Caracalla - Knowledge (XXG)

1865:. Historian Andrew G. Scott suggests that Dio's work is frequently considered the best source for this period. However, historian Clare Rowan questions Dio's accuracy on the topic of Caracalla, referring to the work as having presented a hostile attitude towards Caracalla and thus needing to be treated with caution. An example of this hostility is found in one section where Dio notes that Caracalla is descended from three different races and that he managed to combine all of their faults into one person: the fickleness, cowardice, and recklessness of the Gauls, the cruelty and harshness of the Africans, and the craftiness that is associated with the Syrians. Despite this, the outline of events as presented by Dio are described by Rowan as generally accurate, while the motivations that Dio suggests are of questionable origin. An example of this is his presentation of the Edict of Caracalla; the motive that Dio appends to this event is Caracalla's desire to increase tax revenue. Olivier Hekster, Nicholas Zair, and Rowan challenge this presentation because the majority of people who were enfranchised by the edict would have been poor. In her work, Rowan also describes Herodian's depiction of Caracalla: more akin to a soldier than an emperor. 1151: 1105: 1832: 248: 1745: 1896: 1853:

of the soldiery over the senators, a depiction that made him even less popular with the senatorial biographers. Dio explicitly presented Caracalla as an emperor who marched with the soldiers and behaved like a soldier. Dio also often referred to Caracalla's large military expenditures and the subsequent financial problems this caused. These traits dominate Caracalla's image in the surviving classical literature. The Baths of Caracalla are presented in classical literature as unprecedented in scale, and impossible to build if not for the use of reinforced concrete. The Edict of Caracalla, issued in 212, however, goes almost unnoticed in classical records.

1824:. Macrinus, in an effort to placate the Senate, instead ordered the secret removal of statues of Caracalla from public view. After his death, the public made comparisons between him and other condemned emperors and called for the horse race celebrating his birthday to be abolished and for gold and silver statues dedicated to him to be melted down. These events were, however, limited in scope; most erasures of his name from inscriptions were either accidental or occurred as a result of re-use. Macrinus had Caracalla deified and commemorated on coins as 53: 818: 842: 1212:

public service and gave increased revenue through the inheritance and emancipation taxes that only had to be paid by Roman citizens. However, few of those that gained citizenship were wealthy, and while it is true that Rome was in a difficult financial situation, it is thought that this could not have been the sole purpose of the edict. The provincials also benefited from this edict because they were now able to think of themselves as equal partners to the Romans in the empire.

739: 1736:, Caracalla's successor, saw the opportunity to use Martialis to end Caracalla's reign. In the immediate aftermath of Caracalla's death, his murderer, Martialis, was killed as well. When Caracalla was murdered, Julia Domna was in Antioch sorting out correspondence, removing unimportant messages from the bunch so that when Caracalla returned, he would not be overburdened with duties. Three days later, Macrinus declared himself emperor with the support of the Roman army. 1383: 1606:). He lavished many benefits on the army, which he both feared and admired, in accordance with the advice given by his father on his deathbed always to heed the welfare of the soldiers and ignore everyone else. Caracalla needed to gain and keep the trust of the military, and he did so with generous pay raises and popular gestures. He spent much of his time with the soldiers, so much so that he began to imitate their dress and adopt their manners. 3417: 1268: 1942:. Caracalla's visibility was influenced by the existence of several literary sources in French that included both translations of ancient works and contemporary works of the time. Caracalla's likeness was readily available to the painters due to the distinct style of his portraiture and his unusual soldier-like choice of fashion that distinguished him from other emperors. The artworks may have served as a warning that 1333: 1444: 1680:, a marriage proposal between himself and the king's daughter. Artabanus refused the offer, realizing that the proposal was merely an attempt to unite the kingdom of Parthia under the control of Rome. In response, Caracalla used the opportunity to start a campaign against the Parthians. That summer Caracalla began to attack the countryside east of the Tigris in the 3389: 1020:

with thinkers and writers from all over the empire. While Caracalla was mustering and training troops for his planned Persian invasion, Julia remained in Rome, administering the empire. Julia's growing influence in state affairs was the beginning of a trend of emperors' mothers having influence, which continued throughout the Severan dynasty.

1204: – Romans, or their descendants, living in the provinces, the inhabitants of various cities throughout the Empire – and small numbers of local nobles such as kings of client countries. Provincials, on the other hand, were usually non-citizens, although some magistrates and their families and relatives held the 1793:

their father, an effort that came to naught when he was murdered. Caracalla's presentation on coins during the period of his co-reign with his father, from 198 to 210, are in broad terms in line with the third-century imperial representation; most coin types communicate military and religious messages, with other coins giving messages of

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Asante and Shaza Ismail note that Caracalla is known for the disgraceful nature of his rule, stating that "he rode the horse of power until it nearly died of exhaustion" and that though his rule was short, his life, personality, and acts made him a notable, though likely not beneficial, figure in the Roman Empire.

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This representation is questioned by the historian Shamus Sillar, who cites the construction of roads and reinforcement of fortifications in the western provinces, among other things, as being contradictory to the representation made by Gibbon of cruelty and destruction. The history professors Molefi

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Caracalla has had a reputation as being among the worst of Roman emperors, a perception that survives even into modern works. The art and linguistics historian John Agnew and the writer Walter Bidwell describe Caracalla as having an evil spirit, referring to the devastation he wrought in Alexandria.

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During Caracalla's sole reign, from 212 to 217, a significant shift in representation took place. The majority of coins produced during this period made associations with divinity or had religious messages; others had non-specific and unique messages that were only circulated during Caracalla's sole

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Between the death of the father and the assassination of Geta towards the end of 211, Caracalla's portrait remains static with a short full beard while Geta develops a long beard with hair strains like his father. The latter was a strong indicator of Geta's effort to be seen as the true successor to

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Caracalla's official portrayal as sole emperor marks a break from the detached images of the philosopher-emperors who preceded him: his close-cropped haircut is that of a soldier, his pugnacious scowl a realistic and threatening presence. This rugged soldier-emperor, an iconic archetype, was adopted

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in 212, which he dedicated to Serapis. A fragmented inscription found in the church of Sant' Agata dei Goti in Rome records the construction, or possibly restoration, of a temple dedicated to the god Serapis. The inscription bears the name "Marcus Aurelius Antoninus", a reference to either Caracalla

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against Geta and the large payments Caracalla had made to his own supporters were designed to protect himself from possible repercussions. After this had succeeded, Caracalla felt the need to repay the gods of Rome by returning the favour to the people of Rome through a similarly grand gesture. This

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as a cruel tyrant and savage ruler. This portrayal of Caracalla is only further supported by the murder of his brother Geta and the subsequent massacre of Geta's supporters that Caracalla ordered. Alongside this, these contemporary sources present Caracalla as a "soldier-emperor" for his preference

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AD. Upon Caracalla's ascension to being sole ruler in 212, the imperial mint began striking coins bearing Serapis' image. This was a reflection of the god's central role during Caracalla's reign. After Geta's death, the weapon that had killed him was dedicated to Serapis by Caracalla. This was most

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These large baths were typical of the Roman practice of building complexes for social and state activities in large densely populated cities. The baths covered around 50 acres (or 202,000 square metres) of land and could accommodate around 1,600 bathers at any one time. They were the second largest

1981:, takes Caracalla's reputation, which he had received for the murder of Geta and subsequent massacre of Geta's supporters, and applied it to Caracalla's provincial tours, suggesting that "every province was by turn the scene of his rapine and cruelty". Gibbon compared Caracalla to emperors such as 1882:

makes Caracalla a king of Britain, referring to him by his actual name "Bassianus", rather than by the nickname Caracalla. In the story, after Severus' death the Romans wanted to make Geta king of Britain, but the Britons preferred Bassianus because he had a British mother. The two brothers fought

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During the reign of his father, Caracalla's mother Julia Domna had played a prominent public role, receiving titles of honour such as "Mother of the camp", but she also played a role behind the scenes helping her husband administer the empire. Described as ambitious, Julia Domna surrounded herself

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In 205, Caracalla was consul for the second time, in company with Geta – his brother's first consulship. By 205, aged 16, Caracalla had got Plautianus executed for treason, though he had probably fabricated the evidence of the plot. It was then that he banished his wife, whose later killing might

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Dio maintains that one purpose for Caracalla issuing the edict was the desire to increase state revenue; at the time, Rome was in a difficult financial situation and needed to pay for the new pay raises and benefits that were being conferred on the military. The edict widened the obligation for

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When Geta died in 211, Julia Domna's responsibilities increased, because Caracalla found administrative tasks to be mundane. She may have taken on one of the more important civil functions of the emperor; receiving petitions and answering correspondence. The extent of her role in this position,

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is considered by historians as the least trustworthy for all accounts of events, historiography, and biographies among the ancient works and is full of fabricated materials and sources. The works of Herodian of Antioch are, by comparison, "far less fantastic" than the stories presented by the

1251:. During the campaign of 213–214, Caracalla successfully defeated some of the Germanic tribes while settling other difficulties through diplomacy, though precisely with whom these treaties were made remains unknown. While there, Caracalla strengthened the frontier fortifications of Raetia and 1215:

Another purpose for issuing the edict, as described within the papyrus upon which part of the edict was inscribed, was to appease the gods who had delivered Caracalla from conspiracy. The conspiracy in question was in response to Caracalla's murder of Geta and the subsequent slaughter of his

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When the inhabitants of Alexandria heard of Caracalla's claims that he had killed his brother Geta in self-defence, they produced a satire mocking this as well as Caracalla's other pretensions. Caracalla responded to this insult by slaughtering the deputation of leading citizens who had

1968:, as brutal and tyrannical and points towards psychopathy as an explanation for his behaviour. The historian Clifford Ando supports this description, suggesting that Caracalla's rule as sole emperor is notable "almost exclusively" for his crimes of theft, massacre, and mismanagement. 1993:

whose entire reigns were confined to Rome and whose actions only impacted upon the senatorial and equestrian classes residing there. Gibbon then concluded that Caracalla was "the common enemy of mankind", as both Romans and provincials alike were subject to "his rapine and cruelty".

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however, is probably overstated. She may have represented her son and played a role in meetings and answering queries; however, the final authority on legal matters was Caracalla. The emperor filled all of the roles in the legal system as judge, legislator, and administrator.

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pronounced by the Senate against his brother's memory. Geta's image was removed from all paintings, coins were melted down, statues were destroyed, his name was struck from papyrus records, and it became a capital offence to speak or write Geta's name. In the aftermath of the

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in Alexandria were apparently renovated during Caracalla's co-rule with his father Septimius Severus. The evidence for this exists in two inscriptions found near the temple that appear to bear their names. Additional archaeological evidence exists for this in the form of two

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Another purpose for issuing the edict might have been related to the fact that the periphery of the empire was now becoming central to its existence, and the granting of citizenship may have been simply a logical outcome of Rome's continued expansion of citizenship rights.

