 1875
662:, 1606
481:Part I
455:Naples
295:fresco
122:manger
114:Joseph
88:, 1634
52:angels
48:Luke 2
4339:Jesus
4210:Judea
3969:David
3954:Annas
3542:Bible
3437:theft
3246:Myrrh
3211:Place
3129:Jesus
2769:Kutia
2668:drink
2296:Songs
2270:Music
2177:Italy
2033:Seals
1987:dolls
1917:Gifts
1857:Cards
1760:Elves
1624:Turoń
1594:Nisse
1559:Grýla
1455:Jesus
495:Many
465:Music
322:icons
293:This
118:Jesus
102:angel
60:Jesus
44:Bible
4215:Nain
3949:Anna
3753:and
3236:Gold
3150:Magi
3135:Mary
2991:Carp
2853:Soup
2744:Cake
2655:Xmas
2284:list
2065:Tree
2004:list
1465:Mary
1374:Yule
1219:ISBN
1196:ISBN
1173:ISBN
1150:ISBN
1122:ISBN
1059:here
1008:here
962:ISBN
918:ISBN
885:ISBN
851:ISBN
522:'s "
414:and
264:Mary
226:The
147:The
112:and
110:Mary
34:The
4423:111
3001:Ham
1531:In
624:".
589:".
560:",
507:' "
453:in
441:In
346:of
336:by
297:by
223:).
221:ESV
217:NIV
46:in
4491::
4418:97
4413:82
4408:75
4403:69
4398:45
4393:42
3724:,
3720:,
3680:24
3675:23
3670:22
3665:21
3660:20
3655:19
3650:18
3645:17
3640:16
3635:15
3630:14
3625:13
3620:12
3615:11
3610:10
2634:")
2630:("
2462:In
1384:In
1253::
1133:^
1037:."
948:;
944:;
929:^
910:,
896:^
877:,
865:^
832:^
807:^
733:,
696:,
677:,
658:,
487:.
360:,
70:.
4388:7
4383:4
4378:3
3605:9
3600:8
3595:7
3590:6
3585:5
3580:4
3575:3
3570:2
3549:)
3545:(
3526:e
3519:t
3512:v
3327:)
3323:(
3131:)
3127:(
3094:e
3087:t
3080:v
3032:)
3028:(
2433:"
2429:"
2426:"
2422:"
2419:"
2415:"
2405:"
2401:"
2395:)
2315:)
1303:e
1296:t
1289:v
970:.
859:.
207:.
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