979:
6041:
1605:
40:
1067:
4883:
793:, for particles of the same velocity. It was assumed that the magnitude of their negative electric charge was equal to that of the electron, and so to account for the difference in curvature, it was supposed that their mass was greater than an electron's but smaller than a proton's. Thus Anderson initially called the new particle a
925:, which are defined as particles composed of three quarks (protons and neutrons were the lightest baryons). Mu mesons, however, had shown themselves to be fundamental particles (leptons) like electrons, with no quark structure. Thus, mu "mesons" were not mesons at all, in the new sense and use of the term
1089:
Because charge must be conserved, one of the products of muon decay is always an electron of the same charge as the muon (a positron if it is a positive muon). Thus all muons decay to at least an electron, and two neutrinos. Sometimes, besides these necessary products, additional other particles that
1039:
effect of special relativity that allows this penetration, since in the muon frame its lifetime is unaffected, but the length contraction causes distances through the atmosphere and Earth to be far shorter than these distances in the Earth rest-frame. Both effects are equally valid ways of explaining
2556:
is created by substituting a muon for one of the electrons in helium-4. The muon orbits much closer to the nucleus, so muonic helium can therefore be regarded like an isotope of helium whose nucleus consists of two neutrons, two protons and a muon, with a single electron outside. Chemically, muonic
2933:
call the method they developed for Unit 1 the "muon permeation method"; 1,200 optical fibers for wavelength conversion light up when muons come into contact with them. After a month of data collection, it is hoped to reveal the location and amount of fuel debris still inside the reactor.
885:
As more types of mesons were discovered in accelerator experiments later, it was eventually found that the mu meson significantly differed not only from the pi meson (of about the same mass), but also from all other types of mesons. The difference, in part, was that mu mesons did not interact with
2013:
The decay distributions of the electron in muon decays have been parameterised using the so-called Michel parameters. The values of these four parameters are predicted unambiguously in the
Standard Model of particle physics, thus muon decays represent a good test of the spacetime structure of the
2529:
than is observed for the electron. In multi-electron atoms, when only one of the electrons is replaced by a muon, the size of the atom continues to be determined by the other electrons, and the atomic size is nearly unchanged. Nonetheless, in such cases, the orbital of the muon continues to be
990:
About 10,000 muons reach every square meter of the earth's surface a minute; these charged particles form as by-products of cosmic rays colliding with molecules in the upper atmosphere. Traveling at relativistic speeds, muons can penetrate tens of meters into rocks and other matter before
2924:
reported that they would be using two different muon imaging techniques at
Fukushima, "muon scanning method" on Unit 1 (the most badly damaged, where the fuel may have left the reactor vessel) and "muon scattering method" on Unit 2. The International Research Institute for Nuclear
2604:(mu) atom. In this atom, the muon acts as the nucleus. The positive muon, in this context, can be considered a pseudo-isotope of hydrogen with one ninth of the mass of the proton. Because the mass of the electron is much smaller than the mass of both the proton and the muon, the
824:
It seems natural to modify the theory of
Heisenberg and Fermi in the following way. The transition of a heavy particle from neutron state to proton state is not always accompanied by the emission of light particles. The transition is sometimes taken up by another heavy particle.
1837:
2599:
muon, when stopped in ordinary matter, cannot be captured by a proton since the two positive charges can only repel. The positive muon is also not attracted to the nucleus of atoms. Instead, it binds a random electron and with this electron forms an exotic atom known as
865:
was adopted to refer to any such particle within the correct mass range between electrons and nucleons. Further, in order to differentiate between the two different types of mesons after the second meson was discovered, the initial mesotron particle was renamed the
4659:
2356:
2824:
is a particle physics experiment at
Fermilab to measure the anomalous magnetic dipole moment of a muon to a precision of 0.14 ppm, which is a sensitive test of the Standard Model. It might also provide evidence of the existence of entirely new particles.
886:
the nuclear force, as pi mesons did (and were required to do, in Yukawa's theory). Newer mesons also showed evidence of behaving like the pi meson in nuclear interactions, but not like the mu meson. Also, the mu meson's decay products included both a
3694:
Fleming, D. G.; Arseneau, D. J.; Sukhorukov, O.; Brewer, J. H.; Mielke, S. L.; Schatz, G. C.; Garrett, B. C.; Peterson, K. A.; Truhlar, D. G. (28 January 2011). "Kinetic
Isotope Effects for the Reactions of Muonic Helium and Muonium with H2".
1050:
The same nuclear reaction described above (i.e. hadron–hadron impacts to produce pion beams, which then quickly decay to muon beams over short distances) is used by particle physicists to produce muon beams, such as the beam used for the muon
2849:| < 1.9 × 10 e·cm set by the E821 experiment at the Brookhaven, is orders of magnitude above the Standard Model prediction. The observation of a non-zero muon electric dipole moment would provide an additional source of
2159:
2470:
849:
called the "start of modern particle physics" in his 1968 Nobel lecture, they showed that the muons from cosmic rays were decaying without being captured by atomic nuclei, contrary to what expected by the mediator of the
2522:(previously called mu-mesic atoms), by replacing an electron in ordinary atoms. Muonic hydrogen atoms are much smaller than typical hydrogen atoms because the much larger mass of the muon gives it a much more localized
1511:
of a virtual muon neutrino into an electron neutrino), but such a decay is hugely unlikely and therefore should be experimentally unobservable. Fewer than one in 10 muon decays should produce such a decay.
2789:
are important at the current level of precision, whereas these effects are not important for the electron. The muon's anomalous magnetic dipole moment is also sensitive to contributions from new physics
2007:
2572:, after the muon may leave the new atom to induce fusion in another hydrogen molecule. This process continues until the negative muon is captured by a helium nucleus, where it remains until it decays.
1717:
2663:
experiment at
Fermilab studied the precession of the muon spin in a constant external magnetic field as the muons circulated in a confining storage ring. The Muon g-2 collaboration reported in 2021:
4193:"Physicists Move One Step Closer to a Theoretical Showdown - The deviance of a tiny particle called the muon might prove that one of the most well-tested theories in physics is incomplete. + comment"
2875:, muon imaging can be used with much thicker material or, with cosmic ray sources, larger objects. One example is commercial muon tomography used to image entire cargo containers to detect shielded
2723:
1086:, one of the product neutrinos of muon decay must be a muon-type neutrino and the other an electron-type antineutrino (antimuon decay produces the corresponding antiparticles, as detailed below).
