161:
818:
721:
133:
4531:
882:(mosses and liverworts) is estimated to have occurred 479–450 million years ago, and the last common ancestor of present-day hornworts lived in middle Permian about 275 million years ago. Chromosome-scale genome sequencing of three hornwort species corroborates that stomata evolved only once during land plant evolution. It also shows that the three groups of
920:
2623:
Zhang, Jian; Fu, Xin-Xing; Li, Rui-Qi; Zhao, Xiang; Liu, Yang; Li, Ming-He; Zwaenepoel, Arthur; Ma, Hong; Goffinet, Bernard; Guan, Yan-Long; Xue, Jia-Yu; Liao, Yi-Ying; Wang, Qing-Feng; Wang, Qing-Hua; Wang, Jie-Yu; Zhang, Guo-Qiang; Wang, Zhi-Wen; Jia, Yu; Wang, Mei-Zhi; Dong, Shan-Shan; Yang,
789:(closest to the interior of the gametophyte), is a foot. This is a globular group of cells that receives nutrients from the parent gametophyte, on which the sporophyte will spend its entire existence. In the middle of the sporophyte (just above the foot), is a
2276:
Qiu, Yin-Long; Li, Libo; Wang, Bin; Chen, Zhiduan; Knoop, Volker; Groth-Malonek, Milena; Dombrovska, Olena; Lee, Jungho; Kent, Livija; Rest, Joshua; Estabrook, George F.; Hendry, Tory A.; Taylor, David W.; Testa, Christopher M.; Ambros, Mathew (2006-10-17).
476:, which is both a food storing organ and enables a more efficient photosynthesis, has evolved independently five to six times in hornworts and is present in half of the roughly 200 species. It is formed by the fusion of the chloroplast with other
603:
also differ from other hornworts in having a reduced sporophyte only a few millimeters tall. The sporophyte in hornworts is unique among bryophytes in being long-lived with a persistent photosynthetic capacity. The sporophyte lacks an
671:
spore. The spores can be yellow, brown or green. Yellow and brown spores have a thicker wall and contain oils that both protect against desiccation and function as a nutrient storage, allowing them to survive for years. The species
688:
have short-lived spores with thin and colorless walls that appear green due to the presence of a chloroplast. In most species, there is a single cell inside the spore, and a slender extension of this cell called the
401:
Hornworts may be found worldwide, though they tend to grow only in places that are damp or humid. Some species grow in large numbers as tiny weeds in the soil of gardens and cultivated fields. Large tropical and
898:
inducible B gene (LCIB), which is also found in some species of algae. Because the diffusion rate of carbon dioxide is 10,000-fold higher in air than in water, aquatic algae require a mechanism to concentrate
2336:
Cooke, Todd J; Poli, DorothyBelle; Cohen, Jerry D (2003). "Did auxin play a crucial role in the evolution of novel body plans during the Late
Silurian-Early Devonian radiation of land plants?".
2886:
D. Christine
Cargill; Karen S. Renzaglia; Juan Carlos Villarreal; R. Joel Duff (2005), "Generic concepts within hornworts: Historical review, contemporary insights and future directions",
2731:
Frangedakis, Eftychios; Shimamura, Masaki; Villarreal, Juan Carlos; Li, Fay-Wei; Tomaselli, Marta; Waller, Manuel; Sakakibara, Keiko; Renzaglia, Karen S.; Szövényi, Péter (January 2021).
978:
Among land plants, hornworts are one of the earliest-diverging lineages of the early land plant ancestors; cladistic analysis implies that the group originated prior to the
2915:
Duff, R. Joel; Juan Carlos
Villarreal; D. Christine Cargill; Karen S. Renzaglia (2007). "Progress and challenges toward a phylogeny and classification of the hornworts".
950:). However, the most recent phylogenetic evidence leans strongly towards bryophyte monophyly, and it has been proposed that hornworts are de-ranked to the original class
5596:
468:, which have more than one chloroplast per cell (polyplastidy). In the polyplastidic species, and also some of the monoplastidic species, a cellular structure called a
4866:
2624:
Jian-Fen; Jiao, Yuan-Nian; Guo, Ya-Long; Kong, Hong-Zhi; Lu, An-Ming; Yang, Huan-Ming; Zhang, Shou-Zhou; Van De Peer, Yves; Liu, Zhong-Jian; Chen, Zhi-Duan (2020).
3211:
3011:"Phylogenetic and morphological infrageneric classification of the genus Dendroceros (Dendrocerotaceae; Anthocerotophyta), with the addition of two new subgenera"
993:
Structural features that have been used in the classification of hornworts include: the anatomy of chloroplasts and their numbers within cells, the presence of a
5494:
2133:
767:(singular antheridium). Both kinds of organs develop just below the surface of the plant and are only later exposed by disintegration of the overlying cells.
3116:
Renzaglia, Karen S. & Vaughn, Kevin C. (2000). Anatomy, development, and classification of hornworts. In A. Jonathan Shaw & Bernard
Goffinet (Eds.),
415:
The total number of species is still uncertain. While there are more than 300 published species names, the actual number could be as low as 100-150 species.
520:, to invade and colonize these cavities. Such colonies of bacteria growing inside the thallus give the hornwort a distinctive blue-green color. Symbiotic
2566:
Harris, Brogan J.; Clark, James W.; Schrempf, Dominik; Szöllősi, Gergely J.; Donoghue, Philip C. J.; Hetherington, Alistair M.; Williams, Tom A. (2022).
507:-filled cavities or canals when groups of cells break down. These cavities secrete hormogonium-inducing factors (HIF) that stimulate nearby, free-living
1860:
394:-dominant life cycle, in which cells of the plant carry only a single set of genetic information; the flattened, green plant body of a hornwort is the
643:
thickenings that change shape in response to drying out; they twist and thereby help to disperse the spores. Hornwort spores are relatively large for
5455:
5481:
4572:
2040:
Davies, Kevin M.; Jibran, Rubina; Zhou, Yanfei; Albert, Nick W.; Brummell, David A.; Jordan, Brian R.; Bowman, John L.; Schwinn, Kathy E. (2020).
778:, the cell from which the sporophyte stage of the life cycle will develop. Unlike all other bryophytes, the first cell division of the zygote is
866:
with central columella not attached at the roof. However, the same form of columella is also characteristic of basal moss groups, such as the
2357:
2143:
5591:
3204:
2482:
Qiu, Y.L.; Li, L.; Wang, B.; Chen, Z.; Knoop, V.; Groth-malonek, M.; Dombrovska, O.; Lee, J.; Kent, L.; Rest, J.; et al. (2006).
