240:, or that it is more effective than an existing drug. In monotherapy (where only one drug is taken) it is considered unethical by most to conduct a trial with placebo on a new drug of uncertain efficacy. This is because untreated epilepsy leaves the patient at significant risk of death. Therefore, almost all new epilepsy drugs are initially approved only as adjunctive (add-on) therapies. Patients whose epilepsy is uncontrolled by their medication (i.e., it is refractory to treatment) are selected to see if supplementing the medication with the new drug leads to an improvement in seizure control. Any reduction in the frequency of seizures is compared against a placebo. The lack of superiority over existing treatment, combined with lacking placebo-controlled trials, means that few modern drugs have earned
695:
2190:
epilepsy and children born to mothers taking other anti-seizure medications. Data from several pregnancy registries showed that children exposed to levetiracetam or lamotrigine during pregnancy had the lowest risk of developing major congenital malformations compared to those exposed to other ASMs. The risk of major congenital malformations for children exposed to these ASMs were within the range for children who were not exposed to any ASMs during pregnancy.
680:
2198:
people with epilepsy should switch to ASMs with the lowest teratogenic risk for major congenital malformations as well as the least risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes (e.g., lower IQ or autism spectrum disorder). They should also work with their healthcare providers to identify the lowest effective ASM dosage that will maintain their seizure control while regularly checking medication levels throughout pregnancy.
2214:, the metabolism of many anticonvulsants is affected. There may be an increase in the clearance and resultant decrease in the blood concentration of lamotrigine, phenytoin, and to a lesser extent carbamazepine, and possibly decreases the level of levetiracetam and the active oxcarbazepine metabolite, the monohydroxy derivative. In animal models, several anticonvulsant drugs have been demonstrated to induce neuronal
8018:
8039:
538:
5584:"Management issues for women with epilepsy—focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): III. Vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breast-feeding: Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society"
200:, whose release is considered to be elevated in epilepsy, but also that of GABA. This is probably a side effect or even the actual mechanism of action for some antiepileptic drugs, since GABA can itself, directly or indirectly, act proconvulsively. Another potential target of antiepileptic drugs is the
2189:
Several studies that followed children exposed to ASMs during pregnancy showed that a number of widely used ones (including lamotrigine and levetiracetam) carried a low risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes (cognitive and behavioral) in children when compared to children born to mothers without
2197:
have healthy pregnancies and healthy babies. However, proper planning and care is essential to minimize the risk of congenital malformations or adverse neurocognitive outcomes for the fetus while maintaining seizure control for the pregnant person with epilepsy. If possible, when planning pregnancy,
2119:
including major congenital malformations such as neural tube defects. The risk of birth defects associated with taking these medications while pregnant may be dependent on the dose and on the timing of gestation (how well developed the baby is). While trying to conceive a child and during pregnancy,
1116:
are alternative treatments for epilepsy without the involvement of pharmaceuticals. The ketogenic diet consists of a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet, and has shown good results in patients whose epilepsy has not responded to medications and who cannot receive surgery. The vagus nerve stimulator is a
2201:
Data from studies conducted on women taking antiepileptic drugs for non-epileptic reasons, including depression and bipolar disorder, show that if high doses of the drugs are taken during the first trimester of pregnancy then there is the potential of an increased risk of congenital malformations.
2185:
Infant exposure to newer ASMs (cenobamate, perampanel, brivaracetam, eslicarbazepine, rufinamide, levetiracetam, topiramate, gabapentin, oxcarbazepine, lamotrigine, and vigabatrin) via breastmilk was not associated with negative neurodevelopment (such as lower IQ and autism spectrum disorder) at 36
2124:
exposure of anticonvulsants is as low as possible. Use of anticonvulsant medications should be carefully monitored during use in pregnancy. For example, since the first trimester is the most susceptible period for fetal development, planning a routine antiepileptic drug dose that is safer for the
2181:
study showed that most blood concentrations in breastfed infants of mothers taking carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, valproate, levetiracetam, and topiramate were quite low, especially in relationship to the mother's level and what the fetal level would have been during pregnancy. (Note: valproic
403:
properties. Benzodiazepines act as a central nervous system depressant. The relative strength of each of these properties in any given benzodiazepine varies greatly and influences the indications for which it is prescribed. Long-term use can be problematic due to the development of
3186:
Browne TR. Paraldehyde, chlormethiazole, and lidocaine for treatment of status epilepticus. In: Delgado-Escueta AV, Wasterlain CG, Treiman DM, Porter RJ, eds. Status
Epilepticus. Mechanisms of Brain Damage and Treatment (Advances in Neurology, Vol 34). New York, Raven Press 1983:
573:
Photoswitchable analogues of carbamazepine (2024) are research compounds developed to control its pharmacological activity locally and on demand using light, with the purpose to reduce adverse systemic effects. One of these compounds (carbadiazocine, based on a bridged
207:
Some anticonvulsants have shown antiepileptogenic effects in animal models of epilepsy. That is, they either prevent the development of epilepsy or can halt or reverse the progression of epilepsy. However, no drug has been shown in human trials to prevent
228:, and vice versa, not every convulsion is caused by an epileptic seizure. They are also often referred to as antiseizure drugs because they provide symptomatic treatment only and have not been demonstrated to alter the course of epilepsy.
2349:
American
Psychiatric Association, and American Psychiatric Association. Work Group on Borderline Personality Disorder. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with borderline personality disorder. American Psychiatric Pub,
1177:. The choice of anticonvulsants depends on individual patient characteristics. Both newer and older drugs are generally equally effective in new onset epilepsy. The newer drugs tend to have fewer side effects. For newly diagnosed
2419:
McLean MJ, Macdonald RL (June 1986). "Sodium valproate, but not ethosuximide, produces use- and voltage-dependent limitation of high frequency repetitive firing of action potentials of mouse central neurons in cell culture".
3819:
1243:
initiative, the
Anticonvulsant Screening Program, headed by J. Kiffin Penry, served as a mechanism for drawing the interest and abilities of pharmaceutical companies in the development of new anticonvulsant medications.
2120:
medical advice should be followed to optimize the management of the person's epilepsy in order to keep the person and the unborn baby safe from epileptic seizures and also ensure that the risk of birth defects due to
3555:"Practice advisory: The use of felbamate in the treatment of patients with intractable epilepsy: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society"
1223:, which is not related to its anti-epileptic effects. Bromide also suffered from the way it affected behaviour, introducing the idea of the "epileptic personality" which was actually a result of medication.
5803:
Birnbaum AK, Meador KJ, Karanam A, Brown C, May RC, Gerard EE, Gedzelman ER, Penovich PE, Kalayjian LA, Cavitt J, Pack AM, Miller JW, Stowe ZN, Pennell PB, for the MONEAD Investigator Group (1 April 2020).
3771:"Efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs, I: Treatment of new-onset epilepsy: report of the TTA and QSS Subcommittees of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society"
503:(1857). The earliest effective treatment for epilepsy. There would not be a better drug until phenobarbital in 1912. It is still used as an anticonvulsant for dogs and cats but is no longer used in humans.
3003:
Frigerio F, Chaffard G, Berwaer M, Maechler P (2006). "The antiepileptic drug topiramate preserves metabolism-secretion coupling in insulin secreting cells chronically exposed to the fatty acid oleate".
5520:
Bromley R, Adab N, Bluett-Duncan M, Clayton-Smith J, Christensen J, Edwards K, Greenhalgh J, Hill RA, Jackson CF, Khanom S, McGinty RN, Tudur Smith C, Pulman J, Marson AG (29 August 2023).
3363:
7970:
7050:
72:
5473:
5439:
5405:
5371:
5337:
5277:
5209:
5141:
5107:
5051:
4991:
4956:
4922:
4888:
4854:
4795:
4761:
4705:
4671:
4637:
4603:
4569:
4535:
4501:
4467:
4433:
4365:
4331:
4297:
4263:
4195:
4043:
3975:
3887:
6168:
Katz I, Kim J, et al. (August 2007). "Effects of lamotrigine alone and in combination with MK-801, phenobarbital, or phenytoin on cell death in the neonatal rat brain".
3384:
Suddock JT, Kent KJ, Cain MD. Barbiturate
Toxicity. 2023 Apr 12. In: StatPearls . Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan–. PMID 29763050.( 26 / August / 2023 )
456:(N/A). Increasingly being used as an alternative to diazepam. This water-soluble drug is squirted into the side of the mouth but not swallowed. It is rapidly absorbed by the
3283:
5243:
3150:
1252:
The following table lists anticonvulsant drugs together with the date their marketing was approved in the US, UK and France. Data for the UK and France are incomplete. The
4009:
2696:
Kammerer M, Rassner, M. P., Freiman, T. M., Feuerstein, T. J. (2 May 2011). "Effects of antiepileptic drugs on GABA release from rat and human neocortical synaptosomes".
244:
approval as initial monotherapy. In contrast, Europe only requires equivalence to existing treatments and has approved many more. Despite their lack of FDA approval, the
1227:
was first used in 1912 for both its sedative and antiepileptic properties. By the 1930s, the development of animal models in epilepsy research led to the development of
1121:. However, both of these treatment options can cause severe adverse effects. Additionally, while seizure frequency typically decreases, they often do not stop entirely.
201:
8027:
3717:
2798:
Citraro R, et al. (2013). "Antiepileptic action of N-palmitoylethanolamine through CB1 and PPAR-α receptor activation in a genetic model of absence epilepsy".
6213:"Antiepileptic drug-induced neuronal cell death in the immature brain: effects of carbamazepine, topiramate, and levetiracetam as monotherapy versus polytherapy"
5962:"Antiseizure Medication Concentrations During Pregnancy: Results From the Maternal Outcomes and Neurodevelopmental Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs (MONEAD) Study"
5938:
4399:
4229:
2147:
and use is associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes (cognitive and behavioral) in children. On the other hand, evidence is conflicting for
7040:
7821:
2522:
5175:
3284:"Public summary of positive opinion for orpphan opinion for orphan designation of stiripentol for the treatment of severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy"
2890:
Lampen A, Carlberg C, Nau H (2001). "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta is a specific sensor for teratogenic valproic acid derivatives".
6349:
2490:
7018:
5500:
3752:
5078:
4732:
5960:
Pennell PB, Karanam A, Meador KJ, Gerard E, Kalayjian L, Penovich P, Matthews A, McElrath TM, Birnbaum AK, MONEAD Study Group (1 April 2022).
7394:
6984:
5022:
4826:
3852:
3620:
Camerin L, Maleeva G, Gomila-Juaneda A, Suárez-Pereira I, Matera C, Prischich D, Opar E, Riefolo F, Berrocoso E, Gorostiza P (18 June 2024).
3537:
3527:
2115:
medications (ASMs), such as valproate, phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbitol, gabapentin have been reported to cause an increased risk of
7681:
7674:
3598:
2170:
There is inadequate evidence to determine if newborns of women with epilepsy taking anticonvulsants have a substantially increased risk of
300:
7781:
3355:
6125:
Manthey D, Asimiadou S, et al. (June 2005). "Sulthiame but not levetiracetam exerts neurotoxic effect in the developing rat brain".
3333:
780:
Gabapentinoids are analogs of GABA, but they do not act on GABA receptors. They have analgesic, anticonvulsant, and anxiolytic effects.