1431:, but more likely to Caracalla due to his known strong association with the god. Two other inscriptions dedicated to Serapis, as well as a granite crocodile similar to one discovered at the Iseum et Serapeum, were also found in the area around the Quirinal Hill. 1127:

loyal to 23 y.o. Caracalla. Geta died in his mother's arms. It is widely accepted, and clearly most likely, that Caracalla ordered the assassination himself, as the two had never been on favourable terms with one another, much less after succeeding their father.

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The way Caracalla wanted to be portrayed to his people can be seen through the many surviving busts and coins. Images of the young Caracalla cannot be clearly distinguished from his younger brother Geta. On the coins, Caracalla was shown laureate after becoming

1092:. During the journey back from Britain to Rome with their father's ashes, Caracalla and his brother continuously argued with one another, making relations between them increasingly hostile. Caracalla and Geta considered dividing the empire in half along the 1189:(lit. "Constitution of Antoninus", also called "Edict of Caracalla" or "Antonine Constitution") was an edict issued in 212 by Caracalla declaring that all free men in the Roman Empire were to be given full Roman citizenship, with the exception of the 1954:

that it eventually became. Wood also notes the similarity between Caracalla and his crimes leading to his assassination and the eventual uprising against, and death of, King Louis XVI: both rulers had died as a result of their apparent tyranny.

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are named for Caracalla, though it is most probable that his father was responsible for their planning. In 216, a partial inauguration of the baths took place, but the outer perimeter of the baths was not completed until the reign of

1374:, steam rooms, libraries, meeting rooms, fountains, and other amenities, all of which were enclosed within formal gardens. The interior spaces were decorated with colourful marble floors, columns, mosaics, and colossal statuary. 1724:

at the hands of the Parthians. After stopping briefly to urinate, Caracalla was approached by a soldier, Justin Martialis, and stabbed to death. Martialis had been incensed by Caracalla's refusal to grant him the position of

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started the legend of Caracalla's role as king of Britain. Later, in the 18th century, the works of French painters revived images of Caracalla due to apparent parallels between Caracalla's tyranny and that ascribed to king

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being the name of the short Gaulish cloak that he made fashionable, and he often wore a blond wig. Dio mentions that when Caracalla was a boy, he had a tendency to show an angry or even savage facial expression.

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The expenditures that Caracalla made with the large bonuses he gave to soldiers prompted him to debase the coinage soon after his ascension. At the end of Severus' reign and early into Caracalla's, the Roman

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were an intermediate or probationary stage for non-Romans obtaining full Roman citizenship. Aside from the right to vote, and ability to pursue a political office, the Latin Rights were just a limited Roman

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could become the horror of tyranny and that disaster could come about if the regime failed to reform. Art historian Susan Wood suggests that this reform was for the absolute monarchy to become a

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The reduced silver purity of the coins caused people to hoard the old coins that had higher silver content, aggravating the inflation problem caused by the earlier devaluation of the

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Before 212, the majority of Roman citizens had been inhabitants of Roman Italia, with about 4–7% of all peoples in the Roman Empire being Roman citizens at the time of the death of

2571: 2026: 1613:. He began openly mimicking Alexander in his personal style. In planning his invasion of the Parthian Empire, Caracalla decided to arrange 16,000 of his men in Macedonian-style 2333: 576:. Julia Domna had a significant share in governance, since Caracalla found administration to be mundane. His reign featured domestic instability and external invasions by the 1914:

Caracalla's memory was revived in the art of late eighteenth-century French painters. His tyrannical career became the subject of the work of several French painters such as

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has two possible meanings, both with military connotations. The first refers merely to the Roman battle line and does not specifically mean that the men were armed with

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Giessen Papyrus, 40,7-9 "I grant to all the inhabitants of the Empire the Roman citizenship and no one remains outside a civitas, with the exception of the dediticii"

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unsuspectingly assembled before the city to greet his arrival in December 215, before setting his troops against Alexandria for several days of looting and plunder.

8447: 8452: 247: 8377: 6828: 1142:, an estimated 20,000 people were massacred. Those killed were Geta's inner circle of guards and advisers, friends, and other military staff under his employ. 6126: 4399: 6321:

Porträttypen des Caracalla und des Geta auf Römischen Reichsprägungen – Definition eines neuen Caesartyps des Caracalla und eines neuen Augustustyps des Geta

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Porträttypen des Caracalla und des Geta auf Römischen Reichsprägungen – Definition eines neuen Caesartyps des Caracalla und eines neuen Augustustyps des Geta

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after his assassination; while the Senate disliked him, his popularity with the military prevented Macrinus and the Senate from openly declaring him to be a

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to make their co-rule less hostile. Caracalla was to rule in the west and Geta was to rule in the east. They were persuaded not to do this by their mother.

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In spring 216 he returned to Antioch and before 27 May had set out to lead his Roman army against the Parthians. During the winter of 215/216 he was in

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Caracalla's mania for Alexander went so far that he visited Alexandria while preparing for his Persian invasion and persecuted philosophers of the

1081: 8347: 8332: 7473: 3313: 3358: 1895: 8362: 6918: 1828:. There does not appear to have been any intentional mutilation of Caracalla in any images that were created during his reign as sole emperor. 8267: 8135: 6914: 6448: 6429: 6410: 6365: 6291: 6214: 6089: 6013: 5985: 5938: 5919: 5893: 5872: 5853: 5834: 5733: 5685: 5592: 5489: 5378: 5353: 5310: 5075: 5050: 4958: 4912: 4616: 4589: 4292: 4090: 4054: 4018: 3990: 3915: 3841: 3798: 3642: 3581: 3290: 8442: 7480: 2012: 6666: 6832: 5695:

Asante, Molefi K.; Shaza, Ismail (2016). "Interrogating the African Roman Emperor Caracalla: Claiming and Reclaiming an African Leader".

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Asante, Molefi K.; Ismail, Shaza (2016). "Interrogating the African Roman Emperor Caracalla: Claiming and Reclaiming an African Leader".

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In spring 214, Caracalla departed for the eastern provinces, travelling through the Danubian provinces and the Anatolian provinces of

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hooded tunic that he habitually wore and made fashionable. He may have begun wearing it during his campaigns on the Rhine and Danube.

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Bassianus. He was renamed Marcus Aurelius Antoninus at the age of seven as part of his father's attempt at union with the families of

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In 213, about a year after Geta's death, Caracalla left Rome, never to return. He went north to the German frontier to deal with the

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who carried their equipment suspended from a long pole, which were in use until at least the 2nd century AD. As a consequence, the

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After Caracalla concluded his campaign against the Alamanni, it became evident that he was inordinately preoccupied with emulating

899:) in 197, possibly on his birthday, 4 April, and certainly before 7 May. He thus technically became a part of the well-remembered 678:). Modern works continue to portray Caracalla as an evil ruler, painting him as one of the most tyrannical of all Roman emperors. 8412: 1931: 1112: 1049: 8432: 8407: 8397: 8387: 8069: 8052: 7879: 7867: 1552:. This new currency, however, had a silver purity of about 52% for the period between 215 and 217 and an actual size ratio of 1 6568: 1539:

had an approximate silver purity of around 55%, but by the end of Caracalla's reign the purity had been reduced to about 51%.

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Impact of Empire: Coining Images of Power: Patterns in the Representation of Roman Emperors on Imperial Coinage, A.D. 193–284

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that have been dated to the Severan period and also two statues associated with the temple that have been dated to around 200

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in 209. The two brothers briefly shared power after their father's death in 211, but Caracalla soon had Geta murdered by the

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Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper

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Except where otherwise noted, the notes below indicate that an individual's parentage is as shown in the above family tree.

1063:, Caracalla and his brother, Geta, as joint inheritors of their father's throne and empire. Caracalla adopted his father's 1009:, the tenth anniversary of the beginning of his reign. The year 208 was the year of his third and Geta's second consulship. 8402: 8255: 8081: 7908: 7874: 7838: 7727: 6762: 6646: 2628: 1935: 476: 7896: 6941: 6846: 2841: 1883:

until Geta was killed and Bassianus succeeded to the throne, after which he ruled until he was overthrown and killed by

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The Illustrated History of the Roman Empire: From Caesar's Crossing the Rubicon (49 BC) to the Empire's Fall, 476 AD

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Tuori, Kaius (2016). "Judge Julia Domna? A Historical Mystery and the Emergence of Imperial Legal Administration".

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Tuori, Kaius (2016). "Judge Julia Domna? A Historical Mystery and the Emergence of Imperial Legal Administration".

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On 26 December 211, at a reconciliation meeting arranged by their mother, Geta was assassinated by members of the

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having made the phalanx an obsolete tactical formation. The historian Christopher Matthew mentions that the term

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The Illustrated History of the Roman Empire: From Caesar's Crossing the Rubicon (49 Bc) to Empire's Fall, 476 Ad

615:, the second-largest bathing complex in the history of Rome, the introduction of a new Roman currency named the 8427: 8392: 8204: 8157: 7704: 7351: 5625: 5147: 989: 631:. He did not see this campaign through to completion due to his assassination by a disaffected soldier in 217. 608: 469: 421: 6441:

Pepouza and Tymion: The Discovery and Archaeological Exploration of a Lost Ancient City and an Imperial Estate

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Pepouza and Tymion: The Discovery and Archaeological Exploration of a Lost Ancient City and an Imperial Estate

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At the beginning of 217, Caracalla was still based at Edessa before renewing hostilities against Parthia. On 8

817: 796:, with whom Caracalla briefly ruled as co-emperor. Caracalla was five years old when his father was acclaimed 6786: 6525:

Wood, Susan (2010). "Caracalla and the French Revolution: A Roman tyrant in eighteenth-century iconography".

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Wood, Susan (2010). "Caracalla and the French Revolution: A Roman tyrant in eighteenth-century iconography".

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In early 195, Caracalla's father Septimius Severus had himself adopted posthumously by the deified emperor (

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during Caracalla's reign, generally referred to him as "Tarautas", after a famously diminutive and violent

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Under Divine Auspices: Divine Ideology and the Visualisation of Imperial Power in the Severan Period

6060: 4862: 1462: 8327: 8322: 8130: 8115: 8093: 8028: 8017: 7972: 7918: 7408: 7346: 7309: 3394: 1923: 1887:. However, Carausius' revolt actually happened about seventy years after Caracalla's death in 217. 1685: 1610: 1475: 1452: 1280: 627:, and the massacres he ordered, both in Rome and elsewhere in the empire. In 216, Caracalla began 8317: 8177: 8120: 8064: 8046: 8035: 7997: 7967: 7845: 7563: 7467: 7217: 7186: 7179: 6884: 6800: 6475: 6251: 6047: 5802: 5760: 5712: 5642: 5180: 5141: 4786: 4644: 4265: 4178: 4128: 2913: 1749: 1730: 1391: 1344: 1337: 1327: 612: 600: 6658: 4671: 4665: 4544: 4538: 5042: 5036: 4950: 4944: 4082: 4076: 4046: 4040: 3982: 3976: 3907: 3901: 3634: 3628: 1676:, intended to bring more territory under direct Roman control. He offered the king of Parthia, 1586:

During his reign as emperor, Caracalla raised the annual pay of an average legionary from 2000

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The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Second Jewish Revolt Against Rome

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The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Second Jewish Revolt Against Rome

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followers; fratricide would only have been condoned if his brother had been a tyrant. The

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211, both brothers are shown as mature young men who were ready to take over the empire.

