1222:
the city, and the S variant which would go through protected land, and would have negative impacts on rural areas as opposed to the city. This event began environmental movements in the Czech
Republic that protested the S variant. In previous years, Czechoslovakia had been focused on the Soviet model of industrial expansion which lacked environmental regulation. This had effects on the environment, such as low-grade coal used in houses and by industries as well as lead gasoline used in automobiles. In the 1980's environmental activists protested the governments lack of environmental regulation. Political campaigns thereafter became increasingly anti-environmental through media outlets and newspaper coverage. Media coverage shared statements such as "Environmentalists believe that bugs are more important than people" and "Beware of environmentalists â they are extremists." These statements created fear of environmental causes in the population.
1205:
defended the construction of the
Pipeline as it would create thousands of jobs, make the United States more energy independent and create a more cost-effective method of transporting oil to major refining markets. The Standing Rock Sioux Tribe took issue with this as the pipeline would run through their communities, tainting their sacred land as well as contaminating their water supply. What followed in the next ten months was a response from Sioux communities, protestors and environmentalist groups in the form of peaceful protests in which over 400 arrests were made by local law enforcement. 26 Environmentalist groups responded to the event with an open letter condemning the actions of the North American banks who helped fund the pipeline, and encouraged them to stop any future payments contributing to it.
877:, viewing climate policies as linked to their struggles and exacerbating their situation. On the other hand, ideological considerations come into play and can be categorized in two ways. Firstly, there is a disdain for climate policies perceived as initiatives championed by liberal, globally oriented individuals who are seen as not prioritizing the nation's interests. Secondly, there is a preference for a direct connection between ordinary citizens and those in positions of power. The complexity of climate change, demanding intricate solutions, contrasts with their inclination toward simplicity. Additionally, there is a belief that figures in authority, including climate scientists and environmentalists, are influenced by special interests, fostering skepticism toward climate initiatives.
1098:
local people and their land. In general, in developing countries, local environmentalist ideas and actions are not necessarily influenced by the post-materialist perspectives of
Western environmentalism. For communities in these countries, environmental challenges are often linked to struggles over natural resources, as in the case of disputes between farmers and companies over timber or between rural and urban residents over water and energy. Such conflicts often focus on the environment, as poorer communities seek to preserve control over their natural resources to prevent them from being lost to increasing state control or the expanding market system.
803:
campaign, and instead reversed the initiatives of the previous
Clinton administration on drinking water, and advocated for oil exploration in protected regions. Bush's administration also moved forward in withdrawing its support of the Kyoto Protocol, a worldwide global warming agreement created in 1997. Bush stated that he would work with allies to the United States to reduce greenhouse gases, but would not carry out a plan that would "harm the economy" and "hurt American workers". The conflict between support and opposition to environmental policies has become an important factor in the growing social and political polarization in the United States.
729:, aimed at both environmentalist ideas and environmental policies and regulations, national or international. Opponents may include workers in industries threatened by environmental policies, companies that support them, and anti-environmentalist think tanks. The reasons for opposition are not homogeneous: they range from economic interests to ideological and political positions hostile to pro-environmental social and political change, to critical perspectives encouraging environmentalists to think about and adopt more inclusive approaches toward
952:) address environmental issues as part of a broader agenda, including discussions of fiscal policy, energy, monetary policy, education, health care, and global economic liberalism. They consider that many public interest or environmental regulations are counterproductive. They support judicial activism to protect civil and economic liberties, an open and competitive energy market, and the importance of consumer choice and private incentives over a public approach to address real environmental concerns.
1090:, have been growing in importance. These disciplines have contributed to a deepening understanding of the complex link between the environment and society. This progress has overcome the simplified views that often underlie anti-environmentalist positions, paving the way for new perspectives and more sophisticated approaches.The new knowledge has had a significant impact on the formulation of alternative concepts of sustainability and the practice of more conscious environmental policies.
51:
1106:
1030:
environmental management initiatives, which are perceived as authoritarian and detrimental to individual freedoms. They share the belief that a limited, non-interventionist government is more just, believing that a large bureaucracy threatens individual rights and freedoms. They support the individual right to use natural resources as part of the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Their proposals include logging in national forests, revising the
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1297:(EPA) would enforce the toughest standards to date, Trump's administration recently instructed the Environmental Protection Agency to remove the climate change page from its website. EPA employees have stated that if the page is taken down, years of research on global warming will be gone, as well as detailed data on emissions and links to scientific global warming research. On June 1, 2017, Trump announced that the U.S. would
1102:
establishing cause-and-effect relationships, especially when dealing with large-scale environmental problems. In addition, there is an increasing emphasis on understanding power dynamics, winners and losers in environmental change and legislation. Although some changes are taking place, traditional ways of thinking, such as neo-Malthusian, romantic, and catastrophist perspectives, persist in the environmental movement.
1288:, invested significantly in clean energy, and improved standards for fuel economy of vehicles; this reduced pollution and was also economical. Obama also made a joint agreement with China to reduce the emissions of both countries, and to reduce emissions in the United States by 27% by 2025. The current state of environmental affairs in the United States has changed drastically once again with the new
824:
interests that feel threatened by environmental concerns or environmental regulations. Although many observers of anti-environmentalism point out the frequent association between these initiatives and specific business interests threatened by environmental policies, others consider that there are cultural factors in certain social groups that underlie their anti-environmentalism.
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segments of the public that rely on fossil fuel-intensive economies. The countermovement is supported by a minority of scientists who have been visible promoters of climate science skepticism and by an extensive network of think tanks, which often also pursue other neoliberal or conservative agendas (e.g., against government regulation).
984:. Skeptics attack the evidence for climate change. Skepticism can target the observed trend ("global warming does not exist"), the identification of causes ("warming exists, but humans are not responsible"), or the impact ("warming could be harmless or even beneficial"). This kind of skepticism is intended to fuel uncertainty about
1258:
environmental groups to obstruct
Canadian economic growth. Environmental charities experienced frequent audits by the federal government which resulted in less productivity and being at risk of losing their charitable status. Harper also repealed a significant environmental policy which had previously been in place; the
794:, has become a lucrative industry for PR firms. American companies now invest hundreds of millions of dollars annually in greenwashing and strategic counsel, which involves shaping public and governmental perceptions of environmental problems and devising strategies to counter environmentalists and regulations.
