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governor of La
Florida. While British forces periodically launched incursions into Spanish Florida by land and sea, British traders were constantly expanding their networks of trade with the Indians, and acquiring more influence with the colonial government in Charles Town. When Benavides, a zealous reformer, arrived at St. Augustine in late 1718 to take Ayala's place, he launched an investigation into his predecessor's entrepreneurial activities, and accused Ayala of having engaged in contraband trade with British merchants while still in office. Ayala was arrested, briefly imprisoned in the Castillo and exiled to Havana. The case was not settled until 1731, years after Ayala's death in Havana in 1727.
840:. This caused great consternation among the "encomenderos" of the province, who saw it as jeopardizing their income and prerogatives in favor of the militia; they believed the governor had betrayed the interests of the wealthy families who enjoyed the privileges of the encomiendas. The political backlash was such that Benavides was forced to withdraw the application. He also withdrew a third initiative he had submitted for the creation of a state monopoly of salt production in the region. The adverse reaction was much more widespread in this case, since the project would damage the interests of all the people, given that salt was a staple whose availability and price affected everyone.
595:, with a fleet of ships and a force of Indian warriors that met only token resistance from the Spanish. The French occupied Pensacola until August 1719, when a large Spanish force arrived and compelled the small French garrison to surrender. This Spanish occupation lasted until 1 September, when a French fleet arrived to reassert French control. The Spanish soldiers garrisoned at the rebuilt blockhouse in Apalachee were ordered to St. Augustine, leaving the natives who had settled nearby to their own devices. In 1722, Pensacola was officially returned to Spanish control, though the French garrison did not withdraw until 1726.
343:
375:), which provided his personal security. Due to Benavides' exceptional skill as a marksman and the friendship that had developed between them, the king ordered him to be enrolled in the Corps – an unusual circumstance, since normally only the children of the nobility could join. Benavides was admitted to the second company of the unit, the most elite branch of the Royal Army, and joined the king in numerous other royal hunting parties. He distinguished himself in battle at
412:
291:, the previous governor, for dealing in contraband, and repelled several attempts by the English to invade Florida by land and sea. He secured the friendship of the neighboring Indian groups who had previously been inimical to the Spaniards, a state of affairs that continued without interruption while he governed the province. He defended the rights of the indigenous people and established the first black
327:(Flag of Havana) stayed at the Benavides family home while touring the island to recruit young men into the Spanish army for service in the New World colonies. According to Bernardo Cólogan Fallón, writer of the first biography of Benavides (1798), the officer saw military potential in the young Benavides, and asked his parents to allow his enlistment as a
423:(1701–1714). On 20 August 1710, he commanded a Guards of Corps cavalry squadron of the Bourbon Spanish forces in the Battle of Saragossa, and managed to seize the enemy's artillery in a surprise attack. The Bourbon troops suffered serious casualties, however, and after a disorderly retreat saw that further efforts were futile and conceded defeat.
443:
until the king, noticing that he was missing, ordered that he be sought among the casualties on the field. He was soon found, still unconscious, and treated by Philip V's personal surgeons. To reward his bravery the king promoted
Benavides to colonel, and thereafter called him "Father" as a mark of affection and respect. After the signing of the
473:, and the governorship was considered a difficult assignment in a dangerous frontier. Benavides was sworn into office by the governor of the Canary Islands, rather than before the Royal Council in Madrid, so that he could establish his administration as soon as possible. He embarked from Tenerife in a squadron that included the frigates
56:
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had been attacked frequently by these restive tribes and the
British, who continued to harass the Spanish, hoping to hinder their trade and force them to abandon the province. An energetic and active administrator despite his improprieties, Ayala regained the loyalty of many of the Indian leaders who
442:
armies. Seeing that the king was exposed to enemy fire as he sat astride his white horse, and that he did not have a spare horse to escape the perilous situation, Benavides offered to exchange his own horse with Philip, who accepted. A shell knocked
Benavides off the royal horse and he lay senseless
362:
infantry regiments sent there as reinforcements for Philip V's troops. When Philip V's advisors told the king of the
Canarian soldier who had gained fame as a sharpshooter in Havana, he ordered Benavides to accompany him on one of his hunting trips, after which the two hunted together frequently and
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were generally dismayed when the news reached
Florida, as they did not expect to see another governor like Benavides. He continued the same policies he had implemented there at his new post, and practiced his accustomed charity, devoting much of his income to the poor people of Veracruz, just as he
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Benavides wrote the king that by repopulating the country with settler families and dispatching five hundred soldiers to refortify it, Spain might reclaim its lost territory. Events in Europe were affecting those in the