7424:
7287:
5781:
2171:
5461:
5427:
5393:
5359:
5325:
5265:
5197:
5129:
5095:
5039:
4979:
4944:
4910:
4876:
4842:
4783:
4749:
4693:
4659:
4625:
4591:
4557:
4523:
4489:
4455:
4421:
4353:
4319:
4285:
4251:
4183:
4031:
3963:
3875:
3750:
AAN Guideline
Summary for Clinicians – Efficacy and Tolerability of the New Antiepileptic Drugs, I: Treatment of New Onset Epilepsy
3290:
5231:
3142:
3997:
7577:
7033:
3429:
Isojärvi JI, Tokola RA (December 1998). "Benzodiazepines in the treatment of epilepsy in people with intellectual disability".
142:
2177:
There is little evidence to suggest that anticonvulsant/ASM exposure through breastmilk has clinical effects on newborns. The
3946:
1141:
in 2004, patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy who require treatment can be initiated on standard anticonvulsants such as
6342:
5303:
2152:
1240:
1130:
734:
700:
564:(1990). A derivative of carbamazepine that has similar efficacy and is better tolerated and is also available generically.
522:(1993). This effective anticonvulsant has had its usage severely restricted due to rare but life-threatening side effects.
245:
169:
7276:
3709:
7058:
6871:
5469:
5435:
5401:
5367:
5333:
5273:
5237:
5205:
5169:
5137:
5103:
5047:
4987:
4952:
4918:
4884:
4850:
4791:
4757:
4701:
4667:
4633:
4599:
4565:
4531:
4497:
4463:
4429:
4393:
4361:
4327:
4293:
4259:
4223:
4191:
4039:
4003:
3971:
3883:
3770:
2284:
Joshi A, Bow A, Agius M (2019). "Pharmacological
Therapies in Bipolar Disorder: a Review of Current Treatment Options".
730:
241:
197:
481:
are powerful anticonvulsant agents, however their use is rare due to an increased incidence of side effects and strong
7887:
7001:
6532:
2960:
Hall IH, Patrick MA, Maguire JH (1990). "Hypolipidemic activity in rodents of phenobarbital and related derivatives".
2156:
773:
5871:
7537:
7026:
3041:"The potential of antiseizure drugs and agents that act on novel molecular targets as antiepileptogenic treatments"
224:
Anticonvulsants are more accurately called antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) because not every epileptic seizure involves
5894:
4387:
4217:
1253:
1134:
249:
8064:
6842:
6335:
3197:
Ramsay RE (1989). "Pharmacokinetics and clinical use of parenteral phenytoin, phenobarbital, and paraldehyde".
2573:
2397:
5163:
2925:
Maguire JH, Murthy AR, Hall IH (1985). "Hypolipidemic activity of antiepileptic 5-phenylhydantoins in mice".
7592:
7270:
7121:
6989:
6751:
6709:
6588:
1113:
567:
181:
2843:"Fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha agonist, exerts anticonvulsive properties"
2739:
Puligheddu M, Pillolla G, Melis M, Lecca S, Marrosu F, De Montis MG, et al. (2013). Charpier S (ed.).
7629:
7384:
6880:
6618:
2497:
2106:
972:
742:
738:
409:
326:
213:
2597:"New molecular targets for antiepileptic drugs: alpha(2)delta, SV2A, and K(v)7/KCNQ/M potassium channels"
7314:
7250:
7095:
6578:
5497:
2167:
in the womb do not seem to differ in their skills compared to those who were exposed to carbamazepine.
2144:
722:
196:, and α2δ. By blocking sodium or calcium channels, antiepileptic drugs reduce the release of excitatory
6657:
3749:
3240:
Plosker GL (November 2012). "Stiripentol: in severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy (dravet syndrome)".
1239:, which had the distinct advantage of treating epileptic seizures with less sedation. By the 1970s, a
7389:
7369:
7238:
6760:
6387:
6079:
2752:
1220:
1154:
829:
767:
168:) function. Several antiepileptic drugs have multiple or uncertain mechanisms of action. Next to the
5075:
4729:
7998:
7734:
7520:
7299:
7126:
6411:
4138:
2323:, Strakowski SM (1998). "Anticonvulsants and antipsychotics in the treatment of bipolar disorder".
2182:
acid is NOT a recommended ASM for people with epilepsy who are considering having children.)
1215:
420:
359:
236:
The usual method of achieving approval for a drug is to show it is effective when compared against
8038:
8032:
7897:
7756:
7210:
6193:
6150:
5930:
5742:
Tomson T, Marson A, Boon P, Canevini MP, Covanis A, Gaily E, Kälviäinen R, Trinka E (July 2015).
5693:
Bromley R, Weston J, Adab N, Greenhalgh J, Sanniti A, McKay AJ, Tudur Smith C, Marson AG (2014).
5613:
4165:
3811:
3594:
3481:
3265:
3222:
2985:
2872:
2823:
2721:
2565:
2472:
2389:
1236:
440:
279:
6322:
694:
5522:"Monotherapy treatment of epilepsy in pregnancy: congenital malformation outcomes in the child"
4817:
Dodson, W. Edwin, Giuliano
Avanzini, Shorvon, Simon D., Fish, David R., Emilio Perucca (2004).
8069:
7993:
7776:
7766:
7669:
7499:
7455:
7439:
7243:
7233:
7176:
7166:
6692:
6607:
6556:
6502:
6312:
Anti epileptic activity of novel substituted fluorothiazole derivatives by Devid Chutia, RGUHS
6291:
6262:"Pattern of antiepileptic drug-induced cell death in limbic regions of the neonatal rat brain"
6242:
6185:
6142:
6107:
6048:
6040:
5999:
5981:
5922:
5914:
5845:
5827:
5773:
5765:
5724:
5670:
5652:
5605:
5559:
5541:
5018:
4822:
4157:
4089:
3848:
3803:
3690:
3639:
3576:
3533:
3508:
3473:
3438:
3411:
3257:
3214:
3124:
3070:
3021:
2977:
2942:
2907:
2864:
2841:
Porta, N., Vallée, L., Lecointe, C., Bouchaert, E., Staels, B., Bordet, R., Auvin, S. (2009).
2815:
2780:
2713:
2675:
2626:
2557:
2516:
2464:
2429:
2381:
2332:
2301:
2293:
2266:
2258:
2140:
2136:
1424:
726:
614:
500:
185:
84:
3621:
3325:
8003:
7826:
7751:
7739:
7664:
7530:
7409:
7198:
6662:
6281:
6273:
6232:
6224:
6177:
6134:
6097:
6087:
6030:
5989:
5973:
5906:
5835:
5817:
5755:
5714:
5706:
5660:
5644:
5595:
5549:
5533:
4147:
4079:
3793:
3785:
3680:
3670:
3629:
3566:
3465:
3403:
3249:
3206:
3114:
3106:
3060:
3052:
3013:
2969:
2934:
2899:
2854:
2807:
2770:
2760:
2705:
2665:
2657:
2616:
2608:
2549:
2456:
2373:
2248:
2132:
1910:
1194:
1178:
714:
610:
579:
189:
150:
146:
138:
5743:
260:
In the following list, the dates in parentheses are the earliest approved use of the drug.
8043:
7988:
7857:
7852:
7691:
7624:
7619:
7505:
7451:
7292:
7183:
7136:
6019:"Outcomes of pregnancies in women taking antiepileptic drugs for non-epilepsy indications"
5504:
5082:
4736:
3950:
3756:
1444:
882:
400:
209:
157:
during seizures. Anticonvulsants also prevent the spread of the seizure within the brain.
127:
3407:
6083:
5554:
5521:
4068:"Pediatrics—Epitomes of Progress: Carbamazepine (Tegretol) in the Treatment of Epilepsy"
2756:
1256:
approves drugs throughout the
European Union. Some of the drugs are no longer marketed.
8022:
7922:
7917:
7771:
7711:
7696:
7686:
7587:
7582:
7572:
7510:
7482:
7434:
7429:
7161:
7116:
7112:
6995:
6770:
6506:
6446:
6380:
6286:
6261:
6237:
6212:
5994:
5961:
5840:
5805:
5719:
5694:
5665:
5632:
4152:
4133:
4084:
4067:
3685:
3658:
3469:
3210:
3119:
3094:
3065:
3040:
2775:
2740:
2670:
2645:
2621:
2596:
2210:
The mechanism of how anticonvulsants cause birth defects is not entirely clear. During
1210:
1182:
1138:
1109:
838:
679:
405:
378:
173:
161:
6102:
6067:
3456:
Tomson T, Svanborg E, Wedlund JE (May–June 1986). "Nonconvulsive status epilepticus".
2903:
1185:, there is evidence for using gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine or topiramate as
578:) has been shown to produce analgesia with noninvasive illumination in a rat model of
8058:
7954:
7927:
7786:
7604:
7515:
7495:
7491:
7354:
7282:
7171:
7086:
6961:
6890:
6885:
6800:
6775:
6714:
6704:
6421:
6416:
6277:
5744:"Valproate in the treatment of epilepsy in girls and women of childbearing potential"
5617:
5600:
5583:
3789:
3526:
Bourgeois BF, Dodson E, Nordli DR Jr, Pellock JM, Sankar R, eds. (16 December 2007).
3110:
2938:
2859:
2842:
2811:
2320:
2148:
2128:
2029:
2009:
1768:
1747:
1727:
1642:
1320:
1279:
1224:
1170:
1158:
1150:
1142:
1118:
990:
978:
919:
844:
669:
606:
602:
561:
555:
457:
349:
283:
6197:
6138:
5934:
4169:
3815:
3485:
3269:
3226:
2989:
2827:
2476:
7912:
7831:
7567:
7525:
7359:
7349:
7265:
7260:
6951:
6931:
6795:
6785:
6637:
6401:
6362:
6154:
5710:
5537:
2876:
2725:
2569:
2393:
2178:
2116:
1823:
1707:
1546:
1464:
1300:
1232:
1065:
953:
947:
925:
907:
816:
718:
365:
342:
77:
7470:
6035:
6018:
5977:
5910:
5822:
5648:
4134:"Clinical Experience with New Antiepileptic Drugs: Antiepileptic Drugs in Europe"
3943:
3842:
2765:
7796:
7706:
7446:
7399:
7344:
7227:
7193:
6941:
6936:
6822:
6780:
6726:
6697:
6672:
6667:
6642:
6522:
6517:
6481:
6461:
6406:
6396:
3622:"Photoswitchable carbamazepine analogs for non-invasive neuroinhibition in vivo"
2179:
Maternal
Outcomes and Neurodevelopmental Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs (MONEAD)
2160:
1935:
1690:
1670:
1614:
1190:
1186:
1166:
1117:
device that can be implanted into patients with epilepsy, especially that which
1084:
1040:
1034:
1015:
938:
901:
810:
755:
546:
478:
432:
318:
313:
296:
275:
6072:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5806:"Antiepileptic Drug Exposure in Infants of Breastfeeding Mothers With Epilepsy"
5695:"Treatment for epilepsy in pregnancy: neurodevelopmental outcomes in the child"
2661:
537:
7974:
7945:
7903:
7872:
7867:
7806:
7801:
7791:
7729:
7715:
7655:
7610:
7558:
7478:
7474:
7415:
7375:
7330:
7326:
7216:
7152:
7102:
7067:
7063:
6966:
6956:
6946:
6905:
6900:
6850:
6832:
6827:
6810:
6805:
6790:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6721:
6687:
6677:
6561:
6551:
6541:
6486:
6456:
6436:
6068:"Antiepileptic drugs and apoptotic neurodegenereation in the developing brain"
5299:
3253:
3056:
3017:
2709:
2612:
2071:
2050:
1988:
1890:
1840:
1594:
1566:
1506:
1383:
1342:
1174:
1162:
1090:
1078:
1059:
996:
959:
913:
863:
761:
749:
656:
620:
592:
575:
525:
470:
426:
419:(1979). Notably, used on a short-term basis around menstruation in women with
392:
384:
338:
330:
322:
225:
41:
17:
6044:
5985:
5918:
5831:
5769:
5656:
5545:
3675:
3643:
2973:
2297:
2262:
7882:
7862:
7836:
7811:
7746:
7724:
7552:
7465:
7339:
6926:
6817:
6765:
6682:
6647:
6627:
6593:
6583:
6546:
6512:
6491:
6476:
6471:
6441:
6431:
6426:
6371:
6228:
6181:
3356:"Diacomit- stiripentol capsule Diacomit- stiripentol powder, for suspension"
2215:
2211:
2164:
1963:
1868:
1806:
1787:
1526:
1228:
1146:
888:
869:
850:
804:
789:
632:
626:
519:
513:
474:
463:
453:
353:
6295:
6246:
6189:
6146:
6111:
6092:
6052:
6003:
5926:
5849:
5777:
5728:
5674:
5609:
5563:
4161:
4093:
3807:
3694:
3634:
3580:
3512:
3442:
3394:
Browne TR (May 1976). "Clonazepam. A review of a new anticonvulsant drug".
