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374:. He was severely beaten, his hair and beard were cut and he was sent back for trial to his city of origin, Quixeramobim. The local judge, however, released Antônio Conselheiro due to the absence of any criminal charges against him. Antônio returned immediately to Bahia and restarted his wandering and preaching. He vowed to construct 21
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even occurred. Antônio
Conselheiro and his followers did what they could to diminish the extreme suffering of the poor people, adding more and more admirers and followers to his group. The sense of an impending end of the world and that the only salvation could come through religion were strong
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and mandatory religious activities. He also gave a measure of personal freedom from injustice and oppression by landlords and governmental authorities. The fame of
Canudos spread rapidly throughout the Northeast, as being a promised land of "milk and honey". Former black slaves, uprooted
481:. Antônio Conselheiro was strongly against slavery, and had preached and written about it, incurring the wrath of farmers and authorities. The number of his flocks increased dramatically, and it is estimated that over 80% were former slaves. In addition, he considered that monarchy was a
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started to come in droves to
Canudos. By one year later, Canudos already had 8,000 new residents; by 1895 its population had grown to more than 30,000 and more than 5,000 dwellings. Two churches and one school were also built and commerce and agriculture became more organised.
422:. Due to his increasing criticism of the official Church, and his open preachings in the small churches of the backlands, in 1882 the Archbishop of Bahia issued an order forbidding priests to allow him access to the flocks and characterising Antônio Conselheiro as an
442:, by an act signed by his daughter, Princess Isabel. More than five million black people were suddenly free, and they abandoned the farms and swelled enormously the rural and urban ranks of extremely poor inhabitants. Tens of thousands of farmers went bankrupt and
305:, Ceará, he had a third child, a son named Joaquim Aprígio, after a brief affair with a local artist named Joana Imaginária. He was restless, however, and started to wander around the country, from 1865 to 1869, and then from 1871 and afterwards.
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He was tall and thin, with long black hair and beard, always dressed in a rough blue tunic, a straw hat and leather sandals, carrying a necklace with a wooden cross, Antônio Maciel cut an impressive figure, reminding people of
297:). Already with two children, he was cheated on by his wife in 1861, and disillusioned and depressed, he separated from them and retired to a farm, working as a rural teacher, and devoting himself more and more to Christian
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and maltreatment by their stepmother. Antônio went to study with his grandfather, Manoel Antônio
Ferreira Nobre, who was a teacher in Quixeramobim. He developed well as a serious, quiet and hard-working pupil, studying
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285:. In 1855 his father died and he assumed the family's business, striving to get his sisters married. In 1857, Antônio himself married Brasilina Laurentina de Lima and began working as a
624:. His death was the beginning of Canudos' defeat, which eventually brought about the brutal death of more than 50% of the city's inhabitants during the military operations and ensuing
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In 1888 and 1889, Brazil went through the most revolutionary and far-reaching social, economic and political changes of its history since
Europeans settled in 1500. On May 13, 1888,
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troubled by the death, hunger and suffering of his followers. Due to this severe fasting, he died on
September 22, 1897, at the age 67. The cause of death was probably
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which were so common in these regions. After the death of his mother in 1834, his father married again, and Antônio and his two sisters suffered with the father's
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Antônio
Conselheiro decided then to retreat and to establish in 1893 a permanent place for his growing band of now quasi-insurrectionaries. Near the city of
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In
Canudos, Antônio Conselheiro, aided by a local government by committee, composed by 12 "apostles", or elders, established a communitarian society, with
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The massive presence of such kinds of people started to cause much fear and trouble in the region, since many of the new residents were not-so-peaceful "
248:. His infancy was marked by a bloody feud with the powerful family of the Araújos, causing many deaths in both families, following the tragic cycle of
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713:"...a thousand flocks shall run from the seacoast to the backlands; and then the backlands will turn into seacoast and the seacoast into backlands."
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215:(1896–1897), a civil rebellion against the central government which was brutally stamped out with the loss of more than 25,000 lives.
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Canudos was insufficient to calm the population and one of them mistakenly accused Antônio Conselheiro of trying to raise a
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717:"...há de vir rebanhos mil correndo do centro da Praia para o sertão então o sertão virará Praia e a Praia virará sertão."