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throughout the Roman Empire. The edict gave all the enfranchised men Caracalla's adopted

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Ancient Roman Statutes: A Translation with Introduction, Commentary, Glossary, and Index

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Beyond Dogmatics: Law and Society in the Roman World: Law and Society in the Roman World

5666: 5104:"Metropolitan Museum of Art: Portrait head of the Emperor Caracalla". acc. no. 40.11.1a" 4374: 4368: 4344:

Ancient Roman Statutes: A Translation with Introduction, Commentary, Glossary, and Index

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Beyond Dogmatics: Law and Society in the Roman World: Law and Society in the Roman World

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had poisoned Alexander. This was a sign of Caracalla's increasingly erratic behaviour.

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Oman, C. (1916). "The Decline and Fall of the Denarius in the Third Century A.D.".

1708:

April 217 Caracalla, who had just turned 29, was travelling to visit a temple near

1672:

In 216, Caracalla pursued a series of aggressive campaigns in the east against the

1544: 1419:

likely done to cast Serapis into the role of Caracalla's protector from treachery.

976: 617: 573: 17: 6471: 4166: 1332: 983:

the previous year. His colleague was his father, serving his own third consulship.

948:. In inscriptions, Caracalla is given from 198 the title of the chief priesthood, 564:. Severus proclaimed Caracalla co-ruler in 198, doing the same with his other son 5883: 3659: 3280: 1985:

who spent their careers campaigning in the provinces and then to tyrants such as

958:

on the same day, and their father Septimius Severus was awarded the victory name

7886: 7761: 7711: 7636: 7210: 7157: 7100: 6595: 4727: 3684: 3661:

The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio's Roman History

2621: 2611: 1495: 1205: 1155: 1085: 781: 717: 662:

240) present him as a soldier first and an emperor second. In the 12th century,

639: 561: 369: 230: 189: 6489:

Mutilation and transformation: damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial portraiture

5244:

Mutilation and transformation: damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial portraiture

5163:

Mutilation and transformation: damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial portraiture

4664:

Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro; Gargola, Daniel J; Talbert, Richard J. A. (2004).

4537:

Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro; Gargola, Daniel J; Talbert, Richard J. A. (2004).

4111:

Mutilation and transformation: damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial portraiture

1748:

This medallion exemplifies the typical manner in which Caracalla was depicted (

1443: 1131:

Caracalla then persecuted and executed most of Geta's supporters and ordered a

611:: "Marcus Aurelius". Other landmarks of his reign were the construction of the 7942: 7857: 7822: 7787: 7699: 7614: 7374: 7367: 7314: 7294: 7239: 7204: 7197: 7142: 7107: 6970: 5781:

Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro; Gargola, Daniel, J; Talbert, Richard J.A (2004).

4013:(in German). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. pp. 156–161. 3836:(in German). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. pp. 149–155. 3793:(in German). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. pp. 156–161. 3384: 3099: 1641:

may not have been pikemen, but rather standard battle line troops or possibly

1618: 1587: 1502: 1428: 1300: 1005: 828: 383: 6375: 6274: 5708: 5638: 4174: 3368: 1768:

Herodian describes Caracalla as having preferred northern European clothing,

7689: 7641: 7551: 7538: 7325: 7254: 7227: 7222: 7191: 7137: 7020: 7015: 6619: 3282:

The Crimes of Elagabalus: The Life and Legacy of Rome's Decadent Boy Emperor

1884: 1753: 1726: 1655: 1367: 1284: 1093: 944: 931: 725: 668: 638:

The ancient sources portray Caracalla as a cruel tyrant; his contemporaries

604: 6141: 4414: 918:

and full emperor from 28 January 198. This was the day Septimius Severus's

6106:

Johnson, Allan; Coleman-Norton, Paul; Bourne, Frank; Pharr, Clyde (1961).

4342:

Johnson, Allan; Coleman-Norton, Paul; Bourne, Frank; Pharr, Clyde (1961).

7957: 7739: 7631: 7584: 7544: 7526: 7446: 7381: 7361: 7331: 7304: 7299: 7284: 7274: 7244: 7152: 7147: 7095: 7070: 7065: 7030: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6906: 6743: 6394:

Quinquennium in provinciis: Caracalla and Imperial Administration 212–217

6358:

Change and Discontinuity Within the Severan Dynasty: The Case of Macrinus

6226:

An Invincible Beast: Understanding the Hellenistic Pike Phalanx in Action

5743:

Benario, Herbert (1954). "The Dediticii of the Constitutio Antoniniana".

5610:

Quinquennium in provinciis: Caracalla and Imperial Administration 212–217

5570:

Quinquennium in provinciis: Caracalla and Imperial Administration 212–217

5525:

Quinquennium in provinciis: Caracalla and Imperial Administration 212–217

5001:

An Invincible Beast: Understanding the Hellenistic Pike Phalanx in Action

4248:

Benario, Herbert (1954). "The Dediticii of the Constitutio Antoniniana".

1990: 1951: 1733: 1535: 1518: 1456: 1406: 1234: 1197: 1065: 1041: 754: 728:

of the time, though he also calls him "Caracallus" in various occasions.

651: 632: 623: 352: 141: 98: 5207:. Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt des RGZM Mainz 43. pp. 99–116. 4790: 1848:

Caracalla is presented in the ancient sources of Dio, Herodian, and the

1397:

At the outset of his reign, Caracalla declared imperial support for the

7891: 7594: 7501: 7414: 7269: 7045: 6150: 6051: 4423: 1982: 1709: 1673: 1643: 1614: 1594: 1492: 1411: 1402: 1387: 1363: 1349: 1288: 883:); accordingly, in 195 or 196 Caracalla was given the imperial rank of 709: 205: 158: 31: 5764: 4269: 3454:

Coloniae were cities of Roman citizens founded in conquered provinces.

1765:, who were dependent on the support of the troops to rule the empire. 7663: 7520: 7402: 7174: 7040: 5745:

Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association

4250:

Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association

1907: 1713: 1693: 1514: 1499: 1311: 1248: 852: 832: 785: 154: 6043: 4779:

The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society

1629:, and the second bears similarity to the 'Marian Mules' of the late 1287:. By 4 April 215 he had left Nicomedia, and in the summer he was in 1088:

that returned the border of Roman Britain to the line demarcated by

889:, adopting the name Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Caesar, and was named 30:

This article is about the Roman emperor. For the felid species, see

5756: 4261: 4011:

Römische Kaisertabelle: Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie

3834:

Römische Kaisertabelle: Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie

3791:

Römische Kaisertabelle: Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie

7264: 7035: 7025: 7005: 6310:

Oetelaar, Taylor (2014). "Reconstructing the Baths of Caracalla".

6189:

The Edinburgh Companion to Ancient Rome and Greece: Late Antiquity

4714:

Oetelaar, Taylor (2014). "Reconstructing the Baths of Caracalla".

4198:

The Edinburgh Companion to Ancient Greece and Rome: Late Antiquity

1894: 1830: 1743: 1483: 1381: 1331: 1149: 1103: 868: 856: 789: 737: 5966:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Volume 1

1964:

The Roman historian David Magie describes Caracalla, in the book

1696:, and began making preparations to renew the campaign by spring. 7010: 7000: 5818:

The Decadent Emperors: Power and Depravity in Third-Century Rome

4981:

The Decadent Emperors: Power and Depravity in Third-Century Rome

1986: 1785:

himself in 209. Between 209 and their father's death in February

1523: 1075:

Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Pius Augustus

1045: 762: 758: 713: 503:, 4 April 188 – 8 April 217), better known by his nickname 6930: 4488: 4486: 4438: 4436: 4434: 1318:. By 216 he had pushed through Armenia and south into Parthia. 3360:

The Student's Gibbon: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

3315:

The Student's Gibbon: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

6303:

The Decline and Fall of the Denarius in the Third Century A.D

6284:

History of the Coptic Orthodox People and the Church of Egypt

6082:

Debates and Documents in Ancient History: Rome and its Empire

5018: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5010: 4582:

History of the Coptic Orthodox People and the Church of Egypt

5346:

Historiography: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Third Edition

3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 540: 525: 3492: 3490: 1950:, as per the original goal of revolution, rather than the 1362:

public baths built in ancient Rome and were complete with

5284: 5282: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 4716:

Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage

4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3857: 3855: 3853: 534: 519: 6312:

Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural History

3530:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

5451: 5449: 5447: 5445: 4814: 4812: 4503: 4501: 3507: 3505: 1978:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

1003:

On 28 January 207, at age 18, Caracalla celebrated his

595:), also known as the Edict of Caracalla, which granted 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 1200:

in AD 14. Outside Rome, citizenship was restricted to

988:

In 202, Caracalla was forced to marry the daughter of

914:

Caracalla's father appointed Caracalla, aged 9, joint

792:

maternal ancestry. He had a slightly younger brother,

3285:. London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. pp. 57–58. 1891:

Eighteenth-century artworks and the French Revolution

531: 516: 513: 1016:

and tribunician powers in September or October 209.