3261:
3128:
3074:
3025:
2911:
2868:
2819:
2784:
2717:
2679:
2630:
2561:
2385:
2305:
2270:
2253:
2236:
558:(1963). A popular anticonvulsant that is available in generic formulations.
333:, and by virtue of this they produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild
3571:
3554:
3477:
3218:
2981:
2946:
2468:
2433:
2336:
7983:
7847:
7843:
7816:
7255:
7188:
7107:
6921:
6895:
6652:
6632:
6466:
6451:
5863:
3844:
A Disease Once Sacred: A History of the Medical Understanding of Epilepsy
3798:
3415:
2460:
1486:
1404:
1362:
1103:
1009:
984:
798:
710:
650:
482:
447:
416:
388:
334:
269:
131:
6327:
3172:
Rogawski M (2021). "Chapter 24: Antiseizure Drugs". In Katzung B (ed.).
2741:"PPAR-alpha agonists as novel antiepileptic drugs: preclinical findings"
2125:
first trimester could be beneficial to prevent pregnancy complications.
7959:
7877:
7542:
7309:
7131:
7081:
6498:
3095:"Comparative Monotherapy Trials and the Clinical Treatment of Epilepsy"
1206:
494:
396:
362:(1935). Known as mephobarbital in the US. No longer marketed in the UK.
278:(1882). One of the earliest anticonvulsants. It is still used to treat
237:
212:(the development of epilepsy in an individual at risk, such as after a
137:. Anticonvulsants are also increasingly being used in the treatment of
134:
54:
5760:
412:. Of many drugs in this class, only a few are used to treat epilepsy:
99:
7641:
7304:
154:
2553:
2537:
2377:
2361:
252:
still recommend a number of these new drugs as initial monotherapy.
7941:
7651:
7146:
1053:
536:
4056:(Initial approval on 11 March 1968 was for trigeminal neuralgia.)
1193:
can be included in the options for children with newly diagnosed
7645:
6017:
Jazayeri D, Graham J, Hitchcock A, O'Brien TJ, Vajda FJ (2018).
1213:
who used it to treat women with "hysterical epilepsy" (probably
1028:
685:
193:
165:
7022:
6331:
2237:"An overview of structurally diversified anticonvulsant agents"
5633:"Practice Current: How do you treat epilepsy in pregnancy?"
1219:). Bromides are effective against epilepsy, and also cause
5582:
Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, et al. (May 2009).
3769:
French JA, Kanner AM, Bautista J, et al. (May 2004).
745:-type calcium channels. The following are gabapentinoids:
6066:
Bittigau P, Sifringer M, Genz K, et al. (May 2002).
3499:
Djurić M, Marjanović B, Zamurović D (May–June 2001). "".
3289:. European Medicines Agency. 30 July 2007. Archived from
172:
and components of the GABA system, their targets include
153:. Anticonvulsants suppress the excessive rapid firing of
5864:"Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa)"
5164:"Drug Approval Package: Banzel (Rufinamide) NDA #021911"
4388:"Drug Approval Package: Brand Name (Generic Name) NDA #"
3597:. MedlinePlus : U.S. National Library of Medicine.
3553:
French J, Smith, M, Faught, E, Brown, L (12 May 1999).
2143:
in the child, with an increased dose causing decreased
4127:
4125:
4123:
2646:"Molecular targets for antiepileptic drug development"
2159:
by intrauterine exposure. Similarly, children exposed
7051:
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
4121:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4103:
2422:
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
450:(1963). Can be given rectally by trained care-givers.
5688:
5686:
5684:
3532:(3rd ed.). New York: Demos Medical Publishing.
7968:
7940:
7896:
7705:
7640:
7603:
7551:
7464:
7408:
7368:
7325:
7209:
7145:
7057:
6914:
6870:
6863:
6841:
6750:
6617:
6606:
6570:
6531:
6379:
6370:
2447:Harden CL (1 May 1994). "New antiepileptic drugs".
93:
83:
71:
63:
53:
48:
34:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3659:"Ketogenic Diet and Epilepsy: What We Know So Far"
640:Vigabatrin and progabide are also analogs of GABA.
368:(1982). Only available in some European countries.
6260:Forcelli PA, Kim J, et al. (December 2011).
3923:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3998:"Drug Approval Package: Briviact (brivaracetam)"
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
1209:, suggested in 1857 by the British gynecologist
439:The following benzodiazepines are used to treat
202:peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
5232:"Drug Approval Package: Diacomit (stiripentol)"
3088:
3086:
3084:
2691:
2689:
6323:Drug Reference for FDA Approved Epilepsy Drugs
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3039:Kaminski RM, Rogawski MA, Klitgaard H (2014).
2698:Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology
7034:
6343:
5893:Tomson T, Battino D, Perucca E (April 2019).
3174:Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 15th Edition
8:
7049:Major chemical drug groups – based upon the
6211:Kim J, Kondratyev A, Gale K (October 2007).
1119:originates from a specific part of the brain
5526:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5493:
5491:
188:. Additional targets include voltage-gated
160:Conventional antiepileptic drugs may block
7041:
7027:
7019:
6867:
6614:
6376:
6350:
6336:
6328:
3176:. McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 422–455.
1258:
6285:
6236:
6101:
6091:
6034:
5993:
5839:
5821:
5759:
5718:
5664:
5599:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5553:
5071:
5069:
4725:
4723:
4218:"Drug Approval Package: Onfi NDA #202067"
4151:
4083:
3797:
3684:
3674:
3633:
3570:
3529:Pediatric epilepsy: diagnosis and therapy
3118:
3064:
2858:
2774:
2764:
2669:
2620:
2538:"The neurobiology of antiepileptic drugs"
2362:"The neurobiology of antiepileptic drugs"
2252:
2644:Meldrum BS, Rogawski MA (January 2007).
5895:"Teratogenicity of antiepileptic drugs"
3626:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2227:
466:(1972). Given by injection in hospital.
299:(2007). Indicated for the treatment of
8028:Pharmacological classification systems
7395:Selective estrogen receptor modulators
5013:Kutt, Henn, Resor, Stanley R. (1992).
2521:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2514:
2247:(3). Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 321–344.
59:Antiepileptic drugs, antiseizure drugs
31:
7675:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
5941:from the original on 22 November 2023
5515:
5513:
5280:from the original on 16 December 2020
5246:from the original on 22 November 2019
5178:from the original on 22 November 2019
4959:from the original on 16 December 2020
4821:. Oxford: Blackwell Science. xxviii.
4436:from the original on 30 November 2017
4402:from the original on 22 November 2019
4232:from the original on 22 November 2019
4012:from the original on 22 November 2019
3336:from the original on 12 November 2020
2576:from the original on 16 December 2020
2400:from the original on 16 December 2020
834:The following are oxazolidinediones:
7:
5874:from the original on 12 October 2023
5868:Norwegian Institute of Public Health
5476:from the original on 19 October 2020
5442:from the original on 20 October 2020
5408:from the original on 19 October 2020
5374:from the original on 19 October 2020
5340:from the original on 19 October 2020
5144:from the original on 19 October 2020
5110:from the original on 24 October 2020
5054:from the original on 20 October 2020
4925:from the original on 19 October 2020
4891:from the original on 19 October 2020
4857:from the original on 19 October 2020
4798:from the original on 19 October 2020
4764:from the original on 20 October 2020
4708:from the original on 21 October 2020
4674:from the original on 24 October 2020
4640:from the original on 20 October 2020
4606:from the original on 19 October 2020
4572:from the original on 20 October 2020
4538:from the original on 21 October 2020
4504:from the original on 31 October 2020
4470:from the original on 19 October 2020
4368:from the original on 20 October 2020
4334:from the original on 19 October 2020
4300:from the original on 19 October 2020
4266:from the original on 20 October 2020
4198:from the original on 28 October 2020
4046:from the original on 19 October 2020
3978:from the original on 19 October 2020
3890:from the original on 19 October 2020
3408:10.1001/archneur.1976.00500050012003
2536:Rogawski MA, Löscher W (July 2004).
2241:Acta Pharmaceutica (Zagreb, Croatia)
7288:Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
5462:"New Drug Application (NDA) 020789"
5428:"New Drug Application (NDA) 020427"
5394:"New Drug Application (NDA) 018081"
5360:"New Drug Application (NDA) 005856"
5326:"New Drug Application (NDA) 020505"
5266:"New Drug Application (NDA) 020646"
5198:"New Drug Application (NDA) 206709"
5130:"New Drug Application (NDA) 021911"
5096:"New Drug Application (NDA) 009170"
5040:"New Drug Application (NDA) 021446"
4980:"New Drug Application (NDA) 008855"
4945:"New Drug Application (NDA) 008762"
4911:"New Drug Application (NDA) 021014"
4877:"New Drug Application (NDA) 011721"
4843:"New Drug Application (NDA) 010596"
4784:"New Drug Application (NDA) 008322"
4750:"New Drug Application (NDA) 006008"
4694:"New Drug Application (NDA) 021035"
4660:"New Drug Application (NDA) 020241"
4626:"New Drug Application (NDA) 022253"
4592:"New Drug Application (NDA) 020235"
4558:"New Drug Application (NDA) 020450"
4524:"New Drug Application (NDA) 020189"
4490:"New Drug Application (NDA) 022334"
4456:"New Drug Application (NDA) 010841"
4422:"New Drug Application (NDA) 012380"
4354:"New Drug Application (NDA) 022416"
4320:"New Drug Application (NDA) 018723"
4286:"New Drug Application (NDA) 013263"
4252:"New Drug Application (NDA) 017533"
4184:"New Drug Application (NDA) 202067"
4032:"New Drug Application (NDA) 016608"
3964:"New Drug Application (NDA) 205836"
3876:"New Drug Application (NDA) 008943"
3822:from the original on 27 August 2021
2595:Rogawski MA, Bazil CW (July 2008).