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in 2014 as there was increasing concern for the chemical's environmental and health risks to the citizens of the city. To counteract the environmentalist social movement, the government took action by creating an agreement that all civilians must sign stating they will not engage in protests or speak
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administration. Trump has been open about his plans to alter or withdraw entirely from many climate change and environmental agreements the United States is currently involved in, such as the Paris
Agreement. As this agreement is voluntary, the United States would face no penalty if they declined to
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experienced immense air pollution that citizens felt was the source of their health problems. The government decided they needed to build a new highway so the traffic could no longer create pollution in the city. Two different plans were created, one being the K variant which put the highway south of
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As a result of these debates and criticisms, environmentalism is changing the way it deals with environmental science and the management of environmental problems, moving away from intransigent principled positions and accepting the complexity of the issues. This shift recognizes the uncertainties in
991:
Another type of skepticism is so-called response skepticism, that is, skepticism directed at actions taken to address climate change. It can be associated with climate denialism, but can also be expressed without opposing the evidence of climate change ("climate change exists and is caused by humans,
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Think tanks associated with companies and seemingly independent groups can present themselves as autonomous research centers capable of providing expertise (analysis and communication) valued by the mass media. The media gives them space to balance environmentalist perspectives. However, this process
827:
For example, a study of the
American right has suggested that many of the anti-environmentalist positions are rooted in its traditional distrust, widespread within the right-wing electorate, of government intervention, its support for the free market as a symbol of the American dream, and its defense
1097:
conservation. The use of such models in different contexts has caused conflicts with local traditions of land use. This tension and the criticism of traditional conservation models have often led to an evolution of the models themselves, seeking to better integrate pre-existing relationships between
1058:
External criticisms of environmentalism often arise from or are related to internal disputes between different currents within the movement. Over the past two decades, the environmental movement has undergone significant changes and has not only faced external criticisms but also internal challenges
1029:
emerged, consisting of local groups mainly in the western part of North
America. This movement emerged as a diverse alliance of ranchers, miners, loggers, hunters, off-road vehicle drivers, oil workers, and farmers who, despite their differences, united against environmentalists. They oppose public
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Additional strategies used by corporations or support actors like PR firms and think tanks may also include: co-opting moderate environmentalists through donations, job offers, and deals, while marginalizing and alienating non-cooperative individuals, often labeling them as extremists; dirty tricks
912:
Public relations firms regularly assist the communication and lobbying of large companies whose interests are affected by environmental policies. Some communications initiatives may support the establishment of social front groups capable of lobbying legislators to reduce environmental regulations.
789:
applied to environmental issues. The corporation-led coalition-building efforts from the 1970s continued to expand. Some corporations even went beyond their corporate allies by hiring specialized PR firms to establish front groups, creating the illusion of grassroots support for corporate interests
777:
During the 1980s, environmentalism emerged as a social and political force in many
Western countries. National environmental legislation and international environmental initiatives grew. Oppositions arose against perceived excesses among environmentalist positions (e.g., against apocalyptic visions
1016:
The climate skeptic movement is supported by certain corporate or national interests that wish to maintain the profitability of economic sectors (especially those related to fossil fuels) in the face of growing environmental concerns. It also draws on anxieties about environmental protection among
928:
techniques to convince the public of their high level of environmental responsibility. In essence, these organizations create controversial information and call it environmental or green ideology. They frequently endorse campaigns to increase access to certain resources, such as forests and mines.
773:
Meanwhile, business interests affected by the rapidly expanding environmental legislations formed alliances to counter it. Sometimes they used the same methods of social and environmental movements: community-level mobilization and collaborative partnerships, as well as public awareness campaigns,
720:
as a whole or specific environmental policies or environmental initiatives. It also includes, " grassroots mobilization by workers in extractive industries like forestry or oil who fear for the livelihood impacts of environmental policy and who act in defense of their community and family economic
1189:
As well, the oil sands have brought a secure source of energy to Canada, as well as tremendous economic gains for
Alberta. There are environmental efforts in place to mitigate the effects that the mining involved in operating the oil sands mine has on animal species, though some environmentalist
836:
Many experts argue that ideological explanations of anti-environmentalism, based on traditional concepts of the political left and right, are of little use in interpreting current political positions, especially regarding climate policies. Research in the social and political fields suggests that
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stated in his campaign platform that he would "ensure that the federal government, which is the country's largest polluter, complies with all environmental laws" and that the United States would even exceed the set standards. Though once elected, Bush verged from what he had promised during his
1257:
This was consistent with Harper's decision to withdraw Canada from the Kyoto Protocol in 2011. The main reason given for this by Harper was that Canada was not having success in meeting the protocol's targets. In the following years, Harper's administration made it difficult for foreign-based
893:) orchestrated by public relations firms. These actors create links between corporate interests, conservative intellectuals, and segments of the public who share conservative perspectives or are concerned about the impact of environmental policies on communities and workers in specific sectors.
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out of which environmentalism emerged. Some anti-environmentalist positions may arise from genuine anxiety related to the consequences of environmental regulations feared for the economic well-being of families and communities. Opposition to environmentalists may also be widespread among social
797:
The United States, which since the 1970s had first developed models of environmental legislation later imitated around the world, has repeatedly seen the rise of pressure and initiatives to reduce environmental legislation among Republican politicians and administrations. For example, President
1233:
Stephen Harper criticized Canada's prior environmental policy for having high restrictions on industry, as Harper sought to industrialize. He wanted to ensure that industries could have better access to natural resources with the goal of increasing Canada's Economy. In May 2011, Harper and the
1204:
The source of this conflict is that on January 25, 2016, Dakota Access announced that it received permit approval to move forward with the construction of a four-state crude oil pipeline which would transport 470,000 barrels of oil per day from North Dakota to Illinois. Anti-environmentalists
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can lead the media to overemphasize scientific uncertainty on some environmental issues. In other words, by presenting such sources as independent and reliable, the media may unintentionally amplify the perception of uncertainty, influencing public perceptions of specific environmental issues.
823:
In some contexts, especially in the United States, anti-environmentalist social movements and initiatives are frequently inspired by conservative or neoliberal political ideologies: these favor a free market economy over government regulation. Such political positions find support in corporate
1253:
released its annual emissions trends report, which showed that Canada was not going to meet emission reduction targets as was promised in 2009. In fact, Canada is on track to increase its emissions up until 2020. Harper's government, while committed to reducing emissions over the long term,
995:
Climate skepticism is widespread among European parties of the far right and radical right. However, a study of the positions expressed by these parties in the European Parliament indicated that they rarely manifest climate denialism: opposition is more often directed at climate policies.
1000:
and anti-elite desire and speak to issues close to voters, such as economic welfare. They also include pro-environmental and pro-climate positions and support for the fight against climate change. They are accompanied by a critique of liberal climate policies as causing pollution, and of
941:(SLAPPs) (in the United States) to intimidate environmentalists and citizens who engage in activities such as petitioning, writing to officials, attending public meetings, organizing boycotts, or participating in peaceful demonstrations, aiming to silence critics through legal pressure.
1075:-oriented environmentalists has generated new perspectives that are more attentive to the social aspects of environmental choices. The environmental justice perspective deals with the disproportionate and unjust distribution of environmental risks and harms within and among societies.
1185:
has also been a point of contention between environmentalists and those who consider economic growth to be important. Anti-environmentalists maintain that the oil sands have improved Canada's relations with the United States as Canada is their number one foreign supplier of oil.
1321:(PX) industry - a chemical used in manufacturing plastics, such as those in water bottles and polyesters. The industry has been promoted in Maoming for its economic benefits due to the jobs provided by the factories. Despite the industry's economic benefits, citizens organized
1050:, to mineral and energy production. They also support the development of national parks run by private companies and civil penalties for anyone who legally challenges economic activity or development on federal lands. Some members have also supported violent actions.
1293:
participate. However, as the United States is the second largest emitter of carbon after China, their lack of participation in the agreement would greatly impact global efforts to reduce carbon emissions. While in 1999, President Bill Clinton announced that the
1246:. The Harper government focused on expanding the economy over the interests of environmentalists. Also environmental groups were also deemed "extremists" by the Harper Government and listed them under the anti-terrorism strategy as a national security threat.
