271:
Southern Rim
Gateway Cities to Antarctica" to promote peaceful cooperation among the cities. The statement expired two and a half years later. From 2017 to 2020, an Australian-led project called Antarctic Cities recruited partners from each of the gateway cities to study their relationship with one another and with Antarctica. The project aimed to transition the cities from gateways, which participate in purely transportation activities, to custodial cities, which also participate in Antarctic stewardship activities. If geographic proximity to Antarctica is not considered necessary, other cities could also be called Antarctic gateways or become gateways in the future. For instance, Shanghai has a growing role through the
369:
136:
1456:
311:
38:
1696:
322:. Ushuaia is by far the most popular gateway city for tourism to Antarctica, accounting for 90% of all tourists to the continent. Nearly all of the passengers departing Ushuaia for Antarctica travel by cruise ship. It services Argentina's own National Antarctic Directorate, but no other national Antarctic program. It is also home to Antarctic-related tourism attractions, such as the Antarctic Museum.
1706:
284:
to develop a relationship with
Antarctica to promote better care for the environment. In recent years the cities have seen efforts by municipal officials to promote stronger relationships with the continent, such as Antarctic festivals, education programs for K-12 students, museum exhibits, and public outreach campaigns.
283:
A 2020 survey found that roughly three-quarters of respondents from each of the gateway cities felt
Antarctica was "very/fairly important to the city's identity." A majority of respondents also reported feeling "very/fairly responsible for Antarctica's future" and that it was important for their city
270:
Though the cities operated almost entirely independently through most of their history as
Antarctic gateways, the cities have made efforts to build relationships with one another in the 21st century. In 2009, officials from each city met in Christchurch and signed a "Statement of Intent Between the
343:
Hobart services the national
Antarctic programs of Australia, France, and China. Hobart offers the least transportation to Antarctica among the gateway cities, but has the highest number of Antarctic scientists. It also houses several Antarctic policy and research organizations including the
388:
Christchurch offers almost no commercial travel to
Antarctica, but it is a logistics center for the national Antarctic programs of New Zealand, the United States, Italy, and South Korea. Christchurch also houses the headquarters for the Council of Members of National Antarctic Programs, an
389:
international organization comprising representatives from each of the governmental research programs operating in
Antarctica. In addition to its services for national Antarctic programs, Christchurch is home to several locations and events for the local public. These include the
330:
Cape Town is the largest of the gateway cities and the farthest from
Antarctica. In addition to South Africa's own national Antarctic program, the programs of Russia, Germany, Belgium, Norway, and Japan also reach Antarctica via Cape Town. As of 2021, tourism company
301:
near the
Antarctic Peninsula. More than 20 national Antarctic programs travel through Punta Arenas, more than any other gateway city. In 2016 the municipal government launched a project to increase infrastructure and promote a cultural connection to Antarctica.
960:
345:
122:, although they differ in how much of each they facilitate. As a result of their status as transportation hubs, the cities also have cultural, economic, ecological, and political connections to Antarctica.
143:
In the 1820s when mainland
Antarctica was first discovered, the current gateway cities didn't have the infrastructure to support expeditions so ships departed from more northerly ports such as
114:
Each of the gateway cities accommodate both planes and ships traveling to Antarctica, and generally service the areas of the continent closest to them. The cities are used by both
111:, New Zealand. As Antarctica is a low-resource environment with no major transportation infrastructure of its own, gateway cities are a necessary part of all Antarctic activities.
151:, Australia. The current gateway cities began establishing themselves as important Antarctic supply hubs around the turn of the 20th Century when several of the most notable
1513:
1198:
1323:
349:
1740:
883:
729:
37:
1714:
705:
1477:
1006:
235:
152:
1104:
1518:
1255:
433:
393:, the Christchurch Antarctic Office, an annual Antarctic festival called Days of Ice, and many permanent museum exhibits. The local
272:
229:
1745:
1614:
1528:
656:
1609:
1492:
1270:
1191:
1482:
680:
512:
390:
935:
1472:
1434:
1245:
1383:
1313:
1260:
1233:
753:
632:
449:
1497:
1429:
1318:
197:
187:
1579:
1564:
1523:
1487:
1184:
115:
1238:
1157:
478:
223:
156:
360:, and Antarctica Tasmania. It also hosts Antarctic museum exhibits and an annual Australian Antarctic Festival.