383:The benzodiazepines are a class of
5306:from the original on 23 March 2021
4153:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb00925.x
3470:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1986.tb03540.x
3366:from the original on 6 August 2020
3211:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1989.tb05818.x
3153:from the original on 16 March 2024
2325:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
2172:hemorrhagic disease of the newborn
1161:, or on the newer anticonvulsants
1098:Non-pharmaceutical anticonvulsants
408:to the anticonvulsant effects and
352:(1912). See also the related drug
282:, particularly where there are no
25:
5784:from the original on 1 March 2024
5212:from the original on 26 July 2020
5017:. New York: Dekker. p. 385.
5015:The Medical treatment of epilepsy
4994:from the original on 26 July 2020
4969:(Marketed in 1938, approved 1953)
3720:from the original on 20 July 2023
8037:
8017:
8016:
6278:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03297.x
5601:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02130.x
3790:10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.06204.x
3601:from the original on 20 May 2013
3111:10.1111/j.1535-7511.2007.00198.x
2860:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01901.x
2812:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.11.017
2235:Al-Otaibi F (1 September 2019).
2151:regarding any increased risk of
943:The following are succinimides:
693:
678:
551:The following are carboxamides:
485:and motor-impairing properties.
164:or enhance γ-aminobutyric acid (
130:agents used in the treatment of
7425:Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones
6139:10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.01.006
2360:Rogawski MA, Löscher W (2004).
1129:According to guidelines by the
597:The following are fatty-acids:
143:borderline personality disorder
5711:10.1002/14651858.CD010236.pub2
5538:10.1002/14651858.CD010224.pub3
2131:, and its derivatives such as
794:The following are hydantoins:
735:voltage-gated calcium channels
1:
7177:Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics
6036:10.1016/j.seizure.2018.02.009
5085:Retrieved on 1 November 2007.
4739:Retrieved on 1 November 2007.
3953:Retrieved on 1 November 2007.
2904:10.1016/S0014-2999(01)01423-6
2153:congenital physical anomalies
1241:National Institutes of Health
1205:The first anticonvulsant was
1131:American Academy of Neurology
701:Voltage-gated calcium channel
246:American Academy of Neurology
170:voltage-gated sodium channels
7888:Wakefulness-promoting agents
5978:10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.5487
5911:10.1097/WCO.0000000000000659
5899:Current Opinion in Neurology
5823:10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.4443
5649:10.1212/cpj.0000000000000387
5637:Neurology: Clinical Practice
5507:Retrieved on 1 November 2007
5470:Food and Drug Administration
5436:Food and Drug Administration
5402:Food and Drug Administration
5368:Food and Drug Administration
5334:Food and Drug Administration
5274:Food and Drug Administration
5238:Food and Drug Administration
5206:Food and Drug Administration
5170:Food and Drug Administration
5138:Food and Drug Administration
5104:Food and Drug Administration
5048:Food and Drug Administration
4988:Food and Drug Administration
4953:Food and Drug Administration
4919:Food and Drug Administration
4885:Food and Drug Administration
4851:Food and Drug Administration
4792:Food and Drug Administration
4758:Food and Drug Administration
4702:Food and Drug Administration
4668:Food and Drug Administration
4634:Food and Drug Administration
4600:Food and Drug Administration
4566:Food and Drug Administration
4532:Food and Drug Administration
4498:Food and Drug Administration
4464:Food and Drug Administration
4430:Food and Drug Administration
4394:Food and Drug Administration
4362:Food and Drug Administration
4328:Food and Drug Administration
4294:Food and Drug Administration
4260:Food and Drug Administration
4224:Food and Drug Administration
4192:Food and Drug Administration
4040:Food and Drug Administration
4004:Food and Drug Administration
3972:Food and Drug Administration
3884:Food and Drug Administration
2939:10.1016/0014-2999(85)90483-2
2766:10.1371/journal.pone.0064541
2157:neurodevelopmental disorders
733:(GAD). Gabapentinoids block
731:generalized anxiety disorder
145:, since many seem to act as
4072:Western Journal of Medicine
2542:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
2366:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
2113:anticonvulsant/anti-seizure
774:Gabapentin extended release
709:Gabapentinoids are used in
149:, and for the treatment of
8086:
7538:Intravenous immunoglobulin
4066:Schain RJ (1 March 1978).
3944:Epilepsy Action: Druglist.
3841:Eadie M, Bladin P (2001).
3306:Doc.Ref.: EMEA/COMP/269/04
2662:10.1016/j.nurt.2006.11.010
2111:Many of the commonly used
2104:
1248:Marketing approval history
1137:, mainly based on a major
1104:Epilepsy § Management
1101:
1051:
1026:
1007:
970:
936:
899:
880:
861:
827:
787:
667:
648:
590:
544:
511:
492:
376:
311:
267:
126:)) are a diverse group of
8012:
6979:
4819:The treatment of epilepsy
3759:Retrieved on 29 June 2010
3710:"Vagus nerve stimulation"
3663:Frontiers in Neuroscience
3657:D'Andrea Meira I (2019).
3330:European Medicines Agency
3254:10.1007/s40263-012-0004-3
3057:10.1007/s13311-014-0266-1
3018:10.1016/j.bcp.2006.07.013
2710:10.1007/s00210-011-0636-8
2613:10.1007/s11910-008-0053-7
2218:in the developing brain.
1254:European Medicines Agency
1135:American Epilepsy Society
291:Aromatic allylic alcohols
250:American Epilepsy Society
98:
39:
7593:Topoisomerase inhibitors
7277:renin–angiotensin system
7271:Calcium channel blockers
4132:Loiseau PJ (June 1999).
3755:24 February 2011 at the
3676:10.3389/fnins.2019.00005
3143:"Antiseizure medication"
2974:10.1002/ardp.19903230905
2601:Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep
120:anti-seizure medications
6710:Eslicarbazepine acetate
6229:10.1124/jpet.107.126250
6182:10.1124/jpet.107.123133
3431:J Intellect Disabil Res
3093:Abou-Khalil BW (2007).
1114:vagus nerve stimulation
568:Eslicarbazepine acetate
182:GABA transporter type 1
7385:Hormonal contraception
7315:Bile acid sequestrants
7096:Proton-pump inhibitors
7059:gastrointestinal tract
6093:10.1073/pnas.222550499
3635:10.1002/anie.202403636
2254:10.2478/acph-2019-0023
2107:Epilepsy and pregnancy
973:Sulfonamide (medicine)
542:
327:central nervous system
3572:10.1212/WNL.52.8.1540
2193:People with epilepsy
2145:intelligence quotient
1102:Further information:
723:restless leg syndrome
540:
7994:Radiopharmaceuticals
7782:Antiparkinson agents
6217:J Pharmacol Exp Ther
6170:J Pharmacol Exp Ther
5503:13 July 2009 at the
5242:. 7 September 2018.
5081:21 June 2009 at the
4735:19 June 2009 at the
4398:. 20 December 2013.
3949:1 March 2011 at the
2962:Archiv der Pharmazie
2461:10.1212/WNL.44.5.787
2292:(Suppl 3): 595–603.
2286:Psychiatria Danubina
1155:valproate semisodium
1125:Treatment guidelines
830:2,4-Oxazolidinedione
768:Gabapentin enacarbil
645:Fructose derivatives
345:as anticonvulsants:
341:. The following are
27:Class of medications
7777:Antimigraine agents
7767:Antidementia agents
7670:Anti-inflammatories
7360:Medicated dressings
7300:Antihyperlipidemics
7127:Diabetes medication
6412:Methylphenobarbital
6084:2002PNAS...9915089B
5302:. DrugPatentWatch.
3296:on 17 December 2013
2757:2013PLoSO...864541P
1216:catamenial epilepsy
758:(2019) (Japan only)
421:catamenial epilepsy
360:Methylphenobarbital
112:antiepileptic drugs
7630:Immunosuppressants
7500:Antimycobacterials
7456:Antithyroid agents
7440:Mineralocorticoids
7244:Cardiac stimulants
7234:Cardiac glycosides
7226:cardiac therapy /
7122:Anti-obesity drugs
7006:Never to phase III
5631:George IC (2017).
4228:. 20 August 2013.
3205:(Suppl 2): S1–S3.
2503:on 3 November 2013
2331:(Suppl 6): 74–82.
2034:Depakene/Convulex
1974:30 September 1997
1792:Dilantin/Epanutin
1665:29 September 2000
1659:29 September 2000
1388:Klonopin/Rivotril
1237:H. Houston Merritt
543:
441:status epilepticus
395:, anticonvulsive,
280:status epilepticus
8052:
8051:
7955:Ophthalmologicals
7665:Anabolic steroids
7568:Anticancer agents
7531:Ectoparasiticides
7251:Antihypertensives
7199:Antifibrinolytics
7016:
7015:
6975:
6974:
6859:
6858:
6843:Potassium openers
6761:Oxazolidinediones
6693:Valproate pivoxil
6658:Acetylpheneturide
6602:
6601:
6557:Valproate pivoxil
6533:GABA-T inhibitors
6503:potassium bromide
5761:10.1111/epi.13021
5024:978-0-8247-8549-9
4828:978-0-632-06046-7
4146:(Suppl 6): S3–8.
4008:. 30 March 2016.
3854:978-0-86196-607-3
3539:978-1-933864-16-7
3501:Srp Arh Celok Lek
3099:Epilepsy Currents
3045:Neurotherapeutics
3006:Biochem Pharmacol
2800:Neuropharmacology
2650:Neurotherapeutics
2141:cognitive deficit
2137:divalproex sodium
2098:
2097:
2040:28 February 1978
1999:24 December 1996
1901:14 November 2008
1851:30 December 2004
1653:30 November 1999
1625:27 December 1994
1577:30 December 1993
1511:Afinitor/Votubia
1425:divalproex sodium
1415:15 November 1963
1353:21 November 2019
1311:18 February 2016
824:Oxazolidinediones
770:(Horizant) (2011)
727:opioid withdrawal
615:divalproex sodium
501:Potassium bromide
477:, and especially
186:GABA transaminase
116:antiseizure drugs
105:
104:
85:Biological target
49:Class identifiers
16:(Redirected from
8077:
8041:
8020:
8019:
8004:Senotherapeutics
7858:Neuroprotectives
7853:Mood stabilizers
7752:Anti-ADHD agents
7692:Muscle relaxants
7625:Immunostimulants
7620:Immunomodulators
7452:Thyroid hormones
7390:Fertility agents
7293:Renin inhibitors
7184:Antihemorrhagics
7151:forming organs (
7137:Dietary minerals
7043:
7036:
7029:
7020:
6868:
6752:Calcium blockers
6663:Chlorphenacemide
6615:
6589:GAT-1 inhibitors
6377:
6352:
6345:
6338:
6329:
6300:
6299:
6289:
6257:
6251:
6250:
6240:
6208:
6202:
6201:
6165:
6159:
6158:
6122:
6116:
6115:
6105:
6095:
6078:(23): 15089–94.
6063:
6057:
6056:
6038:
6014:
6008:
6007:
5997:
5957:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5890:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5860:
5854:
5853:
5843:
5825:
5800:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5763:
5754:(7): 1006–1019.