Southeast as the European powers maneuvered to assert their claims to colonial
545:
The
Spanish Crown needed a colonial administrator of demonstrated competency to assume the governorship, address these threats and maintain Spanish domination of the region. Benavides, with his distinguished record in the Spanish military and the support of Philip V, was appointed royal military
468:
Philip V, wanting to utilize his services and repay his steadfast loyalty, appointed
Benavides governor and captain general of Florida while he was convalescing in Tenerife from his previous injuries. Serious irregularities in local administration were a problem in St. Augustine, the capital of
881:
to
Veracruz. From there, he departed for Acapulco and onward to the Philippines. When he finally returned to Tenerife at the age of 70, he rejected Philip VI's appointment as captain general of the Canary Islands, pleading the infirmities of old age. He donated money to expand and renovate the
750:
Benavides took a great interest in works on the defenses of the presidio and the fortress of Veracruz. In five months he expanded them as a screen for the artillery positions, built a large cistern and provisioned it with food for six months, while the number of men in the garrison was greatly
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settlements around the city, where he was informed of their available resources and present needs. He relied on his colleagues to help implement his policies, having appointed competent persons of his choosing to positions in his administration. In his periodic official reports to the king, he
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The Spanish had burned and abandoned Mission San Luis de Apalachee in 1704 to prevent the British and their Indian allies from taking it, and did not return to Apalachee until 1718, when Benavides dispatched Captain Joseph Primo de Rivera to build a sturdier wooden fort near the coast at
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officially emancipating the slaves who fled Carolina, maintaining that it applied only to those who had arrived in Florida while the war was still under way. Nevertheless, runaway slaves from the Carolinas continued to seek refuge in Florida, knowing they had more rights under the
686:. Benavides went so far as to offer 30 silver pieces of eight for an Englishman's scalp and 100 pieces for "every live Negro” brought to St. Augustine. In 1727, Spanish raiders commanded by Francisco Menéndez and runaway slaves from Carolina destroyed a plantation on the
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in 1729. Four years later, in 1733, the Spanish government in Madrid banned the sale of runaway slaves and freed all black soldiers after four years of service to the crown; consequently Benavides decreed that runaways who converted to Catholicism and worked in the
525:, on territory the Spanish claimed, and with good reason considered St. Augustine the greatest threat to their security. Carolinian settlers moved southwards, bringing them into conflicts with long-established Spanish colonists. The Carolinian settlers and their
924:(Friends of the Salon). Ricardo Melchior, president of the council, and Cristobal de la Rosa, the island's director of Cultural and Historical Heritage, attended as well. The headstone's inscription, which has remained intact for over 250 years, reads:
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countered complaints from the disaffected and their possibly distorted interpretations of his actions, informing him of the colony's status and explaining what reforms were needed. The king approved his policy and he continued as governor.
853:(decree) was issued instructing provincial governors to prohibit the production and consumption of aguardiente. The same year Benavides came into conflict with the council of Campeche over his use of Indian labor to work in rice
567:, about twenty miles south of the ruined Mission San Luis, for a stronger defense against attackers. Rivera was instructed to erect a structure large enough to house a garrison of one hundred men, a supply storehouse, and a
1202:
693:
Benavides continued to flout the 1693 decree, and declined to free the runaways, including Menéndez, despite his demonstrated loyalty to the Spanish Crown. Benavides even sold the militiaman with nine other fugitives at
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in the city council had previously held the status of presumptive replacement of governors who vacated their office. The king welcomed this idea and appointed Romualdo de Herrera the first King's Lieutenant of Yucatán.
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who had fled to St. Augustine, for 200 pesos apiece. This was angrily rejected by the Carolinian slave owners, who asserted their property was worth much more, and demanded compensation for loss of the slaves' labor.
657:; Ignacio Rodriguez Rozo served as interim governor in his place. After his return to Florida that year, Benavides formed a militia of black slaves to defend Saint Augustine against foreign incursions, and appointed
299:, the capital of the province, from British attacks. Over the course of his various administrative appointments, Benavides apparently donated most of his income to the poor people of Florida, Yucatan, Veracruz and
1496:
Diccionario geográfico-historico de las Indias occidentales ó América, es a saber, de los reynos del Perú, Nueva España, Tierra Firme, Chile, y Nuevo Reyno de Granada... escrito por el coronel D. Antonio de
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of Tenerife, Benavides' birthplace, paid tribute to its native son to coincide with the 250th anniversary of his death. A wreath was laid at his newly restored headstone in the Church of the Conception
928:("Here lies the Honorable Antonio Benavides, Lieutenant General of the Royal Armies, a native of the island of Tenerife. A man of such virtue, as should be for art and nature in the mortal condition").