1599:
1373:
1345:
1301:
394:
1629:
1533:
1419:
1215:
357:
1031:
1604:
1424:
353:
332:
1709:
1624:
1574:
1569:
1464:
1306:
1250:
1228:
832:
381:
213:
119:
780:
813:(Postgraduate Certificate in Antarctic Studies thesis). Gateway Antarctica, University of Canterbury.
910:
540:
377:
207:
139:
The Southern Cross docked in Hobart, Australia before its departure for Antarctica, December 17, 1898
1699:
1676:
1634:
1584:
1559:
1333:
1291:
373:
319:
1619:
613:
566:
318:
Ushuaia is the most southerly of the gateway cities and is located roughly 1000 km from the
882:
Leane, Elizabeth; Salazar, Juan Francisco; Marx, Katie; Magee, Liam; Khan, Marina; James, Paul.
1681:
1554:
1223:
1133:
605:
558:
508:
429:
248:
1671:
814:
597:
548:
368:
310:
135:
1735:
1655:
1439:
1414:
1340:
1296:
1286:
981:
544:
17:
1665:
1660:
1650:
1549:
1363:
84:
1055:
807:
Chambers, Claire; Sima, Ellen; Laubscher, Laetitia; Turnbull, Morag; Chen, Xu (2016).
1729:
1594:
1388:
298:
144:
570:
457:
108:
92:
68:
48:
1398:
1378:
884:"Custodians of Antarctica: how 5 gateway cities are embracing the icy continent"
505:
Antarctica, the Extraordinary History of Man's Conquest of the Frozen Continent
1455:
1328:
1207:
88:
609:
562:
1368:
450:"Pat Falvey Beyond Endurance Expeditions & Film Production – Arctic, A…"
424:
Salazar, Juan Francisco; James, Paul; Leane, Elizabeth; Magee, Liam (2021).
100:
58:
961:"Fit for the Ice: Analyzing the Infrastructure in Antarctic Gateway Cities"
1393:
275:
and could potentially become recognized as a gateway city in the future.
397:
houses Gateway Antarctica, a center for Antarctic studies and research.
818:
96:
53:
617:
585:
1265:
1007:"White Desert introduces direct flights from Cape Town to Antarctica"
934:
Leane, Elizabeth; Salazar, Juan Francisco; Magee, Liam; James, Paul.
553:
528:
148:
104:
63:
808:
346:
Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
335:
has offered direct commercial flights from Cape Town to Antarctica.
155:
expeditions first traveled through them, beginning with the British
601:
367:
309:
134:
1075:
706:"Heading south: Mawson and the Australasian Antarctic Expedition"
1129:
1100:
857:
1180:
257:
Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition (second supply stop, 1914)
1176:
858:"Antarctic Cities – Antarctic Cities and the Global Commons"
376:
in Christchurch. Scott traveled through Christchurch on his
314:
A view of Ushuaia from the deck of an Antarctic cruise ship
936:"Five cities that could change the future of Antarctica"
163:
Heroic Age Expeditions through Antarctic Gateway Cities
681:"The Southern Cross expedition » Breaking the Ice"
87:
through which nearly all cargo and personnel bound for
1643:
1542:
1506:
1463:
1407:
1356:
1279:
1214:
1032:"Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery | Islands to Ice"
426:
Antarctic Cities: From Gateways to Custodial Cities
1514:Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs
254:Terra Nova Expedition (second supply stop, 1910)
1134:"Days of Ice Festival - Celebrating Antarctica"
1056:"Antarctic Festival – Mawson's Huts Foundation"
245:Discovery Expedition (second supply stop, 1901)
1192:
590:Bulletin of the American Geographical Society
8:
968:University of Canterbury Research Depository
30:
27:Five major transportation hubs to Antarctica
1276:
1199:
1185:
1177:
529:"The Second French Antarctic Expedition 1"
350:Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies
29:
1158:"Gateway Antarctica | College of Science"
1105:"About The Christchurch Antarctic Office"
552:
911:"Reimagining Antarctic 'Gateway' Cities"
428:. Sydney: University of Western Sydney.