1938:
1097:) is the simplest possible: the muon decays to an electron, an electron antineutrino, and a muon neutrino. Antimuons, in mirror fashion, most often decay to the corresponding antiparticles: a
2778:
of the muon and the electron is due to their difference in mass. Because of the muon's larger mass, contributions to the theoretical calculation of its anomalous magnetic dipole moment from
2263:
2271:
947:
The eventual recognition of the muon as a simple "heavy electron", with no role at all in the nuclear interaction, seemed so incongruous and surprising at the time, that Nobel laureate
4833:
2631:
Both positive and negative muons can be part of a short-lived pi-mu atom consisting of a muon and an oppositely charged pion. These atoms were observed in the 1970s in experiments at
2828:
In 2021, the Muon g−2 Experiment presented their first results of a new experimental average that increased the difference between experiment and theory to 4.2 standard deviations.
1047:
detector) and underwater, where they form a major part of the natural background ionizing radiation. Like cosmic rays, as noted, this secondary muon radiation is also directional.
3851:
Aronson, S. H.; Bernstein, R. H.; Bock, G. J.; Cousins, R. D.; Greenhalgh, J. F.; Hedin, D.; et al. (19 April 1982). "Measurement of the rate of formation of pi-mu atoms in
2211:
4615:
4220:
704:
into matter because the deceleration of electrons and muons is primarily due to energy loss by the bremsstrahlung mechanism. For example, so-called secondary muons, created by
4497:
Morishima, Kunihiro; Kuno, Mitsuaki; Nishio, Akira; Kitagawa, Nobuko; Manabe, Yuta (2017). "Discovery of a big void in Khufu's
Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons".
1694:
940:, making the term "mu meson" only a historical footnote. In the new quark model, other types of mesons sometimes continued to be referred to in shorter terminology (e.g.,
3490:
Baldini, A.M.; et al. (MEG collaboration) (May 2016). "Search for the lepton flavour violating decay μμ → eγ with the full dataset of the MEG experiment".
4192:
3881:
2182:
2385:
2027:
1027:(from the viewpoint of the Earth) allows cosmic ray secondary muons to survive the flight to the Earth's surface, since in the Earth frame the muons have a longer
5964:
3184:
3057:
3027:
2997:
1519:. Upper limits for the branching fractions of such decay modes were measured in many experiments starting more than 60 years ago. The current upper limit for the
2616:. Therefore this bound muon-electron pair can be treated to a first approximation as a short-lived "atom" that behaves chemically like the isotopes of hydrogen (
2265:
is the fraction of muons that are forward-polarized. Integrating this expression over electron energy gives the angular distribution of the daughter electrons:
4558:
Borozdin, Konstantin N.; Hogan, Gary E.; Morris, Christopher; Priedhorsky, William C.; Saunders, Alexander; Schultz, Larry J.; Teasdale, Margaret E. (2003).
2920:. The Fukushima Daiichi Tracker was proposed to make a few months of muon measurements to show the distribution of the reactor cores. In December 2014,
2813:
In 2020 an international team of 170 physicists calculated the most accurate prediction for the theoretical value of the muon's anomalous magnetic moment.
2798:. For this reason, the muon's anomalous magnetic moment is normally used as a probe for new physics beyond the Standard Model rather than as a test of
2393:
5714:
986:
Muons arriving on the Earth's surface are created indirectly as decay products of collisions of cosmic rays with particles of the Earth's atmosphere.
572:
for decay. Muon decay almost always produces at least three particles, which must include an electron of the same charge as the muon and two types of
1074:
Muons are unstable elementary particles and are heavier than electrons and neutrinos but lighter than all other matter particles. They decay via the
5952:
944:
for pi meson), but in the case of the muon, it retained the shorter name and was never again properly referred to by older "mu meson" terminology.
3816:
Coombes, R.; Flexer, R.; Hall, A.; Kennelly, R.; Kirkby, J.; Piccioni, R.; et al. (2 August 1976). "Detection of π−μ coulomb bound states".
4851:
3360:
2917:
2905:. With muon scattering tomography, both incoming and outgoing trajectories for each particle are reconstructed, such as with sealed aluminum
1003:. The muons from these high-energy cosmic rays generally continue in about the same direction as the original proton, at a velocity near the
955:
4087:
1043:
Since muons are unusually penetrative of ordinary matter, like neutrinos, they are also detectable deep underground (700 meters at the
4749:
Street, J.C.; Stevenson, E.C. (1937). "New evidence for the existence of a particle of mass intermediate between the Proton and electron".
2549:. Later this puzzle found its resolution when new improved measurements of the proton radius in the electronic hydrogen became available.
3512:
4994:
701:
3206:
Street, J.; Stevenson, E. (1937). "New evidence for the existence of a particle of mass intermediate between the proton and electron".
4641:
3781:
Moncada, F.; Cruz, D.; Reyes, A. (10 May 2013). "Electronic properties of atoms and molecules containing one and two negative muons".
3543:
778:
4619:
3421:
2651:
is the difference between the experimentally observed value of the magnetic dipole moment and the theoretical value predicted by the
5850:
1644:
492:
2882:
The technique of muon transmission radiography based on cosmic ray sources was first used in the 1950s to measure the depth of the
2853:. An improvement in sensitivity by two orders of magnitude over the Brookhaven limit is expected from the experiments at Fermilab.
1832:{\displaystyle \Gamma ={\frac {G_{\text{F}}^{2}m_{\mu }^{5}}{192\pi ^{3}}}~I\left({\frac {m_{\text{e}}^{2}}{m_{\mu }^{2}}}\right),}
4413:
1946:
5931:
2648:
48:
shadow, as seen in secondary muons generated by cosmic rays in the atmosphere, and detected 700 meters below ground, at the
2894:. In 2017, the discovery of a large void (with a length of 30 metres minimum) by observation of cosmic-ray muons was reported.
837:. The fact that the mesotron (i.e. the muon) was not Yukawa's particle was established in 1946 by an experiment conducted by
3425:
2898:
2632:
1626:
2669:
556:(with a lifetime around 15 minutes), muon decay is slow (by subatomic standards) because the decay is mediated only by the
92:
1845:
5947:
3305:
2921:
2475:
Because the direction the electron is emitted in (a polar vector) is preferentially aligned opposite the muon spin (an
568:), and because the mass difference between the muon and the set of its decay products is small, providing few kinetic
565:
111:
3746:
Moncada, F.; Cruz, D.; Reyes, A (2012). "Muonic alchemy: Transmuting elements with the inclusion of negative muons".
999:
are created. These decay within a relatively short distance (meters) into muons (their preferred decay product), and
3276:
2216:
785:. Anderson noticed particles that curved differently from electrons and other known particles when passed through a
4677:
2351:{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} \Gamma }{\mathrm {d} {\cos \theta }}}\sim 1-{\frac {1}{3}}P_{\mu }\cos \theta .}
6023:
1615:
1310:
Certain neutrino-less decay modes are kinematically allowed but are, for all practical purposes, forbidden in the
5435:
2791:
2021:
For the decay of the muon, the expected decay distribution for the
Standard Model values of Michel parameters is
1697:
1516:
4910:
1094:
829:
Because of its mass, the mu meson was initially thought to be Yukawa's particle and some scientists, including
5253:
708:
hitting the atmosphere, can penetrate the atmosphere and reach Earth's land surface and even into deep mines.