5739:
5733:
5732:
5722:
5705:(10): CD010236.
5690:
5679:
5678:
5668:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5603:
5579:
5568:
5567:
5557:
5517:
5508:
5495:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5458:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5390:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5379:
5356:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5345:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5296:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5194:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5126:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5115:
5092:
5086:
5073:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5036:
5030:
5028:
5010:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4976:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4746:
4740:
4727:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4155:
4129:
4098:
4097:
4087:
4063:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4017:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3960:
3954:
3941:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3801:
3775:
3766:
3760:
3747:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3688:
3678:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3637:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3574:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3322:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3301:
3295:
3288:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3248:(11): 993–1001.
3237:
3231:
3230:
3194:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3147:Cleveland Clinic
3139:
3133:
3132:
3122:
3090:
3079:
3078:
3068:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2862:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2778:
2768:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2673:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2624:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2520:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2502:
2496:. Archived from
2495:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2428:(3): 1001–1011.
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2357:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2256:
2232:
2133:sodium valproate
2093:
2087:
2081:
2060:
2039:
2020:25 January 1946
2019:
1998:
1982:
1973:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1929:
1923:
1911:sodium valproate
1900:
1895:Banzel/Inovelon
1878:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1758:14 January 2000
1757:
1738:26 January 1959
1737:
1718:8 February 1957
1717:
1681:23 October 1946
1680:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1605:28 October 2008
1604:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1556:
1536:
1517:30 January 2009
1516:
1496:
1475:2 November 1960
1474:
1454:
1434:
1414:
1393:
1373:21 October 2011
1372:
1352:
1330:
1310:
1289:
1259:
1195:absence seizures
877:Pyrimidinediones
776:(Gralise) (1996)
715:neuropathic pain
697:
682:
611:sodium valproate
580:neuropathic pain
190:calcium channels
151:neuropathic pain
147:mood stabilizers
139:bipolar disorder
32:
21:
8085:
8084:
8080:
8079:
8078:
8076:
8075:
8074:
8065:Anticonvulsants
8055:
8054:
8053:
8048:
8044:Medicine portal
8008:
7964:
7936:
7931:
7923:Cough medicines
7918:Bronchodilators
7899:
7892:
7772:Antidepressants
7762:Anticonvulsants
7710:
7701:
7697:Bisphosphonates
7687:Corticosteroids
7649:
7636:
7608:
7599:
7583:Spindle poisons
7573:Antimetabolites
7556:
7547:
7469:
7460:
7435:Glucocorticoids
7430:Corticosteroids
7411:
7404:
7371:
7364:
7321:
7239:Antiarrhythmics
7212:
7205:
7162:Antithrombotics
7150:
7141:
7117:Antipropulsives
7113:Antidiarrhoeals
7090:
7061:
7053:
7047:
7017:
7012:
7011:
6996:Clinical trials
6971:
6910:
6855:
6837:
6746:
6619:Sodium blockers
6609:
6598:
6566:
6527:
6447:Benzodiazepines
6384:
6366:
6359:Anticonvulsants
6356:
6319:
6309:
6307:Further reading
6304:
6303:
6272:(12): e207–11.
6259:
6258:
6254:
6210:
6209:
6205:
6167:
6166:
6162:
6124:
6123:
6119:
6065:
6064:
6060:
6016:
6015:
6011:
5959:
5958:
5954:
5944:
5942:
5892:
5891:
5887:
5877:
5875:
5862:
5861:
5857:
5802:
5801:
5797:
5787:
5785:
5741:
5740:
5736:
5692:
5691:
5682:
5630:
5629:
5625:
5581:
5580:
5571:
5532:(8): CD010224.
5519:
5518:
5511:
5505:Wayback Machine
5498:EPAR: Zonegran.
5496:
5489:
5479:
5477:
5460:
5459:
5455:
5445:
5443:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5411:
5409:
5392:
5391:
5387:
5377:
5375:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5343:
5341:
5324:
5323:
5319:
5309:
5307:
5298:
5297:
5293:
5283:
5281:
5264:
5263:
5259:
5249:
5247:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5215:
5213:
5196:
5195:
5191:
5181:
5179:
5174:. 30 May 2012.
5162:
5161:
5157:
5147:
5145:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5113:
5111:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5083:Wayback Machine
5074:
5067:
5057:
5055:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5025:
5012:
5011:
5007:
4997:
4995:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4962:
4960:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4928:
4926:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4894:
4892:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4860:
4858:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4829:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4801:
4799:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4767:
4765:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4737:Wayback Machine
4728:
4721:
4711:
4709:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4677:
4675:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4643:
4641:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4609:
4607:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4575:
4573:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4541:
4539:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4507:
4505:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4473:
4471:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4439:
4437:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4405:
4403:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4371:
4369:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4337:
4335:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4303:
4301:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4269:
4267:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4235:
4233:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4201:
4199:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4131:
4130:
4101:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4049:
4047:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4015:
4013:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3981:
3979:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3951:Wayback Machine
3942:
3903:
3893:
3891:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3847:. John Libbey.
3840:
3839:
3835:
3825:
3823:
3773:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3757:Wayback Machine
3748:
3733:
3723:
3721:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3604:
3602:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3369:
3367:
3362:. 15 May 2020.
3354:
3353:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3326:"Diacomit EPAR"
3324:
3323:
3312:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3181:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3156:
3154:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3092:
3091:
3082:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2927:Eur J Pharmacol
2924:
2923:
2919:
2892:Eur J Pharmacol
2889:
2888:
2884:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2579:
2577:
2554:10.1038/nrn1430
2535:
2534:
2530:
2513:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2491:"Archived copy"
2489:
2488:
2484:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2378:10.1038/nrn1430
2359:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2344:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2208:
2109:
2103:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2061:21 August 2009
2058:
2037:
2017:
1996:
1980:
1971:
1955:
1949:
1946:20 August 2018
1943:
1927:
1921:
1898:
1876:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1814:never approved
1755:
1735:
1715:
1678:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1602:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1554:
1534:
1514:
1494:
1472:
1455:11 August 2013
1452:
1445:eslicarbazepine
1432:
1412:
1391:
1370:
1350:
1328:
1308:
1287:
1250:
1203:
1127:
1106:
1100:
1075:
1056:
1050:
1031:
1025:
1012:
1006:
975:
969:
941:
935:
904:
898:
885:
883:Pyrimidinedione
879:
866:
860:
832:
826:
792:
786:
707:
706:
705:
704:
703:
698:
690:
689:
683:
672:
666:
653:
647:
595:
589:
549:
535:
516:
510:
497:
491:
401:muscle relaxant
381:
375:
373:Benzodiazepines
316:
310:
301:Dravet syndrome
293:
272:
266:
258:
234:
222:
210:epileptogenesis
177:
162:sodium channels
128:pharmacological
110:(also known as
108:Anticonvulsants
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8083:
8081:
8073:
8072:
8067:
8057:
8056:
8050:
8049:
8047:
8046:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8013:
8010:
8009:
8007:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7989:Contrast media
7986:
7980:
7978:
7966:
7965:
7963:
7962:
7957:
7951:
7949:
7942:sensory organs
7938:
7937:
7935:
7934:
7929:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7909:
7907:
7894:
7893:
7891:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7841:
7840:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7787:Antipsychotics
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7757:Antiaddictives
7754:
7749:
7744:
7743:
7742:
7737:
7727:
7721:
7719:
7712:nervous system
7703:
7702:
7700:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7682:Antirheumatics
7679:
7678:
7677:
7667:
7661:
7659:
7638:
7637:
7635:
7634:
7633:
7632:
7627:
7616:
7614:
7601:
7600:
7598:
7597:
7596:
7595:
7590:
7588:Antineoplastic
7585:
7580:
7575:
7564:
7562:
7549:
7548:
7546:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7534:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7521:Antiprotozoals
7516:Antiparasitics
7513:
7508:
7503:
7496:Antibacterials
7492:Antimicrobials
7488:
7486:
7462:
7461:
7459:
7458:
7449:
7444:
7443:
7442:
7437:
7427:
7421:
7419:
7406:
7405:
7403:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7381:
7379:
7366:
7365:
7363:
7362:
7357:
7355:Antipsoriatics
7352:
7347:
7342:
7336:
7334:
7323:
7322:
7320:
7319:
7318:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7297:
7296:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7283:ACE inhibitors
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7247:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7222:
7220:
7211:cardiovascular
7207:
7206:
7204:
7203:
7202:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7181:
7180:
7179:
7174:
7172:Anticoagulants
7169:
7158:
7156:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7099:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7084:
7073:
7071:
7055:
7054:
7048:
7046:
7045:
7038:
7031:
7023:
7014:
7013:
7010:
7009:
7008:
7007:
7004:
6993:
6987:
6981:
6980:
6977:
6976:
6973:
6972:
6970:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6918:
6916:
6912:
6911:
6909:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6876:
6874:
6865:
6861:
6860:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6853:
6847:
6845:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6808:
6801:Gabapentinoids
6793:
6788:
6773:
6771:Paramethadione
6768:
6756:
6754:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6690:
6685:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6623:
6621:
6612:
6604:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6596:
6579:GABAR agonists
6574:
6572:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:(and related):
6537:
6535:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6507:sodium bromide
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6439:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6392:
6390:
6382:
6374:
6368:
6367:
6357:
6355:
6354:
6347:
6340:
6332:
6326:
6325:
6318:
6317:External links
6315:
6314:
6313:
6308:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6252:
6203:
6176:(2): 494–500.
6160:
6133:(2): 497–503.
6117:
6058:
6009:
5972:(4): 370–379.
5966:JAMA Neurology
5952:
5905:(2): 246–252.
5885:
5855:
5816:(4): 441–450.
5810:JAMA Neurology
5795:
5734:
5680:
5643:(4): 363–371.
5623:
5594:(5): 1247–55.
5569:
5509:
5487:
5453:
5419:
5385:
5351:
5317:
5291:
5257:
5223:
5189:
5155:
5121:
5087:
5065:
5031:
5023:
5005:
4971:
4936:
4902:
4868:
4834:
4827:
4809:
4775:
4741:
4719:
4685:
4651:
4617:
4583:
4549:
4515:
4481:
4447:
4413:
4379:
4345:
4311:
4277:
4243:
4209:
4175:
4099:
4078:(3): 231–232.
4058:
4023:
3989:
3955:
3901:
3867:
3853:
3833:
3761:
3731:
3700:
3649:
3612:
3586:
3545:
3538:
3518:
3491:
3448:
3421:
3386:
3377:
3347:
3310:
3275:
3232:
3189:
3179:
3164:
3134:
3080:
3051:(2): 385–400.
3031:
2995:
2952:
2917:
2882:
2833:
2790:
2731:
2685:
2636:
2587:
2528:
2482:
2439:
2411:
2372:(7): 553–564.