3180:
3129:
2550:
2466:
484:, the key enzyme in carbon fixation. By using inorganic carbon transporters and carbonic anhydrases, up to a 50-fold increase in CO
1972:"Hornwort pyrenoids, carbon-concentrating structures, evolved and were lost at least five times during the last 100 million years"
1874:"Hornwort pyrenoids, carbon-concentrating structures, evolved and were lost at least five times during the last 100 million years"
797:. Both the central and surface cells of the capsule are sterile, but between them is a layer of cells that will divide to produce
5553:
3254:
3249:
3150:
2830:
774:
must swim from the antheridia, or else be splashed to the archegonia. When this happens, the sperm and egg cell fuse to form a
1810:
MacLeod, Alexander I.; Raval, Parth K.; Stockhorst, Simon; Knopp, Michael R.; Frangedakis, Eftychios; Gould, Sven B. (2022).
744:
between one and five centimeters in diameter, and several layers of cells in thickness. It is green or yellow-green from the
5486:
160:
3333:
3323:
3306:
3197:
2952:"Bryophyte phylogeny poster: systematics and Characteristics of Nonvascular Land Plants (Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts)"
2388:
1756:
Stotler, Raymond E.; Barbara J. Candall-Stotler (1977). "A checklist of the liverworts and hornworts of North
America".
779:
656:
652:
5393:
4565:
894:
are more closely related to each other than to hornworts. Unlike other land plants, the hornwort genome has the low-CO
1009:
Recent studies of molecular, ultrastructural, and morphological data have yielded a new classification of hornworts.
990:
are a current matter of investigation, and several competing classification schemes have been published since 1988.
3121:
2568:"Divergent evolutionary trajectories of bryophytes and tracheophytes from a complex common ancestor of land plants"
2379:
5499:
701:
grows as an extension of the original germ cell. The tip continues to divide new cells, which produces a thalloid
4709:
2928:
2782:"Large-Scale Phylogenomic Analyses Reveal the Monophyly of Bryophytes and Neoproterozoic Origin of Land Plants"
2161:"How was apical growth regulated in the ancestral land plant? Insights from the development of non-seed plants"
751:
When the gametophyte has grown to its adult size, it produces the sex organs of the hornwort. Most plants are
961:. More recently, a second class Leiosporocertotopsida has been segregated for the singularly unusual species
4794:
3338:
967:. All other hornworts remain in the class Anthocerotopsida. These two classes are divided further into five
717:
before the spore germinates. In either case, the protonema is a transitory stage in the life of a hornwort.
694:
5346:
4558:
3104:
Renzaglia, Karen S. (1978). "A comparative morphology and developmental anatomy of the
Anthocerotophyta".
148:
4242:
2431:
5022:
4672:
3301:
963:
651:
in diameter or more. The spores are polar, usually with a distinctive Y-shaped tri-radiate ridge on the
559:
embedded deep in the gametophyte. The growth of the hornwort sporophyte happens from a persistent basal
5384:
4230:
3009:
Peñaloza-Bojacá, Gabriel Felipe; Villarreal-Aguilar, Juan Carlos; Maciel-Silva, Adaíses Simone (2019).
2218:"Hornwort Stomata: Architecture and Fate Shared with 400-Million-Year-Old Fossil Plants without Leaves"
4236:
1124:
736:, which is the persistent and independent stage in the life cycle. This stage usually grows as a thin
5558:
5509:
5429:
4687:
4534:
4280:
3022:
2855:
2831:"Nuclear protein phylogenies support the monophyly of the three bryophyte groups (Bryophyta Schimp.)"
2579:
2495:
2290:
1983:
1885:
1823:
4046:
2028:
563:, in contrast to the sporophyte of moss (apical growth) and liverworts (intercalary growth). Unlike
5586:
4248:
3699:
3682:
3592:
3440:
3189:
1028:
4378:
793:
that will continue to divide and produce new cells for the third region. This third region is the
5581:
5017:
4699:
3975:
3726:
3709:
3551:
3435:
3430:
3318:
3296:
3284:
3259:
3038:
2932:
2868:
2114:
1773:
886:
share a common ancestor that branched off from the other landplants early in evolution, and that
624:
282:
263:
155:
4058:
5517:
5416:
4809:
4441:
4342:
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4153:
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3125:
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2198:
2180:
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2011:
1952:
1913:
1843:
1550:
1354:
1159:
1082:
1812:"Loss of Plastid Developmental Genes Coincides with a Reversion to Monoplastidy in Hornworts"
755:, with both sex organs on the same plant, but some plants (even within the same species) are
5545:
5522:
5085:
4964:
4856:
4799:
4739:
4734:
4662:
4647:
4354:
4348:
4312:
3995:
3857:
3742:
3643:
3243:
3030:
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2924:
2895:
2850:
2842:
2801:
2793:
2752:
2744:
2703:
2693:
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2637:
2595:
2587:
2513:
2503:
2442:
2396:
2345:
2308:
2298:
2237:
2229:
2188:
2172:
2160:
2104:
2063:
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2001:
1991:
1944:
1903:
1893:
1833:
1765:
1672:
1185:
972:
737:
706:
693:
germinates from the proximal side of the spore. The tip of the germ tube divides to form an
628:
431:
295:
235:
5258:
5163:
5125:
5080:
5012:
4769:
4729:
4714:
4607:
4446:
4429:
4336:
3862:
3845:
3628:
3587:
3455:
3445:
3425:
1792:
1442:
1316:
1101:
1059:
968:
636:
605:
564:
240:
230:
2216:
Renzaglia, K. S.; Villarreal, J. C.; Piatkowski, B. T.; Lucas, J. R.; Merced, A. (2017).
4550:
3078:
Grolle, Riclef (1983). "Nomina generica
Hepaticarum; references, types and synonymies".
3026:
2973:
Villareal, J. C.; Cargill, D. C.; Hagborg, A.; Söderström, L.; Renzaglia, K. S. (2010).
2583:
2499:
2294:
1987:
1889:
957:
Traditionally, there was a single class of hornworts, called
Anthocerotopsida, or older
5318:
5263:
5253:
5095:
4909:
4861:
4774:
4749:
4744:
4724:
4719:
4622:
4612:
4366:
4306:
4180:
4147:
4105:
4018:
3946:
3941:
3889:
3359:
3274:
3221:
3169:
2806:
2781:
2757:
2732:
2708:
2677:
2650:
2625:
2600:
2567:
2518:
2483:
2349:
2313:
2278:
2264:
2242:
2217:
2193:
2068:
2041:
2006:
1971:
1908:
1873:
1570:
1262:
1216:
1035:
714:
617:
508:
447:
218:
817:
623:
When the sporophyte is mature, it has a multicellular outer layer, a central rod-like
5575:
5042:
5027:
4989:
4914:
4850:
4836:
4784:
4779:
4693:
4682:
4677:
4657:
4652:
4627:
4456:
4300:
4263:
4220:
4133:
4109:
3926:
3648:
3623:
3505:
3450:
3042:
2951:
1931:
Meyer, Moritz T.; McCormick, Alistair J.; Griffiths, Howard (2016). "Will an algal CO
1861:
Hornworts: An
Overlooked Window into Carbon-Concentrating Mechanisms - Villarreal Lab
1721:
1132:
871:
710:
613:
521:
511:
144:
82:
32:
2936:
2872:
748:
in its cells, or bluish-green when colonies of cyanobacteria grow inside the plant.
