495:(1985) is an attempt to allow another culture to speak for itself through songs and music (available in cassette form), writings, and various unclassifiable fragments. Like a documentary, the text presents the audience with pieces of information that they can sift through and examine. But unlike a traditional anthropological documentary, there is no "voice-over" to interpret that information and frame it for them. The absence of "voice-over" commentary in the novel forces the reader to draw conclusions rather than rely on a scientific analysis which would be tainted with cultural blind spots. The novel, consequently, preserves the difference of the alien culture and removes the observing neutral eye from the scene until the very end.
329:(1981) in addition to his anthropologically-inflected science fiction. Although he tried, in a superficial way, to separate these two aspects of his career, signing his anthropology texts with his given name "Symmes C. Oliver", he nonetheless saw them as productively interrelated. "I like to think," he commented in a 1984 interview, "that there's a kind of feedback ... that the kind of open-minded perspective in science fiction conceivably has made me a better anthropologist. And on the other side of the coin, the kind of rigor that anthropology has, conceivably has made me a better science fiction writer."
383:(115; emphasis in original). For Ellery, the aliens are not "supermen" (a favorite Campbellian conceit): despite their fantastic technologies, they are ultimately ordinary people with the expected array of weaknesses – laziness, factionalism, arrogance – whose cultural life is as predictable as any Earth society's. Since they are not superior, they are susceptible to defeat, but the key lies not in the procurement of advanced technologies, but in the creative cultural work of Earth people themselves.
554:(1987-89). Though innovative in its time, it is not its construction of androgyny itself that is remarkable about Le Guin's text. Rather, it is her focus on the way that the androgynes are perceived and how they are constructed within a particular discourse, that of scientific observation. This discourse is manifested specifically in the language of anthropology, the social sciences as a whole, and diplomacy. This focus, in turn, places Le Guin's novel within a body of later works – such as
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develops as a whole "a vast story about diverse planets seeded with life by the ancient inhabitants of Hain"). The series is "a densely textured anthropology, unfolding through a cycle of novels and stories and actually populated by several anthropologists and ethnologists"." Le Guin employs the SF trope of inter-stellar travel which allows for fictional human colonies on other worlds developing widely differing social systems. For example, in
367:. One respondent declared that "Oliver's anthropological SF is the precursor of more recent novels by Ursula K. Le Guin, Michael Bishop, and others"; another that "Chad Oliver was developing quiet, superbly crafted anthropological fictions long before anyone had heard of Le Guin; maybe his slight output and unassuming plots (and being out of print) have caused people to overlook the carefully thought-out ideas behind his fiction".
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images – heat and cold, dark and light, home and exile, name and namelessness, life and death, murder and sex – so as finally to reconcile their contrariety. The myths present wholeness, or unity, as an ideal; but that wholeness is never merely the integrity of an individual who stands apart from society. Instead, it consists of the tenuous and temporary integration of individuals into social units.
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background in anthropology that makes their extrapolated aliens and future societies every bit as fascinating and intellectually involving as the technological marvels and strange planets of hard science fiction. Because anthropology is a social science, not a natural science, it is hard to classify their works as hard science fiction, but one cannot justly construe this observation as a criticism.
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280:(1866–1946) has been called "the Shakespeare of SF" and his first anthropological story has been identified by anthropologist Leon E. Stover as "The Grisly Folk". Stover notes that this story is about Neanderthal Man, and writing in 1973, continues: " opens with the line 'Can these bones live?' Writers are still trying to make them live, the latest being
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functionally meet certain human needs. The aliens of
Jefferson Springs "had learned, long ago, that it was the cultural core that counted-the deep and underlying spirit and belief and knowledge, the tone and essence of living. Once you had that, the rest was window dressing. Not only that, but the rest, the cultural superstructure,
617:(in the restricted sense of the drama of court intrigue), straight SF (the Hainish colonization, the spaceship in orbit around Gethen's sun), Orwellian dystopia ..., adventure story ..., and finally even, something like a multiracial love story (the drama of communication between the two cultures and species).