2352:
2342:
2311:
2276:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2207:
2204:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:10 March 2005
2089:
2088:10 March 2005
2083:
2082:27 March 2000
2077:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1983:November 1997
1978:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1925:
1924:December 1977
1919:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1750:
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1719:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1693:
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1686:
1684:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1557:5 August 1996
1552:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1497:22 April 1957
1492:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1435:10 March 1983
1430:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1249:
1246:
1211:Charles Locock
1202:
1199:
1183:mixed seizures
1139:article review
1126:
1123:
1110:ketogenic diet
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1052:Main article:
1049:
1048:Valproylamides
1046:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1027:Main article:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1008:Main article:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
971:Main article:
968:
965:
964:
963:
957:
951:
937:Main article:
934:
931:
930:
929:
923:
917:
911:
900:Main article:
897:
894:
893:
892:
881:Main article:
878:
875:
874:
873:
862:Main article:
859:
856:
855:
854:
848:
842:
839:Paramethadione
828:Main article:
825:
822:
821:
820:
814:
808:
802:
788:Main article:
785:
782:
778:
777:
771:
765:
759:
753:
699:
692:
691:
684:
677:
676:
675:
674:
673:
668:Main article:
665:
664:Gabapentinoids
662:
661:
660:
649:Main article:
646:
643:
637:
636:
630:
624:
618:
591:Main article:
588:
585:
584:
583:
571:
565:
559:
545:Main article:
534:
531:
530:
529:
523:
512:Main article:
509:
506:
505:
504:
493:Main article:
490:
487:
468:
467:
461:
451:
437:
436:
430:
424:
379:Benzodiazepine
377:Main article:
374:
371:
370:
369:
363:
357:
312:Main article:
309:
306:
305:
304:
292:
289:
288:
287:
268:Main article:
265:
262:
257:
254:
233:
230:
221:
218:
175:
103:
102:
96:
95:
91:
90:
87:
81:
80:
75:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
57:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
35:Anticonvulsant
26:
24:
18:Anti-epileptic
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8082:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8062:
8060:
8045:
8040:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8015:
8014:
8011:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7972:
7967:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7933:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7913:Decongestants
7911:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7901:
7895:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7845:
7842:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7832:Dissociatives
7830:
7828:
7825:
7824:
7823:
7822:Hallucinogens
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7732:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7713:
7708:
7704:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7676:
7673:
7672:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7653:
7647:
7643:
7639:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7622:
7621:
7618:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7606:
7602:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7570:
7569:
7566:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7554:
7550:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7526:Anthelmintics
7524:
7522:
7519:
7518:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7501:
7497:
7493:
7490:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7480:
7476:
7472:
7467:
7463:
7457:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7432:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7413:
7407:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7373:
7370:genitourinary
7367:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7350:Antipruritics
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7328:
7324:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7302:
7301:
7298:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7280:
7279:
7278:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7266:Beta blockers
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7231:
7230:
7229:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7214:
7208:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7186:
7185:
7182:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7167:Antiplatelets
7165:
7164:
7163:
7160:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7148:
7144:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7078:
7075:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7065:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7044:
7039:
7037:
7032:
7030:
7025:
7024:
7021:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6982:
6978:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6962:Levetiracetam
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6913:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6891:Ethoxzolamide
6889:
6887:
6886:Acetazolamide
6884:
6882:
6878:
6877:
6875:
6873:
6872:CA inhibitors
6869:
6866:
6862:
6852:
6849:
6848:
6846:
6844:
6840:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6783:
6782:
6777:
6776:Trimethadione
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6753:
6749:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6716:
6715:Oxcarbazepine
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6705:Carbamazepine
6703:
6701:
6699:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6625:
6624:
6622:
6620:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6605:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6585:
6581:
6580:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6569:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6534:
6530:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6497:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6449:
6448:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6434:
6433:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6422:Phenobarbital
6420:
6418:
6417:Pentobarbital
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6369:
6364:
6360:
6353:
6348:
6346:
6341:
6339:
6334:
6333:
6330:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6316:
6311:
6310:
6306:
6297:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6256:
6253:
6248:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6223:(1): 165–73.
6222:
6218:
6214:
6207:
6204:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6164:
6161:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6121:
6118:
6113:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6062:
6059:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6013:
6010:
6005:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5956:
5953:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5889:
5886:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5859:
5856:
5851:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5799:
5796:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5738:
5735:
5730:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5681:
5676:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5627:
5624:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5570:
5565:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5516:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5499:
5494:
5492:
5488:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5457:
5454:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5423:
5420:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5389:
5386:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5355:
5352:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5321:
5318:
5305:
5301:
5300:"NDA: 020646"
5295:
5292:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5261:
5258:
5245:
5241:
5239:
5233:
5227:
5224:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5193:
5190:
5177:
5173:
5171:
5165:
5159:
5156:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5125:
5122:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5091:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5035:
5032:
5029:(first usage)
5026:
5020:
5016:
5009:
5006:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4975:
4972:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4940:
4937:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4906:
4903:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4869:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4838:
4835:
4830:
4824:
4820:
4813:
4810:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4779:
4776:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4731:
4730:EPAR: Keppra.
4726:
4724:
4720:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4686:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4655:
4652:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4621:
4618:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4587:
4584:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4553:
4550:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4519:
4516:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4482:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4451:
4448:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4414:
4401:
4397:
4395:
4389:
4383:
4380:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4349:
4346:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4312:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4278:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4247:
4244:
4231:
4227:
4225:
4219:
4213:
4210:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4062:
4059:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4011:
4007:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3990:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3871:
3868:
3856:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3837:
3834:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3799:2027.42/65231
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3704:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3613:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3565:(8): 1540–5.
3564:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3546:
3541:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3522:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3464:(3): 276–85.
3463:
3459:
3452:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3402:(5): 326–32.
3401:
3397:
3390:
3387:
3381:
3378:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3292:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3190:
3183:
3180:
3175:
3168:
3165:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3012:(8): 965–73.
3011:
3007:
2999:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2968:(9): 579–86.
2967:
2963:
2956:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2921:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2751:(5): e64541.
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2607:(4): 345–52.
2606:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2588:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2548:(7): 553–64.
2547:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2499:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2455:(5): 787–95.
2454:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2415:
2412:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2353:
2346:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2228:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2149:carbamazepine
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2129:Valproic acid
2126:
2123:
2118:
2117:birth defects
2114:
2108:
2100:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2030:valproic acid
2028:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:trimethadione
2008:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1958:January 2007
1954:
1952:January 2007
1948:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1879:8 March 1954
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1769:phenobarbital
1767:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1748:oxcarbazepine
1746:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1728:methazolamide
1726:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1643:levetiracetam
1641:
1640:
1633:
1631:October 1991
1627:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1589:October 1994
1585:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1537:29 July 1993
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1367:Onfi/Frisium
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1331:15 July 1974
1327:
1324:
1322:
1321:carbamazepine
1319:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1290:27 July 1953
1286:
1283:
1281:
1280:acetazolamide
1278:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:Phenobarbital
1222:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1171:oxcarbazepine
1168:
1164:
1160:
1159:phenobarbital
1156:
1152:
1151:valproic acid
1148:
1144:
1143:carbamazepine
1140:
1136:
1132:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1003:
998:
995:
992:
991:Methazolamide
989:
986:
983:
980:
979:Acetazolamide
977:
976:
974:
966:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
945:
944:
940:
932:
927:
924:
921:
920:Levetiracetam
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
905:
903:
895:
890:
887:
886:
884:
876:
871:
868:
867:
865:
857:
852:
849:
846:
845:Trimethadione
843:
840:
837:
836:
835:
831:
823:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
796:
795:
791:
783:
781:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
747:
746:
744:
740:
737:, mainly the
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
702:
696:
687:
681:
671:
670:Gabapentinoid
663:
658:
655:
654:
652:
644:
642:
641:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
612:
608:
607:valproic acid
604:
600:
599:
598:
594:
586:
581:
577:
572:
569:
566:
563:
562:Oxcarbazepine
560:
557:
556:Carbamazepine
554:
553:
552:
548:
541:Carbamazepine
539:
532:
527:
524:
521:
518:
517:
515:
507:
502:
499:
498:
496:
488:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
465:
462:
459:
458:buccal mucosa
455:
452:
449:
446:
445:
444:
442:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
418:
415:
414:
413:
411:
407:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
380:
372:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
351:
350:Phenobarbital
348:
347:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
307:
302:
298:
295:
294:
290:
285:
284:resuscitation
281:
277:
274:
273:
271:
263:
261:
255:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
231:
229:
227:
219:
217:
215:
211:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
171:
167:
163:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
101:
97:
92:
88:
86:
82:
79:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
56:
52:
47:
44:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
7827:Psychedelics
7797:Aphrodisiacs
7761:
7471:infestations
7447:Sex hormones
7400:Sex hormones
7345:Cicatrizants
7275:
7261:Vasodilators
7228:antianginals
7225:
7077:stomach acid
7076:
6952:Fenfluramine
6932:Brivaracetam
6881:Sulfonamides
6879:
6814:
6799:
6796:Phensuximide
6786:Ethosuximide
6781:Succinimides
6779:
6759:
6718:
6698:Carboxamides
6696:
6676:
6651:
6638:Fosphenytoin
6626:
6587:
6577:
6540:
6495:
6445:
6430:
6402:Barbexaclone
6397:Barbiturates
6395:
6358:
6269:
6265:
6255:
6220:
6216:
6206:
6173:
6169:
6163:
6130:
6126:
6120:
6075:
6071:
6061:
6026:
6022:
6012:
5969:
5965:
5955:
5943:. Retrieved
5902:
5898:
5888:
5876:. Retrieved
5867:
5858:
5813:
5809:
5798:
5786:. Retrieved
5751:
5747:
5737:
5702:
5698:
5640:
5636:
5626:
5591:
5587:
5529:
5525:
5478:. Retrieved
5465:
5456:
5444:. Retrieved
5431:
5422:
5410:. Retrieved
5397:
5388:
5376:. Retrieved
5363:
5354:
5342:. Retrieved
5329:
5320:
5308:. Retrieved
5294:
5282:. Retrieved
5269:
5260:
5248:. Retrieved
5235:
5226:
5214:. Retrieved
5201:
5192:
5180:. Retrieved
5167:
5158:
5146:. Retrieved
5133:
5124:
5112:. Retrieved
5099:
5090:
5076:EPAR: Lyrica
5056:. Retrieved
5043:
5034:
5014:
5008:
4996:. Retrieved
4983:
4974:
4961:. Retrieved
4948:
4939:
4927:. Retrieved
4914:
4905:
4893:. Retrieved
4880:
4871:
4859:. Retrieved
4846:
4837:
4818:
4812:
4800:. Retrieved
4787:
4778:
4766:. Retrieved
4753:
4744:
4710:. Retrieved
4697:
4688:
4676:. Retrieved
4663:
4654:
4642:. Retrieved
4629:
4620:
4608:. Retrieved
4595:
4586:
4574:. Retrieved
4561:
4552:
4540:. Retrieved
4527:
4518:
4506:. Retrieved
4493:
4484:
4472:. Retrieved
4459:
4450:
4438:. Retrieved
4425:
4416:
4404:. Retrieved
4391:
4382:
4370:. Retrieved
4357:
4348:
4336:. Retrieved
4323:
4314:
4302:. Retrieved
4289:
4280:
4268:. Retrieved
4255:
4246:
4234:. Retrieved
4221:
4212:
4200:. Retrieved
4187:
4178:
4143:
4137:
4075:
4071:
4061:
4048:. Retrieved
4035:
4026:
4014:. Retrieved
4001:
3992:
3980:. Retrieved
3967:
3958:
3892:. Retrieved
3879:
3870:
3858:. Retrieved
3843:
3836:
3824:. Retrieved
3784:(5): 401–9.