5421:
5238:
5233:
5208:
5183:
5173:
5100:
4969:
4843:
4804:
4789:
4764:
4759:
4704:
4637:
4517:
4372:
4360:
4100:
3931:
3921:
3721:
3673:
3546:
1532:
1166:
867:
858:
771:
720:
403:
285:
245:
5398:
3034:
2682:
genomes illuminate the origin of land plants and the unique biology of hornworts"
5468:
5378:
5293:
5268:
5213:
5188:
5110:
5105:
5070:
5060:
4754:
4667:
4324:
4318:
4113:
4094:
4052:
4002:
3809:
3752:
3693:
3638:
3571:
3521:
3491:
3473:
3465:
3010:
1736:
1636:
1192:
998:
925:
849:
764:
760:
745:
733:
595:
556:
443:
427:
408:
395:
391:
185:
132:
57:
3147:
The
Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America, East of the Hundredth Meridian
2591:
934:
Hornworts were traditionally considered a class within the division Bryophyta (
874:, and has been interpreted as a character common to all early land plants with
5326:
5288:
5218:
5198:
5193:
5178:
5148:
5120:
5075:
5065:
5037:
5032:
4974:
4949:
4642:
4617:
4524:
4451:
4419:
4405:
4388:
3936:
3613:
3402:
3393:
2698:
2641:
1948:
1828:
1595:
1473:
1456:
1371:
1330:
1208:
1116:
1108:
1074:
1066:
863:
853:
805:. These are released from the capsule when it splits lengthwise from the tip.
786:
648:
589:
577:
552:
532:
464:
458:
387:
379:
119:
102:
67:
5369:
2994:
2797:
2410:
2184:
2176:
1838:
1811:
759:, with separate male and female gametophytes. The female organs are known as
378:). The common name refers to the elongated horn-like structure, which is the
5442:
5243:
5223:
5115:
4994:
4929:
4919:
4904:
4899:
4880:
4632:
4189:
4085:
3951:
3835:
3633:
3413:
3382:
2508:
2484:"The deepest divergences in land plants inferred from phylogenomic evidence"
2303:
2279:"The deepest divergences in land plants inferred from phylogenomic evidence"
2058:
1996:
1898:
1619:
1200:
1140:
939:
935:
887:
883:
879:
794:
756:
752:
702:
644:
583:
526:
497:
477:
452:
107:
51:
17:
5535:
2864:
2815:
2766:
2717:
2659:
2609:
2527:
2418:
2401:
2374:
2322:
2251:
2202:
2135:
Stress Biology of Cyanobacteria: Molecular Mechanisms to Cellular Responses
2077:
2015:
1956:
1917:
1847:
986:
known, but new species are still being discovered. The number and names of
5530:
5408:
5363:
5298:
5278:
5273:
5248:
5228:
5203:
5168:
5158:
5153:
4984:
4959:
4939:
4599:
4461:
3313:
2341:
1001:
within androecia, and the arrangement of jacket cells of the antheridia.
994:
982:, around the same time as the mosses and liverworts. There are about 200
979:
790:
560:
504:
473:
469:
123:
97:
92:
77:
72:
62:
2373:
Friedman, William E.; Moore, Richard C.; Purugganan, Michael D. (2004).
2265:
Classification of the Phylum Anthocerotophyta Stotl. & Crand.-Stotl.
2233:
919:
488:
levels can be achieved. This particular feature is very unusual in land
5303:
5283:
4979:
4954:
4944:
4934:
4890:
4827:
4414:
4117:
3916:
3373:
2118:
2029:
BTI researchers unlocking hornworts' secrets | EurekAlert! Science News
1777:
983:
904:
741:
698:
668:
612:-sensitive point of divergence with other land plants some time in the
545:
541:
481:
439:
435:
424:
112:
87:
2846:
2748:
2543:
The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study
571:
on their sporophyte as most mosses do. The exceptions are the species
438:
between one and five centimeters in diameter. Hornworts have lost two
5473:
5143:
5135:
5004:
2975:"A synthesis of hornwort diversity: Patterns, causes and future work"
798:
775:
632:
516:
383:
5340:
2899:
2545:. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 55–56.
2109:
2092:
1769:
2132:
Srivastava, Ashish Kumar; Rai, Amar Nath; Neilan, Brett A. (2013).
782:. Further divisions produce three basic regions of the sporophyte.
5460:
5447:
5052:
4924:
4539:
4400:
3813:
3511:
3225:
2042:"The Evolution of Flavonoid Biosynthesis: A Bryophyte Perspective"
987:
875:
802:
719:
640:
609:
568:
489:
442:
division-associated genes, ARC3 and FtsZ2, and have just a single
423:
Like all bryophytes, the dominant life phase of a hornwort is the
172:
907:
protein to function efficiently. LCIB is one component of this CO
27:
Division of non-vascular land plants with horn-shaped sporophytes
5090:
4582:
4185:
3904:
891:
493:
5344:
4554:
3807:
3193:
1764:(3). American Bryological and Lichenological Society: 405–428.
635:. The pseudo-elaters are multi-cellular, unlike the elaters of
812:
5434:
30:
The name hornwort also refers to aquatic plants of the genus
3057:
2950:
Cole, Theodor C. H.; Hilger, Hartmut H.; Goffinet, Bernard.
2093:"Symbiosis between nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and plants"
307:
3160:
Cryptogamic Botany, Volume II: Bryophytes and Pteridophytes
3091:
Hasegawa, J. (1994). "New classification of Anthocerotae".
862:
may represent a stem group to the clade, as it possesses a
370:
364:
355:
346:
340:
325:
319:
310:
3513:
2929:
10.1639/0007-2745(2007)110[214:PACTDA]2.0.CO;2
1970:
Villarreal, Juan Carlos; Renner, Susanne S. (2012-11-13).
1872:
Villarreal, Juan Carlos; Renner, Susanne S. (2012-11-13).
334:
942:, and hence the hornworts were given their own division,
301:
763:(singular archegonium) and the male organs are known as
3175:(3rd ed.). London: Hutchinson University Library.
829:
3227:
2733:"The hornworts: morphology, evolution and development"
2676:
Li, F-W.; Nishiyama, T.; Waller, M.; et, al. (2020).