926:
Aquí yace el Excmo. Sr. D. Antonio Benavides, teniente general de los Reales Ejércitos, natural de esta isla de Tenerife. Varón de tanta virtud, cuanto cabe por arte y naturaleza en la condición mortal
836:
Governor Benavides made a proposal to the Spanish Crown for the creation of a fund to compensate the poorly paid military personnel garrisoned in Campeche, to be financed with the income of the vacant
2503:
821:(1739–48). He led a small army of regulars, reinforced by the peasant militia, with orders to defend the coasts of Honduras and Tabasco, and to protect the ports chosen to supply the ships of the
323:) on 8 December 1678, into a family of farmers. The son of Andrés Benavides, a captain in the provincial militia, and his wife María, he was the third of 8 siblings. In late 1698 a captain of the
1203:""D. Antonio de Benavides, Teniente General de los Reales Exércitos": paper presented at Tertulia Amigos del 25 de Julio, Salón Noble del Palacio Insular, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 9 January 2012"
517:, who were skilled agriculturalists, traded agricultural and livestock foodstuffs with Havana merchants throughout the 1600s, and built a thriving community. Meanwhile, the British had founded
758:
After many years of service to the crown, Benavides began to feel that he should leave governance, and desiring not to harm the interests of the colony, asked to be released from office, but
902:
Benavides never married. While living in the Americas, he bought an African slave, Antonio Quijada, who returned with him to the Canary islands and served the old man until his death.
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2538:
2589:
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861:(from the heartwood of which a valuable fabric dye was extracted) and other timber trees. Antonio Benavides' term in Yucatan ended in 1750 when he was appointed governor of
849:, a brandy made locally from sugar cane, the large Spanish purveyors of spirits complained to the crown, and sought royal protection for their interests. In 1748, a royal
415:
Benavides fought on the Bourbon side in the War of the Spanish Succession. Pictorial representation of the Battle of Saragossa, one of the battles in which he participated
497:
The indefinite borders of Spain's province of La Florida were being challenged by other European powers at the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th centuries.
1553:
786:, until a final appointment could be made by the king or the viceroy. This decision was popular among the citizens of Campeche, but not with those of Mérida, whose
610:
In 1721, Benavides began an investigation into the historical background for Spanish claims to the coast of what is now the state of Georgia. In 1724, he asked the
710:
declined to approve this action. Francisco Menéndez and several other slaves finally won unconditional freedom in 1738 by a decree of the new governor of Florida,
638:
to protect the overland route, and eventually allow the development of a profitable coastal trade. The council, however, paid little attention to this proposal.
588:
564:
2256:
Los canarios en América: Biografías de militares y marinos distinguidos, hombres de ciencia, literatos, periodistas, comerciates, agricultores y obreros
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987:""Having Served in the Troops": The Appointment of Military Officers as Provincial Governors in Early Eighteenth-Century Spanish America, 1700-1746"
1914:
706:
Also in 1733, Benavides proposed sending the runaways to Carolina to incite a rebellion, again intending to "pay them for English scalps", but the
1993:
268:(September 1750 – ?). Before his successive appointments to these various positions, he served with distinction in several campaigns of the
2599:
833:. With the Spanish implementation of the treaty, Benavides continued his efforts to repel the pirates and privateers preying on Spanish ships.
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920:) at Santa Cruz de Tenerife (where he was buried according to his wishes), and a eulogy was delivered by Emilio Abad Ripoll, president of the
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who roamed the seas off its coast. Having someone occupy this position would ensure an automatic succession to the office of Governor and
722:
for his able execution of the duties of his office, and as a parting gesture, he donated his belongings to the needy citizens of Florida.
331:. In 1699, at age 19, Benavides entered the Spanish army and joined ninety-nine other recruits in a regiment assigned to the garrison of
714:. Over the course of his lengthy term as royal governor of Florida, Benavides succeeded in fending off British incursions and repressing
683:
529:
allies raided the Franciscan mission settlements of convert Indians repeatedly, and by 1706 their expeditions had destroyed most of the
2304:
Diccionario historico, biografico y monumental de Yucatan: Desde la conquista hasta el ultimo año de la dominacion española en el pais
1115:[Yearbook of Atlantic Studies] (26). Instituto Jeronimo Zurita del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. 1979: 318.