3781:
3777:
3764:
3722:. Retrieved
3713:
3703:
3666:
3662:
3652:
3625:
3615:
3603:. Retrieved
3589:
3562:
3558:
3548:
3528:
3521:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3437:(1): 80–92.
3434:
3430:
3424:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3380:
3368:. Retrieved
3359:
3350:
3338:. Retrieved
3329:
3305:
3298:. Retrieved
3291:the original
3278:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3182:
3173:
3167:
3155:. Retrieved
3146:
3137:
3105:(5): 127–9.
3102:
3098:
3048:
3044:
3034:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2933:(1): 135–8.
2930:
2926:
2920:
2898:(1): 25–33.
2895:
2891:
2885:
2853:(4): 943–8.
2850:
2846:
2836:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2704:(1): 47–57.
2701:
2697:
2656:(1): 18–61.
2653:
2649:
2639:
2604:
2600:
2590:
2580:20 September
2578:. Retrieved
2545:
2541:
2531:
2505:. Retrieved
2498:the original
2485:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2404:20 September
2402:. Retrieved
2369:
2365:
2355:
2345:
2328:
2324:
2319:Keck PE Jr,
2314:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2209:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2176:
2169:
2127:
2121:
2112:
2110:
1863:6 July 2004
1857:6 July 2004
1824:phensuximide
1708:methsuximide
1547:fosphenytoin
1465:ethosuximide
1394:4 June 1975
1301:brivaracetam
1251:
1233:Tracy Putnam
1214:
1204:
1128:
1107:
1066:Valnoctamide
967:Sulfonamides
954:Phensuximide
948:Ethosuximide
942:
933:Succinimides
926:Seletracetam
908:Brivaracetam
896:Pyrrolidines
833:
817:Fosphenytoin
793:
779:
719:fibromyalgia
708:
639:
638:
596:
550:
533:Carboxamides
469:
438:
382:
366:Barbexaclone
325:that act as
319:Barbiturates
317:
308:Barbiturates
259:
235:
223:
206:
159:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
106:
94:Legal status
40:
29:
7960:Otologicals
7932:antagonists
7898:respiratory
7873:Orexigenics
7868:Neurotoxins
7817:Euphoriants
7807:Entactogens
7802:Depressants
7792:Anxiolytics
7730:Anesthetics
7506:Antifungals
7103:Antiemetics
7091:antagonists
6992:from market
6942:Carisbamate
6937:Cannabidiol
6823:Lamotrigine
6727:Lamotrigine
6678:Fatty acids
6673:Pheneturide
6668:Phenacemide
6643:Mephenytoin
6542:Fatty acids
6523:Stiripentol
6518:Paraldehyde
6482:Nimetazepam
6462:Clorazepate
6407:Metharbital
6029:: 111–114.
5945:31 December
5480:21 November
5446:21 November
5412:21 November
5378:21 November
5344:21 November
5284:21 November
5250:21 November
5216:21 November
5182:21 November
5148:21 November
5114:21 November
5058:21 November
4998:21 November
4963:21 November
4929:21 November
4895:21 November
4861:21 November
4802:21 November
4768:21 November
4712:21 November
4678:21 November
4644:21 November
4610:21 November
4576:21 November
4542:21 November
4508:21 November
4474:21 November
4440:21 November
4406:21 November
4372:21 November
4338:21 November
4304:21 November
4270:21 November
4236:21 November
4202:21 November
4050:21 November
4016:21 November
3982:21 November
3894:21 November
3714:Mayo Clinic
3595:"Felbamate"
3507:(1): 72–7.
3396:Arch Neurol
2161:lamotrigine
1936:stiripentol
1691:metharbital
1671:mephenytoin
1615:lamotrigine
1191:Lamotrigine
1187:monotherapy
1167:lamotrigine
1085:Stiripentol
1041:Phenacemide
1035:Pheneturide
1016:Lamotrigine
939:Succinimide
902:Pyrrolidine
858:Propionates
811:Mephenytoin
756:Mirogabalin
587:Fatty acids
547:Carboxamide
479:nimetazepam
433:Clorazepate
331:depressants
314:Barbiturate
297:Stiripentol
286:facilities.
276:Paraldehyde
220:Terminology
214:head injury
100:In Wikidata
8059:Categories
7883:Stimulants
7863:Nootropics
7837:Deliriants
7812:Entheogens
7747:Anorectics
7725:Analgesics
7578:Alkylating
7511:Antivirals
7466:infections
7340:Emollients
7194:Coagulants
7064:metabolism
6967:Perampanel
6957:Ganaxolone
6947:Etiracetam
6906:Zonisamide
6901:Topiramate
6851:Retigabine
6833:Zonisamide
6828:Topiramate
6811:Pregabalin
6806:Gabapentin
6791:Mesuximide
6742:Zonisamide
6737:Topiramate
6732:Rufinamide
6722:Lacosamide
6688:Valpromide
6628:Hydantoins
6610:modulators
6562:Vigabatrin
6552:Valpromide
6487:Nitrazepam
6457:Clonazepam
6437:Cenobamate
6432:Carbamates
6372:GABAergics
6127:Exp Neurol
5878:11 October
3708:Pruthi S.
3370:8 November
3340:8 November
2806:: 115–26.
2507:28 January
2321:McElroy SL
2222:References
2105:See also:
2092:2005-03-10
2086:2005-03-10
2080:2000-03-27
2072:zonisamide
2059:2009-08-21
2051:vigabatrin
2038:1978-02-28
2018:1946-01-25
1997:1996-12-24
1989:topiramate
1972:1997-09-30
1944:2018-08-20
1930:June 1967
1899:2008-11-14
1891:rufinamide
1877:1954-03-08
1861:2004-07-06
1855:2004-07-06
1849:2004-12-30
1841:pregabalin
1811:Nootropil
1756:2000-01-14
1752:Trileptal
1736:1959-01-26
1732:Neptazane
1716:1957-02-08
1679:1946-10-23
1675:Mesantoin
1663:2000-09-29
1657:2000-09-29
1651:1999-11-30
1623:1994-12-27
1603:2008-10-28
1595:lacosamide
1575:1993-12-30
1571:Neurontin
1567:gabapentin
1555:1996-08-05
1535:1993-07-29
1515:2009-03-30
1507:everolimus
1495:1957-04-22
1473:1960-11-02
1453:2013-08-11
1433:1983-03-10
1413:1963-11-15
1392:1975-06-04
1384:clonazepam
1371:2011-10-21
1351:2019-11-21
1343:cenobamate
1329:1974-07-15
1309:2016-02-18
1288:1953-07-27
1175:topiramate
1163:gabapentin
1091:Pyridoxine
1079:Perampanel
1060:Valpromide
997:Zonisamide
960:Mesuximide
914:Etiracetam
864:Propionate
784:Hydantoins
762:Gabapentin
750:Pregabalin
657:Topiramate
621:Vigabatrin
603:valproates
593:Fatty acid
576:azobenzene
526:Cenobamate
508:Carbamates
471:Nitrazepam
427:Clonazepam
410:dependency
393:anxiolytic
343:classified
339:anesthesia
226:convulsion
42:Drug class
8033:ATC codes
7999:Dressings
7984:Antidotes
7848:Sedatives
7844:Hypnotics
7553:malignant
7410:endocrine
7256:Diuretics
7189:Platelets
7149:and blood
7108:Laxatives
7002:Phase III
6990:Withdrawn
6927:Beclamide
6818:Imepitoin
6766:Ethadione
6683:Valproate
6648:Phenytoin
6594:Tiagabine
6584:Progabide
6547:Valproate
6513:Imepitoin
6492:Temazepam
6477:Midazolam
6472:Lorazepam
6442:Felbamate
6427:Primidone
6266:Epilepsia
6045:1059-1311
5986:2168-6149
5919:1473-6551
5832:2168-6149
5770:0013-9580
5748:Epilepsia
5657:2163-0402
5618:221731995
5588:Epilepsia
5546:1469-493X
5466:Drugs@FDA
5432:Drugs@FDA
5398:Drugs@FDA
5364:Drugs@FDA
5330:Drugs@FDA
5270:Drugs@FDA
5202:Drugs@FDA
5134:Drugs@FDA
5100:Drugs@FDA
5044:Drugs@FDA
4984:Drugs@FDA
4949:Drugs@FDA
4915:Drugs@FDA
4881:Drugs@FDA
4847:Drugs@FDA
4788:Drugs@FDA
4754:Drugs@FDA
4698:Drugs@FDA
4664:Drugs@FDA
4630:Drugs@FDA
4596:Drugs@FDA
4562:Drugs@FDA
4528:Drugs@FDA
4494:Drugs@FDA
4460:Drugs@FDA
4426:Drugs@FDA
4358:Drugs@FDA
4324:Drugs@FDA
4290:Drugs@FDA
4256:Drugs@FDA
4188:Drugs@FDA
4139:Epilepsia
4036:Drugs@FDA
3968:Drugs@FDA
3880:Drugs@FDA
3826:30 August
3778:Epilepsia
3644:1433-7851
3559:Neurology
3458:Epilepsia
3242:CNS Drugs
3199:Epilepsia
2847:Epilepsia
2449:Neurology
2298:0353-5053
2263:1846-9558
2216:apoptosis
2212:pregnancy
2165:phenytoin
2139:, causes
2101:Pregnancy
2076:Zonegran
2014:Tridione
1968:Gabitril
1964:tiagabine
1940:Diacomit
1873:Mysoline
1869:primidone
1828:Milontin
1807:piracetam
1788:phenytoin
1712:Celontin
1637:May 1995
1619:Lamictal
1583:May 1993
1531:Felbatol
1527:felbamate
1491:Peganone
1469:Zarontin
1429:Depakote
1325:Tegretol
1305:Briviact
1229:phenytoin
1221:impotence
1147:phenytoin
1004:Triazines
889:Primidone
870:Beclamide
851:Ethadione
805:Phenytoin
790:Hydantoin
688:analogues
633:Tiagabine
627:Progabide
520:Felbamate
514:Carbamate
475:temazepam
464:Lorazepam
454:Midazolam
406:tolerance
354:primidone
264:Aldehydes
198:glutamate
178:receptors
132:epileptic
8070:Epilepsy
7878:Serenics
7543:Vaccines
7310:Fibrates
7132:Vitamins
7082:Antacids
6922:Albutoin
6896:Sultiame
6633:Ethotoin
6467:Diazepam
6452:Clobazam
6296:22050285
6247:17636003
6198:12741109
6190:17483293
6147:15869952
6112:12417760
6053:29471258
6004:35157004
5939:Archived
5935:58608931
5927:30664067
5872:Archived
5850:31886825
5782:Archived
5778:25851171
5729:25354543
5675:29185530
5610:19507305
5564:37647086
5555:10463554
5501:Archived
5474:Archived
5440:Archived
5406:Archived
5372:Archived
5338:Archived
5304:Archived
5278:Archived
5244:Archived
5210:Archived
5176:Archived
5142:Archived
5108:Archived
5079:Archived
5052:Archived
4992:Archived
4957:Archived
4923:Archived
4889:Archived
4855:Archived
4796:Archived
4762:Archived
4733:Archived
4706:Archived
4672:Archived
4638:Archived
4604:Archived
4570:Archived
4536:Archived
4502:Archived
4468:Archived
4434:Archived
4400:Archived
4366:Archived
4332:Archived
4298:Archived
4264:Archived
4230:Archived
4196:Archived
4170:29638422
4162:10530675
4094:18748164
4044:Archived
4010:Archived
3976:Archived
3947:Archived
3888:Archived
3820:Archived
3816:12259676
3808:15101821
3753:Archived
3718:Archived
3695:30760973
3599:Archived
3581:10331676
3513:15637997
3486:26694857
3443:10030438
3364:Archived
3360:DailyMed
3334:Archived
3270:42911844
3262:23018548
3227:44798815
3157:16 March
3151:Archived
3129:17998971
3075:24671870
3026:16934763
2990:46002731
2912:11716839
2869:19054409
2828:27701532
2820:23206503
2785:23724059
2745:PLOS ONE
2718:21533993
2680:17199015
2631:18590620
2574:Archived
2562:15208697
2517:cite web
2477:75925846
2398:Archived
2386:15208697
2306:31488797
2271:31259739
2206:Research
2186:months.