361:
337:
316:
313:
304:
298:
2626:"The hornwort genome and early land plant evolution"
496:. They are also the only group of land plants where
367:
352:
343:
331:
322:
5353:
5316:
5134:
5051:
5003:
4888:
4879:
4826:
4598:
4428:
4387:
4276:
4261:
4216:
4203:
4166:
4131:
4084:
4071:
4035:
4016:
3984:
3972:
3903:
3876:
3844:
3833:
3751:
3735:
3708:
3671:
3601:
3580:
3568:
3537:
3504:
3482:
3464:
3412:
3392:
3372:
3357:
358:
328:
3168:
1935:-concentrating mechanism work in higher plants?".
903:in chloroplasts so as to allow the photosynthetic
4867:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
2159:Fouracre, Jim P; Harrison, C Jill (2022-08-29).
450:(monoplastidy), with the exception of the genus
2488:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2283:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1976:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1878:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3815:
2452:
2450:
709:may begin dividing within the spore, becoming
4566:
3205:
2671:
2669:
8:
2910:
2908:
2443:NEW CLASSIFICATION OF ANTHOCEROTAE - J-Stage
938:). Later on, the bryophytes were considered
3106:Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory
3093:Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory
492:, unique to hornworts, but is common among
412:may be found growing on the bark of trees.
5341:
4885:
4823:
4595:
4591:
4573:
4559:
4551:
4530:
4273:
4213:
4209:
4163:
4139:
4081:
4077:
4032:
4028:
4013:
3981:
3969:
3841:
3830:
3826:
3804:
3748:
3732:
3714:
3705:
3668:
3577:
3565:
3534:
3530:
3369:
3365:
3354:
3212:
3198:
3190:
131:
40:
2993:
2856:1983/0b471d7e-ce54-4681-b791-1da305d9e53b
2854:
2805:
2756:
2707:
2697:
2649:
2599:
2517:
2507:
2400:
2312:
2302:
2241:
2192:
2108:
2067:
2057:
2005:
1995:
1907:
1897:
1837:
1827:
1724:and composition of the Anthocerotophyta.
659:surface ornamented with bumps or spines.
544:. These pores superficially resemble the
5597:Extant Late Cretaceous first appearances
918:
288:(land plants) constituting the division
1748:
878:. The divergence between hornworts and
2829:de Sousa, Filipe; et al. (2019).
2541:Kenrick, Paul; Peter R. Crane (1997).
1799:. Australian National Botanic Gardens.
627:running up the center, and a layer of
3162:. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
705:. By contrast, species of the family
667:The life of a hornwort starts from a
581:and the three closely related genera
430:. This stage usually grows as a thin
7:
5510:448fb371-8eb0-4c66-aec5-36d20684e98e
3171:The Structure and Life of Bryophytes
2457:Chopra, R. N.; Kumra, P. K. (1988).
2375:"The evolution of plant development"
631:in between that produces spores and
2461:. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
1611:
1587:
1561:
1524:
1516:
1448:
1438:
1430:
1423:
1346:
1322:
1312:
1304:
1297:
1253:
1245:
1237:
1230:
852:hornworts only begins in the upper
732:From the protonema grows the adult
253:
25:
3056:Brinda, John C.; Atwood, John J.
2338:The Evolution of Plant Physiology
1791:Lepp, Heino (12 September 2012).
724:Life cycle of a typical hornwort
480:and is composed predominantly of
200:Stotler & Stotl.-Crand., 1977
4529:
2780:Su, Danyan; et al. (2021).
2350:10.1016/b978-012339552-8/50006-8
1937:Current Opinion in Plant Biology
816:
728:. Click on the image to enlarge.
503:Many hornworts develop internal
294:
159:
36:, in the family Ceratophyllaceae
3151:Field Museum of Natural History
2786:Molecular Biology and Evolution
456:and some species in the genera
4540:Current definitions of Plantae
2572:Nature Ecology & Evolution
930:growing on the bark of a tree.
647:, measuring between 30 and 80
1:
3035:10.1080/14772000.2019.1682080
1011:
599:, which do not have stomata.
3145:Schuster, Rudolf M. (1992).
3120:, pp. 1–20. Cambridge:
3015:Systematics and Biodiversity
2888:Australian Systematic Botany
2389:Botanical Society of America
3058:"The Bryophyte Nomenclator"
971:, each containing a single
848:While the fossil record of
5613:
5592:Turonian first appearances
3158:Smith, Gilbert M. (1938).
3122:Cambridge University Press
2592:10.1038/s41559-022-01885-x
2380:American Journal of Botany
2046:Frontiers in Plant Science
1816:Frontiers in Plant Science
1017:Class Leiosporocerotopsida
911:-concentrating mechanism.
536:. There may also be small
524:have not been reported in
29:
4822:
4594:
4590:
4585:phyla/divisions by domain
4512:
4212:
4162:
4142:
4080:
4031:
4012:
3968:
3829:
3825:
3803:
3717:
3667:
3564:
3533:
3368:
3353:
3237:
3149:. Vol. VI. Chicago:
3136:Schofield, W. B. (1985).
2699:10.1038/s41477-020-0618-2
2642:10.1038/s41477-019-0588-4
1949:10.1016/j.pbi.2016.04.009
1829:10.1101/2022.01.11.475830
1719:
1633:
1616:
1609:
1592:
1585:
1567:
1559:
1529:
1522:
1514:
1470:
1453:
1446:
1436:
1428:
1421:
1368:
1351:
1344:
1327:
1320:
1310:
1302:
1295:
1259:
1251:
1243:
1235:
269:
262:
210:
205:
156:Scientific classification
154:
139:
130:
43:
3138:Introduction to Bryology
2995:10.11646/phytotaxa.9.1.8
1839:10.3389/fpls.2022.863076
697:of cells, and the first
540:on the underside of the
514:, especially species of
4795:Thermodesulfobacteriota
2509:10.1073/pnas.0603335103
2304:10.1073/pnas.0603335103
2059:10.3389/fpls.2020.00007
1997:10.1073/pnas.1213498109
1899:10.1073/pnas.1213498109
695:octant (solid geometry)
500:are completely absent.
3167:Watson, E. V. (1971).
3140:. New York: Macmillan.
2798:10.1093/molbev/msab106
2402:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1726
2177:10.1093/plphys/kiac313
1048:Class Anthocerotopsida
946:(sometimes misspelled
931:
729:
567:, hornworts have true
5023:Neocallimastigomycota
3080:Acta Botanica Fennica
2459:Biology of Bryophytes
1797:Australian Bryophytes
1793:"What is a hornwort?"
1565:Phaeomegacerotoideae
1241:Leiosporocerotopsida
964:Leiosporoceros dussii
922:
856:, the lower Devonian
785:At the bottom of the
723:
674:Folioceros fuciformis
4688:Coprothermobacterota
4535:List of plant orders
4415:Pinopsida (conifers)
4401:Cycadopsida (cycads)
4393:(living gymnosperms)
3890:Leiosporocerotopsida
3609:Nephroselmidophyceae
1257:Leiosporocerotaceae
809:Evolutionary history
655:surface, and with a
398:stage of the plant.