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finds the book "curiously flat despite its exploration of an almost mythical, and often horrific, theme". The reviewer's reaction is not surprising because, as Samuel Gerald
Collins points out in the 'New Wave Anthropology' section of his comprehensive review of Chad Oliver's work: "In many ways, the
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is closed and complete. Therefore, it is possible to analyze the entire set of
Gethenian myths and establish the ways in which they are connected. Kinship exchange, in the Lévi-Straussian sense, comprises their dominant theme. In them, Le Guin articulates the theme of exchange by employing contrary
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as the most rigorous and intellectually demanding form of science fiction, implying that those who do not produce it are somehow failing to realize the true potential of science fiction. This is objectionable ...; writers like Chad Oliver and Ursula K. Le Guin, for example, bring to their writing a
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had been one of critical self-reflection in the field of anthropology. In the United States, qualms about the
Vietnam war, together with evidence that anthropologists had been employed as spies and propagandists by the US government, prompted critiques of anthropology's role in systems of national
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Anthropology and science fiction often present data and ideas so bizarre and unusual that readers, in their first confrontation with both, often fail to appreciate either science fiction or anthropology. Intelligence does not merely consist of fact, but in the integration of ideas -- and ideas can
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Anthropology is the science of man. It tells the story from ape-man to spaceman, attempting to describe in detail all the epochs of this continuing history. Writers of fiction, and in particular science fiction, peer over the anthropologists' shoulders as the discoveries are made, then utilize the
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acquired the "anthropological attitude" necessary for the observation of another culture – or for her, the invention of another culture: the recognition and appreciation of cultural diversity, the necessity to be a "close and impartial observer", who is objective, yet recognizes the inescapable
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The lesson of Chad Oliver for sf is that his
Campbell-era commitments to the power of technology, rational thinking, and the evolutionary destiny of "humanity" came to seem an enshrinement of a Western imperialist vision that needed to be transcended, through a rethinking of otherness driven by
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has been called "the most sophisticated and technically plausible work of anthropological science fiction, insofar as the relationship of culture and biology is concerned", and also rated as "perhaps her most notable book". This novel forms part of Le Guin's
Hainish Cycle (so termed because it
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and global power. Various strains of what came to be known as dependency theory disrupted the self-congratulatory evolutionism of modernization models, evoking and critiquing a world system whose political economy structurally mandated unequal development. Less narrowly academic works such as
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series (1994-96) – that deal with an outside observer's arrival on an alien planet, all of which indicate the difficulty of translating the life-style of an alien species into a language and cultural experience that is comprehensible. As such, these texts provide critiques of anthropological
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Not only are these aliens comprehensible in anthropological terms, but it is anthropology, rather than the physical sciences, that promises a solution to the problem of alien colonization. According to the science of anthropology, every society, regardless of its level of development, has to
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Anthropological science fiction is best exemplified by the work of writers such as Ursula K. Le Guin, Michael Bishop, Joanna Russ, Ian Watson, and Chad Oliver. Of this pantheon, Oliver is alone in being also a professional anthropologist, author of academic tomes such as
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307:" – here "scientists from an alternative earth in which Neanderthals superseded homo sapiens cross over to our world. The series as a whole allows Sawyer to explore questions of evolution and humanity's relationship to the environment."
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anthropological theory and practice. Above all, Oliver's career speaks to many of the shared impulses and assumptions of anthropology and sf, connections that have only grown more multifarious and complex since his death in 1993.
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novel is very much unlike Oliver's previous work; there is little moral resolution, nor is anthropology of much help in determining what motivates the aliens. In striking contrast to the familiar chumminess of the aliens in
344:(1966 ) is a lesson in the patterning of culture, how humans everywhere unconsciously work out a blueprint for living. Anthropological wisdom is applied to the conscious design of a new blueprint for American society in his
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Nineteenth-century utopian writings and lost-race sagas notwithstanding, anthropological science fiction is generally considered a late-twentieth-century phenomenon, best exemplified by the work of writers such as
491:(1972), for example, she explicitly demonstrates the failure of colonialists to comprehend other cultures, and shows how the desire to dominate and control interferes with the ability to perceive the other.