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Costa Rica-Panama Arbitration: Historical development of the question. Treaties and international relations. The Paris arbitration
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102:
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increased. Nevertheless, he rejected a project conceived in Madrid to construct a battery flush with the waters surrounding the
2210:"Borders and Rumors: The Georgia Frontier in the Atlantic World Borders and Rumors: The Georgia Frontier in the Atlantic World"
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771:
774:, to ensure a continuous military command in the main port of the province, which was a target of frequent attacks by British
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Perhaps fearing the possibility of reprisal, in 1725 Benavides sent a delegation to Charles Town with an offer to purchase 10
1861:
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for the benefit of the poor, retired there himself in January 1761, and died on 9 January 1762. Today his remains lie in the
830:
431:
281:
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In 1719, Governor Benavides began the construction of a second line of defenses in St. Augustine, completed in 1721: the
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67:
935:, which is based on the adventures of Antonio de Benavides, was published by novelist Jesús Villanueva Jiménez in 2015.
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662:
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17:
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Reseña geográfica, histórica y estadística del estado de Yucatan desde los primitivos tiempos de la península
1020:
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Benavides possibly saved the life of Philip V, the first Bourbon king of Spain, on 10 September 1710, in the
1760:
Situado and Sabana : Spain's Support System for the Presidio and Mission Provinces of Florida; 3 tables
1719:. Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. 1980. p. 31.
534:
288:
90:
55:
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887:
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592:
427:
316:
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186:
127:
2566:(in Spanish: The Canarians in Americas/Jose Antonio Perez Carrión: Antonio Benavides González de Molina).
1667:
History of Florida from Its Discovery by Ponce de Leon, in 1512, to the Close of the Florida War, in 1842
1906:
1210:
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707:
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2614:
2609:
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109:
2322:
Juan Francisco Molina Solís (1913). "Gobierno del General D. Antonio de Benavides Bazán y Molina".
1074:
Juan Francisco Molina Solís (1913). "Gobierno del General D. Antonio de Benavides Bazán y Molina".
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Juan Francisco Molina Solís (1913). "Gobierno del General D. Antonio de Benavides Bazán y Molina".
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735:
678:
380:
368:
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2308:
1882:
Situado and Sabana : Spain's Support System for the Presidio and Mission Provinces of Florida
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on the north, joining the Rosario line on the west and the south, facing the San Sebastián River.
806:
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580:
568:
502:
233:
618:, or annual subsidy, to Florida by land rather than by sea, believing that a land route between
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Pedro Pérez Zeledón; Chandler Parsons Anderson; Léon Fernandez; Manuel María Peralta (1913).
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Juan Francisco Molina Solís. "Gobierno del General D. Antonio de Benavides Bazán y Molina".
1244:
435:
277:
2485:
Apuntes para la historia de Sta. Cruz de Tenerife desde su fundacion hasta nuestros tiempos
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Los Canarios en América / José Antonio Pérez Carrión: Antonio Benavides González de Molina
1702:
Wars of the Americas: a chronology of armed conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present
1640:
Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present
1223:
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Seeing a decrease in their exports to Spanish America caused by the growing popularity of
810:
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of cavalry in the Royal Guard Corps in recognition of his performance on the battlefield.
411:
392:
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became friends. Philip customarily hunted on the grounds of the royal hunting estate, the
249:
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of 1715–1717, and escaped to St. Augustine in 1724. Benavides ignored the 1693 decree by
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1665:
2371:
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Publicaciones de la Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos de la Universidad de Sevilla
878:
695:
304:
194:
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2504:"El Cabildo de Tenerife ensalza la figura del militar tinerfeño Antonio de Benavides"
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in Florida waters. Before he left the province, the king promoted him to the rank of
611:
364:
858:
854:
822:
687:
654:
526:
237:
26:
1865:
1784:
John J. TePaske (July 1958). "Economic Problems of Florida Governors, 1700-1763".
1238:
665:, a runaway black slave from South Carolina, its captain. Menéndez had joined the
2105:
1329:"Interethnic Relations and Settlement on the Spanish Florida Frontier, 1668-1763"
2373:
Magistrates of the Sacred: Priests and Parishioners in Eighteenth-century Mexico
866:
845:
674:
265:
2158:
Lawrence Sanders Rowland; Alexander Moore; George C. Rogers (1 November 1996).