213:Leiosporocerotopsida
4243:Archaeopteridopsida
3976:Polysporangiophytes
3700:Klebsormidiophyceae
3683:Mesostigmatophyceae
3629:Chlorodendrophyceae
3593:Pyramimonadophyceae
3547:Prasinodermophyceae
3441:Compsopogonophyceae
3027:2019SyBio..17..712P
2584:2022NatEE...6.1634H
2500:2006PNAS..10315511Q
2344:. pp. 85–107.
2295:2006PNAS..10315511Q
2289:(42): 15511–15516.
2234:10.1104/pp.17.00156
1988:2012PNAS..10918873V
1982:(46): 18873–18878.
1890:2012PNAS..10918873V
1884:(46): 18873–18878.
1249:Leiosporocerotales
1029:Leiosporocerotaceae
573:Folioceros incurvus
390:, hornworts have a
206:Classes and orders
5018:Blastocladiomycota
4434:(flowering plants)
4355:Lyginopteridopsida
4148:Eophyllophytopsida
4101:Zosterophyllopsida
4039:Paratracheophytes*
3817:sensu strictissimo
3727:Coleochaetophyceae
3710:Phragmoplastophyta
3552:Palmophyllophyceae
3474:Glaucocystophyceae
3436:Stylonematophyceae
3431:Porphyridiophyceae
3220:Classification of
2091:Meeks, JC (1998).
1583:Dendrocerotoideae
1023:Leiosporocerotales
932:
828:. You can help by
730:
219:Leiosporocerotales
122:(but see text) to
5569:
5568:
5518:Open Tree of Life
5347:Taxon identifiers
5338:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5312:
5311:
4875:
4874:
4818:
4817:
4810:Verrucomicrobiota
4548:
4547:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4442:Basal angiosperms
4343:Gigantopteridales
4292:seed plant groups
4290:and other extinct
4257:
4256:
4231:Noeggerathiopsida
4199:
4198:
4154:Trimerophytopsida
4127:
4126:
4067:
4066:
4023:(vascular plants)
3988:Protracheophytes*
3964:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3927:Andreaeobryopsida
3868:Jungermanniopsida
3799:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3688:Chlorokybophyceae
3663:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3619:Chloropicophyceae
3560:
3559:
3539:Prasinodermophyta
3500:
3499:
3118:Bryophyte Biology
3060:. 7 December 2022
2847:10.1111/nph.15587
2749:10.1111/nph.16874
2578:(11): 1634–1643.
2432:Bryophyte Biology
2359:978-0-12-339552-8
2145:978-1-4665-0478-3
1728:
1727:
1714:
1713:
1705:
1704:
1696:
1695:
1687:
1686:
1678:
1677:
1666:
1665:
1657:
1656:
1648:
1647:
1551:Phymatocerotaceae
1544:
1543:
1520:Phymatocerotales
1503:
1502:
1494:
1493:
1485:
1484:
1410:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1355:Sphaerosporoceros
1293:Anthocerotopsida
1283:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1160:Phymatocerotaceae
1083:Sphaerosporoceros
997:, the numbers of
846:
845:
770:The biflagellate
548:of other plants.
276:
275:
201:
141:Phaeoceros laevis
16:(Redirected from
5604:
5562:
5561:
5549:
5548:
5539:
5538:
5526:
5525:
5513:
5512:
5503:
5502:
5490:
5489:
5477:
5476:
5464:
5463:
5451:
5450:
5438:
5437:
5425:
5424:
5412:
5411:
5402:
5401:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5385:Anthocerotophyta
5374:
5373:
5372:
5355:Anthocerotophyta
5342:
5086:Anthocerotophyta
4965:Hemimastigophora
4886:
4857:Nitrososphaerota
4824:
4800:Thermomicrobiota
4740:Kiritimatiellota
4735:Ignavibacteriota
4700:Deferribacterota
4663:Campylobacterota
4648:Bdellovibrionota
4596:
4592:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4552:
4533:
4532:
4447:Core angiosperms
4435:
4394:
4389:Acrogymnospermae
4367:Peltaspermopsida
4349:Glossopteridales
4331:Corystospermales
4313:Callistophytales
4293:
4285:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4269:
4237:Aneurophytopsida
4219:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4164:
4140:
4136:
4095:Barinophytopsida
4082:
4078:
4074:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4014:
3996:Horneophytopsida
3987:
3982:
3978:
3970:
3910:
3895:Anthocerotopsida
3883:
3878:Anthocerotophyta
3858:Haplomitriopsida
3851:
3842:
3838:
3831:
3827:
3819:
3805:
3758:
3749:
3743:Zygnematophyceae
3733:
3715:
3706:
3676:
3669:
3644:Trebouxiophyceae
3614:Picocystophyceae
3578:
3574:
3566:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3517:
3419:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3266:
3246:
3231:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3191:
3186:
3174:
3163:
3154:
3141:
3113:
3100:
3087:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2979:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2912:
2903:
2902:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2858:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2809:
2792:(8): 3332–3344.