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Similarly Adam
Roberts warns against a too narrow an interpretation of Le Guin's fiction, pointing out that her writing is always balanced and that "balance as such forms one of her major concerns. Both
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In 1993 a journal of SF criticism requested from writers and critics of SF a list of their 'most neglected' writers, and Chad Oliver was listed in three replies. Among the works chosen were:
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the protagonist, Paul Ellery, is an anthropologist doing field work in the town of
Jefferson Springs, Texas—a place where he discovers extraterrestrial aliens. It has been remarked that:
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material in fictional works. Where the scientist must speculate reservedly from known fact and make a small leap into the unknown, the writer is free to soar high on the wings of fancy.
593:) is very reminiscent of that described for the Temiar people of Malaysia; and the idea of a special vocabulary of terms of address correlated with a hierarchy of knowledge, in
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The difficulty in describing category boundaries for 'anthropological SF' is illustrated by a reviewer of an anthology of anthropological SF, written for the journal
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Urbanowicz, Charles F. "Cultures: fact or fiction?" Presented at the discussion For the
Anthropology House Forum known as "El Mundo" on November 11, 1976.
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510:"a human envoy to the snowbound planet of Gethan struggles to understand its sexually ambivalent inhabitants". Published in 1969, this Le Guin novel:
441:(1973) -- explored anthropology's colonial legacy and precipitated a critical engagement with the ethics and politics of ethnographic representation.
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is only one of many subsequent novels that have dealt with androgyny and multiple gender/sex identities through a variety of approaches, from
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Despite being described as a "late-twentieth-century phenomenon" (above) anthropological SF's roots can be traced further back in history.
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Another critic has observed that Le Guin's "concern with cultural biases is evident throughout her literary career", and continues,
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340:(1955 ) spells out the problems of applied anthropology by sending a technical-assistance team to an underdeveloped planet. His
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Collins, Samuel Gerald. "Scientifically Valid and
Artistically True: Chad Oliver, Anthropology, and Anthropological SF",
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provide an access to understanding the workings of the myths" in the novel. Later in the essay the author explains:
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This difficulty of categorization explains the exclusions necessary when seeking the origins of the subgenre. Thus:
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the science is still learning how to frame it". The editors of a collection of anthropological SF stories observed:
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630:(1974) balance form to theme, of symbol to narration, flawlessly". Nevertheless, there is no doubt that the novel
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is a "science fiction novel giving an excellent introduction to the field methods of descriptive linguistics".
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in "Archaeologies of the Future. The Desire Called Utopia and other Science Fictions", (New York: Verso, 2005)
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Geoffery Samuel has pointed out some specific anthropological aspect to Le Guin's fiction, noting that:
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Ecology and Cultural Continuity as Contributing Factors in the Social Organization of the Plains Indians
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clearly owes a lot to North-West Coast Indian and Eskimo culture; the role of dreams of Athshe (in
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is steeped in anthropological thought, with one academic critic noting that "the theories of
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that the novel is "constructed from a heterogeneous group of narratives modes ...", and that:
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enjoys the philosophical luxury of providing answers to the question "What is man?" while
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Understanding Contemporary American Science Fiction. The Age of Maturity, 1970-2000
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Warren G. Rochelle in his essay on Le Guin notes that from her parents she:
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Barbour, Douglas. "Review: Crown's Classics of Modern Science Fiction"
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421:(1969), combined with the efforts of civil-rights groups like the
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Mosaic: a Journal for the interdisciplinary Study of Literature
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subjectivity that comes with participation in an alien culture.
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systematically misunderstand one another." Collins continues:
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Westfahl, Gary. "Hard Science Fiction" in Seed, David (ed.).