161:
405:
120:Antarctic commercial tourism companies
905:
903:
877:
875:
873:
802:
800:
775:
773:
483:Antarctic Logistics & Expeditions
188:Charcot's Second Antarctic Expedition
7:
1705:
651:
649:
479:"Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen"
419:
417:
415:
413:
411:
409:
198:Charcot's First Antarctic Expedition
821:– via UC Research Repository.
236:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
959:Roldan, Gabriela (February 2011).
730:"Antarctica's Links with Tasmania"
631:Plymouth History Festival (2011).
586:"Charcot's Antarctic Explorations"
91:pass. From west to east, they are
83:are five cities on the rim of the
25:
279:Public relationship to Antarctica
273:Polar Research Institute of China
1704:
1695:
1694:
1454:
1036:Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery
36:
1741:Geography of the Southern Ocean
754:"History of Scott's Expedition"
704:Macgregor, Colin (2020-06-04).
657:"History of Scott's Expedition"
633:"Discovery Expedition Timeline"
297:Punta Arenas is located on the
230:Australian Antarctic Expedition
391:International Antarctic Centre
1:
1130:https://www.nvinteractive.com
1101:https://www.nvinteractive.com
833:"Antarctica agreement signed"
539:(2147): 257–258. 1910-12-01.
1162:The University of Canterbury
456:. 2012-07-23. Archived from
584:Balch, Edwin Swift (1911).
131:Early Antarctic exploration
116:national Antarctic programs
1762:
1690:
1452:
986:MUSEO MARĂŤTIMO DE USHUAIA
982:"Museo Antártico Ushuaia"
915:Circles of Sustainability
781:"NZ ports and Antarctica"
238:(first supply stop, 1914)
224:Southern Cross Expedition
216:(first supply stop, 1910)
210:(first supply stop, 1901)
157:Southern Cross Expedition
1364:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
810:Antarctic Gateway Cities
758:Antarctic Heritage Trust
661:Antarctic Heritage Trust
503:Reader's Digest (1990).
395:University of Canterbury
81:Antarctic gateway cities
31:Antarctic gateway cities
18:Antarctic Gateway Cities
1746:Transport in Antarctica
358:Tasmanian Polar Network
1138:www.christchurchnz.com
1109:www.christchurchnz.com
385:
354:University of Tasmania
315:
140:
710:The Australian Museum
640:Plymouth History Fest
371:
313:
214:Terra Nova Expedition
138:
208:Discovery Expedition
1677:Robert Falcon Scott
1334:South magnetic pole
1292:Antarctic Peninsula
1287:Biogeographic realm
1011:www.capetownetc.com
545:1910Natur..85..257.
507:. Reader's Digest.
374:Robert Falcon Scott
320:Antarctic Peninsula
164:
32:
1615:Telecommunications
1529:Territorial claims
1030:Services, IT Web.
386:
316:
162:
141:
1723:
1722:
1682:Ernest Shackleton
1610:Research stations
1555:Antarctic English
1524:National programs
1519:Military activity
1493:COVID-19 pandemic
1450:
1449:
1319:Floristic Kingdom
1224:Antarctic sea ice
785:nzhistory.govt.nz
263:
262:
249:Nimrod Expedition
107:, Australia; and
77:
76:
16:(Redirected from
1753:
1708:
1707:
1698:
1697:
1672:James Clark Ross
1644:Famous explorers
1458:
1277:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
993:
978:
972:
971:
965:
956:
950:
949:
947:
946:
940:The Conversation
931:
925:
924:
922:
921:
907:
898:
897:
895:
894:
888:The Conversation
879:
868:
867:
865:
864:
854:
848:
847:
845:
844:
829:
823:
822:
804:
795:
794:
792:
791:
777:
768:
767:
765:
764:
750:
744:
743:
741:
740:
726:
720:
719:
717:
716:
701:
695:
694:
692:
691:
685:Breaking the Ice
677:
671:
670:
668:
667:
653:
644:
643:
637:
628:
622:
621:
581:
575:
574:
556:
554:10.1038/085257a0
525:
519:
518:
500:
494:
493:
491:
490:
475:
469:
468:
466:
465:
446:
440:
439:
421:
165:
103:, South Africa;
40:
33:
21:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1686:
1656:Richard E. Byrd
1639:
1600:Protected areas
1538:
1502:
1459:
1446:
1403:
1357:Bodies of Water
1352:
1341:West Antarctica
1297:East Antarctica
1275:
1210:
1205:
1175:
1166:
1164:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1142:
1140:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1113:
1111:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1084:
1082:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1040:
1038:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1015:
1013:
1005:
1004:
1000:
991:
989:
980:
979:
975:
963:
958:
957:
953:
944:
942:
933:
932:
928:
919:
917:
909:
908:
901:
892:
890:
881:
880:
871:
862:
860:
856:
855:
851:
842:
840:
831:
830:
826:
806:
805:
798:
789:
787:
779:
778:
771:
762:
760:
752:
751:
747:
738:
736:
734:www.utas.edu.au
728:
727:
723:
714:
712:
703:
702:
698:
689:
687:
679:
678:
674:
665:
663:
655:
654:
647:
635:
630:
629:
625:
583:
582:
578:
527:
526:
522:
515:
502:
501:
497:
488:
486:
477:
476:
472:
463:
461:
448:
447:
443:
436:
423:
422:
407:
403:
366:
341:
328:
308:
295:
290:
281:
268:
133:
128:
73:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1759:
1757:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1728:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1702:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1666:Ui-te-Rangiora
1663:
1661:Douglas Mawson
1658:
1653:
1651:Roald Amundsen
1647:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1590:Gateway cities
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1550:Antarctica Day
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1422:
1420:Microorganisms
1417:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1384:List of rivers
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1314:Extreme points
1311:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1281:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1234:Climate change
1226:
1220:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1181:
1174:
1173:
1149:
1120:
1091:
1067:
1047:
1022:
998:
973:
951:
926:
899:
869:
849:
824:
796:
769:
745:
721:
696:
672:
645:
623:
602:10.2307/200126
576:
520:
513:
495:
470:
441:
434:
404:
402:
399:
365:
362:
340:
337:
327:
324:
307:
304:
294:
291:
289:
286:
280:
277:
267:
264:
261:
260:
259:
258:
255:
252:
246:
241:
240:
239:
233:
227:
219:
218:
217:
211:
203:
202:
201:
193:
192:
191:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
169:
132:
129:
127:
124:
85:Southern Ocean
75:
74:
72:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
45:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1758:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1703:
1701:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:Midwinter Day
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1534:Treaty System
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1389:McMurdo Sound
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1128:Interactive (
1124:
1121:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1099:Interactive (
1095:
1092:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1012:
1008:
1002:
999:
987:
983:
977:
974:
969:
962:
955:
952:
941:
937:
930:
927:
916:
912:
906:
904:
900:
889:
885:
878:
876:
874:
870:
859:
853:
850:
838:
834:
828:
825:
820:
816:
812:
811:
803:
801:
797:
786:
782:
776:
774:
770:
759:
755:
749:
746:
735:
731:
725:
722:
711:
707:
700:
697:
686:
682:
676:
673:
662:
658:
652:
650:
646:
641:
634:
627:
624:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
580:
577:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
524:
521:
516:
510:
506:
499:
496:
484:
480:
474:
471:
460:on 2012-07-23
459:
455:
451:
445:
442:
437:
435:9781741085280
431:
427:
420:
418:
416:
414:
412:
410:
406:
400:
398:
396:
392:
383:
379:
375:
370:
363:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
338:
336:
334:
325:
323:
321:
312:
305:
303:
300:
299:Southern Cone
292:
287:
285:
278:
276:
274:
265:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
243:
242:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
221:
220:
215:
212:
209:
206:
205:
204:
199:
196:
195:
194:
189:
186:
185:
184:
183:
180:Christchurch
179:
176:
173:
170:
168:Punta Arenas
167:
166:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
137:
130:
125:
123:
121:
117:
112:
110:
106:
102:
99:, Argentina;
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
70:
67:
65:
62:
60:
57:
55:
52:
50:
47:
46:
44:
43:
39:
35:
34:
19:
1589:
1580:Firefighting
1565:Demographics
1488:Colonization
1483:World War II
1165:. Retrieved
1161:
1152:
1141:. Retrieved
1137:
1123:
1112:. Retrieved
1108:
1094:
1083:. Retrieved
1079:
1070:
1059:. Retrieved
1050:
1039:. Retrieved
1035:
1025:
1014:. Retrieved
1010:
1001:
990:. Retrieved
988:(in Spanish)
985:
976:
967:
954:
943:. Retrieved
939:
929:
918:. Retrieved
914:
891:. Retrieved
887:
861:. Retrieved
852:
841:. Retrieved
839:. 2009-09-25
836:
827:
809:
788:. Retrieved
784:
761:. Retrieved
757:
748:
737:. Retrieved
733:
724:
713:. Retrieved
709:
699:
688:. Retrieved
684:
675:
664:. Retrieved
660:
639:
626:
596:(2): 81–90.