1351:
stated that the dissolution was "wholly disproportionate" and was part of "a growing trend of stigmatization and criminalization of individuals and civil society organizations raising awareness about the consequences of climate change" in France under
896:
Conservative think tanks or sometimes academic researchers participate in the development of anti-environmentalist analysis and policy positions. Among the intellectuals and authors who have distinguished themselves internationally are Danish academic
860:
of the left and the greens, i.e., that ideology that elevates the need for political freedom and participation, self-actualization, personal relationships, creativity, and care for the environment over the satisfaction of material needs.
868:
in Europe and North America are subject to debate and remain intricate. On one hand, economic and social factors play a role: a significant portion of these parties' supporters comprises individuals who have felt the economic impacts of
745:
During the 1960s and 1970s, environmentalism was inspired by concerns about resource scarcity and over-exploitation: they were feared to threaten the future well-being of humanity and the balance of the planet. This concept is known as
1242:." The Harper government focused more economic growth, such as the oil industry in Alberta. Northern Alberta has oil in their tar sands and extracting it was seen by environmentalists as destruction to the environment and a source of
741:
Criticism of environmentalism has taken different forms in different historical periods. Many oppositions to environmentalism have arisen within the environmental movement itself, from the internal contrasts and debates.
1190:
groups are not satisfied. Environmentalist groups such as Greenpeace are concerned with the environmental, social and health impacts of mining the oil sands, particularly on First Nations communities in Alberta.
811:
Anti-environmentalism is fueled by both social and economic reasons and ideological positions. The ideological underpinnings of anti-environmentalism can be very diverse and sometimes opposed to each other: from
754:, who felt that the role of scientific and technological innovation in securing additional resources was overlooked. Some challenged the reliability of mathematical models, including that of the famous
724:
Criticism of environmentalism can come both from outside the movement and from within, as it represents a variety of ideas and political positions. Outside oppositions can take the form of an organized
963:
ideas, promoting these through international networking and funding of conservative think tanks. The organization operates globally, encompassing hundreds of think tanks across all continents.
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of the industry negatively, which high school students had to sign in order to graduate, as well as implementing an education campaign by providing lectures to the citizens on PX project.
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won the Canadian federal election with a majority government, which allowed them to make significant changes to Canada's environmental policy. A bill passed May 2012 titled the "
762:
Report: critics argued that it had not adequately considered feedback and the effects of human decisions. Criticism also came from the left, for example from thinkers such as
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of Christian values, family, white identity and traditional masculinity. This resistance is fueled by concern about political and cultural changes resulting from the
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284:
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and is generally associated with typical opposition to immigration, nationalism, welfare chauvinism (i.e., social policies must favor the country's citizens), and
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Shriver, Thomas E.; Adams, Alison E.; Cable, Sherry (March 2013). "Discursive Obstruction and Elite Opposition to Environmental Activism in the Czech Republic".
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critics argued that environmentalist ideas, influenced by neo-Malthusianism, had racist, elitist, and imperialist overtones, and considered them reactionary.
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OECD. (2003, October 30). OECD Praises Mexico's Environmental Policies but Encourages Better Enforcement and Funding. Retrieved March 20, 2017, from
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Volcovici, V. (2017, January 24). Donald Trump's Administration Orders EPA to Pull Climate Change Page Off Website. Retrieved March 20, 2017, from
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sectors that see environmentalists as linked to urban life, alienated from local realities and knowledge, and closer to specialized knowledge.
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https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/06/29/north-american-climate-clean-energy-and-environment-partnership-action
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924:) call themselves environmentalists and argue that traditional environmental groups have overstated environmental problems. They use
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Wingrove, J. (2014, December 31). Support for Harper's Environmental Record Increasing, Poll Shows. Retrieved March 20, 2017, from
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Conservative foundations and philanthropic entities that fund anti-environmental initiatives are also active in the United States.
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Many conservative think tanks involved in climate change, mineral resources, and indigenous rights issues are connected to the
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2043:"Scepticisms and beyond? A comprehensive portrait of climate change communication by the far right in the European Parliament"
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https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/support-for-harpers-environmental-record-increasing-poll-shows/article22205337/
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North American Climate, Clean Energy, and Environment Partnership Action Plan. (2016, June 29) Retrieved April 4, 2017, from
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https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2016/nov/02/barack-obama-is-the-first-climate-president
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1305:. Trump stated that "The Paris accord will undermine (the U.S.) economy," and "puts (the U.S.) at a permanent disadvantage."
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608:
269:
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https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/08/business/energy-environment/environmentalists-blast-bankers-behind-dakota-pipeline.html
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One example of this tension relates to the application of nature conservation models inspired by North American ideals of
146:
1345:. The announcement came following a series of raids by anti-terrorist police against the group, resulting in 18 arrests.
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Worland, J. (2016, November 9). Climate Change Policy Will Suffer With Donald Trump. Retrieved March 20, 2017, from
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988:: the goal is to undermine scientific discourses of environmental policy or to confuse the public and policymakers.
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Pretty, Jules; Ball, Andrew; Benton, Ted; Guivant, Julia; Lee, David; Orr, David; Pfeffer, Max; Ward, Hugh (2007).
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902:
90:
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Thorbecke, C. (2017, October 28). Timeline of the Dakota Access Pipeline Protests. Retrieved March 20, 2017, from
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Tabuchi, H. (2016, November 7). Environmentalists Target Bankers Behind Pipeline. Retrieved March 20, 2017, from
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Merchants of doubt: how a handful of scientists obscured the truth on issues from tobacco smoke to global warming
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1822:"The role of populist attitudes in explaining climate change skepticism and support for environmental protection"
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http://www.oecd.org/mexico/oecdpraisesmexicosenvironmentalpoliciesbutencouragesbetterenforcementandfunding.htm
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to persuade politicians to oppose environmental reforms. Environmental public relations, often referred to as
766:, who attributed environmental problems to political and social causes rather than natural resource scarcity.
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Abraham, J. (2016, November 2). Barack Obama is the First Climate President. Retrieved March 20, 2017, from
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Environmental Actions by President Clinton and Vice President Gore. (n.d.). Retrieved March 20, 2017, from
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choices and the transformation of production and technological systems. In particular, the tension between
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Beder, Sharon (2001). "Anti-Environmentalism/ Green Backlash". In Barry, John; Frankland, E. Gene (eds.).
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481:
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1925:"(Re) pensando a dependĂȘncia latino-americana: Atlas Network e institutos parceiros no governo Bolsonaro"
856:. The anti-environmentalism of the radical right can be understood as a materialist reaction against the
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Opposition to environmentalism is often supported by corporations and coordinated through conservative
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MacNeil, Robert (19 November 2013). "Canadian environmental policy under Conservative majority rule".
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became the focus of an environmental dispute in 2014, relating to the municipal government-sponsored
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George W. Bush for President Official Site: Issues. (2016, April 5). Retrieved March 20, 2017, from
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U.S. Library of Congress. (n.d.). Mexico: Environmental Conditions. Retrieved March 20, 2017, from
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2337:
Robert, MacNeil (November 2013). "Canadian Environmental Policy under Conservative Majority Rule".