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A more contemporary example of the Neanderthal as subject is
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Rochelle, Warren G. "Ursula K. Le Guin" in David Seed (ed.)
955:. New York: Ballantine, 1954. Rpt. New York: Crown, 1985.
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says of science fiction's relationship to anthropology: "
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Walker, Jeanne Murray. "Myth, Exchange and History in
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Del Rey, Lester "Day is done," in Groff Conklin (ed.)
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Stover, Leon, E. "Anthropology and Science Fiction",
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Stover, Leon E. "Anthropology and Science Fiction",
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come from anywhere, especially good science fiction!
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Trillion Year Spree: The History of Science Fiction
259:Again, questions of description are not simple as
208:Charles F. Urbanowicz, Professor of Anthropology,
750:Apeman, Spaceman: Anthropological Science Fiction
938:"Unjustly Neglected Works of Science Fiction",
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864:(New York: Permabooks, 1955 (1939), pp. 138-54)
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830:(New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1962)
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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846:The Wheels of If and Other Science Fiction
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106:Learn how and when to remove this message
1174:, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Jul., 1979), pp.180-189
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925:Meyers, Walter E. "Linguistics and SF"
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585:the culture of the people of Gethen in
439:Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter
1946:Writers and Illustrators of the Future
1142:The Ultimate Guide to Science Fiction
798:Aldiss, Brian W. and David Wingrove.
381:was relatively equal in all societies
135:too many or overly lengthy quotations
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1028:. Winnipeg: Sep 1997.Vol. 30, Iss. 3
1041:, (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1981)
813:Wells, H. G. "The grisly folk," in
284:. Some others in between have been
210:California State University, Chico
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804:, (London: Victor Gollanez, 1986)
212:has said of anthropology and SF:
34:This article has multiple issues.
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1294:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic
459:It has often been observed that
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193:Anthropological science fiction
42:or discuss these issues on the
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1109:, Vol. 30, No. 2, (Jul., 2003)
1081:The History of Science Fiction
1008:A companion to Science Fiction
968:. 1960. New York: Crown, 1984.
901:A Companion to Science Fiction
787:A Companion to Science Fiction
573:discourse that are similar to
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1010:(Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008)
981:. 1971. New York: Crown, 1984
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712:, Vol. 14, No. 4 (Oct., 1973)
327:The Discovery of Anthropology
681:The Word for World is Forest
591:The Word for World is Forest
489:The Word for World is Forest
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2606:Christian science fiction
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1052:The Left Hand of Darkness
979:The Shores of Another Sea
903:(Malden: Blackwell, 2008)
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677:The Left Hand of Darkness
644:The Left Hand of Darkness
632:The Left Hand of Darkness
607:The Left Hand of Darkness
587:The Left Hand of Darkness
536:Woman at the Edge of Time
508:The Left Hand of Darkness
502:The Left Hand of Darkness
419:Custer Died for Your Sins
389:The Shores of Another Sea
365:The Shores of Another Sea
431:Reinventing Anthropology
423:American Indian Movement
305:The Neanderthal Parallax
142:summarize the quotations
78:may need to be rewritten
2752:Anthropology literature
2539:Artificial intelligence
2437:Simulated consciousness
1172:Science Fiction Studies
1107:Science Fiction Studies
992:Science Fiction Studies
940:Science Fiction Studies
927:Science Fiction Studies
774:Science Fiction Studies
754:American Anthropologist
748:Sills, Yole, G. Review
727:(London: Penguin, 1968)
546:series (1962–1996) and
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224:American Anthropologist
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839:De Camp, L. Sprague, "
815:Selected short stories
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1054:(New York: Ace, 1969)
1037:Bucknall, Barbara J.
564:novels (1984-87) and
540:Marion Zimmer Bradley
467:, and of her father,
402:Shores of Another Sea
2641:Fictional technology
2636:Fictional astronauts
2493:Frankenstein complex
1065:Current Anthropology
914:Current Anthropology
710:Current Anthropology
269:hard science fiction
2681:Speculative fiction
2275:Genetic engineering
1050:Le Guin, Ursula K.