4065:"Revolutionary muon experiment to begin with 3,200 mile move of 50 foot-wide particle storage ring"
4064:
2912:
In August 2014, Decision
Sciences International Corporation announced it had been awarded a contract by
5991:
5626:
4987:
4790:
4352:−2 Collaboration) (7 April 2021). "Measurement of the Positive Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment to 0.46 ppm".
4112:
Aoyama, T.; et al. (December 2020). "The anomalous magnetic moment of the muon in the
Standard Model".
2799:
1314:, even given that neutrinos have mass and oscillate. Examples forbidden by lepton flavour conservation are:
389:
102:
4660:"Muon measuring instrument production for "muon permeation method" and its review by international experts"
1090:
have no net charge and spin of zero (e.g., a pair of photons, or an electron-positron pair), are produced.
719:. Nonetheless, they are produced in great amounts in high-energy interactions in normal matter, in certain
696:
Due to their greater mass, muons accelerate slower than electrons in electromagnetic fields, and emit less
5926:
5263:
2965:
2837:
2656:
1662:
3567:
Antognini, A.; Nez, F.; Schuhmann, K.; Amaro, F. D.; Biraben, F.; Cardoso, J. M. R.; et al. (2013).
2187:
1665:
has dimension of energy, and must be proportional to the square of the amplitude, and thus the square of
6013:
2584:
2569:
1622:
1143:
295:
3376:
Wolverton, Mark (September 2007). "Muons for peace: New way to spot hidden nukes gets ready to debut".
2545:. The results of these measurements diverged from the then accepted value giving rise to the so called
1302:. The equality of the muon and antimuon lifetimes has been established to better than one part in 10.
4866:
4843:
4799:
4760:
4729:
4571:
4516:
4463:
4371:
4304:
4257:
4131:
4030:
3971:
3892:
3790:
3755:
3704:
3644:
3583:
3464:
3387:
3215:
3154:
3134:
3119:
2960:
2546:
1696:), with over-all dimension of inverse fourth power of energy. By dimensional analysis, this leads to
1508:
1083:
720:
4894:
NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: Muon anomalous magnetic moment and supersymmetry (28 August 2005)
4007:
Hagiwara, K; Martin, A; Nomura, D; Teubner, T (2007). "Improved predictions for g−2 of the muon and
6028:
5011:
4837:
3948:
Abi, B.; Albahri, T.; Al-Kilani, S.; Allspach, D.; Alonzi, L.P.; Anastasi, A.; et al. (2021).
3378:
3094:
3083:
2500:
846:
509:
443:
439:
424:
404:
70:
63:
6040:
1672:
5971:
4980:
4824:
4776:
4597:
4540:
4506:
4395:
4361:
4330:
4273:
4247:
4235:
4214:
4197:
4147:
4121:
4046:
4020:
3961:
3728:
3676:
3617:
3491:
3310:
3231:
3158:
2943:
2810:, a new experiment at Fermilab using the E821 magnet improved the precision of this measurement.
2772:
1036:
1024:
967:
963:
921:), but instead were particles composed of exactly two quarks (a quark and antiquark), unlike the
569:
561:
538:
4941:
2946:, searching for the elusive coherent neutrino-less conversion of a muon to an electron in J-PARC
4887:
3854:
978:
917:
was no longer defined by mass (for some had been discovered that were very massive – more than
6008:
5921:
5400:
5145:
5072:
4847:
4589:
4532:
4479:
4387:
4322:
3989:
3908:
3833:
3720:
3668:
3660:
3609:
3403:
3356:
2949:
2887:
2568:
Muonic heavy hydrogen atoms with a negative muon may undergo nuclear fusion in the process of
1594:
948:
838:
758:
716:
522:
349:
2167:
2154:{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{2}\Gamma }{\partial x\,\partial {\cos \theta }}}\sim x^{2}}
789:. They were negatively charged but curved less sharply than electrons, but more sharply than
6065:
6018:
5789:
5564:
5425:
5410:
5092:
5003:
4807:
4768:
4737:
4579:
4524:
4471:
4379:
4312:
4265:
4139:
4038:
3979:
3900:
3825:
3798:
3763:
3712:
3652:
3599:
3591:
3472:
3395:
3223:
3150:
3142:
2876:
2782:
2580:
2558:
2483:
by the weak interaction. This is essentially the same experimental signature as used by the
2480:
2364:
2015:
1075:
902:
782:
774:
770:
557:
460:
433:
182:
178:
116:
1101:, an electron neutrino, and a muon antineutrino. In formulaic terms, these two decays are:
894:, rather than just one or the other, as was observed in the decay of other charged mesons.
5986:
5911:
5895:
5835:
5245:
5062:
4751:
4720:
4616:"Decision Sciences awarded Toshiba contract for Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Complex project"
3569:"Proton Structure from the Measurement of 2S-2P Transition Frequencies of Muonic Hydrogen"
3429:
2970:
2926:
2862:
2538:
842:
802:
534:. As with other leptons, the muon is not thought to be composed of any simpler particles.
517:
343:
39:
4957:
4712:
3635:
Karr, Jean-Philippe; Marchand, Dominique (2019). "Progress on the proton-radius puzzle".
3146:
3087:
2728:
The prediction for the value of the muon anomalous magnetic moment includes three parts:
4803:
4764:
4733:
4575:
4520:
4467:
4375:
4308:
4261:
4135:
4034:
3975:
3896:
3794:
3759:
3708:
3648:
3587:
3468:
3391:
3250:
3219:
3138:
2886:
of a tunnel in Australia and in the 1960s to search for possible hidden chambers in the
1011:
relativistic effects would allow a half-survival distance of only about 456 meters
6045:
5959:
5916:
5652:
5440:
5213:
5135:
5130:
5052:
4417:
3332:
Self, Sydney (2018). "APPLICATION OF GENERAL SEMANTICS TO THE NATURE OF TIME HISTORY".
2779:
2652:
2531:
1666:
1311:
1032:
1004:
898:
786:
697:
690:
501:
368:
270:
190:
4454:
Alvarez, L.W. (1970). "Search for hidden chambers in the pyramids using cosmic rays".
3399:
3049:
6059:
6003:
5855:
5822:
5614:
5584:
5516:
5375:
5155:
5082:
5067:
4642:"Tepco to start "scanning" inside of Reactor 1 in early February by using muons"
4399:
4277:
4151:
4050:
3732:
3680:
3476:
3162:
2909:. Since the development of this technique, several companies have started to use it.