593:
589:
579:
536:
532:
523:
504:
498:
487:. Retrieved
485:. 2010-08-28
482:
473:
462:. Retrieved
458:the original
453:
444:
425:
387:
384:expeditions.
372:A statue of
364:Christchurch
342:
333:White Desert
329:
317:
296:
293:Punta Arenas
282:
269:
266:21st century
147:, Chile and
142:
113:
109:Christchurch
93:Punta Arenas
80:
78:
69:Christchurch
49:Punta Arenas
1668:(legendary)
1575:Field camps
1473:Expeditions
1399:Weddell Sea
1379:Lake Vostok
1374:Lake Mercer
1246:Ice shelves
819:10092/14302
159:in 1898.
1730:Categories
1478:Heroic Age
1329:South Pole
1239:Heat waves
1208:Antarctica
1167:2022-02-21
1143:2022-02-27
1114:2022-02-27
1085:2022-02-27
1076:"Contacts"
1061:2022-02-21
1041:2022-02-21
1016:2022-02-21
992:2022-02-21
945:2022-02-22
920:2022-02-21
893:2022-02-22
863:2022-02-22
843:2022-02-22
790:2022-02-27
763:2022-02-27
739:2022-02-27
715:2022-02-27
690:2022-02-27
666:2022-02-27
514:0864381670
489:2022-02-21
464:2022-02-21
454:archive.ph
401:References
382:Terra Nova
174:Cape Town
153:Heroic Age
145:ValparaĂso
89:Antarctica
1630:Transport
1369:Lake CECs
1346:ice sheet
1302:ice sheet
1271:Volcanoes
1261:Mountains
1216:Geography
1132:), N. V.
1103:), N. V.
610:0190-5929
563:1476-4687
378:Discovery
326:Cape Town
101:Cape Town
95:, Chile;
59:Cape Town
1700:Category
1605:Religion
1507:Politics
1425:Wildlife
1394:Ross Sea
1256:Glaciers
571:29662093
171:Ushuaia
1710:Commons
1625:Tourism
1570:Economy
1543:Society
1465:History
1435:Mammals
1324:Islands
1280:Regions
1251:Geology
1229:Climate
541:Bibcode
352:at the
306:Ushuaia
177:Hobart
126:History
97:Ushuaia
54:Ushuaia
1736:Cities
1307:shield
1266:Tundra
1080:COMNAP
618:200126
616:
608:
569:
561:
533:Nature
511:
432:
356:, the
348:, the
339:Hobart
288:Cities
251:(1907)
232:(1911)
226:(1898)
200:(1904)
190:(1908)
149:Sydney
105:Hobart
64:Hobart
1715:Index
1635:Women
1585:Flags
1560:Crime
1498:Years
1440:Krill
1430:Birds
1415:Flora
964:(PDF)
636:(PDF)
614:JSTOR
567:S2CID
1620:Time
1408:Life
606:ISSN
559:ISSN
509:ISBN
430:ISBN
380:and
118:and
79:The
837:RNZ
815:hdl
598:doi
549:doi
1732::
1160:.
1136:.
1107:.
1078:.
1034:.
1009:.
984:.
966:.
938:.
913:.
902:^
886:.
872:^
835:.
799:^
783:.
772:^
756:.
732:.
708:.
683:.
659:.
648:^
638:.
612:.
604:.
594:43
592:.
588:.
565:.
557:.
547:.
537:85
535:.
531:.
481:.
452:.
408:^
1200:e
1193:t
1186:v
1170:.
1146:.
1117:.
1088:.
1064:.
1044:.
1019:.
995:.
970:.
948:.
923:.
896:.
866:.
846:.
817::
793:.
766:.
742:.
718:.
693:.
669:.
642:.
620:.
600::
573:.
551::
543::
517:.
492:.
467:.
438:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