1939:
Colonial Wars of North America, 1512-1763 (Routledge Revivals): An Encyclopedia
649:
In 1726, Benavides' term of office was temporarily interrupted when he went to
837:
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of the Royal Armies, he commanded an expedition formed to defend the coast of
631:
384:
336:
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On 27 March 1733, the king appointed Benavides governor of the province of
549:
Benavides familiarized himself with the immediate area by visiting the six
1463:
801:
Benavides was appointed to the Captaincy General of Yucatán when war with
335:. He spent three years in the Cuban city, where he was promoted to second
1554:"Fort San Marcos de Apalache St. Marks, Florida American Latino Heritage"
1464:"The Missions of Spanish Florida: St. Augustine and the Mission Frontier"
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814:
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refused. In 1745, he requested that the Crown create the new position of
731:
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623:
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1998:
Discover Our Shared Heritage: Travel Itinerary American Latino Heritage
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of St. Augustine for four years as state slaves would be emancipated.
622:
and Florida would eliminate delays caused by the shortage of ships in
862:
739:
715:
650:
355:
332:
261:
219:
General and Administrator (governor of Florida, Veracruz and Yucatán)
1560:. National Park Service, Department of the Interior. Archived from
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410:
341:
328:
320:
2107:
The worlds of unfree labour: from indentured servitude to slavery
451:
officer by his superiors, was appointed in 1814 to the rank of
1514:
Here They Once Stood: The Tragic End of the Apalachee Missions
1885:. New York: American Museum of Natural History. p. 213.
1763:. New York: American Museum of Natural History. p. 196.
1331:. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida. pp. 71–72
1511:
Mark Frederick Boyd; Hale G. Smith; John W. Griffin (1951).
447:
and the end of the war, Benavides, considered an exemplary
346:
Cavalry of the 1st Company of the Spanish Royal Guard Corps
2345:
La Península de Yucatán en el Archivo General de la Nación
2535:"Jesús Villanueva rescata del olvido a Antonio Benavides"
2253:
José A. Pérez Carrión; Manuel Hernández González (2005).
2161:
The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina: 1514-1861
1864:. University of South Florida. p. 15. Archived from
533:. Under the previous administration of interim governor
232:(8 December 1678 – 9 January 1762) was a
2459:
Noticias de la historia general de las Islas de Canaria
2134:
The Palmetto State: The Making of Modern South Carolina
1240:
Noticias de la historia general de las islas de Canaria
287:
During his term of office in Florida, Benavides jailed
2405:
Amos y Sirvientes: Las Haciendas de Yucatán, 1789-1860
2248:
2246:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1155:
Guía histórica del Museo Militar Regional de Canarias
2332:] (in Spanish). Loteria del estado. p. 214.
2290:] (in Spanish). Loteria del estado. p. 218.
2187:"The Atlantic Transformations of Francisco Menéndez"
1733:
Las fortificaciones españolas en América y Filipinas
1433:"Spanish Sanctuary: Fugitives in Florida, 1687-1790"
1322:
1320:
1318:
1084:] (in Spanish). Loteria del estado. p. 212.
1029:] (in Spanish). Loteria del estado. p. 213.
419:
In 1710, Benavides fought in several battles of the
2013:
2011:
1158:. Ministerio de Defensa de España. pp. 77–78.
980:
978:
976:
215:
201:
173:
168:
154:
144:
126:
108:
96:
84:
66:
46:
2370:
2325:Historia de Yucatan durante la dominacion española
2283:Historia de Yucatan durante la dominacion española
2137:. University of South Carolina Press. p. 21.
1077:Historia de Yucatan durante la dominacion española
1022:Historia de Yucatan durante la dominacion española
2026:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 219.
1462:Kathleen Deagan (1991). McEwan, Bonnie G. (ed.).
1147:
1145:
1143:
2488:. J. Benitez y Compañia. 1875. pp. 113–114.
2408:. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán. p. 104.
1839:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 26–27.
1730:José Antonio Calderón Quijano (1 January 1996).