2777:
2771:
2770:
2760:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2711:
2701:
2673:
2664:
2663:
2653:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2603:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2511:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2454:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2404:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2316:
2306:
2273:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2245:
2222:Plant Physiology
2213:
2207:
2206:
2196:
2165:Plant Physiology
2156:
2150:
2149:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2112:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2071:
2061:
2037:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2009:
1999:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1911:
1901:
1869:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1841:
1831:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1753:
1673:Dendrocerotaceae
1612:
1588:
1562:
1557:Dendrocerotales
1525:
1517:
1449:
1439:
1431:
1424:
1347:
1323:
1313:
1305:
1298:
1254:
1246:
1238:
1231:
1186:Dendrocerotaceae
1154:Phymatocerotales
1125:Paraphymatoceros
1120:(ca. 41 species)
1070:(ca. 83 species)
1012:
952:Anthocerotopsida
944:Anthocerotophyta
841:
838:
820:
813:
707:Dendrocerotaceae
551:The horn-shaped
377:
376:
373:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
349:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
290:Anthocerotophyta
246:Phymatocerotales
225:Anthocerotopsida
199:
196:Anthocerotophyta
164:
163:
135:
117:
54:
47:Temporal range:
41:
21:
5612:
5611:
5607:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5572:
5571:
5570:
5565:
5557:
5552:
5544:
5542:
5534:
5529:
5521:
5516:
5508:
5506:
5498:
5493:
5485:
5480:
5472:
5467:
5459:
5454:
5446:
5441:
5433:
5428:
5420:
5415:
5407:
5405:
5397:
5392:
5383:
5382:
5377:
5368:
5367:
5362:
5349:
5339:
5330:
5308:
5259:Gnathostomulida
5164:Xenacoelomorpha
5130:
5126:Flowering plant
5081:Marchantiophyta
5047:
5013:Chytridiomycota
4999:
4871:
4814:
4770:Planctomycetota
4730:Gemmatimonadota
4715:Elusimicrobiota
4608:Acidobacteriota
4586:
4579:
4549:
4544:
4468:
4433:
4432:
4424:
4392:
4391:
4383:
4337:Czekanowskiales
4291:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4277:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4253:
4217:
4204:
4195:
4167:Moniliformopses
4158:
4132:
4123:
4073:Eutracheophytes
4072:
4063:
4036:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4008:
3985:
3973:
3956:
3947:Polytrichopsida
3942:Tetraphidopsida
3908:
3907:
3899:
3881:
3880:
3872:
3863:Marchantiopsida
3849:
3848:
3846:Marchantiophyta
3834:
3821:
3767:
3756:
3755:
3747:
3731:
3704:
3672:
3655:
3597:
3588:Mamiellophyceae
3569:
3556:
3525:
3519:
3509:
3508:
3496:
3478:
3460:
3456:Florideophyceae
3446:Rhodellophyceae
3426:Cyanidiophyceae
3417:
3416:
3408:
3388:
3358:
3349:
3348:
3264:
3242:
3233:
3218:
3183:
3166:
3157:
3144:
3135:
3103:
3090:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3063:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3008:
3007:
3003:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2957:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2914:
2913:
2906:
2900:10.1071/sb04012
2885:
2884:
2880:
2835:New Phytologist
2828:
2827:
2823:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2737:New Phytologist
2730:
2729:
2725:
2675:
2674:
2667:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2494:(42): 15511–6.
2481:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2456:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2426:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2259:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2110:10.2307/1313353
2090:
2089:
2085:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2023:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1855:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1770:10.2307/3242017
1755:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1733:
1715:
1706:
1697:
1688:
1679:
1667:
1658:
1649:
1545:
1504:
1495:
1486:
1443:Notothyladaceae
1434:Notothyladales
1411:
1402:
1393:
1384:
1317:Anthocerotaceae
1308:Anthocerotales
1284:
1275:
1180:Dendrocerotales
1102:Notothyladaceae
1060:Anthocerotaceae
1007:
917:
910:
902:
897:
842:
836:
833:
826:needs expansion
811:
740:or ribbon-like
676:and the genera
665:
606:apical meristem
487:
472:is absent. The
434:or ribbon-like
421:
351:
297:
293:
281:are a group of
236:Dendrocerotales
198:
158:
126:
116:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
49:
48:
45:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5610:
5608:
5600:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5574:
5573:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5550:
5540:
5527:
5514:
5504:
5491:
5478:
5465:
5452:
5439:
5426:
5413:
5403:
5390:
5375:
5359:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5336:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5324:
5322:
5319:Incertae sedis
5314:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5264:Micrognathozoa
5261:
5256:
5254:Acanthocephala
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5140:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5096:Lycopodiophyta
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5057:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5009:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4910:Ancyromonadida
4907:
4902:
4896:
4894:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4862:Thermoproteota
4859:
4854:
4847:
4840:
4832:
4830:
4820:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4775:Pseudomonadota
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4750:Mycoplasmatota
4747:
4745:Lentisphaerota
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4725:Fusobacteriota
4722:
4720:Fibrobacterota
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4623:Armatimonadota
4620:
4615:
4613:Actinomycetota
4610:
4604:
4602:
4588:
4587:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4555:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4527:
4521:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4444:
4438:
4436:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4403:
4397:
4395:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4375:
4373:Pentoxylopsida
4369:
4363:
4357:
4351:
4345:
4339:
4333:
4327:
4321:
4315:
4309:
4307:Calamopityales
4303:
4296:
4294:
4271:
4264:Spermatophytes
4259:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4226:
4224:
4221:Progymnosperms
4207:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4186:Polypodiopsida
4183:
4181:Cladoxylopsida
4177:
4170:
4168:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4150:
4143:
4137:
4134:Euphyllophytes
4129:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4106:Lycopodiopsida
4103:
4097:
4090:
4088:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4055:
4049:
4047:Cooksoniopsida
4042:
4040:
4026:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
3998:
3991:
3989:
3979:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3937:Oedipodiopsida
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3913:
3911:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3886:
3884:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3839:
3823:
3822:
3808:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3759:
3746:
3745:
3739:
3737:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3690:
3685:
3679:
3677:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3584:
3582:
3581:Prasinophytina
3575:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3543:
3541:
3528:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3488:
3486:
3484:incertae sedis
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3422:
3420:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3398:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3378:
3376:
3363:
3360:Archaeplastida
3351:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3339:Mesomycetozoea
3336:
3331:
3321:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3275:Diaphoretickes
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3222:Archaeplastida
3219:
3217:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3181:
3164:
3155:
3142:
3133:
3114:
3101:
3088:
3072:
3071:
3048:
3021:(7): 712–727.
3001:
2965:
2942:
2923:(2): 214–243.
2917:The Bryologist
2904:
2878:
2841:(1): 565–575.
2821:
2772:
2743:(2): 735–754.
2723:
2692:(3): 259–272.
2665:
2636:(2): 107–118.
2615:
2558:
2551:
2533:
2474:
2467:
2446:
2435:
2424:
2395:): 1726–1741.
2365:
2358:
2328:
2268:
2257:
2228:(2): 788–797.
2208:
2171:(1): 100–112.
2151:
2144:
2124:
2103:(4): 266–276.