966:Unearthly Neighbors
738:"Available on-line"
636:Claude Lévi-Strauss
552:Xenogenesis Trilogy
361:Unearthly Neighbors
348:(1972 )". Oliver's
346:Mother of Necessity
334:Unearthly Neighbors
267:... others present
187:The anthropologist
16:Genre of literature
2508:Message from space
2473:Ancient astronauts
2361:Parallel universes
2336:Extrasolar planets
2243:Biological warfare
1365:Parallel universes
1247:Scientific romance
1153:Jameson, Fredric.
1128:2010-12-18 at the
953:Shadows in the Sun
826:Golding, William.
493:Always Coming Home
394:Shadows in the Sun
372:Shadows in the Sun
357:Shadows in the Sun
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595:City of Illusions
561:Golden Witchbreed
469:Alfred L. Kroeber
461:Ursula K. Le Guin
455:Ursula K. Le Guin
415:Vine Deloria, Jr.
398:The Winds of Time
350:The Winds of Time
311:Authors and works
237:Ursula K. Le Guin
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1077:
1068:
1061:
1055:
1048:
1042:
1035:
1029:
1022:
1011:
1004:
995:
988:
982:
975:
969:
962:
956:
949:
943:
936:
930:
923:
917:
910:
904:
897:
891:
888:Apeman, spaceman
884:
878:
871:
865:
861:Operation Future
856:
850:
837:
831:
824:
818:
811:
805:
796:
790:
783:
777:
770:
757:
746:
740:
734:
728:
724:Apeman, Spaceman
719:
713:
706:
688:
665:Rocannon's World
661:
516:Samuel R. Delany
499:Le Guin's novel
465:Theodora Kroeber
301:Robert J. Sawyer
180:
173:
162:
159:
153:
126:
125:
118:
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
84:improve the lead
68:
67:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
2769:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2700:
2676:Sense of wonder
2610:
2594:
2527:
2523:Xenoarchaeology
2498:Galactic empire
2453:Africanfuturism
2441:
2410:
2314:
2229:
2173:
2113:
2092:
2056:
1996:
1955:
1718:
1712:
1684:
1578:
1514:
1464:
1441:Techno-thriller
1409:Climate fiction
1377:Science fantasy
1331:Anime and manga
1278:
1237:Anthropological
1213:
1211:Science fiction
1208:
1178:
1165:
1161:
1152:
1148:
1139:
1135:
1130:Wayback Machine
1120:
1113:
1104:
1100:
1091:
1087:
1079:Roberts, Adam.
1078:
1071:
1062:
1058:
1049:
1045:
1036:
1032:
1023:
1014:
1005:
998:
989:
985:
976:
972:
963:
959:
950:
946:
937:
933:
924:
920:
911:
907:
898:
894:
885:
881:
872:
868:
857:
853:
838:
834:
825:
821:
812:
808:
797:
793:
784:
780:
771:
760:
747:
743:
735:
731:
720:
716:
707:
700:
696:
691:
669:Planet of Exile
662:
658:
654:
615:political novel
603:Fredric Jameson
457:
342:Rite of Passage
338:Blood's a Rover
332:Thus "Oliver's
318:
313:
181:
170:
169:
168:
163:
157:
154:
148:or excerpts to
139:
127:
123:
112:
101:
95:
92:
81:
69:
65:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2739:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2717:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2666:Rubber science
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2646:Future history
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2593:
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2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2468:Alien language
2465:
2463:Alien invasion
2460:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2427:Mind uploading
2424:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
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2333:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2285:Nanotechnology
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2220:Stellar engine
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2165:
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2159:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
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2121:
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2112:
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2100:
2098:
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2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
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1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
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1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1717:Literary, art,
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1677:
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1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
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1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
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1296:
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1284:
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1256:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1184:
1177:
1176:
1159:
1146:
1133:
1111:
1098:
1085:
1069:
1056:
1043:
1030:
1012:
996:
983:
977:Oliver, Chad.