2795:
2583:
by protons in nuclei, in a sort of electron-capture-like process. When this happens,
2562:
2542:
2484:
1574:
1166:
1079:
1020:
1000:
959:
851:
817:
806:
735:
542:
318:
247:
4601:
4269:
3568:
3176:
2803:
5981:
5531:
5521:
5511:
5272:
5223:
5165:
5087:
5042:
4780:
4544:
4383:
4334:
4042:
3984:
3949:
3235:
2906:
2850:
2605:
2576:
2565:
with other atoms, and behaves more like a hydrogen atom than an inert helium atom.
2526:
2523:
2476:
891:
801:
from the Greek word for "mid-". The existence of the muon was confirmed in 1937 by
712:
664:
580:
398:
358:
236:
147:
4143:
3621:
3019:
4475:
3802:
3767:
2989:
2465:{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} \Gamma }{\mathrm {d} x}}\sim (3x^{2}-2x^{3}).}
727:, and in cosmic ray interactions with matter. These interactions usually produce
552:, much longer than many other subatomic particles. As with the decay of the free
5996:
5764:
5667:
5662:
5579:
5574:
5504:
5458:
5415:
5380:
5339:
5231:
5195:
5057:
4965:
3904:
2609:
2519:
1658:
1604:
1298:
905:
codified in the 1970s, all mesons other than the mu meson were understood to be
705:
548:
505:
3829:
3656:
861:
With two particles now known with the intermediate mass, the more general term
5738:
5632:
5622:
5604:
5494:
5395:
5330:
5047:
4811:
2883:
2617:
830:
45:
3912:
3837:
3664:
1515:
Observation of such decay modes would constitute clear evidence for theories
5880:
5870:
5840:
5733:
5699:
5692:
5569:
5559:
5554:
5526:
5294:
5077:
4772:
4088:"Physicists publish worldwide consensus of muon magnetic moment calculation"
3716:
3595:
3227:
2872:
2621:
2361:
The electron energy distribution integrated over the polar angle (valid for
1028:
75:
4893:
4741:
4593:
4536:
4483:
4391:
4326:
3993:
3724:
3672:
3613:
3407:
4882:
5976:
5804:
5759:
5743:
5704:
5677:
5390:
5385:
5365:
5335:
5325:
5320:
5170:
5160:
5150:
5140:
5115:
5110:
5037:
2821:
2660:
2636:
2613:
1207:
1098:
1052:
1044:
887:
855:
816:
range had been predicted before the discovery of any mesons, by theorist
728:
573:
527:
513:
275:
58:
49:
4685:
4528:
4439:
George, E.P. (1 July 1955). "Cosmic rays measure overburden of tunnel".
3542:
Klasen, M.; Frekers, D.; Kovařík, K.; Scior, P.; Schmiemann, S. (2017).
2655:. The measurement and prediction of this value is very important in the
995:
When a cosmic ray proton impacts atomic nuclei in the upper atmosphere,
17:
5885:
5875:
5845:
5799:
5794:
5769:
5687:
5672:
5599:
5594:
5499:
5484:
5430:
5405:
5370:
5299:
5281:
5020:
4972:
4234:
Keshavarzi, Alex; Khaw, Kim Siang; Yoshioka, Tamaki (22 January 2022).
4025:
3604:
3451:
Bardin, G.; Duclos, J.; Magnon, A.; Martino, J.; Zavattini, E. (1984).
2957:, an experiment to detect neutrinoless conversion of muons to electrons
2913:
2625:
2601:
2018:. No deviation from the Standard Model predictions has yet been found.
1629: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1066:
918:
906:
858:, was finally identified in 1947 (again from cosmic ray interactions).
553:
107:
2587:
results: The proton becomes a neutron and a muon neutrino is emitted.
1093:
The dominant muon decay mode (sometimes called the Michel decay after
5865:
5860:
5489:
5476:
5467:
5289:
5203:
5102:
4914:
2786:
2553:
2491:
decay via the weak interaction and likewise violate parity symmetry.
2488:
922:
910:
790:
724:
531:
262:
85:
4584:
4559:
4317:
4292:
3452:
4788:
Feinberg, G.; Weinberg, S. (1961). "Law of Conservation of Muons".
4511:
4366:
4252:
4126:
3966:
3496:
991:
attenuating as a result of absorption or deflection by other atoms.
936:
was abandoned, and replaced whenever possible with the modern term
5890:
5830:
5682:
5541:
5420:
5360:
5315:
5208:
5186:
5029:
2868:
2009:
is the fraction of the maximum energy transmitted to the electron.
1065:
977:
813:
640:
4618:(Press release). Decision Sciences. 8 August 2014. Archived from
700:(deceleration radiation). This allows muons of a given energy to
5657:
5589:
5549:
3544:"Einführung in das Standardmodell der Teilchenphysik - Sheet 10"
2954:
2891:
2504:
1082:
are conserved in the absence of an extremely unlikely immediate
996:
655:
588:
4976:
2929:
in Japan and the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization
913:– and thus subject to the nuclear force. In the quark model, a
3950:"Measurement of the Positive Muon Magnetic Moment to 0.46 ppm"
2930:
1598:
1507:
is technically possible in the Standard Model (for example by
734:
As with the other charged leptons, the muon has an associated
4834:"The Anomalous Magnetic Moments of the Electron and the Muon"
481:
478:
4165:
2575:
Negative muons bound to conventional atoms can be captured (
2002:{\displaystyle x={\frac {2\,E_{\text{e}}}{m_{\mu }\,c^{2}}}}
878:), and the new 1947 meson (Yukawa's particle) was named the
651:, and that name is no longer used by the physics community.
579:
Like all elementary particles, the muon has a corresponding
3520:(MSc). Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum
4933:
4899:
3926:
3118:
Patrignani, C.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2016).
2916:
for use of its muon tracking detectors in reclaiming the
472:
3258:
Proceedings of the Physico-Mathematical Society of Japan
854:
postulated by Yukawa. Yukawa's predicted particle, the
845:, and Ettore Pancini in Rome. In this experiment, which
3181:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
3054:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
3050:"2022 CODATA Value: muon mass energy equivalent in MeV"
3024:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
2994:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
4925:
4839:
Poincaré Seminar 2002: Vacuum Energy – Renormalization
711:
Because muons have a greater mass and energy than the
530:, but with a much greater mass. It is classified as a
4945:
3857:
2718:{\displaystyle a={\frac {g-2}{2}}=0.00116592061(41).}
2672:
2396:
2367:
2274:
2219:
2190:
2170:
2030:
1949:
1848:
1720:
1675:
982:
Cosmic ray muon passing through lead in cloud chamber
493:
484:
2541:
have been used to produce a precise estimate of the
2487:. More generally in the Standard Model, all charged
2184:
is the angle between the muon's polarization vector
5940:
5904:
5821:
5782:
5752:
5726:
5713:
5645:
5613:
5540:
5475:
5466:
5457:
5353:
5308:
5280:
5271:
5262:
5244:
5222:
5194:
5185:
5101:
5028:
5019:
5010:
3514:
Muon Decay Width and Lifetime in the Standard Model
3355:. Vol. 1 (4 ed.). Springer. p. 101.