2497:
2495:
2226:Historia de las fortificaciones en Nueva España
575:lands. France declared war on Spain during the
485:, which would stop in Havana on the passage to
260:province (1745 – 1750), as well as Governor of
37: and the second or maternal family name is
2508:El Diario: Canarias Ahora (The Canaries Today)
2330:History of Yucatan During the Spanish Dominion
2288:History of Yucatan During the Spanish Dominion
1828:
1826:
1082:History of Yucatan During the Spanish Dominion
1027:History of Yucatan During the Spanish Dominion
955:"The Governors of Colonial Florida, 1565-1821"
606:Subsequent years governing Florida (1721–1734)
542:had switched their allegiance to the British.
493:Reform and early years as governor (1718–1821)
2595:Spanish colonial governors and administrators
2456:Joseph De Viera Y Clavijo (15 October 2004).
2432:Yucatán en el tiempo: enciclopedia alfabética
2164:. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 129.
2022:. In Lisa A. Lindsay, John Wood Sweet (ed.).
805:flared up again. Having acquired the rank of
626:. He also proposed the creation of a line of
383:. He also participated in various actions at
256:(1734–1745), Governor and Captain General of
8:
2533:Victoriano Suárez Álamo (10 February 2015).
2229:. Editorial CSIC - CSIC Press. p. 131.
2072:
2070:
1683:
1681:
1267:. University of Alabama Press. p. 175.
1256:
1254:
1152:Juan Tous Meliá; César López Solano (2000).
957:. University of West Florida. Archived from
825:. The dispute was eventually settled by the
2590:People of the War of the Spanish Succession
1589:. University of Alabama Press. p. 35.
1517:. University Press of Florida. p. 60.
1190:. Imp. de Víctor Doreste. pp. 126–127.
1101:. Imp. de Víctor Doreste. pp. 120–121.
1014:
1012:
319:, Tenerife, in the Canary Islands (part of
2080:American Eras, 1600-1754: The Colonial Era
1670:. J. B. Lippincott & Company. p.
1542:. Florida Department of State. p. 19.
877:In 1750 Benavides sailed from the port of
367:, accompanied by the best marksmen in the
54:
43:
2131:Jack Bass; W. Scott Poole (5 June 2012).
1691:. University Press of Florida, 1999. P.14
1616:. Indiana University Press. p. 186.
1356:. Editora Regional Canaria. p. 219.
991:Colonial Latin American Historical Review
558:Relations with the Indians and the French
505:, one of the four major provinces in the
240:who held administrative positions in the
2000:. National Park Service. Archived from
1862:"Conquistadores in the Land of Flowers"
985:Francisco A Eissa-Barroso (Fall 2013).
945:
395:, as well as the Battle of Balaguer at
272:in 1710, and perhaps saved the life of
2223:José Antonio Calderón Quijano (1984).
1988:
1986:
1410:. Yale University Press. p. 106.
1311:. Imp. de Víctor Doreste. p. 129.
1219:
1208:
1129:
1118:
829:, part of the wider settlement of the
2377:. Stanford University Press. p.
2047:Brenda E. Stevenson (6 August 2015).
1917:from the original on 13 December 2018
1431:William R. Gillaspie (October 1968).
1383:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 10.
1291:Bibliografía mexicana del siglo XVIII
1243:. La Imprenta de Blas Román. p.
1201:Emilio Abad Ripoll (9 January 2012).
690:and carried away seven black slaves.
7:
2541:from the original on 5 November 2022
1792:(1). Florida Historical Society: 48.
1294:. Imp. de Díaz de León. p. 503.
1046:. Press of Gibson Bros. p. 475.
501:had established several missions in
80:3 August 1718 – 21 May 1734
1963:John Schlotterbeck (1 April 2013).
1806:The African Diaspora to the Bahamas
1664:George Rainsford Fairbanks (1871).
1610:Paul E. Hoffman (11 January 2002).
1586:The Red Hills of Florida, 1528-1865
2435:. Inversiones Cares. p. 509.
1803:Keith L. Tinker (8 January 2013).
1264:The Struggle for the Georgia Coast
884:Nuestra Señora de Los Desamparados
14:
2462:. Editorial MAXTOR. p. 335.
1689:Archaeology of colonial Pensacola
1407:Spanish Frontier in North America
1380:A Companion to the American South
1261:John E. Worth (4 February 2007).
579:(1718–1720), and on 14 May 1719,
315:Antonio de Benavides was born at
68:34th Royal Governor of La Florida
2502:Europa Press (10 January 2012).
2402:Pedro Bracamonte y Sosa (1993).
2024:Biography and the Black Atlantic
1966:Daily Life in the Colonial South
1836:Black Society in Spanish Florida
1437:The Florida Historical Quarterly
1350:Agustín Millares Torres (1982).