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2007:
1802:
1412:"The contours of anti-environmentalism: an introduction to the Handbook of Anti-Environmentalism"
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645:
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595:
221:
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2100:"Obstruction, delay, and transnationalism: Examining the online climate change counter-movement"
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The contours of anti-environmentalism: an introduction to the Handbook of Anti-Environmentalism
1871:"The politics of anti-environmentalism: positional issue framing by the European radical right"
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Terry, A. (2009, August 31). Pros and Cons: Alberta Oil Sands. Retrieved March 20, 2017, from
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1989:
1981:
1932:
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1268:, the environment became one of Canada's main concerns, with Trudeau eventually signing the
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1705:"Nationalist ideology, rightwing populism, and public views about climate change in Europe"
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2860:
2557:
1353:
1269:
925:
857:
817:
779:
763:
726:
563:
347:
342:
216:
201:
2385:
2115:
1977:
1837:
1772:
1720:
4748:
4706:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4594:
4428:
4261:
4195:
4159:
4133:
4033:
3696:
3614:
3538:
3366:
3301:
3187:
2971:
2486:
2260:
2085:
1284:
promised to make the United States more environmentally conscious, and implemented the
1265:
1243:
1218:
1072:
945:
853:
799:
730:
672:
630:
558:
553:
548:
518:
352:
181:
113:
75:
42:
2558:"The Maoming Anti-PX Protest of 2014: An environmental movement in contemporary China"
4763:
4696:
4654:
4584:
4473:
4443:
4372:
4331:
4321:
4286:
4251:
3973:
3882:
3664:
3326:
3321:
3296:
2588:"La dissolution du collectif écologiste Les SoulÚvements de la Terre a été prononcée"
2401:
2358:
2320:
2139:
2081:
2011:
1937:
1806:
1043:
997:
956:
874:
870:
813:
747:
620:
578:
508:
397:
367:
294:
251:
241:
206:
171:
2948:
https://abcnews.go.com/US/timeline-dakota-access-pipeline-protests/story?id=43131355
778:
of the future). Radical and organized oppositions also arose in the form of genuine
4659:
4644:
4589:
4458:
4236:
4013:
3998:
3988:
3968:
3711:
3669:
3573:
3331:
3250:
3019:
2895:
https://web.archive.org/web/20001109011500/http://georgewbush.com/issues/index.html
2888:
2573:
1893:"How the Neoliberal Think Tank Went Global: The Atlas Network, 1981 to the Present"
1756:
1390:
1289:
1281:
1068:
976:
The most widespread contemporary example of organized anti-environmentalism is the
890:
791:
755:
583:
568:
513:
382:
156:
2515:"Donald Trump's Administration Orders EPA to Pull Climate Change Page Off Website"
2059:
2042:
1846:
1821:
1780:
1729:
1704:
774:
media engagement, research publications, and providing testimony during hearings.
17:
2740:
2350:
4743:
4276:
4266:
4246:
4205:
4164:
3543:
3392:
3376:
3311:
3260:
2750:
2099:
1961:
842:
667:
196:
186:
166:
123:
80:
2123:
1985:
1254:
disapproved of limiting oil and gas emissions as the price of oil rose higher.
937:
campaigns to falsely implicate environmentalists in violent actions; threat of
4463:
4403:
4306:
4271:
4063:
3983:
3904:
3831:
3351:
3306:
2664:
2393:
1460:
1094:
1047:
1002:
960:
921:
906:
886:
387:
327:
226:
191:
2276:
2131:
2068:
2003:
1946:
1855:
1798:
1738:
1639:
1472:
1264:. Later, a new version of the act was created. In 2015, with the election of
4619:
4018:
3909:
2540:"Paris Agreement on climate change: US withdraws as Trump calls it 'unfair'"
543:
2865:
Bush and the Environment. (2001, March 29). Retrieved March 20, 2017, from
1757:"Right-wing populism and the climate change agenda: exploring the linkages"
1540:
1502:
2721:
1512:
4599:
4241:
4190:
3659:
3533:
2953:
1318:
1272:
in 2016, and has been aggressive at curtailing the oil and gas industry.
1214:
838:
523:
161:
108:
2312:
1994:
1962:"On mineral sovereignty: Towards a political theory of geological power"
3147:
1789:
1703:
Kulin, Joakim; Johansson SevÀ, Ingemar; Dunlap, Riley E. (2021-03-23).
1630:
1613:
1314:
767:
2644:
1341:
announced that the French government would be forcibly dissolving the
4468:
1688:
harv error: multiple targets (2Ă): CITEREFStoddartTindallDunlap2022 (
1410:
Stoddart, Mark C. J.; Tindall, David; Dunlap, Riley E. (2022-03-25),
392:
2867:
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/environment-jan-june01-bushenv_3-29/
864:
The reasons behind the prevalent anti-environmentalism expressed by
3024:
2420:"Support for Harper's Environmental Record Increasing, Poll Shows"
1614:"Exploring Anti-Environmentalism in the Context of Sustainability"
1104:
4102:
2921:
Stop Tar Sands Expansion. (n.d.). Retrieved March 20, 2017, from
1071:(accused of anti-humanism by external opponents) and humanist or
2942:
http://globalnews.ca/news/66591/pros-and-cons-alberta-oil-sands/
2372:
Biro, Andrew (March 2010). "Environmental prospects in Canada".
4106:
3028:
2739:
Stoddart, Mark C. J.; Tindall, David; Dunlap, Riley E. (2022).
1063:
movements, civil environmental movements, and those focused on
2923:
http://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/campaigns/Energy/tarsands/
2772:
2646:
The politics of the environment : ideas, activism, policy
1117:
1034:
to eliminate protection of "non-adaptive" species such as the
1898:. In Dieter Plehwe; Quinn Slobodian; Philip Mirowski (eds.).
959:. Since the 1980s, the Atlas Network has been a supporter of
1461:"Anti-Environmentalism: Prometheans, Contrarians and Beyond"
1459:
White, Damian Finbar; Rudy, Alan P.; Wilbert, Chris (2007).
992:
but the prevailing responses are wrong or overly harmful").
2960:
http://globalnews.ca/news/3203689/trump-epa-climate-change/
2487:"Donald Trump's Victory Could Mean Disaster for the Planet"
996:
Anti-environmentalist positions are intended to fuel a pro-
721:
wellbeing"(Dunk, 1994; Lewin, 2019; Tindall et al., 2021).
2848:
Beder, S. (2001). Anti-Environmentalism/ Green Backlash.
2028:. Potsdam: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research.
1078:
In recent years, environmental social sciences, such as
1141:
1869:
Gemenis, K.; Katsanidou, A.; Vasilopoulou, S. (2012).
848:
In Europe, anti-environmentalism is widespread in the
3002:. Volume 23: 174â178 â via Taylor and Francis Online.
2850:
International Encyclopedia of Environmental Politics
2674:
Varieties of environmentalism: essays north and south
1683:
2972:
http://time.com/4564224/donald-trump-climate-change/
1537:"George W. Bush for President Official Site: Issues"
1504:
International Encyclopedia of Environmental Politics
889:, alongside sham public support campaigns (known as
4391:
4340:
4214:
4183:
4142:
4046:
3951:
3925:
3814:
3722:
3602:
3496:
3428:
3385:
3279:
3228:
3221:
3135:
3079:
2614:"France: Government Dissolves Environmental Group"
2265:"Environmentalists Target Bankers Behind Pipeline"
2157:
2041:Forchtner, Bernhard; Lubarda, BalĆĄa (2022-03-25).