1933:{\displaystyle I(x)=1-8x-12x^{2}\ln x+8x^{3}-x^{4}}
466:
463:
432:
397:
367:
357:
342:
269:
246:
189:
174:
146:
122:
101:
91:
81:
69:
57:
4842:. Progress in Mathematical Physics. Vol. 30.
3891:(16). American Physical Society (APS): 1078–1081.
3875:
2867:Since muons are much more deeply penetrating than
2717:
2479:), the decay is an example of non-conservation of
2464:
2379:
2350:
2257:
2205:
2176:
2153:
2001:
1932:
1831:
1688:
3453:"A New Measurement of the Positive Muon Lifetime"
3422:"Physicists announce latest muon g-2 measurement"
1573:branching fraction was measured 2009–2013 in the
1040:the fast muon's unusual survival over distances.
929:used with the quark model of particle structure.
761:and participates in different nuclear reactions.
4219:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1453:Taking into account neutrino mass, a decay like
693:, approximately 17 times heavier than the muon.
3824:(5). American Physical Society (APS): 249–252.
3537:
3535:
2530:smaller and far closer to the nucleus than the
988:
731:initially, which almost always decay to muons.
4201:. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023
2258:{\displaystyle P_{\mu }=|\mathbf {P} _{\mu }|}
4988:
3177:"2022 CODATA Value: muon-electron mass ratio"
2879:, as well as explosives or other contraband.
8:
4950:Search for the decay Muon → Positron + Gamma
4713:"Note on the Nature of Cosmic-Ray Particles"
4560:"Radiographic imaging with cosmic-ray muons"
3251:"On the interaction of elementary particles"
2659:. The E821 experiment at Brookhaven and the
2503:discovered that does not appear in ordinary
2213:and the decay-electron momentum vector, and
1035:) of the muon, on the other hand, it is the
32:
4934:"The TRIUMF Weak Interaction Symmetry Test"
4836:. In Duplantier, B.; Rivasseau, V. (eds.).
2836:The current experimental limit on the muon
1031:due to their velocity. From the viewpoint (
715:of radioactivity, they are not produced by
5723:
5719:
5472:
5463:
5277:
5268:
5191:
5025:
5016:
4995:
4981:
4973:
4711:Neddermeyer, S.H.; Anderson, C.D. (1937).
4293:"Muons' big moment could fuel new physics"
38:
4919:Measurement of the Positive Muon Lifetime
4583:
4510:
4365:
4316:
4251:
4125:
4024:
3983:
3965:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3603:
3511:Kabbashi, Mahgoub Abbaker (August 2015).
3495:
3277:"Recent developments in particle physics"
3155:1983/989104d6-b9b4-412b-bed9-75d962c2e000
3113:
3111:
3088:"Leptons (e, mu, tau, ... neutrinos ...)"
3077:
3075:
2934:The measurements began in February 2015.
2679:
2671:
2450:
2434:
2410:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2366:
2330:
2316:
2293:
2288:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2250:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2224:
2218:
2197:
2192:
2189:
2169:
2129:
2114:
2080:
2059:
2055:
2038:
2031:
2029:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1948:
1924:
1911:
1886:
1847:
1814:
1809:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1769:
1754:
1749:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1719:
1680:
1674:
1645:Learn how and when to remove this message
932:With this change in definition, the term
4678:"Muon scans begin at Fukushima Daiichi"
3304:Bartusiak, Marcia (27 September 1987).
2981:
958:(1941), muons were used to observe the
4212:
951:famously quipped, "Who ordered that?"
31:
3275:Alvarez, Luis W. (11 December 1968).
7:
1627:adding citations to reliable sources
689:. There is also a third lepton, the
4291:Gibney, Elizabeth (13 April 2017).
3927:"The Muon g-2 Experiment Home Page"
3020:"2022 CODATA Value: muon mass in u"
2901:developed a new imaging technique:
2206:{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} _{\mu }}
4191:Miller, Katrina (10 August 2023).
3334:Etc: A Review of General Semantics
2411:
2405:
2401:
2289:
2283:
2279:
2056:
2049:
2044:
2035:
1721:
1019:at most (as seen from Earth), the
25:
4684:. 3 February 2015. Archived from
3400:10.1038/scientificamerican0907-26
2785:and from contributions involving
1070:The most common decay of the muon
6039:
5932:Timeline of particle discoveries
4926:"The Review of Particle Physics"
4881:
2649:anomalous magnetic dipole moment
2643:Anomalous magnetic dipole moment
2240:
2193:
1603:
508:(μ) used to represent it) is an
459:
4270:10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2022.115675
4086:Pinson, Jerald (11 June 2020).
2857:Muon radiography and tomography
2557:helium, possessing an unpaired
1614:needs additional citations for
560:(rather than the more powerful
4904:muon anomalous magnetic moment
4384:10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.141801
4043:10.1016/j.physletb.2007.04.012
3985:10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.141801
3428:. 30 July 2002. Archived from
3426:Brookhaven National Laboratory
3147:10.1088/1674-1137/40/10/100001
2990:"2022 CODATA Value: muon mass"
2899:Los Alamos National Laboratory
2709:
2703:
2633:Brookhaven National Laboratory
2537:Spectroscopic measurements in
2456:
2424:
2251:
2234:
2148:
2145:
2130:
2104:
2089:
2086:
1858:
1852:
1013:( 2.197 μs × ln(2) × 0.9997 ×
812:A particle with a mass in the
643:by modern particle physicists
635:. Formerly, muons were called
1:
4144:10.1016/j.physrep.2020.07.006
3929:. G-2.bnl.gov. 8 January 2004
1700:of fifth-power dependence on
909:– that is, particles made of
5948:History of subatomic physics
4476:10.1126/science.167.3919.832
3803:10.1016/j.cplett.2013.03.004
3768:10.1016/j.cplett.2012.04.062
3477:10.1016/0370-2693(84)91121-3
3351:Demtröder, Wolfgang (2006).
3308:. Science & Technology.
3120:"Review of Particle Physics"
3093:. PDGLive Particle Summary.