970:
964:Oliver, Chad.
957:
951:Oliver, Chad.
944:
931:
918:
905:
892:
879:
866:
851:
841:The Gnarly Man
832:
828:The inheritors
819:
806:
791:
778:
758:
741:
729:
714:
697:
695:
692:
690:
689:
655:
653:
650:
548:Octavia Butler
456:
453:
387:A reviewer of
317:
314:
312:
309:
296:, and Klass."
241:Michael Bishop
189:Leon E. Stover
183:
182:
165:
164:
130:
128:
121:
114:
113:
73:The article's
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2765:
2764:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2656:Magic realism
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:Technological
2530:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2513:Transhumanism
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2488:First contact
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:Psychological
2413:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2386:Teleportation
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2366:Portable hole
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
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2329:
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2321:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2306:
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2301:
2298:
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2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
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2268:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
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2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2192:Architectural
2189:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2088:Short stories
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2007:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:Tähtivaeltaja
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
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1882:
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1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
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1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
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1528:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
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1484:
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1479:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1467:
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1454:
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1442:
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1437:
1434:
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1429:
1425:
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1415:
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1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1395:
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1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1358:Space Western
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1343:Space warfare
1341:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
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1300:
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1267:
1265:
1262:
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1245:
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1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1228:
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1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1186:
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1169:
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1160:
1156:
1150:
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1124:
1118:
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1108:
1102:
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1060:
1057:
1053:
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1040:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1019:
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1009:
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1001:
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993:
987:
984:
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974:
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961:
958:
954:
948:
945:
941:
935:
932:
928:
922:
919:
915:
909:
906:
902:
896:
893:
889:
883:
880:
876:
875:The alley god
870:
867:
863:
862:
855:
852:
848:
847:
842:
836:
833:
829:
823:
820:
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802:
795:
792:
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782:
779:
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769:
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745:
742:
739:
733:
730:
726:
725:
718:
715:
711:
705:
703:
699:
693:
686:
685:The Dispossed
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
660:
657:
651:
648:
645:
639:
637:
633:
629:
628:The Dispossed
625:
618:
616:
610:
608:
604:
598:
596:
592:
588:
582:
578:
576:
575:Trinh Minh-ha
571:
567:
566:C. J. Cherryh
563:
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541:
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375:
373:
370:In the novel
368:
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315:
310:
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262:
261:Gary Westfahl
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161:
158:November 2012
151:
147:
143:
137:
136:
131:This article
129:
120:
119:
110:
107:
99:
96:November 2012
89:
86:and read the
85:
79:
76:
71:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2686:Supernatural
2458:Afrofuturism
2371:Space travel
2280:Invisibility
2248:Energy being
2225:Terraforming
2205:Dyson sphere
2200:Colonization
2132:Australasian
2025:Film history
1806:Grand Master
1236:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1154:
1149:
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1101:
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1080:
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1059:
1051:
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1038:
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1025:
1007:
991:
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978:
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952:
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532:Marge Piercy
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197:anthropology
192:
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140:Please help
132:
102:
93:
82:Please help
77:
75:lead section
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
2544:AI takeover
2391:Time travel
2351:Inertialess
2341:Force field
2331:Black holes
2300:Prosthetics
2162:Live-action
1931:Translation
1926:Tour-Apollo
1801:Golden Duck
1703:Jules Verne
1569:Women in SF
1534:Conventions
1419:Libertarian
1382:Dying Earth
1353:Space opera
1321:Inner space
1232:Definitions
556:Mary Gentle
524:Joanna Russ
433:(1972) and
325:(1962) and
316:Chad Oliver
278:H. G. Wells
253:Chad Oliver
245:Joanna Russ
2741:Categories
2580:Spacecraft
2556:Holography
2422:Group mind
2401:Warp drive
2356:Multiverse
2346:Hyperspace
2235:Biological
2119:Television
2083:Publishers
2061:Literature
1960:Multimedia
1876:Prometheus
1811:Grand Prix
1726:Astounding
1590:Australian
1495:Dieselpunk
1460:Underwater
1259:Golden Age
694:References
528:Female Man
435:Talal Asad
427:Dell Hymes
263:observes:
249:Ian Watson
150:Wikisource
39:improve it
2599:Religious
2310:Symbiosis
2295:Parasites
2253:Evolution
2073:Magazines
2050:Tokusatsu
1831:Kitschies
1761:Deutscher
1719:and audio
1696:Cinematic
1650:Norwegian
1640:Hungarian
1600:Brazilian
1510:Steampunk
1505:Solarpunk
1478:Cyberpunk
1448:Tokusatsu
1431:Tech noir
1414:Christian
1392:Superhero
1283:Subgenres
624:Left Hand
601:However,
570:Foreigner
146:Wikiquote
133:contains
45:talk page
2715:Category
2585:Tachyons
2432:Psionics
2406:Wormhole
2376:Stargate
2319:Physical
2152:Japanese
2147:European
2142:Canadian
2040:Japanese
1992:Spectrum
1972:Chandler
1906:Sunburst
1901:Sturgeon
1891:Sidewise
1881:Rhysling
1851:Nautilus
1821:Heinlein
1776:Endeavor
1731:Aurealis
1680:Yugoslav
1660:Romanian
1645:Japanese
1630:Estonian
1620:Croatian
1605:Canadian
1574:Worldcon
1544:Fanzines
1500:Nanopunk
1483:Japanese
1348:Military
1316:Grimdark
1311:Feminist
1274:Timeline
1269:New Wave
1126:Archived
605:says of
544:Darkover
538:(1976),
530:(1975),
522:(1976),
2631:Fantasy
2619:Related
2590:Weapons
2565:Cyborgs
2326:Ansible
2137:British
2109:Theatre
1921:Tiptree
1896:Skylark
1841:Laßwitz
1826:Ignotus
1816:Harland
1791:Gaughan
1781:FantLab
1746:Chesley
1675:Spanish
1670:Serbian
1665:Russian
1615:Chinese
1610:Chilean
1595:Bengali
1564:Studies
1523:Culture
1490:Biopunk
1338:Mundane
1304:Sitcoms
1264:History
1227:Authors
1219:Outline
683:(1972)
679:(1969)
675:(1967)
671:(1966)
667:(1966)
290:Del Rey
286:de Camp
282:Golding
2725:Portal
2651:Horror
2561:Robots
2518:Uplift
2446:Social
2395:Viewer
2270:Gender
2183:Themes
2078:Novels
2068:Comics
2035:Indian
1977:Dragon
1967:Aurora
1951:Zajdel
1936:Urania
1871:Parsec
1866:Norton
1856:Nebula
1836:Lambda
1796:Geffen
1786:Galaxy
1771:Ditmar
1751:Clarke
1708:Saturn
1689:Awards
1655:Polish
1635:French
1583:Region
1539:Fandom
1436:Spy-Fi
1404:Social
1370:Isekai
1299:Comedy
687:(1974)
520:Triton
410:Shores
363:, and
294:Farmer
251:, and
2696:Weird
2478:Black
2381:Stars
2157:Anime
2104:Opera
2097:Stage
2045:Anime
2030:Films
2009:Media
1987:Seiun
1941:Vogel
1886:SFERA
1861:Nommo
1846:Locus
1756:Crook
1625:Czech
1554:ISFDB
1453:Kaiju
1326:Mecha
843:" in
652:Notes
2563:and
2503:LGBT
2263:List
2169:U.S.
2017:Film
1982:Hugo
1766:Dick
1736:BSFA
1252:Soft
1242:Hard
626:and
417:'s,
396:and
1916:TBD
1170:",
568:'s
558:'s
550:'s
542:'s
534:'s
526:'s
518:'s
487:In
437:'s
429:'s
2743::
1114:^
1072:^
1015:^
999:^
761:^
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471:.
359:,
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