2083:
2032:
2021:
1962:
1932:
1923:
1864:
1853:
1802:
1783:
1758:The Bryologist
1747:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1571:Phaeomegaceros
1566:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1437:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1311:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1263:Leiosporoceros
1258:
1252:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1217:Phaeomegaceros
1213:
1205:
1197:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1137:
1129:
1121:
1113:
1096:Notothyladales
1092:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1079:
1071:
1054:Anthocerotales
1045:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1036:Leiosporoceros
1006:
1003:
948:Anthocerophyta
916:
915:Classification
913:
908:
900:
895:
844:
843:
823:
821:
810:
807:
799:pseudo-elaters
715:photosynthetic
664:
661:
633:pseudo-elaters
618:Early Devonian
555:grows from an
509:photosynthetic
485:
420:
417:
274:
273:
267:
266:
260:
259:
254:Classification
249:
248:
243:
241:Notothyladales
238:
233:
231:Anthocerotales
227:
226:
222:
221:
215:
214:
208:
207:
203:
202:
193:
189:
188:
183:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
152:
151:
137:
136:
128:
127:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
55:
46:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5609:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5560:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5541:
5537:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5505:
5501:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5404:
5400:
5395:
5391:
5386:
5380:
5376:
5371:
5365:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5343:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5044:
5043:Basidiomycota
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5028:Glomeromycota
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5006:
5002:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4990:Stramenopiles
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4915:Apusomonadida
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4851:Nanoarchaeota
4848:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4837:Euryarchaeota
4834:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4785:Spirochaetota
4783:
4781:
4780:Rhodothermota
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4710:Dictyoglomota
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4694:Cyanobacteria
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4683:Chrysiogenota
4681:
4679:
4678:Chloroflexota
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4658:Calditrichota
4656:
4654:
4653:Caldisericota
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4628:Atribacterota
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4584:
4576:
4571:
4569:
4564:
4562:
4557:
4556:
4553:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4431:
4427:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4302:
4301:Bennettitales
4298:
4297:
4295:
4282:
4281:Pteridosperms
4275:
4272:
4268:(seed plants)
4265:
4260:
4250:
4249:Protopityales
4246:
4244:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4202:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4130:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4070:
4060:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4020:
4019:Tracheophytes
4015:
4011:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3971:
3967:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3932:Andreaeopsida
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3906:
3902:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3879:
3875:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3818:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3757:(land plants)
3754:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3650:
3649:Chlorophyceae
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3624:Pedinophyceae
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:Chlorophytina
3600:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3567:
3563:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3523:
3518:
3516:
3507:
3506:Viridiplantae
3503:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3451:Bangiophyceae
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3302:Stramenopiles
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3265:(major groups
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3223:
3215:
3210:
3208:
3203:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3184:
3182:0-09-109301-5
3178:
3173:
3172:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3131:
3130:0-521-66097-1
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3059:
3052:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
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3016:
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2705:
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2695:
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2686:Nature Plants
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2657:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2630:Nature Plants
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2607:
2602:
2597:
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2577:
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2552:1-56098-730-8
2548:
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2468:0-470-21359-0
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2190:
2186:
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2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2138:. CRC Press.
2137:
2136:
2128:
2125:
2120:
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2098:
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2025:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
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1161:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1133:Hattorioceros
1130:
1128:(1-2 species)
1127:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1099:
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1097:
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989:
985:
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976:
974:
970:
966:
965:
960:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
929:
927:
923:The hornwort
921:
914:
912:
906:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
872:Andreaeopsida
869:
865:
861:
860:
855:
851:
840:
831:
827:
824:This section
822:
819:
815:
814:
808:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
781:
777:
773:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
727:
722:
718:
716:
712:
711:multicellular
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
683:
679:
675:
670:
662:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
621:
619:
615:
614:Late Silurian
611:
607:
602:
598:
597:
592:
591:
586:
585:
580:
579:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:
529:
528:
523:
522:cyanobacteria
519:
518:
513:
512:cyanobacteria
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
466:
461:
460:
455:
454:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
426:
418:
416:
413:
411:
410:
405:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
375:
291:
287:
284:
280:
272:
271:Anthocerotae
268:
265:
261:
258:
256:
255:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
228:
224:
223:
220:
217:
216:
212:
211:
209:
204:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
162:
157:
153:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
125:
121:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
53:
42:
39:
35:
34:
33:Ceratophyllum
19:
5354:
5325:
5317:
5239:Orthonectida
5234:Gastrotricha
5209:Nematomorpha
5184:Chaetognatha
5174:Hemichordate
5101:Pteridophyta
4970:Malawimonada
4844:Korarchaeota
4805:Thermotogota
4790:Synergistota
4765:Nitrospirota
4760:Nitrospinota
4705:Deinococcota
4638:Bacteroidota
4518:paraphyletic
4430:Angiospermae
4407:
4406:Ginkgoales (
4379:Petriellales
4361:Medullosales
4288:(seed ferns)
4001:
3922:Sphagnopsida
3917:Takakiopsida
3894:
3877:
3850:(liverworts)
3816:
3810:Embryophytes
3764:(see below↓)
3722:Charophyceae
3692:
3674:Streptophyta
3526:land plants)
3514:
3483:
3401:
3394:Rhodelphidia
3381:
3324:Opisthokonta
3228:
3170:
3159:
3146:
3137:
3117:
3109:
3105:
3096:
3092:
3083:
3079:
3062:. Retrieved
3051:
3018:
3014:
3004:
2985:
2981:
2968:
2956:. Retrieved
2945:
2920:
2916:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2838:
2834:
2824:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2633:
2629:
2618:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2542:
2536:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2458:
2438:
2427:
2384:
2378:
2368:
2337:
2331:
2286:
2282:
2271:
2260:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2134:
2127:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2024:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1856:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1796:
1786:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1720:The current
1635:
1634:
1618:
1617:
1594:
1593:
1569:
1568:
1533:Phymatoceros
1531:
1530:
1472:
1471:
1455:
1454:
1370:
1369:
1353:
1352:
1329:
1328:
1261:
1260:
1215:
1207:
1199:
1196:(43 species)
1191:
1184:
1179:
1167:Phymatoceros
1165:
1158:
1153:
1139:
1131:
1123:
1115:
1112:(21 species)
1107:
1100:
1095:
1081:
1078:(17 species)
1073:
1065:
1058:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1034:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1008:
992:
977:
962:
959:Anthocerotae
958:
956:
951:
947:
943:
940:paraphyletic
933:
924:
868:Sphagnopsida
859:Horneophyton
857:
847:
834:
830:adding to it
825:
784:
780:longitudinal
769:
750:
731:
725:
690:
685:
681:
677:
673:
666:
639:. They have
622:
600:
594:
588:
582:
576:
575:, the genus
572:
550:
537:
531:
525:
515:
502:
463:
457:
451:
422:
414:
407:
404:sub-tropical
400:
289:
286:Embryophytes
283:non-vascular
278:
277:
270:
251:
250:
195:
186:Embryophytes
179:
140:
38:
31:
18:Anthocerotae
5469:iNaturalist
5379:Wikispecies
5294:Brachiopoda
5269:Cycliophora
5214:Onychophora
5189:Kinorhyncha
5111:Ginkgophyta
5106:Cycadophyta
5071:Chlorophyta
5061:Glaucophyta
4755:Myxococcota
4673:Chlorobiota
4668:Chlamydiota
4325:Cordaitales
4319:Caytoniales
4205:Lignophytes
4188:(ferns and
4114:spikemosses
4053:Rhyniopsida
4003:Aglaophyton
3882:(hornworts)
3753:Embryophyta
3736:Anydrophyta
3694:Spirotaenia
3639:Ulvophyceae
3572:Chlorophyta
3522:green algae
3492:Algospongia
3466:Glaucophyta
3418:(red algae)
2988:: 150–166.
1943:: 181–188.