1689:{\displaystyle G_{\text{F}}}
1284:, of the (positive) muon is
682:times that of the electron,
646:
639:, but are not classified as
583:of opposite charge (+1
4348:Abi, B.; et al. (Muon
4067:(Press release). 8 May 2013
3905:10.1103/physrevlett.48.1078
3082:Beringer, J.; et al. (
2897:In 2003, the scientists at
2771:The difference between the
2612:, is very close to that of
805:and E. C. Stevenson's
644:
566:electromagnetic interaction
6082:
3830:10.1103/physrevlett.37.249
3657:10.1038/d41586-019-03364-z
2903:muon scattering tomography
2860:
2608:of muonium, and hence its
1592:
1007:. Although their lifetime
833:, originally named it the
6037:
5722:
4812:10.1103/PhysRevLett.6.381
3876:{\displaystyle K_{L}^{0}}
2918:Fukushima nuclear complex
2792:beyond the Standard Model
1667:Fermi's coupling constant
1517:beyond the Standard Model
769:Muons were discovered by
757:, which differs from the
671:, which is approximately
37:
5965:mathematical formulation
5560:Eta and eta prime mesons
4414:"Decision Sciences Corp"
3783:Chemical Physics Letters
3748:Chemical Physics Letters
599:). Muons are denoted by
537:The muon is an unstable
5627:Double-charm tetraquark
4819:Serway; Faughn (1995).
4791:Physical Review Letters
4773:10.1103/PhysRev.52.1003
4354:Physical Review Letters
3885:Physical Review Letters
3818:Physical Review Letters
3717:10.1126/science.1199421
3596:10.1126/science.1230016
3306:"Who ordered the muon?"
3249:Yukawa, Hideki (1935).
3228:10.1103/PhysRev.52.1003
2499:The muon was the first
2177:{\displaystyle \theta }
1080:leptonic family numbers
781:in 1936 while studying
4742:10.1103/PhysRev.51.884
4236:"Muon g − 2: A review"
4013:Physics Letters B
3877:
2966:Muon spin spectroscopy
2838:electric dipole moment
2832:Electric dipole moment
2719:
2657:precision tests of QED
2485:original demonstration
2466:
2381:
2380:{\displaystyle x<1}
2352:
2259:
2207:
2178:
2155:
2003:
1934:
1833:
1690:
1589:Theoretical decay rate
1071:
993:
983:
970:, for the first time.
827:
797:, adopting the prefix
6024:Wave–particle duality
6014:Relativistic particle
5151:Electron antineutrino
4917:on 2 September 2006.
4441:Commonwealth Engineer
4172:(main page). Fermilab
3878:
2720:
2585:nuclear transmutation
2570:muon-catalyzed fusion
2467:
2382:
2353:
2260:
2208:
2179:
2156:
2004:
1935:
1834:
1691:
1069:
981:
956:Rossi–Hall experiment
822:
434:Weak hypercharge
5254:Faddeev–Popov ghosts
5004:Particles in physics
4942:"The MEG Experiment"
4890:at Wikimedia Commons
3855:
2961:Muometric navigation
2670:
2547:proton radius puzzle
2394:
2365:
2272:
2217:
2188:
2168:
2028:
1947:
1846:
1718:
1673:
1623:improve this article
1509:neutrino oscillation
1084:neutrino oscillation
962:(or, alternatively,
949:I. I. Rabi
721:particle accelerator
702:penetrate far deeper
344:Electric charge
6029:Particle chauvinism
5972:Subatomic particles
4861:Derman, E. (2004).
4832:Knecht, M. (2003).
4804:1961PhRvL...6..381F
4765:1937PhRv...52.1003S
4734:1937PhRv...51..884N
4622:on 10 February 2015
4576:2003Natur.422..277B
4529:10.1038/nature24647
4521:2017Natur.552..386M
4468:1970Sci...167..832A
4376:2021PhRvL.126n1801A
4309:2017Natur.544..145G
4262:2022NuPhB.97515675K
4136:2020PhR...887....1A
4035:2007PhLB..649..173H
3976:2021PhRvL.126n1801A
3897:1982PhRvL..48.1078A
3872:
3795:2013CPL...570...16M
3760:2012CPL...539..209M
3709:2011Sci...331..448F
3649:2019Natur.575...61K
3588:2013Sci...339..417A
3469:1984PhLB..137..135B
3392:2007SciAm.297c..26W
3379:Scientific American
3220:1937PhRv...52.1003S
3139:2016ChPhC..40j0001P
3095:Particle Data Group
3084:Particle Data Group
2888:Pyramid of Chephren
2591:Positive muon atoms
2511:Negative muon atoms
2501:elementary particle
1819:
1804:
1759:
1744:
1663:Fermi's golden rule
1270:The mean lifetime,
847:Luis Walter Alvarez
510:elementary particle
64:Elementary particle
34:
4948:on 25 March 2002.
4911:"muLan experiment"
4863:My Life as a Quant
4688:on 7 February 2015
4420:on 19 October 2014
4198:The New York Times
3873:
3858:
3353:Experimentalphysik
3311:The New York Times
2944:Comet (experiment)
2715:
2534:of the electrons.
2462:
2377:
2348:
2255:
2203:
2174:
2151:
1999:
1930:
1829:
1805:
1790:
1745:
1730:
1686:
1661:that follows from
1577:experiment and is
1072:
1037:length contraction
1025:special relativity
984:
968:special relativity
964:length contraction
870:(the Greek letter
570:degrees of freedom
562:strong interaction
539:subatomic particle
248:Mean lifetime
27:Subatomic particle
6053:
6052:
6009:Massless particle
5817:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5778:
5777:
5641:
5640:
5453:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5401:Magnetic monopole
5349:
5348:
5240:
5239:
5181:
5180:
5161:Muon antineutrino
5146:Electron neutrino
4962:Backstage Science
4886:Media related to
4869:. pp. 58–62.
4853:978-3-7643-0579-6
4844:Birkhäuser Verlag
4505:(7685): 386–390.
4462:(3919): 832–839.
4303:(7649): 145–146.
4240:Nuclear Physics B
3703:(6016): 448–450.
3582:(6118): 417–420.
3424:(Press release).
3362:978-3-540-26034-9
3127:Chinese Physics C
2950:List of particles
2783:weak interactions
2695:
2419:
2324:
2305:
2071:
1997:
1970:
1820:
1797:
1780:
1776:
1737:
1683:
1655:
1654:
1647:
1595:Michel parameters
1306:Prohibited decays
839:Marcello Conversi
803:J. C. Street
759:electron neutrino
723:experiments with
717:radioactive decay
617:and antimuons by
520:of −1
451:
450:
399:Weak isospin
16:(Redirected from
6073:
6043:
6019:Virtual particle
5790:Mesonic molecule
5724:
5720:
5565:Bottom eta meson
5473:
5464:
5436:W′ and Z′ bosons
5426:Sterile neutrino
5411:Majorana fermion
5278:
5269:
5192:
5171:Tau antineutrino
5026:
5017:
4997:
4990:
4983:
4974:
4969:
4952:
4944:. Archived from
4937:
4929:
4921:
4913:. Archived from
4906:
4900:"g-2 experiment"
4885:
4870:
4857:
4828:
4823:(4th ed.).