2122:in utero
1993:Topamax
1918:Unknown
1776:Unknown
1773:Luminal
1695:Gemonil
1551:Cerebyx
1487:ethotoin
1405:diazepam
1363:clobazam
1010:Triazine
985:Sultiame
799:Ethotoin
711:epilepsy
651:Fructose
489:Bromides
483:sedative
448:Diazepam
417:Clobazam
397:amnestic
389:hypnotic
335:sedation
270:Aldehyde
248:and the
232:Approval
135:seizures
73:ATC code
67:Epilepsy
55:Synonyms
7735:General
7642:muscles
7611:L03–L04
7607:disease
7559:L01–L02
7555:disease
7305:Statins
6815:Others:
6719:Others:
6653:Ureides
6608:Channel
6499:Bromide
6496:Others:
6287:3230752
6238:2789311
6155:1493015
6080:Bibcode
6023:Seizure
5995:8845026
5841:6990802
5788:1 March
5720:7390020
5699:Reviews
5666:5648199
5472:(FDA).
5468:. U.S.
5438:(FDA).
5434:. U.S.
5404:(FDA).
5400:. U.S.
5370:(FDA).
5366:. U.S.
5336:(FDA).
5332:. U.S.
5276:(FDA).
5272:. U.S.
5208:(FDA).
5204:. U.S.
5140:(FDA).
5136:. U.S.
5106:(FDA).
5102:. U.S.
5050:(FDA).
5046:. U.S.
4990:(FDA).
4986:. U.S.
4955:(FDA).
4951:. U.S.
4921:(FDA).
4917:. U.S.
4887:(FDA).
4883:. U.S.
4853:(FDA).
4849:. U.S.
4794:(FDA).
4790:. U.S.
4760:(FDA).
4756:. U.S.
4704:(FDA).
4700:. U.S.
4670:(FDA).
4666:. U.S.
4636:(FDA).
4632:. U.S.
4602:(FDA).
4598:. U.S.
4568:(FDA).
4564:. U.S.
4534:(FDA).
4530:. U.S.
4500:(FDA).
4496:. U.S.
4466:(FDA).
4462:. U.S.
4432:(FDA).
4428:. U.S.
4364:(FDA).
4360:. U.S.
4330:(FDA).
4326:. U.S.
4296:(FDA).
4292:. U.S.
4262:(FDA).
4258:. U.S.
4194:(FDA).
4190:. U.S.
4085:1238063
4042:(FDA).
4038:. U.S.
3974:(FDA).
3970:. U.S.
3886:(FDA).
3882:. U.S.
3860:29 June
3724:20 July
3686:6361831
3478:3698940
3219:2767008
3187:509–517
3120:2043140
3066:3996125
2982:2288480
2947:4085542
2877:6796135
2776:3664607
2753:Bibcode
2726:1388805
2671:1852436
2622:2587091
2570:2201038
2469:8190276
2434:3086538
2394:2201038
2337:9674940
2055:Sabril
1981:1997-11
1956:2007-01
1950:2007-01
1928:1967-06
1922:1977-12
1915:Epilim
1845:Lyrica
1647:Keppra
1635:1995-05
1629:1991-10
1599:Vimpat
1587:1994-10
1581:1993-05
1449:Aptiom
1409:Valium
1347:Xcopri
1284:Diamox
1274:France
1207:bromide
1201:History
1179:partial
1093:(1939).
1018:(1990).
999:(2000).
981:(1953).
950:(1955).
922:(1999).
910:(2016).
891:(1952).
847:(1946).
819:(1996).
807:(1938).
801:(1957).
659:(1995).
635:(1996).
629:(1987).
623:(1989).
617:(1967).
570:(2009).
528:(2019).
495:Bromide
435:(1972).
429:(1974).
238:placebo
155:neurons
8042:
8021:
7969:other
7900:system
7652:joints
7605:immune
7412:system
7372:system
7213:system
6985:WHO-EM
6915:Others
6864:Others
6571:Others
6294:
6284:
6245:
6235:
6196:
6188:
6153:
6145:
6110:
6103:137548
6100:
6051:
6043:
6002:
5992:
5984:
5933:
5925:
5917:
5848:
5838:
5830:
5776:
5768:
5727:
5717:
5673:
5663:
5655:
5616:
5608:
5562:
5552:
5544:
5310:19 May
5021:
4825:
4168:
4160:
4092:
4082:
3851:
3814:
3806:
3693:
3683:
3642:
3605:19 May
3579:
3536:
3511:
3484:
3476:
3441:
3416:817697
3414:
3300:19 May
3268:
3260:
3225:
3217:
3127:
3117:
3073:
3063:
3024:
2988:
2980:
2945:
2910:
2875:
2867:
2826:
2818:
2783:
2773:
2724:
2716:
2678:
2668:
2629:
2619:
2568:
2560:
2475:
2467:
2432:
2392:
2384:
2335:
2304:
2296:
2269:
2261:
764:(1993)
752:(2004)
741:, and
739:N-Type
613:, and
329:(CNS)
184:, and
180:, the
8023:Drugs
7740:Local
7707:brain
7646:bones
7147:blood
6194:S2CID
6151:S2CID
5931:S2CID
5614:S2CID
5240:(FDA)
5236:U.S.
5172:(FDA)
5168:U.S.
4396:(FDA)
4392:U.S.
4226:(FDA)
4222:U.S.
4166:S2CID
4006:(FDA)
4002:U.S.
3812:S2CID
3774:(PDF)
3669:: 5.
3482:S2CID
3294:(PDF)
3287:(PDF)
3266:S2CID
3223:S2CID
2986:S2CID
2873:S2CID
2824:S2CID
2722:S2CID
2566:S2CID
2501:(PDF)
2494:(PDF)
2473:S2CID
2390:S2CID
2350:2001.
2064:1989
2043:1993
2002:1995
1977:1998
1885:1953
1882:1952
1831:1953
1801:1941
1798:1938
1795:1938
1782:1920
1779:1912
1761:2000
1698:1952
1481:1962
1478:1955
1397:1974
1376:1979
1337:1963
1334:1965
1293:1988
1265:Brand
1073:Other
1054:Amide
1023:Ureas
387:with
385:drugs
323:drugs
256:Drugs
118:, or
89:Brain
7650:and
7327:skin
6388:PAMs
6381:GABA
6292:PMID
6243:PMID
6186:PMID
6143:PMID
6108:PMID
6049:PMID
6041:ISSN
6000:PMID
5982:ISSN
5947:2023
5923:PMID
5915:ISSN
5880:2023
5846:PMID
5828:ISSN
5790:2024
5774:PMID
5766:ISSN
5725:PMID
5703:2020
5671:PMID
5653:ISSN
5606:PMID
5560:PMID
5542:ISSN
5530:2023
5482:2019
5448:2019
5414:2019
5380:2019
5346:2019
5312:2013
5286:2019
5252:2019
5218:2019
5184:2019
5150:2019
5116:2019
5060:2019
5019:ISBN
5000:2019
4965:2019
4931:2019
4897:2019
4863:2019
4823:ISBN
4804:2019
4770:2019
4714:2019
4680:2019
4646:2019
4612:2019
4578:2019
4544:2019
4510:2019
4476:2019
4442:2019
4408:2019
4374:2019
4340:2019
4306:2019
4272:2019
4238:2019
4204:2019
4158:PMID
4090:PMID
4052:2019
4018:2019
3984:2019
3896:2019
3862:2024
3849:ISBN
3828:2019
3804:PMID
3726:2023
3691:PMID
3640:ISSN
3607:2013
3577:PMID
3534:ISBN
3509:PMID
3474:PMID
3439:PMID
3412:PMID
3372:2020
3342:2020
3302:2013
3258:PMID
3215:PMID
3159:2024
3125:PMID
3071:PMID
3022:PMID
2978:PMID
2943:PMID
2908:PMID
2865:PMID
2816:PMID
2781:PMID
2714:PMID
2676:PMID
2627:PMID
2582:2020
2558:PMID
2523:link
2509:2013
2465:PMID
2430:PMID
2406:2020
2382:PMID
2333:PMID
2302:PMID
2294:ISSN
2267:PMID
2259:ISSN
2135:and
1262:Drug
1235:and
1133:and
1112:and
1108:The
1029:Urea
729:and
686:GABA
601:The
399:and
321:are
194:SV2A
174:GABA
166:GABA
141:and
7971:ATC
7709:and
7468:and
6363:N03
6282:PMC
6274:doi
6233:PMC
6225:doi
6221:323
6178:doi
6174:322
6135:doi
6131:193
6098:PMC
6088:doi
6031:doi
5990:PMC
5974:doi
5907:doi
5836:PMC
5818:doi
5756:doi
5715:PMC
5707:doi
5661:PMC
5645:doi
5596:doi
5550:PMC
5534:doi
4148:doi
4080:PMC
4076:128
3794:hdl
3786:doi
3681:PMC
3671:doi
3630:doi
3567:doi
3505:129
3466:doi
3404:doi
3250:doi
3207:doi
3115:PMC
3107:doi
3061:PMC
3053:doi
3014:doi
2970:doi
2966:323
2935:doi
2931:117
2900:doi
2896:431
2855:doi
2808:doi
2771:PMC
2761:doi
2706:doi
2702:384
2666:PMC
2658:doi
2617:PMC
2609:doi
2550:doi
2457:doi
2426:237
2374:doi
2249:doi
2195:can
2163:or
2155:or
1231:by
1181:or
1173:or
743:P/Q
337:to
242:FDA
216:).
124:ASM
78:N03
64:Use
8061::
7846:/
7644:,
7494::
7483:QI
7481:,
7477:,
7454:/
7115:/
7062:/
6998::
6813:;
6798:;
6784::
6778:;
6717:;
6695:;
6675:;
6650:;
6586:;
6582::
6505:,
6494:;
6450::
6444:;
6435::
6429:;
6290:.
6280:.
6270:52
6268:.
6264:.
6241:.
6231:.
6219:.
6215:.
6192:.
6184:.
6172:.
6149:.
6141:.
6129:.
6106:.
6096:.
6086:.
6076:99
6074:.
6070:.
6047:.
6039:.
6027:56
6025:.
6021:.
5998:.
5988:.
5980:.
5970:79
5968:.
5964:.
5937:.
5929:.
5921:.
5913:.
5903:32
5901:.
5897:.
5870:.
5866:.
5844:.
5834:.
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