537: 522: 8230: 7676: 7573: 7456: 7283: 7121: 6969: 6269:. Impact of Empire. Vol. XII. Brill Academic. 6244:

Faiths Across Time: 5000 Years of Religious History

5540:

The Eclectic Magazine: Foreign Literature, Volume 2

4834:Bergeron, David (2007–2008). "Roman Antoninianus". 4637:

Faiths Across Time: 5000 Years of Religious History

1347:began in 211 at the start of Caracalla's rule. The 930:; he had successfully sacked the Parthian capital, 528: 226: 216: 204: 196:

Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus

188: 178: 164: 147: 133: 129: 104: 94: 84: 73: 66: 45: 6062:Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 B.C. to A.D. 700 5973: 4864:Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 B.C. to A.D. 700 922:was celebrated, in honour of his victory over the 5678:Imperial Rome AD 193 to 284: The Critical Century 5585:Imperial Rome AD 193 to 284: The Critical Century 5068:Imperial Rome AD 193 to 284: The Critical Century 6506:Whittock, Martyn John; Whittock, Martyn (1991). 6267:Power and Status in the Roman Empire, AD 193–284 4317:Whittock, Martyn John; Whittock, Martyn (1991). 1684:. In the following winter, Caracalla retired to 1000:have been carried out under Caracalla's orders. 969:. By the end of 199, at age 11, he was entitled 8418:Roman emperors murdered by the Praetorian Guard 6833:L. Fulvius Gavius Numisius Petronius Aemilianus 6637:. Vol. V (9th ed.). 1878. p. 81. 3832:Kienast, Dietmar (2017) . "Septimius Severus". 1069:, Severus, and assumed the chief priesthood as 938:, probably in October 197. He was also awarded 5772:Bergeron, David (2008). "Roman Antoninianus". 5398:. University of California Press. p. 180. 1271:The Roman Empire during the reign of Caracalla 1221:was done through the granting of citizenship. 6942: 5829:(3rd ed.). University of Chicago Press. 5827:Historiography: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern 5041:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 4949:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 4081:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 4045:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 3981:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 3906:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 3664:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–3, 30. 3633:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 2020: 477: 8: 6422:The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine 6256:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5807:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5726:The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens 5482:The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens 5185:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4905:The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine 4649:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4611:. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. p. 86. 4133:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1303:, where he stayed until March or April 216. 6628:"Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Caracalla" 5671:. Vol. II. Leavitt, Throw and Company. 5348:. University of Chicago Press. p. 75. 5090: 4519: 4492: 4477: 4442: 4210: 1781:in 197; Geta is bareheaded until he became 1761:by most of the following emperors, such as 894: 635:succeeded him as emperor three days later. 552:from 198 to 217 AD. He was a member of the 7453: 6949: 6935: 6927: 6676: 5587:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 57. 5557:. Princeton University Press. p. 683. 5542:. Leavitt, Throw and Company. p. 217. 5373:. Columbia University Press. p. 355. 5070:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 63. 4287:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 42. 4200:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 114. 3304: 3302: 2027: 2013: 2005: 484: 470: 246: 237: 51: 42: 6829:M. Nummius Umbrius Primus Senecio Albinus 6650:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 6439:Tabbernee, William; Lampe, Peter (2008). 6149: 6080:Hekster, Olivier; Zair, Nicholas (2008). 5668:The Eclectic Magazine: Foreign Literature 4422: 3572:Tabbernee, William; Lampe, Peter (2008). 3255:Neokoroi: Greek Cities and Roman Emperors 3228:Neokoroi: Greek Cities and Roman Emperors 700:. According to the 4th-century historian 6540:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 4373:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 1266: 1040:February 211, Septimius Severus died at 6573:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 7 6527:Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 6032:Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 5885:The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy 5507:Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 5288: 5273: 5229: 5217: 5022: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4465: 4009:Kienast, Dietmar (2017) . "Caracalla". 4004: 4002: 3942: 3930: 3882: 3861: 3789:Kienast, Dietmar (2017) . "Caracalla". 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3724: 3603: 3496: 3486: 3447: 3199: 1548:, a coin intended to serve as a double 1422:Caracalla also erected a temple on the 428: 408: 269: 240: 6249: 5997:The Severans: the Changed Roman Empire 5800: 5518: 5516: 5436:Cassius Dio, Caracalla, and the Senate 5324: 5322: 5198: 5196: 5178: 5139: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4938: 4936: 4890:The Severans: the Changed Roman Empire 4829: 4827: 4740: 4701: 4642: 4630: 4628: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4126: 4104: 4102: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4034: 4032: 4030: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3957:The Severans: the Changed Roman Empire 3895: 3893: 3891: 3816:The Severans: the Changed Roman Empire 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3747: 3561:. Oxford University Press. p. 51. 3511: 3337:Septimius Severus: The African Emperor 3212:Septimius Severus: The African Emperor 1814:Caracalla was not subject to a proper 629:a campaign against the Parthian Empire 175: 8453:Assassinated heads of state in Europe 6592:: Latin text and English translation) 6537:Ancient Rome: An Introductory History 6385:Cassius Dio, Caracalla and the Senate 5665:Agnew, John; Bidwell, Walter (1844). 5538:Agnew, John; Bidwell, Walter (1844). 5467: 5455: 5438:. De Gruyter Publishers. p. 157. 5333:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 171. 4927: 4848: 4818: 4803: 4764: 4752: 4567: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4507: 4370:Ancient Rome: An Introductory History 4346:. The Lawbook Exchange. p. 266. 3827: 3825: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3143: 3129: 3122: 3120: 3114: 3098: 3090: 3088: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3024: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2992: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2912: 2910: 2905: 2898: 2896: 2882: 2880: 2866: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2840: 2802: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2718: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2650: 2627: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2610: 2590: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2515: 2513: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2369: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2219: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 1012:Geta was himself granted the rank of 688:Caracalla's name at birth was Lucius 7: 5980:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 5976:How Rome fell: death of a superpower 5914:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. 5038:How Rome Fell: death of a superpower 4946:How Rome Fell: death of a superpower 4670:. Oxford University Press. pp. 4543:. Oxford University Press. pp. 4078:How Rome Fell: death of a superpower 4042:How Rome Fell: death of a superpower 3978:How Rome Fell: death of a superpower 3903:How Rome fell: death of a superpower 3630:How Rome Fell: death of a superpower 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 1283:. He spent the winter of 214/215 in 6919:C. Octavius Appius Suetrius Sabinus 6875:Q. Hedius Lollianus Plautius Avitus 5003:. Casemate Publishers. p. 403. 5784:The Romans, from village to empire 4667:The Romans, from village to empire 4540:The Romans, from village to empire 1084:after concluding a peace with the 954:. His brother Geta was proclaimed 25: 8448:People of the Roman–Parthian Wars 8378:Burials at the Castel Sant'Angelo 6163:. University of California Press. 1563:denarii. This in effect made the 1314:. Caracalla then moved east into 965:In 199, he was inducted into the 6659:Roman Currency of the Principate 5484:. Hachette UK. p. B21;P80. 3415: 3401: 3387: 1542:In 215 Caracalla introduced the 1442: 1113:Jacques-Augustin-Catherine Pajou 1048:, England) while on campaign in 840: 816: 509: 6871:L. Aurelius Commodus Pompeianus 5956:Geoffrey of Monmouth. (c 1136) 5305:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 28. 5246:. Brill Academic. p. 184. 5165:. Brill Academic. p. 169. 4892:. Psychology Press. p. 42. 4113:. Brill Academic. p. 168. 3959:. Psychology Press. p. 46. 3818:. Psychology Press. p. 19. 3214:. London: Routledge. p. i. 3136: 3105: 2889: 2873: 2597: 1900:Septimius Severus and Caracalla 1879:History of the Kings of Britain 1716:in southern Turkey, where in 53 1109:Geta Dying in his Mother's Arms 878: 775: 673: 8348:3rd-century Gallo-Roman people 8333:2nd-century Gallo-Roman people 5888:. Cambridge University Press. 5848:. Edinburgh University Press. 5680:. Edinburgh University Press. 4227:. Brill Archive. p. 195. 1835:Bronze portrait of Caracalla ( 1654:school based on a legend that 1526:216 AD; ref.: RIC 281b, C 359 1059:This left his two sons and co- 1: 8363:3rd-century murdered monarchs 6472:10.1080/01440365.2016.1191590 6332:. Cambridge University Press. 6224:Matthew, Christopher (2015). 6200:. Princeton University Press. 6191:. Edinburgh University Press. 6008:. Columbia University Press. 4999:Christopher, Matthew (2015). 4907:. Routledge. pp. 68–69. 