1209:The Czech Republic and the Highway by-pass project
2234:"Timeline of the Dakota Access Pipeline Protests"
2889:https://clinton4.nara.gov/CEQ/earthday/ch13.html
2672:Guha, Ramachandra; Martinez-Alier, Juan (2006).
4363:Federation of the Green Parties of the Americas
3650:Environmental, social, and corporate governance
939:Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation
285:Federation of the Green Parties of the Americas
2199:"Stop Tar Sands Expansion | Greenpeace Canada"
807:Anti-environmentalist movements and ideologies
4118:
3040:
694:
8:
2714:The SAGE Handbook of Environment and Society
1465:The SAGE Handbook of Environment and Society
2984:Ehrlich, Paul R.; Ehrlich, Anne H. (1996).
1891:Djelic, Marie-Laure; Mousavi, Reza (2020).
1467:. SAGE Publications Ltd. pp. 124â141.
4125:
4111:
4103:
3948:
3225:
3047:
3033:
3025:
2452:"Environmental and Conservation Movements"
2152:Ramachandra Guha and Juan Martinez-Alier.
1418:, Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 2â21,
1042:, and opening all public lands, including
1021:Libertarian movements in the United States
916:Some of these institutional actors (e.g.,
785:The 1990s witnessed the full emergence of
716:is a set of ideas and actions that oppose
701:
687:
29:
2901:Environmental and Conservation Movements.
2816:Learn how and when to remove this message
2232:Thorbecke, Catherine (October 28, 2016).
2058:
1993:
1960:Walker, Jeremy; Johnson, Matthew (2018).
1936:
1923:Vidal, Camila Feix; Lopez, Jahde (2022).
1845:
1788:
1728:
1629:
1240:Jobs, Growth and Long-term Prosperity Act
1164:Learn how and when to remove this message
2991:Doyle, Timothy; McEachern, Doug (2008).
2691:Oreskes, Naomi; Conway, Erik M. (2010).
1653:Doyle, Timothy; McEachern, Doug (2008).
1114:Examples of national and local conflicts
909:, and the US commentator Vivian Krause.
750:. These ideas came under criticism from
4054:Barriers to pro-environmental behaviour
2993:Environment and Politics: Third Edition
2513:Volcovici, Valerie (January 25, 2017).
2508:
2506:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2227:
2225:
2223:
1655:Environment and Politics: Third Edition
1402:
1135:not related to the topic of the article
881:Actors supporting anti-environmentalism
41:
2954:http://countrystudies.us/mexico/51.htm
2551:
2549:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2413:
2411:
2404:– via Taylor and Francis Online.
2332:
2330:
2294:
2292:
2255:
2253:
2193:
2191:
1929:Revista Brasileira de CiĂȘncia PolĂtica
1750:
1748:
944:Other conservative think tanks (e.g.,
901:, Canadian former Greenpeace activist
845:ideologies are more relevant factors.
4358:Federation of Green Parties of Africa
2538:Chakraborty, Barnini (June 1, 2017).
2036:
2034:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1261:Canadian Environmental Assessment Act
280:Federation of Green Parties of Africa
7:
2485:Worland, Justin (November 9, 2016).
2418:Wingrove, Josh (December 24, 2014).
2104:Energy Research & Social Science
1966:Energy Research & Social Science
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
4368:Federation of Young European Greens
1684:Stoddart, Tindall & Dunlap 2022
290:Federation of Young European Greens
2172:"Pros and Cons: Alberta Oil Sands"
1194:Standing Rock in the United States
1069:deep or ecosystem-centered ecology
1038:, immediate oil extraction in the
25:
3680:Environmental resource management
2170:Terry, Ashley (August 31, 2009).
1416:Handbook of Anti-Environmentalism
4676:List of environmental incidents
4086:
2777:
1938:10.1590/0103-3352.2022.38.255192
1755:Lockwood, Matthew (2018-04-03).
1122:
600:List of environmental incidents
49:
3127:Human impact on the environment
3112:List of environmental conflicts
2988:. Island Press. pp. 11â23.
2845:. London: Quercus Editions Ltd.
1820:Huber, Robert A. (2020-01-09).
1295:Environmental Protection Agency
1200:Dakota Access Pipeline protests
1109:Climate change denial billboard
1040:Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
4348:Asia Pacific Greens Federation
3446:List of environmental killings
2986:Betrayal of Science and Reason
2899:Hummel, Monte (July 18, 2016)
2873:"Environmentalism as Religion"
2697:. New York: Bloomsbury press.
2649:. Cambridge University Press.
2574:10.4000/chinaperspectives.6537
2158:Guha & Martinez-Alier 2006
270:Asia Pacific Greens Federation
27:Opposition to environmentalism
1:
4227:Bright green environmentalism
3292:Bright green environmentalism
2800:and help improve the section.
2060:10.1080/09644016.2022.2048556
1847:10.1080/09644016.2019.1708186
1781:10.1080/09644016.2018.1458411
1730:10.1080/09644016.2021.1898879
1371:Criticism of environmentalism
1144:or discuss this issue on the
1025:In the 1980s, the so-called "
830:social movements of the 1960s
147:Bright green environmentalism
4439:Corporate political activism
3464:Environmentalism of the poor
3337:Free-market environmentalism
3014:"Business-Managed Democracy"
2995:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
2906:at The Canadian Encyclopedia
2676:(Repr ed.). Earthscan.
2351:10.1080/09644016.2013.854968
1657:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
1539:. 2000-11-09. Archived from
1343:Les SoulĂšvements de la Terre
1236:Conservative Party of Canada
918:Citizens for a Sound Economy
363:Corporate political activism
4232:Criticisms of globalization
3675:Natural resource management
3594:Sustainability organization
3070:Outline of environmentalism
2852:. Retrieved March 20, 2017
2751:10.4337/9781839100222.00007
2745:. Edward Elgar Publishing.
1900:Nine lives of neoliberalism
1177:Alberta oil sands in Canada
152:Criticisms of globalization
4801:
4175:Politics of climate change
2124:10.1016/j.erss.2021.102217
2024:Rahmstorf, Stefan (2004).
1986:10.1016/j.erss.2018.07.005
1567:"Bush and the Environment"
1301:in the Paris Agreement on
1197:
920:, founded by entrepreneur
91:Politics of climate change
4414:Climate change mitigation
4150:Climate change litigation
4082:
3757:Anti-incinerator movement
3620:Climate change mitigation
3529:Cultural environmentalism
3469:Environmental stewardship
3454:
3266:Resacralization of nature
3064:
2843:The Big Questions: Ethics
2716:. SAGE Publications Ltd.
2457:The Canadian Encyclopedia
2394:10.1080/09644010903576934
1303:climate change mitigation
338:Climate change mitigation
66:Climate change litigation
4770:Environmental skepticism
4551:Environmental skepticism
4454:Ecological modernization
4383:World Ecological Parties
3839:Conspicuous conservation
3655:Environmentally friendly
3640:Environmental protection
3635:Environmental personhood
3484:Radical environmentalism
3441:Environmental skepticism
3241:Environmental philosophy
1618:Electronic Green Journal
1612:Boston, Timothy (1999).
1473:10.4135/9781848607873.n8
1376:Environmental skepticism
1336:Minister of the Interior
1244:Greenhouse gas emissions
475:Environmental skepticism
378:Ecological modernization
305:World Ecological Parties
4399:Carbon fee and dividend
3630:Ecological civilization
2556:Lee, Kingsyhon (2014).