4815:
4784:
4759:(9): 1003–1004.
4745:
4717:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4587:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4514:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4416:. Archived from
4410:
4404:
4403:
4369:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4320:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4255:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4218:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4169:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4129:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4028:
4019:(2–3): 173–179.
4010:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3987:
3969:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3871:
3866:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3607:
3573:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3548:
3539:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3519:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3463:(1–2): 135–140.
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3281:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3255:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3124:
3115:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3092:
3079:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2986:
2925:Decommissioning
2877:nuclear material
2761:
2752:
2743:
2734:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2696:
2691:
2680:
2559:valence electron
2471:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2455:
2454:
2439:
2438:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2335:
2334:
2325:
2317:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2292:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2229:
2228:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2119:
2118:
2085:
2084:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2032:
2016:weak interaction
2008:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1984:
1983:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1957:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1916:
1915:
1891:
1890:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1803:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1778:
1777:
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1774:
1773:
1760:
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1735:
1728:
1710:
1695:
1693:
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1607:
1599:
1584:
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1572:
1571:
1570:
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1544:
1536:
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1534:
1527:
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1506:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1496:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1478:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1460:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1438:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1420:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1403:
1402:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1385:
1384:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1324:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1233:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1213:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1195:
1194:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1173:
1172:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1129:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1111:
1076:weak interaction
1018:
1016:
903:particle physics
897:In the eventual
783:cosmic radiation
775:Seth Neddermeyer
771:Carl D. Anderson
756:
755:
754:
746:
745:
681:
678:
676:
670:
661:
650:
634:
633:
632:
625:
624:
616:
615:
614:
607:
606:
558:weak interaction
551:
496:
491:
490:
487:
486:
483:
480:
475:
474:
469:
468:
465:
447:
428:
422:
420:
419:
416:
413:
387:
385:
384:
381:
378:
336:
335:
334:
326:
325:
315:
314:
313:
306:
303:
302:
292:
291:
290:
283:
282:
271:Decays into
265:
260:
256:
242:
233:
231:
225:
222:
220:
217:
211:
208:
206:
202:
199:
183:Seth Neddermeyer
179:Carl D. Anderson
169:
168:
167:
160:
159:
142:
141:
140:
133:
132:
42:
35:
21:
6081:
6080:
6076:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6071:
6070:
6056:
6055:
6054:
6049:
6033:
5987:Nuclear physics
5936:
5900:
5836:Davydov soliton
5809:
5774:
5748:
5709:
5637:
5609:
5536:
5445:
5345:
5304:
5258:
5236:
5218:
5177:
5097:
5006:
5001:
4955:
4940:
4932:
4924:
4909:
4898:
4878:
4873:
4860:
4854:
4846:. p. 265.
4831:
4821:College Physics
4818:
4787:
4752:Physical Review
4748:
4728:(10): 884–886.
4721:Physical Review
4715:
4710:
4706:
4704:Further reading
4701:
4691:
4689:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4648:. January 2015.
4646:Fukushima Diary
4640:
4639:
4635:
4625:
4623:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4585:10.1038/422277a
4557:
4556:
4552:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4423:
4421:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4318:10.1038/544145a
4290:
4289:
4285:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4211:
4204:
4202:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4175:
4173:
4170:− 2 Experiment"
4167:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4114:Physics Reports
4111:
4110:
4106:
4096:
4094:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4070:
4068:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3932:
3930:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3643:(7781): 61–62.
3634:
3633:
3629:
3571:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3541:
3540:
3533:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3435:
3433:
3432:on 8 April 2007
3420:
3419:
3415:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3340:(1–2): 162–166.
3331:
3330:
3326:
3316:
3314:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3288:
3286:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3208:Physical Review
3205:
3204:
3200:
3190:
3188:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3099:
3097:
3090:
3081:
3080:
3073:
3063:
3061:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3003:
3001:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2971:Muon tomography
2940:
2865:
2863:Muon tomography
2859:
2848:
2834:
2819:
2766:
2759:
2757:
2750:
2748:
2741:
2739:
2732:
2681:
2668:
2667:
2645:
2593:
2539:muonic hydrogen
2532:atomic orbitals
2518:muons can form
2513:
2497:
2446:
2430:
2409:
2399:
2392:
2391:
2363:
2362:
2326:
2287:
2277:
2270:
2269:
2238:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2166:
2165:
2110:
2076:
2048:
2034:
2033:
2026:
2025:
1986:
1975:
1974:
1963:
1958:
1945:
1944:
1920:
1907:
1882:
1844:
1843:
1784:
1765:
1761:
1729:
1716:
1715:
1709:
1701:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1651:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1620:
1608:
1597:
1591:
1580:
1578:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1308:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1064:
1014:
1012:
976:
966:) predicted by
874:corresponds to
843:Oreste Piccioni
767:
753:
750:
749:
748:
744:
742:
741:
740:
739:
688:
679:
674:
672:
663:
659:
631:
629:
628:
627:
623:
621:
620:
619:
618:
613:
611:
610:
609:
605:
603:
602:
601:
600:
595:(also called a
546:
518:electric charge
512:similar to the
494:
477:
471:
462:
458:
438:
417:
414:
411:
410:
408:
403:
382:
379:
376:
375:
373:
333:
330:
329:
328:
324:
322:
321:
320:
319:
312:
309:
308:
307:
304:
301:
299:
298:
297:
296:
289:
287:
286:
285:
281:
279:
278:
277:
276:
258:
254:
252:
235:
229:
227:
226:
223:
218:
215:
213:
212:
209:
204:
200:
197:
195:
166:
164:
163:
162:
158:
156:
155:
154:
153:
139:
137:
136:
135:
131:
129:
128:
127:
126:
115:
112:electromagnetic
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6079:
6077:
6069:
6068:
6058:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6046:Physics portal
6038:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
6000:
5999:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5968:
5967:
5960:Standard Model
5957:
5956:
5955:
5944:
5942:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5929:
5927:Quasiparticles
5924:
5919:
5914:
5908:
5906:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5827:
5825:
5823:Quasiparticles
5819:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5786:
5784:
5780:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5730:
5728:
5717:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5660:
5655:
5649:
5647:
5643:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5630:
5619:
5617:
5615:Exotic hadrons
5611:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5546:
5544:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5481:
5479:
5470:
5461:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5443:
5441:X and Y bosons
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5357:
5355:
5351:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5312:
5310:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5286:
5284:
5275:
5266:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5250:
5248:
5242:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5228:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5214:W and Z bosons
5211:
5206:
5200:
5198:
5189:
5183:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5107:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5068:Strange (quark
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5034:
5032:
5023:
5014:
5008:
5007:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4992:
4985:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4958:"Making Muons"
4956:King, Philip.