4167:10.1080/01440365.2016.1191590 3533:(5th ed.). HarperCollins 2629:Gaius Julius Avitus Alexianus 2183:Gaius Claudius Septimius Aper 1080:Caracalla and Geta ended the 659: 655: 647: 643: 572:and became sole ruler of the 77:28 January 198 – 8 April 217 27:Roman emperor from 198 to 217 6460:The Journal of Legal History 6161:The Greater Roman Historians 6098:Herodian of Antioch. (n.d.) 5972:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). 5413:. Mohr Siebeck. p. 55. 5396:The Greater Roman Historians 5035:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). 4943:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). 4584:. FriesenPress. p. 31. 4155:The Journal of Legal History 4075:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). 4039:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). 3975:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). 3900:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). 3658:Swan, Michael Peter (2004). 3627:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). 2842:Gaius Septimius Severus Aper 1295:. By December 215 he was in 1255:, collectively known as the 720:, who was still writing his 79:(senior from 4 February 211) 8443:Family of Septimius Severus 6891:Gaius Julius Camilius Asper 6567:Kettenhofen, Erich (1990). 6420:Southern, Patricia (2015). 6305:. Royal Numismatic Society. 6242:Melton, Gordon, J. (2014). 6159:Leistner, M. W. L. (1966). 6100:History of the Roman Empire 6006:History of Latin Literature 5787:. Oxford University Press. 5394:Leistner, M. W. L. (1966). 5371:History of Latin Literature 5119:History of the Roman Empire 4903:Southern, Patricia (2015). 4728:10.1016/j.daach.2013.12.002 4635:Melton, Gordon, J. (2014). 3436:Arch of Caracalla (Djémila) 3431:Severan dynasty family tree 2002:Severan dynasty family tree 1720:BC the Romans had suffered 1241:who had broken through the 1082:Roman invasion of Caledonia 556:, the elder son of Emperor 415:Severan dynasty family tree 8469: 8358:3rd-century Roman emperors 8343:2nd-century Roman emperors 8222:Constantine XI Palaiologos 8173:Andronikos III Palaiologos 8060:Nikephoros III Botaneiates 6065:. JHU Press. p. 128. 5952:. Oxford University Press. 5882:Cooley, Alison E. (2012). 4867:. JHU Press. p. 128. 1665: 1325: 1176: 501:Lucius Septimius Bassianus 137:Lucius Septimius Bassianus 29: 8368:Ancient Romans in Britain 8298: 8195:Andronikos IV Palaiologos 8163:Andronikos II Palaiologos 7988:Constantine IX Monomachos 6911: 6895: 6881: 6867: 6851: 6847:C. Septimius Severus Aper 6839: 6825: 6809: 6797: 6783: 6767: 6763:M. Nonius Arrius Mucianus 6755: 6750: 6740: 6719: 6711: 6706: 6679: 6510:. Heinemann. p. 28. 6383:Scott, Andrew G. (2015). 6319:Pangerl, Andreas (2013). 6170:Caesarea Under Roman Rule 5959:Historia Regum Britanniae 5948:Gagarin, Michael (2009). 5910:Dunstan, William (2011). 5434:Scott, Andrew G. (2015). 5203:Pangerl, Andreas (2013). 5161:Varner, Eric, R. (2004). 4321:. Heinemann. p. 28. 4225:Caesarea Under Roman Rule 4109:Varner, Eric, R. (2004). 3557:Gagarin, Michael (2009). 3357:; Smith, William (1889). 3312:; Smith, William (1889). 3252:Burrell, Barbara (2004). 3225:Burrell, Barbara (2004). 3151: 3149: 3147: 3127: 3112: 3096: 3052: 3050: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3022: 3020: 3004: 3000: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2934: 2917: 2903: 2864: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2800: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2770: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2730: 2728: 2716: 2714: 2692: 2690: 2654: 2652: 2642: 2640: 2634: 2625: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2588: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2511: 2507: 2501: 2499: 2483: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2445: 2443: 2427: 2425: 2399: 2397: 2373: 2371: 2330: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2273: 2269: 2267: 2261: 2249: 2247: 2237: 2233: 2227: 2225: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2128: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 1682:Parthian war of Caracalla 1668:Parthian war of Caracalla 1513: 1441: 708:, he became known by the 497:Marcus Aurelius Antoninus 195: 184:Marcus Aurelius Antoninus 183: 174: 50: 34:. For the racehorse, see 8353:3rd-century Punic people 8338:2nd-century Punic people 8158:Michael VIII Palaiologos 6863:P. Septimius Geta Caesar 6821:P. Septimius Geta Caesar 6401:Tuck, Steven L. (2014). 6237:. John Wiley & Sons. 6198:Roman Rule in Asia Minor 6110:. The Lawbook Exchange. 5964:Gibbon, Edward. (1776). 5825:Breisach, Ernst (2008). 5709:10.1177/0021934715611376 5697:Journal of Black Studies 5639:10.1177/0021934715611376 5626:Journal of Black Studies 5555:Roman Rule in Asia Minor 5344:Breisach, Ernst (2008). 5301:Tuck, Steven L. (2014). 3180:Dark green indicates an 2203:Lucius Septimius Severus 1966:Roman Rule in Asia Minor 990:Gaius Fulvius Plautianus 241:Roman imperial dynasties 8413:People from Roman Syria 8013:Eudokia Makrembolitissa 7647:Tiberius II Constantine 6669:1 November 2008 at the 6641:For information on the 6634:Encyclopædia Britannica 6392:Sillar, Shamus (2001). 6337:Schäfer, Peter (2003). 6282:Morgan, Robert (2016). 6205:Manders, Erika (2012). 5995:Grant, Michael (1996). 5950:Ancient Greece and Rome 5929:Fisher, Warren (2010). 5676:Ando, Clifford (2012). 5608:Sillar, Shamus (2001). 5583:Ando, Clifford (2012). 5568:Sillar, Shamus (2001). 5523:Sillar, Shamus (2001). 5409:Schäfer, Peter (2003). 5091:Hekster & Zair 2008 5066:Ando, Clifford (2012). 4888:Grant, Michael (1996). 4605:Fisher, Warren (2010). 4580:Morgan, Robert (2016). 4520:Hekster & Zair 2008 4493:Hekster & Zair 2008 4478:Hekster & Zair 2008 4443:Hekster & Zair 2008 4211:Hekster & Zair 2008 3955:Grant, Michael (1996). 3814:Grant, Michael (1996). 3559:Ancient Greece and Rome 2907:Sextus Varius Marcellus 1971:18th-century historian 1948:constitutional monarchy 1678:Artabanus IV of Parthia 1186:Constitutio Antoniniana 1179:Constitutio Antoniniana 1172:Constitutio Antoniniana 1117:Staatsgalerie Stuttgart 1024:Reign as senior emperor 851:, Caracalla's brother ( 593:Constitutio Antoniniana 8433:Sons of Roman emperors 8408:People of Arab descent 8398:Imperial Roman consuls 8388:Deified Roman emperors 8168:Michael IX Palaiologos 6805:M. Annius Flavius Libo 6791:C. Cassius Regallianus 6403:A History of Roman Art 6356:Scott, Andrew (2008). 6228:. Casemate Publishers. 6059:Harl, Kenneth (1996). 5902:Dio, Cassius. (n.d.). 5329:Mehl, Andreas (2011). 5303:A History of Roman Art 4861:Harl, Kenneth (1996). 3700:Shahid, Irfan (1984). 3279:Icks, Martijn (2011). 3258:. BRILL. p. 247. 3231:. BRILL. p. 216. 3184:of the Severan dynasty 2572:Publius Septimius Geta 2334:Publius Septimius Geta 2314:Publius Septimius Aper 1911: 1840: 1837:Antikensammlung Berlin 1757: 1394: 1340: 1272: 1163: 1120: 1099: 895: 827:, Caracalla's father ( 788:paternal ancestry and 753:Caracalla was born in 750: 592: 59:Museo Nazionale Romano 8262:Thessalonian emperors 8256:Trapezuntine emperors 8217:John VIII Palaiologos 8212:Manuel II Palaiologos 8183:John VI Kantakouzenos 8099:Andronikos I Komnenos 7936:Constantine Lekapenos 6964:and empresses regnant 6613:Epitome de Caesaribus 6487:Varner, Eric (2004). 6443:. Walter de Gruyter. 6328:Rowan, Clare (2012). 6265:Mennen, Inge (2011). 6233:Mehl, Andres (2011). 6196:Magie, David (1950). 6187:Lim, Richard (2010). 6125:Lavan, Myles (2016). 6004:Hadas, Moses (2013). 5865:Architecture of Italy 5863:Castex, Jean (2008). 5844:Cairns, John (2007). 5774:Bank of Canada Review 5724:Ashley, Mike (2012). 5553:Magie, David (1950). 5480:Ashley, Mike (2012). 5369:Hadas, Moses (2013). 5242:Varner, Eric (2004). 5132:Dio, Cassius (n.d.). 5117:Herodian of Antioch. 4836:Bank of Canada Review 4398:Lavan, Myles (2016). 4283:Cairns, John (2007). 4196:Lim, Richard (2010). 3576:. Walter de Gruyter. 3339:. London: Routledge. 1898: 1834: 1747: 1385: 1378:Caracalla and Serapis 1335: 1270: 1237:, a confederation of 1153: 1146:Reign as sole emperor 1107: 741: 706:Epitome de Caesaribus 585:Antonine Constitution 583:Caracalla issued the 151:8 April 217 (aged 29) 8403:People from Lugdunum 8200:John VII Palaiologos 8148:Theodore II Laskaris 8008:Constantine X Doukas 7948:Nikephoros II Phokas 6915:L. Valerius Messalla 6787:T. Murrenius Severus 6235:Roman Historiography 6168:Levine, Lee (1975). 6142:10.1093/pastj/gtv043 5331:Roman Historiography 5146:: CS1 maint: year ( 4415:10.1093/pastj/gtv043 4223:Levine, Lee (1975). 3463:The Latin Rights or 3084:Julia Cornelia Paula 2321:Gaius Septimius Aper 1904:Jean-Baptiste Greuze 1876:'s pseudohistorical 1874:Geoffrey of Monmouth 1343:Construction on the 979:, having been named 934:, after winning the 891:imperator destinatus 712:"Caracalla" after a 664:Geoffrey of Monmouth 153:On the road between 8131:Theodore I Laskaris 8116:Alexios III Angelos 8094:Alexios II Komnenos 8018:Romanos IV Diogenes 7973:Romanos III Argyros 7919:Romanos I Lekapenos 6575:. pp. 790–792. 6534:Zoch, Paul (2000). 6405:. Wiley-Blackwell. 5999:. Psychology Press. 5867:. Greenwood Press. 5232:, pp. 251–252. 5136:. pp. 78.11.1. 5025:, pp. 406–407. 4979:Brauer, G. (1967). 4767:, pp. 142–143. 4755:, pp. 137–139. 4367:Zoch, Paul (2000). 3606:, pp. 405–406. 3395:Ancient Rome portal 2035:Severan family tree 1844:Classical portrayal 1611:Alexander the Great 956:nobilissimus caesar 936:Battle of Ctesiphon 621:, a sort of double 454:Crisis of the Third 57:Bust of Caracalla, 18:Antoninus Caracalla 8250:Britannic emperors 8244:Palmyrene emperors 8178:John V Palaiologos 8121:Alexios IV Angelos 8070:Constantine Doukas 8065:Alexios I Komnenos 8053:Constantine Doukas 8036:Michael VII Doukas 7998:Michael VI Bringas 7564:Romulus Augustulus 7187:Trebonianus Gallus 7180:Herennius Etruscus 6962:Byzantine emperors 6885:Gaius Julius Asper 6759:L. Annius Fabianus 6751:Political offices 6491:. Brill Academic. 6209:. Brill Academic. 5816:Brauer, G (1967). 4806:, p. 130–131. 3750:, pp. 495–496 3702:Rome and the Arabs 3363:. London: Murray. 