1237:José de Viera y Clavijo (1776).
1113:"Anuario de estudios Atlánticos"
230:Antonio Benavides Bazán y Molina
16:For the Venezuelan general, see
2307:. Castillo y compañia. p.
2189:. Tulane University. p. 14
2018:Jane Landers (3 October 2013).
1540:"Mission San Luis de Apalachee"
1377:John B. Boles (15 April 2008).
1353:Biografías de canarios célebres
1308:Biografias de canarios célebres
1187:Biografias de canarios célebres
1098:Biografias de canarios célebres
354:(1701–1714), Benavides went to
211:Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
2301:Jerónimo del Castillo (1866).
2259:. Ediciones IDEA. p. 47.
2083:. Gale Research. p. 158.
1404:David J. Weber (14 May 2014).
1063:. F. Diaz de Leon. p. 57.
831:War of the Austrian Succession
1:
2600:Royal governors of La Florida
669:Indians in fighting European
577:War of the Quadruple Alliance
515:Mission San Luis de Apalachee
421:War of the Spanish Succession
407:War of the Spanish Succession
352:War of the Spanish Succession
270:War of the Spanish Succession
103:Francisco del Moral y Sánchez
2605:Governors of Yucatán (state)
2429:Juan Duch (1 January 1998).
1936:Alan Gallay (11 June 2015).
1879:Amy Turner Bushnell (1994).
1809:. FriesenPress. p. 36.
1786:Florida Historical Quarterly
1757:Amy Turner Bushnell (1994).
1327:Diana Reigelsperger (2013).
892:"Parroquia de la Conception"
772:Captaincy General of Yucatán
403:, and Almahara and Peñalba.
29:, the first or paternal
2510:. El Diario. Archived from
2348:. UNAM. 1998. p. 115.
869:in September of that year.
747:had done in St. Augustine.
531:Spanish missions in Florida
379:and, most famously, at the
2631:
2369:William B. Taylor (1996).
2208:Shane Alan Runyon (2005).
1942:. Routledge. p. 435.
1493:Antonio de Alcedo (1787).
1468:The Florida Anthropologist
784:Captain General of Yucatán
358:as a member of one of the
350:After the outbreak of the
295:unit in Florida to defend
24:
15:
2110:. Variorum. p. 363.
1994:"Fort Mose Site, Florida"
1969:. ABC-CLIO. p. 352.
1913:. National Park Service.
1907:"Fort Mose Site: Florida"
1643:. ABC-CLIO. p. 242.
1538:Florida Heritage (1988).
1474:(2–4). Gainesville: 157.
1305:Agustín Millares (1872).
1184:Agustín Millares (1872).
1095:Agustín Millares (1872).
1057:Serapio Baqueiro (1881).
857:, and for the cutting of
827:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
684:Spanish system of slavery
459:Administration in Florida
252:(1718–1734), Governor of
223:
164:
133:
115:
73:
62:
53:
2212:. University of Florida.
2104:Colin A. Palmer (1998).
1860:Paul Eugen Camp (2001).
1583:Clifton Paisley (1989).
918:Iglesia de la Concepción
373:Reales Guardias de Corps
1704:. ABC-Clio, 1998. P.242
1500:. B. Cano. p. 147.
911:On 9 January 2012, the
766:(King's Lieutenant) in
565:San Marcos de Apalachee
535:Juan de Ayala y Escobar
289:Juan de Ayala y Escobar
91:Juan de Ayala y Escobar
2077:Jessica Kross (1998).
1736:. Mapfre. p. 59.
1218:Cite journal requires
1128:Cite journal requires
888:Santa Cruz de Tenerife
653:to be operated on for
507:Spanish mission system
481:and their escort, the
428:Battle of Villaviciosa
416:
347:
317:La Matanza de Acentejo
301:Santa Cruz de Tenerife
187:La Matanza de Acentejo
18:Antonio José Benavides
2053:. Wiley. p. 68.
1833:Jane Landers (1999).
1637:David Marley (1998).
1288:Nicolás León (1903).