2098:McKie, Ruth E. (2021).
1299:cease all participation
1088:environmental sociology
1065:sustainable development
972:Climate change skeptics
950:The Heritage Foundation
752:neoclassical economists
323:Carbon fee and dividend
4489:effects of agriculture
4093:Environment portal
4074:Tragedy of the commons
3938:Environmental defender
3625:Conservation community
3554:Environmental defender
3504:Anti-fracking movement
3420:Stewardship (theology)
3102:Environmental movement
3097:Environmental conflict
3018:a website by academic
3000:Environmental Politics
2374:Environmental Politics
2339:Environmental Politics
2047:Environmental Politics
2026:"The climate sceptics"
1878:MPSA Annual Conference
1826:Environmental Politics
1761:Environmental Politics
1709:Environmental Politics
1313:In China, the city of
1110:
1059:with the emergence of
1032:Endangered Species Act
905:, Canadian journalist
413:effects of agriculture
4570:Fossil fuel phase-out
4434:Conservation movement
3872:The Lord of the Rings
3692:Short-haul flight ban
3559:Environmental justice
3524:Conservation movement
3509:Anti-nuclear movement
3436:Anti-environmentalism
3122:Environmental studies
2722:10.4135/9781848607873
2643:Carter, Neil (2018).
1513:10.4324/9780203996188
1366:Climate change denial
1133:may contain material
1108:
1080:environmental history
1061:environmental justice
978:climate change denial
714:Anti-environmentalism
494:Fossil fuel phase-out
358:Conservation movement
4775:Political ideologies
4449:Ecological economics
4353:European Green Party
4317:Green libertarianism
4201:Grassroots democracy
3645:Environmental policy
3459:Biophilia hypothesis
3362:Green libertarianism
2877:John A. Johnson Ph.D
2841:Baggini, J. (2012).
1142:improve this section
1011:economic nationalism
866:right-wing populists
373:Ecological economics
275:European Green Party
237:Green libertarianism
119:Grassroots democracy
4650:transport hierarchy
4494:effects of aviation
4378:Global Young Greens
4257:Ecoauthoritarianism
4222:Alter-globalization
4009:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
3584:Product stewardship
3569:Ethical consumerism
3479:Nature conservation
3256:Earth jurisprudence
2386:2010EnvPo..19..303B
2116:2021ERSS...8002217M
1978:2018ERSS...45...56W
1838:2020EnvPo..29..959H
1773:2018EnvPo..27..712L
1721:2021EnvPo..30.1111K
982:skepticism movement
574:transport hierarchy
418:effects of aviation
300:Global Young Greens
177:Ecoauthoritarianism
142:Alter-globalization
4672:Low-carbon economy
4302:Green conservatism
4155:Fossil fuels lobby
4024:Theodore Roosevelt
3959:Sunderlal Bahuguna
3347:Green conservatism
2928:2017-03-29 at the
2859:2017-04-05 at the
2618:Human Rights Watch
2562:China Perspectives
2424:The Globe and Mail
2269:The New York Times
1631:10.5070/g311110354
1381:Fossil fuels lobby
1349:Human Rights Watch
1251:Environment Canada
1111:
1054:Internal criticism
1027:wise use" movement
596:Low-carbon economy
222:Green conservatism
71:Fossil fuels lobby
18:Anti-environmental
4780:Social philosophy
4757:
4756:
4692:Political ecology
4610:industrial policy
4191:Ecological wisdom
4100:
4099:
4042:
4041:
3926:Environmentalists
3745:Rio Grande do Sul
3514:Car-free movement
3492:
3491:
3372:Green syndicalism
3236:Political ecology
3092:Ecological crisis
2826:
2825:
2818:
2760:978-1-83910-022-2
2731:978-1-4129-1843-5
2704:978-1-59691-610-4
2683:978-1-85383-329-8
2656:978-1-108-47230-2
2313:10.1093/sf/sos183
2203:Greenpeace Canada
1909:978-1-78873-255-0
1522:978-0-203-99618-8
1482:978-1-4129-1843-5
1425:978-1-83910-022-2
1386:Wise use movement
1280:Former President
1183:Alberta oil sands
1174:
1173:
1166:
1084:political ecology
1036:California condor
1003:global capitalism
748:neo-Malthusianism
711:
710:
616:Political ecology
534:industrial policy
109:Ecological wisdom
16:(Redirected from
4792:
4785:Environmentalism
4702:Renewable energy
4541:Environmentalism
4409:Circular economy
4312:Green liberalism
4292:Environmentalism
4136:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4104:
4091:
4090:
3979:Jacques Cousteau
3949:
3933:Environmentalist
3687:Rights of nature
3610:Circular economy
3579:Impact investing
3549:Ecological grief
3519:Climate movement
3357:Green liberalism
3226:
3071:
3058:
3057:Environmentalism
3049:
3042:
3035:
3026:
3017:
2884:
2881:Psychology Today
2821:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2801:
2796:Please read the
2792:may need cleanup
2781:
2780:
2773:
2764:
2735:
2708:
2687:
2668:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2553:
2544:
2543:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2510:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2482:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2447:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2296:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2257:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2229:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2205:. Archived from
2195:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2167:
2161:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2095:
2089:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2062:
2038:
2029:
2022:
2016:
2015:
1997:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1940:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1897:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1849:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1792:
1752:
1743:
1742:
1732:
1715:(7): 1111â1134.
1700:
1694:
1693:
1680:
1659:
1658:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1633:
1609:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1563:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1498:
1487:
1486:
1456:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1407:
1286:Clean Power Plan
1169:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1048:wilderness areas
1005:and in favor of
858:post-materialism
787:public relations
780:countermovements
760:Limits to Growth
718:environmentalism
703:
696:
689:
626:Renewable energy
465:Environmentalism
333:Circular economy
232:Green liberalism
212:Environmentalism
53:
30:
21:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4424:Climate justice
4419:Climate finance
4387:
4336:
4297:Green anarchism
4282:Eco-nationalism
4210:
4179:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4101:
4096:
4085:
4078:
4069:Lifeboat ethics
4059:Business ethics
4038:
4004:Wangari Maathai
3964:Murray Bookchin
3947:
3943:Water protector
3921:
3810:
3769:Chipko movement
3718:
3598:
3564:Ethical banking
3488:
3450:
3424:
3381:
3342:Green anarchism
3317:Eco-nationalism
3287:Bioconservatism
3275:
3217:
3131:
3087:Climate justice
3075:
3069:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3012:
3009:
2976:
2930:Wayback Machine
2871:
2861:Wayback Machine
2822:
2811:
2805:
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2795:
2788:Further reading
2782:
2778:
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2769:Further reading
2761:
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2450:Hummel, Monte.
2449:
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2437:
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2371:
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2261:Tabuchi, Hiroko
2259:
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2240:
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2092:
2080:
2076:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2023:
2019:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1931:(38): e255192.