3333:Birley, Anthony R. 3208:Birley, Anthony R. 2914:Julia Avita Mamaea 2578:Septimia Octavilla 1912: 1841: 1758: 1750:Walters Art Museum 1731:praetorian prefect 1567:equal to about 1.5 1459:head of Caracalla 1395: 1392:Temple of Kom Ombo 1345:Baths of Caracalla 1341: 1338:Baths of Caracalla 1328:Baths of Caracalla 1273: 1164: 1121: 1073:. His name became 1052:, to the north of 928:Roman–Persian Wars 784:, thus giving him 751: 613:Baths of Caracalla 8383:Damnatio memoriae 8305: 8304: 8143:John III Vatatzes 8089:Manuel I Komnenos 7828:Michael I Rangabe 7672: 7671: 7514:Petronius Maximus 7113:Severus Alexander 7081:Septimius Severus 6925: 6924: 6912:Succeeded by 6868:Succeeded by 6843:L. Annius Maximus 6826:Succeeded by 6784:Succeeded by 6779:Septimius Severus 6741:Succeeded by 6730:Septimius Severus 6715:Septimius Severus 6663:Tulane University 6580:Life of Caracalla 6450:978-3-11-020859-7 6431:978-1-317-49694-6 6412:978-1-4443-3026-7 6367:978-0-549-89041-6 6293:978-1-4602-8027-0 6216:978-90-04-18970-6 6172:. Brill Archive. 6091:978-0-7486-2992-3 6015:978-0-231-51487-3 5987:978-0-300-16426-8 5940:978-1-4490-7739-6 5921:978-0-7425-6832-7 5895:978-0-521-84026-2 5874:978-0-313-32086-6 5855:978-0-7486-3177-3 5836:978-0-226-07284-5 5735:978-1-4721-0113-6 5687:978-0-7486-5534-2 5612:. pp. 46–47. 5594:978-0-7486-5534-2 5491:978-1-4721-0113-6 5380:978-0-231-51487-3 5355:978-0-226-07284-5 5312:978-1-4443-3026-7 5121:. pp. 4.7.3. 5077:978-0-7486-5534-2 5052:978-0-300-16426-8 4960:978-0-300-16426-8 4914:978-1-317-49694-6 4618:978-1-4490-7739-6 4591:978-1-4602-8027-0 4522:, pp. 49–50. 4495:, pp. 48–49. 4445:, pp. 47–48. 4294:978-0-7486-3177-3 4092:978-0-300-16426-8 4056:978-0-300-16426-8 4020:978-3-534-26724-8 3992:978-0-300-16426-8 3917:978-0-300-16426-8 3843:978-3-534-26724-8 3800:978-3-534-26724-8 3644:978-0-300-16426-8 3583:978-3-11-020859-7 3499:, pp. 35–36. 3378: 3377: 3318:. pp. 45–47. 3292:978-1-84885-362-1 3155: 3154: 3131:Severus Alexander 3124:Sallustia Orbiana 2592:Septimius Severus 1944:absolute monarchy 1817:damnatio memoriae 1810:Damnatio memoriae 1639:Legio II Parthica 1530: 1529: 1356:Severus Alexander 1253:Germania Superior 1218:damnatio memoriae 1160:Museo Chiaramonti 1140:damnatio memoriae 1134:damnatio memoriae 981:consul designatus 975:. In 202, he was 960:Parthicus Maximus 942:and the title of 940:tribunician power 825:Septimius Severus 771:Septimius Severus 742:Young Caracalla; 597:Roman citizenship 558:Septimius Severus 494: 493: 461: 460: 398:Severus Alexander 278:Septimius Severus 236: 235: 221:Septimius Severus 200: 199: 114:Septimius Severus 89:Septimius Severus 36:Caracalla (horse) 16:(Redirected from 8460: 8153:John IV Laskaris 8126:Alexios V Doukas 8111:Isaac II Angelos 8077:John II Komnenos 8003:Isaac I Komnenos 7963:Constantine VIII 7953:John I Tzimiskes 7680:Byzantine Empire 7454: 6951: 6944: 6937: 6928: 6882:Preceded by 6840:Preceded by 6798:Preceded by 6756:Preceded by 6712:Preceded by 6702: 6695: 6677: 6638: 6630: 6585:Historia Augusta 6576: 6555: 6530: 6521: 6508:The Roman Empire 6502: 6483: 6454: 6435: 6416: 6397: 6388: 6379: 6352: 6341:. Mohr Siebeck. 6333: 6324: 6315: 6306: 6301:Oman, C (1916). 6297: 6286:. 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The Iseum and 1125:Praetorian Guard 1071:pontifex maximus 1039: 994:Fulvia Plautilla 951:pontifex maximus 901:Antonine dynasty 898: 882: 880: 844: 820: 802:on 9 April 193. 779: 777: 768: 748:Saint Petersburg 744:Hermitage Museum 677: 676: 1774–1792 675: 661: 657: 649: 645: 578:Germanic peoples 570:Praetorian Guard 547: 546: 543: 542: 539: 536: 533: 530: 527: 524: 521: 518: 515: 486: 479: 472: 443:Year of the Five 435: 434: 372: 342: 326: 310: 295: 250: 238: 176: 169:Fulvia Plautilla 107: 80: 55: 43: 21: 8468: 8467: 8463: 8462: 8461: 8459: 8458: 8457: 8428:Severan dynasty 8393:Emesene dynasty 8308: 8307: 8306: 8301: 8294: 8238:Gallic emperors 8226: 7914:Constantine VII 7695:Constantine III 7682: 7679: 7668: 7577: 7569: 7508:Valentinian III 7496:Constantius III 7490:Priscus Attalus 7474:Constantine III 7460: 7452: 7342:Valerius Valens 7287: 7279: 7125: 7117: 7076:Didius Julianus 7056:Marcus Aurelius 6973: 6965: 6955: 6921: 6917: 6903: 6901: 6893: 6888: 6877: 6873: 6859: 6857: 6849: 6845: 6835: 6831: 6817: 6815: 6807: 6803: 6793: 6789: 6775: 6773: 6765: 6761: 6746: 6733: 6727: 6725: 6717: 6696: 6690: 6689: 6686:Severan dynasty 6682: 6671:Wayback Machine 6625: 6609:Aurelius Victor 6600:Historia Romana 6566: 6563: 6558: 6552: 6533: 6524: 6518: 6505: 6499: 6486: 6457: 6451: 6438: 6432: 6419: 6413: 6400: 6391: 6382: 6368: 6355: 6349: 6336: 6327: 6318: 6309: 6300: 6294: 6281: 6264: 6248: 6241: 6232: 6223: 6217: 6204: 6195: 6186: 6180: 6167: 6158: 6129: 6124: 6118: 6105: 6092: 6079: 6073: 6058: 6044:10.2307/4238646 6022: 6016: 6003: 5994: 5988: 5971: 5947: 5941: 5933:. 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Hachette UK. 5723: 5694: 5688: 5675: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5654: 5622: 5621: 5617: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5595: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5567: 5566: 5562: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5522: 5521: 5514: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5492: 5479: 5478: 5474: 5466: 5462: 5454: 5443: 5433: 5432: 5428: 5421: 5408: 5407: 5403: 5393: 5392: 5388: 5381: 5368: 5367: 5363: 5356: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5328: 5327: 5320: 5313: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5287: 5280: 5272: 5261: 5254: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5228: 5224: 5216: 5212: 5202: 5201: 5194: 5177: 5173: 5160: 5159: 5155: 5138: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5116: 5115: 5111: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5089: 5085: 5078: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5034: 5033: 5029: 5021: 5008: 4998: 4997: 4988: 4978: 4977: 4968: 4961: 4942: 4941: 4934: 4926: 4922: 4915: 4902: 4901: 4897: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4875: 4860: 4859: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4833: 4832: 4825: 4817: 4810: 4802: 4798: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4763: 4759: 4751: 4747: 4743:, pp. 5–6. 4739: 4735: 4713: 4712: 4708: 4700: 4689: 4682: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4641: 4634: 4633: 4626: 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404: 401: 390: 387: 376: 373: 367: 361: 358: 346: 343: 336: 330: 327: 320: 314: 311: 305: 299: 296: 290: 284: 281: 263:Severan dynasty 256: 152: 140: 138: 125: 105: 78: 62: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8466: 8464: 8456: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8438:Roman pharaohs 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8310: 8309: 8303: 8302: 8299: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8292: 8291: 8290: 8285: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8259: 8253: 8247: 8241: 8234: 8232: 8228: 8227: 8225: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8197: 8192: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8074: 8062: 8057: 8033: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7993:Theodora (III) 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7889: 7884: 7872: 7860: 7855: 7843: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7808:Constantine VI 7805: 7800: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7772:Theodosius III 7769: 7764: 7759: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7717:Constantine IV 7714: 7709: 7697: 7692: 7686: 7684: 7674: 7673: 7670: 7669: 7667: 7666: 7661: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7581: 7579: 7575:Eastern Empire 7571: 7570: 7568: 7567: 7560: 7555: 7548: 7541: 7536: 7529: 7524: 7517: 7510: 7505: 7498: 7493: 7486: 7470: 7464: 7462: 7458:Western Empire 7451: 7450: 7443: 7431:Magnus Maximus 7427: 7425:Valentinian II 7422: 7417: 7412: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7378: 7371: 7364: 7359: 7357:Constantius II 7354: 7352:Constantine II 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7291: 7289: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7220: 7215: 7207: 7202: 7184: 7172: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7129: 7127: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7051:Antoninus Pius 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6977: 6975: 6974:27 BC – AD 235 6967: 6966: 6956: 6954: 6953: 6946: 6939: 6931: 6923: 6922: 6913: 6910: 6894: 6883: 6879: 6878: 6869: 6866: 6850: 6841: 6837: 6836: 6827: 6824: 6808: 6801:L. Fabius Cilo 6799: 6795: 6794: 6785: 6782: 6766: 6757: 6753: 6752: 6748: 6747: 6742: 6739: 6718: 6713: 6709: 6708: 6707:Regnal titles 6704: 6703: 6701:8 April 217 6694:4 April 188 6683: 6680: 6675: 6674: 6656: 6639: 6623: 6606: 6593: 6577: 6562: 6561:External links 6559: 6557: 6556: 6550: 6531: 6522: 6516: 6503: 6497: 6484: 6466:(2): 180–197. 6455: 6449: 6436: 6430: 6417: 6411: 6398: 6389: 6387:. De Gruyters. 6380: 6366: 6353: 6347: 6334: 6325: 6316: 6307: 6298: 6292: 6279: 6262: 6239: 6230: 6221: 6215: 6202: 6193: 6184: 6178: 6165: 6156: 6122: 6116: 6103: 6096: 6090: 6077: 6071: 6056: 6024:Hammond, Mason 6020: 6014: 6001: 5992: 5986: 5969: 5962: 5954: 5945: 5939: 5926: 5920: 5907: 5900: 5894: 5879: 5873: 5860: 5854: 5841: 5835: 5822: 5813: 5793: 5778: 5769: 5757:10.2307/283475 5740: 5734: 5721: 5692: 5686: 5673: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5615: 5600: 5593: 5575: 5572:. p. 127. 5560: 5545: 5530: 5527:. p. iii. 5512: 5497: 5490: 5472: 5470:, p. 114. 5460: 5458:, p. 113. 5441: 5426: 5419: 5401: 5386: 5379: 5361: 5354: 5336: 5318: 5311: 5293: 5291:, p. 227. 5278: 5276:, p. 226. 5259: 5252: 5234: 5222: 5220:, p. 251. 5210: 5192: 5171: 5153: 5124: 5109: 5095: 5083: 5076: 5058: 5051: 5027: 5006: 4986: 4966: 4959: 4932: 4920: 4913: 4895: 4880: 4873: 4853: 4851:, p. 139. 4841: 4823: 4821:, p. 123. 4808: 4796: 4769: 4757: 4745: 4733: 4706: 4687: 4680: 4656: 4639:. p. 338. 4624: 4617: 4597: 4590: 4572: 4560: 4553: 4524: 4512: 4510:, p. 127. 4497: 4482: 4470: 4468:, p. 406. 4447: 4430: 4390: 4383: 4359: 4352: 4334: 4327: 4309: 4300: 4293: 4275: 4262:10.2307/283475 4240: 4233: 4215: 4203: 4188: 4161:(2): 180–197. 4140: 4119: 4098: 4091: 4062: 4055: 4026: 4019: 3998: 3991: 3962: 3947: 3945:, p. 404. 