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Besides his written preachings, Antônio
Conselheiro left only one religious treatise, written in May 1895 and titled
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Finally, in 1893, violence erupted. Protesting against taxes levied by the new Republican government in
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232:, Antônio Maciel was the son of Maria Joaquina de Jesus and Vicente Mendes Maciel, a rugged family of
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534:), in an area named Canudos. It was set in an abandoned farm amid several mountain ranges, near the
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686:. The story of Antônio Maciel, and the founding of, and war on, Canudos is also told in the novel
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between Church and State, was morally wrong and would wreck the country and family, a kind of new
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Apontamentos dos Preceitos da Divina Lei de Nosso Senhor Jesus Cristo, para a Salvação dos Homens
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almost stopped for a while, particularly for cash crops which required intensive labor, such as
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All was set for the start of military aggression against the largely peaceful settlement.
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as proof of his death and displayed as a trophy. It was examined by forensic expert, Dr.
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His body was found and identified by military surgeons. His head was cut off and sent to
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The only known photograph of Antônio Conselheiro, taken after his death in September 1897
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merchant, its mayor appealed hysterically to the provincial government. A visit by two
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and religious leader. He was called alternatively by the simple people of the region as
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was proclaimed, further adding instability and strife to the already torn-up country.
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began in the Northeast. It would last two years killing more than 300,000 peasants by
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and proceeded to do so in 12 cities in the backlands of the provinces of Bahia and
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In 1874, Antônio Conselheiro began to attract the attention of authorities and the
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The story of Antônio Conselheiro and the War of Canudos has been dramatized in
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Antônio Conselheiro, Santo Conselheiro, Bom Jesus, o Peregrino (the Pilgrim)
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A Brazilian Mystic: Being the Life and Miracles of Antonio Conselheiro
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at the time. On November 15, 1889, the Emperor was deposed by a
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The abolition of slavery and the proclamation of the Republic
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committed by the army against the civilian population.
700:. The Scottish author R. B. Cunninghame Graham wrote
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and of the official currency, prohibition of taverns,
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João Lustosa da Cunha Paranaguá, Marquis of Paranaguá
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612:that followed, Antônio Conselheiro spent his time
545:and produce, common property, abolition of civil
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582:by the "Conselhistas", who had a dispute with a
192:, in English "Anthony the Counselor", real name
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196:(March 13, 1830 – September 22, 1897), was a
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393:In 1877, one of the periodical catastrophic
990:Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias
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761:. São Paulo: Cultrix, 1975 (in Portuguese)
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477:All this was important to the make-up of
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
1041:1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum
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414:. Conselheiro was widely regarded as a
833:Brazilian Patrianovist Imperial Action
358:and common folk of small villages and
1172:Brazilian Christian religious leaders
945:José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco
775:Works by or about Antônio Conselheiro
438:was abolished by the ruling Emperor,
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44:adding citations to reliable sources
485:, and that the Republic, with its
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960:Luiz Philippe of Orléans-Braganza
362:. In 1876 he was arrested by the
1096:Prince Pedro Carlos (since 2007)
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675:The War of the End of the World
31:needs additional citations for
843:Diretório Monárquico do Brasil
748:. Chicago: Phoenix Books, 1944
566:and impoverished and landless
207:and founder of the village of
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293:and lay counselor (poorman's
194:Antônio Vicente Mendes Maciel
144:Antônio Vicente Mendes Maciel
848:Imperial Patrianovist Guard
672:). He is also portrayed in
410:incentives to the surge of
346:Trouble with law and Church
165:22 September 1897 (aged 67)
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1202:Brazilian anti-capitalists
1121:List of monarchs of Brazil
853:National Restorative Union
741:Rebellion in the Backlands
664:Rebellion in the Backlands
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608:During the heavy military
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1167:Brazilian Roman Catholics
985:José Bonifácio de Andrada
970:Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira
860:
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1207:People from Quixeramobim
1035:Revolta de Ribeirãozinho
965:Arlindo Veiga dos Santos
318:. Gradually he became a
173:First Brazilian Republic
1162:Brazilian abolitionists
682:by the Peruvian writer
637:Raimundo Nina Rodrigues
462:, the mainstays of the
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332:Santo Antônio dos Mares
1192:Self-declared messiahs
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899:Moderate Liberal Party
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1182:Deaths from dysentery
1177:Brazilian monarchists
1023:Federalist Revolution
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340:Bom Jesus Conselheiro
55:"Antônio Conselheiro"
1126:Monarchism in Brazil
757:CUNHA, Euclides da.
522:Antônio Conselheiro.
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698:Guram Dochanashvili
328:Antônio Conselheiro
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122:Antônio Conselheiro
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401:and
388:dams
281:and
252:and
162:Died
140:Born
59:news
817:in
662:'s
366:in
338:or
42:by
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807:e
800:t
793:v
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103:(
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