1922:
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1483:
1458:
1457:
1438:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1362:
1354:Emmanuel Macron
1339:GĂ©rald Darmanin
1332:
1311:
1278:
1270:Paris Agreement
1231:Stephen Harper:
1228:
1211:
1202:
1196:
1179:
1170:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1139:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1056:
1023:
986:climate science
974:
969:
926:green marketing
883:
818:anti-capitalist
809:
764:Murray Bookchin
739:
727:countermovement
707:
678:
677:
348:Climate justice
343:Climate finance
318:
310:
309:
265:
257:
256:
217:Green anarchism
202:Eco-nationalism
137:
129:
128:
104:
96:
95:
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4798:
4796:
4788:
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4772:
4762:
4761:
4755:
4754:
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4749:Water conflict
4746:
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4704:
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4566:
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4560:
4555:
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4526:
4524:pricing reform
4521:
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4496:
4491:
4486:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
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4429:Climate target
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4411:
4406:
4401:
4395:
4393:
4392:Related topics
4389:
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4327:Social ecology
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4299:
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4284:
4279:
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4264:
4262:Eco-capitalism
4259:
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4224:
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4196:Social justice
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4170:List of topics
4167:
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4160:Green politics
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4135:Green politics
4132:
4130:
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4115:
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4083:
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4047:Related topics
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4034:Greta Thunberg
4031:
4026:
4021:
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4001:
3996:
3991:
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3981:
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3971:
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3952:Notable people
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3801:United Kingdom
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3697:Sustainability
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3672:
3667:
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3647:
3642:
3637:
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3615:Climate action
3612:
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3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
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3539:Earth Optimism
3536:
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3506:
3500:
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3405:
3395:
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3367:Green politics
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3302:Eco-capitalism
3299:
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3289:
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3271:Social ecology
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
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3208:Social science
3205:
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3008:
3007:External links
3005:
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2620:. 22 June 2023
2605:
2594:. 21 June 2023
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2470:
2435:
2407:
2380:(2): 303â309.
2364:
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2307:(3): 873â893.
2288:
2263:(2016-11-07).
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2017:
1952:
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1832:(6): 959â982.
1812:
1767:(4): 712â732.
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1358:
1334:In June 2023,
1331:
1328:
1310:
1307:
1277:
1274:
1266:Justin Trudeau
1227:
1224:
1219:Czech Republic
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1073:social justice
1055:
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1044:national parks
1022:
1019:
973:
970:
968:
965:
946:Cato Institute
882:
879:
854:euroscepticism
808:
805:
800:George W. Bush
738:
735:
731:sustainability
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673:Water conflict
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448:pricing reform
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317:Related topics
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86:List of topics
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43:Green politics
39:
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4732:refurbishment
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4709:
4708:
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4697:Progressivism
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4479:Environmental
4477:
4475:
4474:Eco-terrorism
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
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4444:Eco-investing
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4415:
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4397:
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4373:Global Greens
4371:
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4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
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4345:
4343:
4341:Organizations
4339:
4333:
4332:Queer ecology
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4322:Green Zionism
4320:
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4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4287:Eco-socialism
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4252:Disinvestment
4250:
4248:
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4238:
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4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3974:Rachel Carson
3972:
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3883:Ecomusicology
3881:
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3806:United States
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3728:
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3710:
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3705:
3703:
3702:Vegetarianism
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3665:Green economy
3663:
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3656:
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3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
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3595:
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3589:Slow movement
3587:
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3340:
3338:
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3333:
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3328:
3327:Eco-terrorism
3325:
3323:
3322:Eco-socialism
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3297:Disinvestment
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
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3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
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3229:Philosophical
3227:
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3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
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3143:Communication
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3117:Organizations
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2799:
2798:editing guide
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2301:Social Forces
2295:
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2270:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2239:
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2209:on 2017-03-29
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2018:
2013:
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1991:
1987:
1983:
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1971:
1967:
1963:
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1589:Carter, 2018.
1586:
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1562:
1560:
1558:
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1543:on 2000-11-09
1542:
1538:
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1507:. Routledge.
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1276:United States
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1137:
1136:
1131:This section
1129:
1120:
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1103:
1099:
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1076:
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1008:
1004:
999:
993:
989:
987:
983:
979:
971:
967:Notable cases
966:
964:
962:
958:
957:Atlas Network
953:
951:
947:
942:
940:
934:
930:
927:
923:
919:
914:
910:
908:
904:
903:Patrick Moore
900:
899:BjĂžrn Lomborg
894:
892:
888:
880:
878:
876:
875:modernization
872:
871:globalization
867:
862:
859:
855:
851:
850:radical right
846:
844:
840:
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685:
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674:
671:
669:
666:
662:
659:
657:
656:refurbishment
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
621:Progressivism
619:
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607:
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419:
416:
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409:
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405:
404:
403:Environmental
401:
399:
398:Eco-terrorism
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
368:Eco-investing
366:
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331:
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296:
295:Global Greens
293:
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288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
267:
264:Organizations
261:
260:
253:
252:Queer ecology
250:
248:
245:
243:
242:Green Zionism
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
207:Eco-socialism
205:
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188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
172:Disinvestment
170:
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63:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
4545:
4459:Ecomodernism
4237:Deep ecology
4215:Perspectives
4184:Four pillars
4084:
4029:ShĆzĆ Tanaka
4014:Chico Mendes
3999:Aldo Leopold
3989:Tim Flannery
3969:David Brower
3917:Publications
3871:
3791:South Africa
3712:Tree sitting
3670:Greenwashing
3574:Flight shame
3435:
3398:Christianity
3332:Ecomodernism
3251:Deep ecology
3020:Sharon Beder
2999:
2992:
2985:
2900:
2876:
2849:
2842:
2812:
2803:
2791:
2741:
2713:
2692:
2673:
2645:
2637:Bibliography
2622:. Retrieved
2617:
2608:
2596:. Retrieved
2591:
2582:
2568:(3): 33â39.
2565:
2561:
2533:
2522:. Retrieved
2518:
2494:. Retrieved
2490:
2463:September 8,
2461:. Retrieved
2455:
2427:. Retrieved
2423:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2342:
2338:
2304:
2300:
2280:. Retrieved
2268:
2241:. Retrieved
2237:
2211:. Retrieved
2207:the original
2202:
2179:. Retrieved
2175:
2165:
2154:Introduction
2153:
2148:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2077:
2053:(1): 43â68.
2050:
2046:
2020:
1995:10453/127109
1969:
1965:
1955:
1928:
1918:
1899:
1886:
1877:
1864:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1764:
1760:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1654:
1648:
1621:
1617:
1585:
1574:. Retrieved
1571:PBS NewsHour
1570:
1545:. Retrieved
1541:the original
1531:
1503:
1464:
1429:, retrieved
1415:
1405:
1391:Rolling coal
1347:
1333:
1312:
1290:Donald Trump
1282:Barack Obama
1279:
1259:
1256:
1248:
1230:
1229:
1212:
1203:
1188:
1180:
1160:
1154:January 2024
1151:
1140:Please help
1132:
1100:
1092:
1077:
1057:
1024:
1015:
998:sovereignist
994:
990:
975:
954:
943:
935:
931:
915:
911:
895:
891:astroturfing
884:
863:
847:
835:
826:
822:
820:ideologies.