3935: 3933:, p. 299. 3923: 3916: 3887: 3885:, p. 405. 3866: 3864:, p. 402. 3849: 3842: 3821: 3806: 3799: 3752: 3729: 3727:, p. 399. 3717: 3710: 3692: 3677: 3670: 3650: 3643: 3608: 3589: 3582: 3564: 3544: 3516: 3514:, p. 495. 3501: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3456: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3438: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3412: 3398: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3374: 3373: 3355:Gibbon, Edward 3351: 3345: 3322: 3321: 3310:Gibbon, Edward 3298: 3291: 3271: 3264: 3244: 3237: 3217: 3198: 3197: 3196: 3186: 3185: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3162: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3128: 3126: 3121: 3119: 3116:Annia Faustina 3113: 3111: 3097: 3095: 3092:Aquilia Severa 3089: 3087: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2911: 2909: 2904: 2902: 2900:Julia Soaemias 2897: 2895: 2881: 2879: 2865: 2863: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 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Pajou 1892: 1889: 1870: 1867: 1845: 1842: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1741: 1738: 1701: 1698: 1692:in south-east 1666:Main article: 1663: 1660: 1631:Roman Republic 1617:, despite the 1583: 1580: 1528: 1527: 1511: 1510: 1486:, rising hand 1472: 1448: 1447: 1436: 1433: 1379: 1376: 1368:exercise yards 1364:swimming pools 1326:Main article: 1323: 1320: 1264: 1261: 1257:Agri Decumates 1230: 1227: 1202:Roman coloniae 1177:Main article: 1174: 1169: 1147: 1144: 1101: 1098: 1090:Hadrian's Wall 1033: 1027: 1025: 1022: 967:Arval Brethren 911: 905: 881: 161–180 849:Septimius Geta 846: 839: 838: 822: 815: 814: 813: 812: 811: 809: 804: 778: 193–211 735: 732: 694:Antoninus Pius 685: 682: 492: 491: 489: 488: 481: 474: 466: 463: 462: 459: 458: 447: 431: 430: 426: 425: 418: 417: 411: 410: 406: 405: 402: 395: 392: 391: 388: 381: 378: 377: 374: 366: 363: 362: 359: 351: 348: 347: 344: 335: 332: 331: 328: 319: 316: 315: 312: 304: 301: 300: 297: 289: 286: 285: 282: 275: 272: 271: 267: 266: 258: 257: 251: 243: 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6771: 6764: 6760: 6754: 6749: 6745: 6737: 6731: 6724: 6723: 6722:Roman emperor 6716: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6693: 6688: 6687: 6678: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6651: 6648: 6647:William Smith 6645:garment, see 6644: 6640: 6636: 6635: 6629: 6624: 6621: 6617: 6614: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6594: 6591: 6587: 6586: 6581: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6565: 6564: 6560: 6553: 6551:0-8061-3287-6 6547: 6543: 6539: 6538: 6532: 6528: 6523: 6519: 6517:0-435-31274-X 6513: 6509: 6504: 6500: 6498:90-04-13577-4 6494: 6490: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6456: 6452: 6446: 6442: 6437: 6433: 6427: 6424:. Routledge. 6423: 6418: 6414: 6408: 6404: 6399: 6395: 6390: 6386: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6359: 6354: 6350: 6348:3-16-148076-7 6344: 6340: 6335: 6331: 6326: 6323:. RGZM Mainz. 6322: 6317: 6313: 6308: 6304: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6285: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6263: 6259: 6253: 6245: 6240: 6236: 6231: 6227: 6222: 6218: 6212: 6208: 6203: 6199: 6194: 6190: 6185: 6181: 6179:90-04-04013-7 6175: 6171: 6166: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6136:(230): 3–46. 6135: 6128: 6123: 6119: 6117:1-58477-291-3 6113: 6109: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6087: 6083: 6078: 6074: 6072:0-801-85291-9 6068: 6064: 6063: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6011: 6007: 6002: 5998: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5978: 5977: 5970: 5967: 5963: 5961: 5960: 5955: 5951: 5946: 5942: 5936: 5932: 5927: 5923: 5917: 5913: 5908: 5905: 5904:Roman History 5901: 5897: 5891: 5887: 5886: 5880: 5876: 5870: 5866: 5861: 5857: 5851: 5847: 5842: 5838: 5832: 5828: 5823: 5819: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5796: 5794:0-19-511875-8 5790: 5786: 5785: 5779: 5775: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5741: 5737: 5731: 5727: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5693: 5689: 5683: 5679: 5674: 5670: 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4983:. p. 75. 4982: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4947: 4939: 4937: 4933: 4930:, p. 21. 4929: 4924: 4921: 4916: 4910: 4906: 4899: 4896: 4891: 4884: 4881: 4876: 4874:0-801-85291-9 4870: 4866: 4865: 4857: 4854: 4850: 4845: 4842: 4837: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4815: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4773: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4758: 4754: 4749: 4746: 4742: 4737: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4710: 4707: 4703: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4681:0-19-511875-8 4677: 4673: 4669: 4668: 4660: 4657: 4652: 4646: 4638: 4631: 4629: 4625: 4620: 4614: 4610: 4609: 4601: 4598: 4593: 4587: 4583: 4576: 4573: 4570:, p. 25. 4569: 4564: 4561: 4556: 4554:0-19-511875-8 4550: 4546: 4542: 4541: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4516: 4513: 4509: 4504: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4480:, p. 48. 4479: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4409:(230): 3–46. 4408: 4401: 4394: 4391: 4386: 4384:0-8061-3287-6 4380: 4376: 4372: 4371: 4363: 4360: 4355: 4353:1-58477-291-3 4349: 4345: 4338: 4335: 4330: 4328:0-435-31274-X 4324: 4320: 4313: 4310: 4304: 4301: 4296: 4290: 4286: 4279: 4276: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4244: 4241: 4236: 4234:90-04-04013-7 4230: 4226: 4219: 4216: 4213:, p. 47. 4212: 4207: 4204: 4199: 4192: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4130: 4122: 4120:90-04-13577-4 4116: 4112: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4079: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4043: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4016: 4012: 4005: 4003: 3999: 3994: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3979: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3951: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3936: 3932: 3927: 3924: 3919: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3904: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3839: 3835: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3810: 3807: 3802: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3718: 3713: 3711:0-88402-115-7 3707: 3703: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3678: 3673: 3671:0-19-516774-0 3667: 3663: 3662: 3654: 3651: 3646: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3631: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3579: 3575: 3568: 3565: 3560: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3532: 3531: 3526: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3480: 3475: 3466: 3460: 3457: 3451: 3448: 3441: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3413: 3410: 3399: 3396: 3385: 3380: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3329: 3328: 3327: 3326:Bibliography: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3288: 3284: 3283: 3275: 3272: 3267: 3265:90-04-12578-7 3261: 3257: 3256: 3248: 3245: 3240: 3238:90-04-12578-7 3234: 3230: 3229: 3221: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3203: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3183: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3163: 3160: 3159: 3146: 3132: 3125: 3117: 3101: 3093: 3085: 3057: 3054: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3030: 3028: 3027: 3002: 2996: 2994: 2988: 2974: 2972: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2915: 2908: 2901: 2885: 2869: 2862: 2843: 2839: 2836: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2808: 2806: 2805: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2780: 2778: 2768: 2760: 2758: 2725: 2723: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2623: 2613: 2593: 2585: 2573: 2564: 2561: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2531: 2529: 2521: 2519: 2518: 2509: 2505: 2503: 2497: 2495: 2481: 2473: 2471: 2455: 2453: 2440: 2438: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2362: 2353: 2335: 2312: 2309: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2285: 2283: 2282: 2271: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2257: 2235: 2231: 2229: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2175: 2172: 2146: 2144: 2143: 2126: 2114: 2112: 2098: 2096: 2087: 2085: 2044: 2040: 2039: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2018: 2016: 2011: 2010: 2008: 2007: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1973:Edward Gibbon 1969: 1967: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1851: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1818: 1809: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1797:and virtues. 