1737:Embryophyte
1637:Dendroceros
1220:(7 species)
1212:(7 species)
1204:(8 species)
1193:Dendroceros
1170:(2 species)
1144:(2 species)
1136:(1 species)
1086:(2 species)
1039:(1 species)
926:Dendroceros
850:crown group
746:chlorophyll
734:gametophyte
686:Dendroceros
596:Dendroceros
557:archegonium
538:slime pores
444:chloroplast
428:gametophyte
419:Description
409:Dendroceros
406:species of
396:gametophyte
392:gametophyte
5587:Bryophytes
5576:Categories
5327:Parakaryon
5289:Entoprocta
5224:Arthropoda
5219:Tardigrada
5199:Priapulida
5194:Loricifera
5179:Echinoderm
5149:Ctenophora
5121:Gnetophyta
5076:Charophyta
5066:Rhodophyta
5038:Ascomycota
5033:Zygomycota
4975:Metamonada
4950:Euglenozoa
4935:Ciliophora
4643:Balneolota
4618:Aquificota
4452:Magnoliids
4420:Gnetopsida
4190:horsetails
4118:quillworts
4110:clubmosses
4086:Lycophytes
4059:Renaliales
3836:Bryophytes
3414:Rhodophyta
3403:Rhodelphis
3064:7 December
2958:6 December
2680:Anthoceros
2097:BioScience
1743:References
1596:Nothoceros
1474:Phaeoceros
1457:Notothylas
1372:Anthoceros
1331:Folioceros
1209:Nothoceros
1117:Phaeoceros
1109:Notothylas
1075:Folioceros
1067:Anthoceros
999:antheridia
936:bryophytes
888:liverworts
884:bryophytes
864:sporangium
854:Cretaceous
787:sporophyte
765:antheridia
761:archegonia
753:monoecious
726:Phaeoceros
682:Nothoceros
663:Life cycle
645:bryophytes
637:liverworts
601:Notothylas
590:Nothoceros
578:Notothylas
565:liverworts
553:sporophyte
533:Folioceros
498:flavonoids
478:organelles
465:Anthoceros
459:Nothoceros
388:liverworts
380:sporophyte
192:Division:
120:Cretaceous
50:90–0
5582:Hornworts
5244:Dicyemida
5116:Pinophyta
4995:Telonemia
4930:Cryptista
4920:Breviatea
4905:Amoebozoa
4900:Alveolata
4881:Eukaryote
4633:Bacillota
3952:Bryopsida
3905:Bryophyta
3634:UTC clade
3383:Picomonas
3319:Amoebozoa
3297:Alveolata
3285:Cryptista
3260:Eukaryota
3043:209591279
2982:Phytotaxa
2411:0002-9122
2185:0032-0889
1722:phylogeny
1620:Megaceros
1201:Megaceros
1141:Mesoceros
1005:Phylogeny
880:Setaphyta
837:June 2008
757:dioecious
713:and even
703:protonema
691:germ tube
678:Megaceros
625:columella
584:Megaceros
527:Megaceros
453:Megaceros
279:Hornworts
169:Kingdom:
5536:35207907
5531:Tropicos
5406:BioLib:
5364:Wikidata
5304:Annelida
5299:Mollusca
5279:Phoronid
5274:Nemertea
5249:Rotifera
5229:Flatworm
5204:Nematoda
5169:Chordate
5159:Cnidaria
5154:Placozoa
4985:Rhizaria
4960:Haptista
4940:Cercozoa
4600:Bacteria
4462:Eudicots
4457:Monocots
4175:Ibykales
3909:(mosses)
3814:Plantae
3512:Plantae
3314:Amorphea
3292:Rhizaria
3280:Hacrobia
3270:Excavata
3255:Bacteria
3226:Plantae
3112:: 31–90.
3099:: 21–34.
2937:85582943
2894:: 7–16,
2873:53240320
2865:30411803
2816:33871608
2767:32790880
2718:32170292
2660:32042158
2610:36175544
2528:17030812
2419:21652320
2342:Elsevier
2323:17030812
2252:28584065
2203:35771646
2078:32117358
2016:23115334
1957:27194106
1918:23115334
1848:35360315
1731:See also
995:pyrenoid
980:Devonian
791:meristem
653:proximal
561:meristem
505:mucilage
474:pyrenoid
470:pyrenoid
382:. As in
264:Synonyms
44:Hornwort
5370:Q191156
5284:Bryozoa
4980:Provora
4955:Jakobea
4945:Discoba
4891:Protist
4828:Archaea
4581:Extant
4525:extinct
3374:Picozoa
3329:Animals
3250:Archaea
3086:: 1–62.
3023:Bibcode
2807:8321542
2758:7881058
2709:8075897
2651:7027989
2601:9630106
2580:Bibcode
2519:1622854
2496:Bibcode
2314:1622854
2291:Bibcode
2243:5462037
2194:9434304
2119:1313353
2069:7010833
2007:3503201
1984:Bibcode
1909:3503201
1886:Bibcode
1824:bioRxiv
1778:3242017
984:species
928:crispus
905:RuBisCo
876:stomata
795:capsule
742:thallus
738:rosette
699:rhizoid
669:haploid
641:helical
569:stomata
546:stomata
542:thallus
482:RuBisCO
440:plastid
436:thallus
432:rosette
425:haploid
173:Plantae
124:present
5559:886300
5546:446447
5543:uBio:
5523:738980
5507:NZOR:
5487:500000
5399:238892
5144:Sponge
5136:Animal
4520:groups
4408:Ginkgo
4116:&
3974:
3570:
3307:Plants
3244:Domain
3179:
3128:
3041:
2954:. 2021
2935:
2871:
2863:
2814:
2804:
2765:
2755:
2716:
2706:
2658:
2648:
2608:
2598:
2549:
2526:
2516:
2465:
2417:
2409:
2387:(10).
2356:
2321:
2311:
2250:
2240:
2201:
2191:
2183:
2142:
2117:
2076:
2066:
2014:
2004:
1955:
1916:
1906:
1846:
1826:
1776:
988:genera
973:family
969:orders
892:mosses
803:spores
776:zygote
657:distal
629:tissue
517:Nostoc
490:plants
384:mosses
149:Prosk.
118:Upper
5554:WoRMS
5500:13809
5474:56327
5448:1AHOP
5422:622B3
5409:14876
5053:Plant
5005:Fungi
4925:CRuMs
3524:&
3334:Fungi
3039:S2CID
2978:(PDF)
2933:S2CID
2869:S2CID
2393:Wiley
2115:JSTOR
2052:: 7.
1774:JSTOR
772:sperm
610:auxin
608:, an
494:algae
180:Clade
5495:NCBI
5482:ITIS
5456:GBIF
5443:EPPO
5435:3678
5394:APNI
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