810:
796:
792:greenwashing
784:
776:
772:
756:Club of Rome
744:
740:
723:
713:
712:
469:
383:Ecomodernism
157:Deep ecology
136:Perspectives
103:Four pillars
4744:War on coal
4727:engineering
4717:development
4707:Sustainable
4605:imperialism
4580:development
4558:Stewardship
4277:Ecofeminism
4267:Ecocentrism
4247:Dirty hands
4206:Nonviolence
4165:Green party
4143:Core topics
3796:Switzerland
3786:Philippines
3781:New Zealand
3544:Eco-anxiety
3403:Evangelical
3393:Ecotheology
3377:War on coal
3312:Ecofeminism
3261:Ecocentrism
3246:Biocentrism
3136:Disciplines
2542:. Fox News.
2519:Global News
2345:: 174â178.
2176:Global News
1790:10871/33169
1319:Para-Xylene
887:think tanks
843:nationalist
668:War on coal
651:engineering
641:development
631:Sustainable
529:imperialism
504:development
482:Stewardship
197:Ecofeminism
187:Ecocentrism
167:Dirty hands
124:Nonviolence
81:Green party
60:Core topics
4764:Categories
4546:opposition
4534:technology
4464:Eco-tariff
4404:Carbon tax
4307:Green left
4272:Ecofascism
4064:Land ethic
3984:Ng Cho-nam
3890:Motorsport
3866:Journalism
3832:Ecofiction
3815:In culture
3723:By country
3429:Opposition
3352:Green left
3307:Ecofascism
3193:Psychology
3183:Philosophy
3173:Humanities
3080:Key topics
2790:" section
2665:1042076267
2524:2017-04-04
2496:2017-04-04
2429:2017-04-04
2282:2017-04-04
2243:2017-04-04
2213:2017-04-04
2181:2017-04-04
2110:: 102217.
1576:2017-04-04
1547:2017-04-04
1431:2024-10-01
1397:References
1323:PX protest
1198:See also:
1095:wilderness
961:neoliberal
922:David Koch
907:Rex Murphy
814:neoliberal
470:opposition
458:technology
388:Eco-tariff
328:Carbon tax
227:Green left
192:Ecofascism
4737:transport
4680:conflicts
4019:John Muir
3910:Eco hotel
3895:Sculpture
3854:festivals
3735:Australia
3497:Offshoots
3386:Religious
3280:Political
3213:Sociology
3153:Education
2806:July 2020
2402:153767253
2359:154925495
2321:144896782
2277:0362-4331
2140:238837623
2132:2214-6296
2069:0964-4016
2012:158483244
2004:2214-6296
1972:: 56â66.
1947:2178-4884
1902:. Verso.
1856:0964-4016
1807:158569188
1799:0964-4016
1739:0964-4016
1640:1076-7975
1249:In 2014,
1213:In 1991,
1146:talk page
661:transport
604:conflicts
4685:killings
4667:Localism
4635:retrofit
4630:recovery
4625:New Deal
4600:greening
4595:grabbing
4563:in music
4519:planning
4514:movement
4484:conflict
4242:Degrowth
3707:Protests
3660:Greening
3534:Degrowth
3474:Hardline
3198:Religion
3188:Politics
2926:Archived
2857:Archived
2592:Le Monde
2238:ABC News
1880:: 12â15.
1360:See also
1007:localism
839:populist
609:killings
591:Localism
559:retrofit
554:recovery
549:New Deal
524:greening
519:grabbing
487:in music
443:planning
438:movement
408:conflict
162:Degrowth
35:a series
33:Part of
4660:washing
4655:vehicle
4585:economy
4509:justice
4499:finance
3994:Al Gore
3905:Tourism
3900:Surfing
3730:Albania
3415:Judaism
3203:Science
3168:History
3148:Ecology
3107:History
2624:23 June
2598:23 June
2382:Bibcode
2112:Bibcode
2088:, 2010.
2082:Oreskes
1974:Bibcode
1834:Bibcode
1769:Bibcode
1717:Bibcode
1315:Maoming
768:Marxist
737:History
584:washing
579:vehicle
509:economy
433:justice
423:finance
4722:energy
4712:design
4645:theory
4590:growth
4529:racism
4504:issues
4469:Ecotax
3859:horror
3776:Israel
3740:Brazil
3163:Health
3158:Ethics
2829:online
2786:This "
2757:
2728:
2701:
2680:
2663:
2653:
2400:
2357:
2319:
2275:
2156:. In (
2138:
2130:
2086:Conway
2067:
2010:
2002:
1945:
1906:
1854:
1805:
1797:
1737:
1638:
1624:(11).
1519:
1479:
1422:
1330:France
1226:Canada
1086:, and
646:energy
636:design
569:theory
514:growth
453:racism
428:issues
393:Ecotax
4640:state
4575:Green
3878:Music
3827:Books
3764:India
3752:China
3603:Goals
3410:Islam
3222:Views
2979:Print
2398:S2CID
2355:S2CID
2317:S2CID
2136:S2CID
2008:S2CID
1896:(PDF)
1874:(PDF)
1803:S2CID
1309:China
1215:PlzeĆ
564:state
499:Green
3849:list
3844:Film
2854:IEEP
2755:ISBN
2726:ISBN
2699:ISBN
2678:ISBN
2661:OCLC
2651:ISBN
2626:2023
2600:2023
2566:2014
2491:Time
2465:2019
2273:ISSN
2128:ISSN
2084:and
2065:ISSN
2000:ISSN
1943:ISSN
1904:ISBN
1852:ISSN
1795:ISSN
1735:ISSN
1690:help
1636:ISSN
1517:ISBN
1477:ISBN
1420:ISBN
1181:The
1046:and
1009:and
948:and
873:and
841:and
4620:job
3822:Art
3178:Law
2747:doi
2718:doi
2570:doi
2390:doi
2347:doi
2309:doi
2120:doi
2055:doi
1990:hdl
1982:doi
1933:doi
1842:doi
1785:hdl
1777:doi
1725:doi
1626:doi
1509:doi
1469:doi
980:or
816:to
758:'s
544:job
4766::
2904:CE
2879:.
2875:.
2753:.
2724:.
2659:.
2616:.
2590:.
2564:.
2560:.
2548:^
2517:.
2505:^
2489:.
2473:^
2454:.
2438:^
2422:.
2410:^
2396:.
2388:.
2378:19
2376:.
2353:.
2343:23
2341:.
2329:^
2315:.
2305:91
2303:.
2291:^
2271:.
2267:.
2252:^
2236:.
2222:^
2201:.
2190:^
2174:.
2160:).
2134:.
2126:.
2118:.
2108:80
2106:.
2102:.
2063:.
2051:32
2049:.
2045:.
2033:^
2006:.
1998:.
1988:.
1980:.
1970:45
1968:.
1964:.
1941:.
1927:.
1876:.
1850:.
1840:.
1830:29
1828:.
1824:.
1801:.
1793:.
1783:.
1775:.
1765:27
1763:.
1759:.
1747:^
1733:.
1723:.
1713:30
1711:.
1707:.
1663:^
1634:.
1620:.
1616:.
1594:^
1569:.
1556:^
1515:.
1491:^
1475:.
1463:.
1439:^
1414:,
1356:.
1217:,
1082:,
1013:.
782:.
733:.
37:on
4126:e
4119:t
4112:v
3048:e
3041:t
3034:v
3016:.
2883:.
2819:)
2813:(
2808:)
2804:(
2794:.
2763:.
2749::
2734:.
2720::
2707:.
2686:.
2667:.
2628:.
2602:.
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