1796: 1790: 1784: 1780: 1774: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1715: 1711: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1669: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1590: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1566: 1558: 1551: 1547: 1546: 1540: 1538: 1537: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1507:Pater Patriae 1504: 1501: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1473: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1425: 1424:Quirinal Hill 1420: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1393: 1389: 1386:Caracalla as 1384: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1359: 1357: 1352: 1351: 1346: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1269: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1229:Alamannic war 1228: 1226: 1222: 1219: 1213: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1180: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1145: 1143: 1141: 1136: 1135: 1129: 1126: 1118: 1115:, 1766–1828 ( 1114: 1110: 1106: 1100:Geta's murder 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1055: 1054:Roman Britain 1051: 1047: 1044:(present day 1043: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1001: 997: 995: 991: 986: 985: 982: 978: 974: 973: 972:pater patriae 968: 963: 961: 957: 953: 952: 947: 946: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 910: 906: 904: 902: 897: 892: 888: 887: 875: 871: 870: 858: 854: 850: 843: 834: 830: 826: 819: 808: 805: 803: 801: 800: 795: 791: 787: 783: 772: 769:April 188 to 764: 760: 756: 749: 745: 740: 733: 731: 729: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 683: 681: 679: 670: 665: 653: 641: 636: 634: 630: 626: 625: 620: 619: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 581: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 550:Roman emperor 545: 506: 502: 498: 487: 482: 480: 475: 473: 468: 467: 465: 464: 457: 451: 448: 446: 440: 437: 436: 433: 432: 427: 423: 420: 419: 416: 413: 412: 407: 400: 399: 394: 393: 386: 385: 380: 379: 371: 365: 364: 356: 355: 350: 349: 341: 340: 334: 333: 325: 324: 318: 317: 309: 303: 302: 294: 288: 287: 280: 279: 274: 273: 268: 265: 264: 260: 259: 255: 254:Severan Tondo 249: 245: 244: 239: 232: 229: 225: 222: 219: 215: 212: 209: 207: 203: 194: 191: 187: 182: 177: 173: 170: 167: 163: 160: 156: 150: 146: 143: 136: 132: 128: 121: 118: 115: 112: 111: 109: 103: 100: 97: 93: 90: 87: 83: 76: 72: 69: 68:Roman emperor 65: 60: 54: 49: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 8205:Andronikos V 8203: 8186: 8134: 8102: 8080: 8068: 8051: 8045: 8039: 8027: 8021: 7934: 7928: 7922: 7895: 7878: 7866: 7849: 7837: 7831: 7818:Nikephoros I 7793: 7792: 7786: 7753: 7750:Justinian II 7745:Tiberius III 7735:Justinian II 7726: 7720: 7703: 7655: 7627:Anastasius I 7618: 7562: 7558:Julius Nepos 7550: 7543: 7531: 7519: 7512: 7500: 7488: 7479: 7478: 7472: 7445: 7436: 7435: 7429: 7420:Theodosius I 7407: 7380: 7373: 7366: 7337:Maximinus II 7324: 7226: 7209: 7196: 7190: 7178: 7166: 7099: 7085: 7061:Lucius Verus 6904: 6898:Roman consul 6896: 6860: 6854:Roman consul 6852: 6818: 6812:Roman consul 6810: 6776: 6770:Roman consul 6768: 6720: 6698: 6691: 6684: 6649: 6642: 6632: 6612: 6599: 6590:LacusCurtius 6583: 6572: 6536: 6526: 6507: 6488: 6463: 6459: 6440: 6421: 6402: 6393: 6384: 6357: 6338: 6329: 6320: 6311: 6302: 6283: 6266: 6243: 6234: 6225: 6206: 6197: 6188: 6169: 6160: 6133: 6107: 6099: 6081: 6061: 6035: 6031: 6005: 5996: 5975: 5965: 5957: 5949: 5930: 5912:Ancient Rome 5911: 5903: 5884: 5864: 5845: 5826: 5817: 5783: 5773: 5748: 5744: 5725: 5700: 5696: 5677: 5667: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5609: 5603: 5584: 5578: 5569: 5563: 5554: 5548: 5539: 5533: 5524: 5506: 5500: 5481: 5475: 5463: 5435: 5429: 5410: 5404: 5395: 5389: 5370: 5364: 5345: 5339: 5330: 5302: 5296: 5289:Manders 2012 5274:Manders 2012 5243: 5237: 5230:Manders 2012 5225: 5218:Manders 2012 5213: 5204: 5162: 5156: 5133: 5127: 5118: 5112: 5098: 5086: 5067: 5061: 5037: 5030: 5023:Dunstan 2011 5000: 4980: 4945: 4923: 4904: 4898: 4889: 4883: 4863: 4856: 4844: 4835: 4799: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4760: 4748: 4736: 4722:(2): 45–54. 4719: 4715: 4709: 4704:, p. 4. 4666: 4659: 4636: 4607: 4600: 4581: 4575: 4563: 4539: 4515: 4473: 4466:Dunstan 2011 4406: 4393: 4369: 4362: 4343: 4337: 4318: 4312: 4303: 4284: 4278: 4253: 4249: 4243: 4224: 4218: 4206: 4197: 4191: 4158: 4154: 4110: 4077: 4041: 4010: 3977: 3956: 3950: 3943:Dunstan 2011 3938: 3931:Dunstan 2011 3926: 3902: 3883:Dunstan 2011 3862:Dunstan 2011 3833: 3815: 3809: 3790: 3725:Dunstan 2011 3720: 3701: 3695: 3680: 3660: 3653: 3629: 3604:Dunstan 2011 3573: 3567: 3558: 3535:. Retrieved 3528: 3519: 3497:Hammond 1957 3468:citizenship. 3464: 3459: 3450: 3359: 3336: 3325: 3324: 3314: 3281: 3274: 3254: 3247: 3227: 3220: 3211: 3202: 3188: 3187: 2867: 2194:Fulvius Pius 1996: 1976: 1975:, author of 1970: 1965: 1962: 1913: 1899: 1877: 1872: 1862: 1857: 1855: 1849: 1847: 1825: 1821: 1815: 1813: 1799: 1794: 1791: 1782: 1778: 1775: 1769: 1767: 1759: 1703: 1671: 1662:Parthian war 1652:Aristotelian 1649: 1642: 1634: 1622: 1608: 1603: 1599: 1593: 1588: 1585: 1575: 1571: 1565:antoninianus 1564: 1557:antoninianus 1556: 1549: 1545:antoninianus 1543: 1541: 1534: 1531: 1517: 1487: 1474: 1460: 1451: 1421: 1396: 1360: 1348: 1342: 1309: 1305: 1274: 1242: 1232: 1223: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1195: 1190: 1184: 1182: 1171: 1165: 1139: 1132: 1130: 1122: 1108: 1079: 1074: 1070: 1064: 1060: 1058: 1035: 1030: 1018: 1013: 1010: 1004: 1002: 998: 987: 984: 980: 977:Roman consul 970: 964: 959: 955: 949: 943: 915: 913: 908: 890: 884: 867: 865: 806: 797: 752: 730: 721: 705: 687: 680: 637: 622: 618:antoninianus 616: 582: 574:Roman Empire 560:and Empress 504: 500: 496: 495: 449: 438: 396: 382: 357:' usurpation 353: 337: 322: 321: 292: 276: 261: 61:, 212–215 AD 40: 8264:(1224–1242) 8258:(1204–1461) 8047:Konstantios 7924:Christopher 7897:Constantine 7887:Michael III 7868:Constantine 7851:Constantine 7833:Theophylact 7762:Philippicus 7712:Constans II 7637:Justinian I 7533:Severus III 7481:Constans II 7235:Claudius II 7211:Silbannacus 7158:Gordian III 7133:Maximinus I 7101:Diadumenian 6654:"Caracalla" 6620:translation 6604:Books 79–80 6596:Cassius Dio 6569:"CARACALLA" 6360:. Rutgers. 6151:10023/12646 5751:: 188–196. 4741:Castex 2008 4702:Castex 2008 4424:10023/12646 4256:: 188–196. 3748:Cooley 2012 3685:Cassius Dio 3525:"Caracalla" 3512:Cooley 2012 2920:Unknown (2) 2622:Julia Maesa 2612:Julia Domna 1740:Portraiture 1635:phalangarii 1623:Phalangarii 1206:Latin Right 1156:Julia Domna 1086:Caledonians 1029:Geta as co- 782:Julia Domna 718:Cassius Dio 640:Cassius Dio 562:Julia Domna 450:Followed by 439:Preceded by 370:Diadumenian 231:Julia Domna 190:Regnal name 139:4 April 188 85:Predecessor 8328:217 deaths 8323:188 births 8312:Categories 8041:Andronikos 8029:Nikephoros 7978:Michael IV 7943:Romanos II 7863:Theophilos 7858:Michael II 7839:Staurakios 7823:Staurakios 7795:Nikephoros 7788:Artabasdos 7700:Heraclonas 7657:Theodosius 7615:Basiliscus 7375:Nepotianus 7368:Magnentius 7362:Constans I 7315:Severus II 7295:Diocletian 7240:Quintillus 7205:Aemilianus 7198:Volusianus 7143:Gordian II 7108:Elagabalus 6971:Principate 6738:(209–211) 6681:Caracalla 6643:caracallus 5468:Rowan 2012 5456:Rowan 2012 4928:Scott 2008 4849:Scott 2008 4819:Scott 2008 4804:Scott 2008 4765:Rowan 2012 4753:Rowan 2012 4568:Scott 2008 4508:Rowan 2012 3537:6 November 3476:References 3346:0415165911 3100:Elagabalus 2328:Fulvia Pia 1729:, and the 1619:Roman army 1522:struck in 1461:ANTONINVS 1429:Elagabalus 1301:Nile Delta 1297:Alexandria 1006:decennalia 896:designatus 829:Glyptothek 734:Early life 429:Succession 384:Elagabalus 270:Chronology 8318:Caracalla 8283:Classical 8268:Empresses 8252:(286–296) 8246:(267–273) 8240:(260–274) 7983:Michael V 7909:Alexander 7722:Heraclius 7690:Heraclius 7642:Justin II 7552:Glycerius 7539:Anthemius 7409:Procopius 7347:Martinian 7326:Maxentius 7255:Florianus 7228:Saloninus 7223:Gallienus 7192:Hostilian 7168:Philip II 7138:Gordian I 7086:Caracalla 7021:Vespasian 7016:Vitellius 6732:(198–211) 6480:147778542 6376:430652279 6275:859895124 6252:cite book 6038:: 19–64. 5803:cite book 5717:147256542 5703:: 41–52. 5647:147256542 5633:: 41–52. 5181:cite book 5142:cite book 4785:: 37–60. 4645:cite book 4183:147778542 4175:0144-0365 4129:cite book 3481:Citations 3465:ius Latii 3369:993285639 3094:(2 and 4) 2868:Caracalla 2566:Septimius 1928:Bonvoisin 1885:Carausius 1770:Caracalla 1754:Baltimore 1727:centurion 1690:Şanlıurfa 1688:, modern 1674:Parthians 1656:Aristotle 1615:phalanxes 1602:(675–750 1600:sesterces 1589:sesterces 1285:Nicomedia 1191:dediticii 1094:Bosphorus 1050:Caledonia 945:imperator 932:Ctesiphon 726:gladiator 690:Septimius 669:Louis XVI 650:235) and 605:praenomen 505:Caracalla 323:Caracalla 293:Caracalla 122:(209–211) 116:(198–211) 106:Co-rulers 95:Successor 46:Caracalla 8423:Septimii 8278:Usurpers 8273:Augustae 8231:See also 8136:Nicholas 7958:Basil II 7755:Tiberius 7740:Leontius 7728:Tiberius 7705:Tiberius 7683:610–1453 7678:Eastern/ 7632:Justin I 7585:Arcadius 7545:Olybrius 7527:Majorian 7468:Honorius 7447:Eugenius 7382:Vetranio 7332:Licinius 7305:Galerius 7300:Maximian 7285:Dominate 7275:Numerian 7245:Aurelian 7218:Valerian 7163:Philip I 7153:Balbinus 7148:Pupienus 7096:Macrinus 7071:Pertinax 7066:Commodus 7031:Domitian 6996:Claudius 6991:Caligula 6986:Tiberius 6981:Augustus 6907:Balbinus 6744:Macrinus 6667:Archived 6026:(1957). 4791:42663723 3381:See also 3335:(1999). 3210:(1999). 3141:222–235) 3110:218–222) 2894:209–211) 2878:197–217) 2602:193–211) 1991:Domitian 1952:republic 1940:monarchy 1936:Lethière 1906:, 1769 ( 1783:augustus 1779:augustus 1734:Macrinus 1722:a defeat 1572:denarii. 1550:denarius 1536:denarius 1519:denarius 1482:holding 1457:laureate 1407:Serapeum 1281:Bithynia 1235:Alamanni 1198:Augustus 1154:Bust of 1066:cognomen 1042:Eboracum 1031:augustus 1014:Augustus 916:Augustus 909:augustus 847:Bust of 823:Bust of 799:Augustus 755:Lugdunum 652:Herodian 633:Macrinus 624:denarius 601:free men 445:Emperors 354:Macrinus 142:Lugdunum 99:Macrinus 8373:Aurelii 8288:Eastern 8188:Matthew 8082:Alexios 7930:Stephen 7892:Basil I 7777:Leo III 7652:Maurice 7595:Marcian 7578:395–610 7502:Joannes 7461:395–480 7415:Gratian 7288:284–610 7270:Carinus 7250:Tacitus 7126:235–285 7046:Hadrian 6726:198–217 6661:, from 6084:. EUP. 6052:4238646 5658:Sources 4672:413–414 3689:Book 79 3182:emperor 3139: 3108: 2892: 2876: 2600: 1983:Hadrian 1710:Carrhae 1644:triarii 1604:denarii 1595:denarii 1576:denarii 1403:Serapis 1388:Pharaoh 1372:stadium 1350:thermae 1316:Armenia 1299:in the 1293:Orontes 1291:on the 1289:Antioch 1061:augusti 926:in the 920:triumph 710:agnomen 704:in his 599:to all 548:), was 456:Century 409:Dynasty 403:222–235 389:218–222 360:217–218 329:211–217 313:209–211 298:198–211 283:193–211 211:Severan 206:Dynasty 159:Carrhae 32:Caracal 8050:& 8026:& 7933:& 7904:Leo VI 7880:Thekla 7836:& 7803:Leo IV 7725:& 7664:Phocas 7620:Marcus 7605:Leo II 7521:Avitus 7438:Victor 7403:Valens 7393:Jovian 7388:Julian 7260:Probus 7195:& 7175:Decius 7123:Crisis 7041:Trajan 6697: 6548: 6514: 6495: 6478: 6447: 6428: 6409: 6374: 6364: 6345: 6290: 6273: 6213: 6176: 6114: 6088: 6069: 6050: 6012: 5984: 5937: 5918: 5892: 5871: 5852: 5833: 5791: 5765:283475 5763: 5732: 5715: 5684: 5645: 5591: 5488: 5417: 5377: 5352: 5309: 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