708:Council of the Indies
414:
345:
2580:People from Tenerife
961:on 13 September 2015
726:Governor of Veracruz
325:Bandera de la Habana
110:Governor of Veracruz
48:Antonio de Benavides
1613:Florida's Frontiers
846:aguardiente de cana
819:War of Jenkins' Ear
797:Governor of Yucatan
753:Isla de Sacrificios
537:, the territory of
381:Battle of Saragossa
128:Governor of Yucatán
823:Royal Spanish Navy
807:Lieutenant General
734:and the Castle of
712:Manuel de Montiano
663:Francisco Menéndez
503:Apalachee Province
464:Arrival in Florida
417:
348:
280:King of Spain, at
234:Lieutenant General
35:de Benavides Bazán
2469:978-84-9761-133-6
2442:978-970-9071-01-6
2415:978-968-6843-13-2
2388:978-0-8047-2456-2
2355:978-968-36-5757-2
2236:978-84-00-05579-0
2171:978-1-57003-090-1
2144:978-1-61117-132-7
2117:978-0-86078-515-6
2090:978-0-7876-1479-9
2060:978-0-7456-9585-3
2033:978-0-8122-4546-2
1976:978-1-57356-743-5
1949:978-1-317-48719-7
1846:978-0-252-06753-2
1816:978-1-4602-0554-9
1743:978-84-7100-672-1
1687:Bense, Judith A.
1650:978-0-87436-837-6
1596:978-0-8173-0412-6
1524:978-0-8130-1725-9
1417:978-0-300-15621-8
1390:978-1-4051-3830-7
1274:978-0-8173-5411-4
1165:978-84-7823-752-4
634:from Veracruz to
499:Franciscan friars
445:Treaty of Utrecht
369:Royal Guard Corps
227:
226:
160:Juan José de Clou
2622:
2585:Spanish generals
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2064:
2050:What is Slavery?
2044:
2038:
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2015:
2006:
2005:
2004:on 29 July 2014.
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933:La cruz de plata
736:San Juan de Ulúa
593:French Louisiana
509:of Florida. The
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169:Personal details
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764:Teniente de Rey
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679:King Charles II
643:fugitive slaves
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569:powder magazine
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2558:External links
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2537:. Canarias 7.
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886:hospital in
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238:Spanish Army
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207:(1762-01-09)
156:Succeeded by
135:
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98:Succeeded by
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27:Spanish name
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2615:1678 births
2610:1763 deaths
1911:www.nps.gov
867:Philippines
838:encomiendas
675:Yamasee War
521:in 1670 in
432:Guadalajara
311:Early years
282:Guadalajara
266:Philippines
146:Preceded by
86:Preceded by
2574:Categories
2545:3 November
997:(4): 350.
993:. Second.
931:The novel
873:Last years
780:buccaneers
776:privateers
744:Floridanos
632:Gulf Coast
630:along the
539:La Florida
483:San Javier
471:La Florida
385:Salcedillo
337:lieutenant
216:Profession
181:1678-12-08
1003:1063-5769
770:, in the
671:colonists
636:Apalachee
628:presidios
620:New Spain
600:Cubo Line
589:Bienville
581:Pensacola
511:Apalachee
475:San Jorge
453:brigadier
397:Barcelona
389:Villareal
339:in 1701.
140:1745–1750
136:In office
122:1734–1745
118:In office
76:In office
2539:Archived
1921:27 March
1915:Archived
1480:01569447
1443:(2): 164
815:Honduras
768:Campeche
732:Veracruz
701:presidio
659:Mandinga
624:Veracruz
585:captured
523:Carolina
440:Habsburg
377:Flanders
274:Philip V
254:Veracruz
242:Americas
191:Tenerife
25:In this
1558:nps.gov
865:in the
855:paddies
817:in the
811:Tabasco
803:England
789:alcalde
673:in the
667:Yamasee
616:situado
449:cavalry
436:Bourbon
401:Tortosa
393:Iniesta
360:dragoon
303:in the
293:militia
278:Bourbon
264:in the
258:Yucatán
236:in the
197:, Spain
179: (
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965:30 May
906:Legacy
863:Manila
851:cedula
742:. The
740:Mexico
716:piracy
661:-born
651:Havana
356:Madrid
333:Havana
262:Manila
39:Molina
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940:Notes
329:cadet
321:Spain
2547:2022
2520:2016
2464:ISBN
2437:ISBN
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2195:2016
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2020:"10"
1971:ISBN
1944:ISBN
1923:2019
1887:ISBN
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1591:ISBN
1570:2016
1519:ISBN
1476:OCLC
1449:2016
1412:ISBN
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1337:2016
1269:ISBN
1224:help
1160:ISBN
1134:help
999:ISSN
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778:and
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487:Cuba
477:and
438:and
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