4953:
4938:
4930:
4922:
4907:
4896:
4891:
4877:
4876:External links
4874:
4872:
4871:
4858:
4852:
4829:
4827:. p. 841.
4816:
4798:(7): 381–383.
4785:
4746:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4669:
4651:
4633:
4607:
4550:
4489:
4446:
4431:
4405:
4360:(14): 141801.
4340:
4283:
4226:
4183:
4157:
4104:
4078:
4056:
4026:hep-ph/0611102
3999:
3960:(14): 141801.
3940:
3918:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3843:
3808:
3773:
3738:
3686:
3627:
3559:
3531:
3503:
3482:
3443:
3413:
3368:
3361:
3343:
3324:
3296:
3267:
3264:(48): 139–148.
3241:
3198:
3168:
3133:(10): 100001.
3107:
3071:
3041:
3011:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2947:
2939:
2936:
2861:Main article:
2858:
2855:
2844:
2833:
2830:
2818:
2815:
2780:Standard Model
2769:
2768:
2762:
2753:
2744:
2735:
2726:
2725:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2653:Dirac equation
2644:
2641:
2592:
2589:
2579:) through the
2512:
2509:
2496:
2493:
2473:
2472:
2461:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2403:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2359:
2358:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2253:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2200:
2195:
2173:
2162:
2161:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2011:
2010:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1978:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1840:
1839:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1733:
1726:
1723:
1705:
1698:Sargent's rule
1679:
1653:
1652:
1611:
1609:
1602:
1590:
1587:
1568:
1560:
1550:
1542:
1532:
1524:
1502:
1494:
1484:
1476:
1466:
1458:
1451:
1450:
1444:
1436:
1426:
1418:
1408:
1400:
1390:
1382:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1358:
1348:
1340:
1330:
1322:
1312:Standard Model
1307:
1304:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1250:
1239:
1231:
1219:
1211:
1200:
1192:
1186:
1178:
1170:
1157:
1147:
1135:
1127:
1117:
1109:
1063:
1060:
1033:inertial frame
1005:speed of light
1001:muon neutrinos
975:
972:
899:Standard Model
787:magnetic field
766:
763:
751:
743:
698:bremsstrahlung
686:
647:§ History
630:
622:
612:
604:
591:and spin: the
449:
448:
436:
430:
429:
401:
395:
394:
371:
365:
364:
361:
355:
354:
348:−1
346:
340:
339:
331:
323:
310:
300:
288:
280:
273:
267:
266:
250:
244:
243:
193:
187:
186:
176:
172:
171:
165:
157:
150:
144:
143:
138:
130:
124:
120:
119:
105:
99:
98:
95:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
73:
67:
66:
61:
55:
54:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6078:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6048:
6047:
6042:
6036:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6004:Exotic matter
6002:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5993:
5992:Eightfold way
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5982:Antiparticles
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5958:
5954:
5951:
5950:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5939:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5903:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5820:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5781:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5751:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5653:Atomic nuclei
5651:
5650:
5648:
5644:
5634:
5631:
5628:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5585:Upsilon meson
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5539:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5517:Lambda baryon
5515:
5513:
5510:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5376:Dual graviton
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5341:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5273:Superpartners
5270:
5267:
5265:
5261:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5243:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5221:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5156:Muon neutrino
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5100:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5088:Bottom (quark
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5005:
4998:
4993:
4991:
4986:
4984:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4954:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4884:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4868:
4864:
4859:
4855:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4714:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4673:
4670:
4665:
4661:
4655:
4652:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4634:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4608:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4570:(6929): 277.
4569:
4565:
4561:
4554:
4551:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4493:
4490:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4450:
4447:
4442:
4435:
4432:
4419:
4415:
4409:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4344:
4341:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4287:
4284:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4230:
4227:
4222:
4216:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4187:
4184:
4171:
4161:
4158:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4108:
4105:
4093:
4092:Fermilab News
4089:
4082:
4079:
4066:
4060:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4003:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3954:Phys Rev Lett
3951:
3944:
3941:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3847:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3812:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3777:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3742:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3690:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3560:
3545:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3516:
3515:
3507:
3504:
3498:
3493:
3486:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3444:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3372:
3369:
3364:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3325:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3300:
3297:
3285:
3284:Nobel Lecture
3278:
3271:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3199:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3096:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3012:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2801:
2797:
2796:supersymmetry
2793:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2775:
2765:
2756:
2747:
2738:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2712:
2706:
2701:0.00116592061
2700:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2571:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2543:proton radius
2540:
2535:
2533:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2245:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2198:
2171:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2052:
2039:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2017:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1976:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1791:
1785:
1781:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1731:
1724:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1677:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1649:
1646:
1638:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1612:This section
1610:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1586:
1576:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1223:
1187:
1183:
1162:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1068:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1056:−2 experiment
1055:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1021:time dilation
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
992:
987:
980:
973:
971:
969:
965:
961:
960:time dilation
957:
952:
950:
945:
943:
939:
935:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
895:
893:
889:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
864:
859:
857:
853:
852:nuclear force
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
826:
821:
819:
818:Hideki Yukawa
815:
810:
808:
807:cloud chamber
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
764:
762:
760:
738:, denoted by
737:
736:muon neutrino
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
709:
707:
703:
699:
694:
692:
685:
669:
668:
657:
654:Muons have a
652:
648:
642:
638:
598:
597:positive muon
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
544:
543:mean lifetime
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
524:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:
489:
456:
445:
441:
437:
435:
431:
426:
406:
402:
400:
396:
393:
392:
372:
370:
366:
362:
360:
356:
353:
352:
347:
345:
341:
338:(most common)
337:
316:
293:
274:
272:
268:
264:
251:
249:
245:
241:
240:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
177:
173:
151:
149:
145:
125:
121:
118:
113:
109:
106:
104:
100:
96:
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
77:
74:
72:
68:
65:
62:
60:
56:
51:
47:
41:
36:
30:
19:
6044:
5715:Hypothetical
5663:Exotic atoms
5532:Omega baryon
5522:Sigma baryon
5512:Delta baryon
5264:Hypothetical
5246:Ghost fields
5232:Higgs boson
5166:Tau neutrino
5125:
5120:
5058:Charm (quark
4961:
4949:
4946:the original
4918:
4915:the original
4903:
4862:
4838:
4820:
4795:
4789:
4756:
4750:
4725:
4719:
4690:. Retrieved
4686:the original
4681:
4672:
4663:
4654:
4645:
4636:
4624:. Retrieved
4620:the original
4610:
4567:
4563:
4553:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4459:
4455:
4449:
4440:
4434:
4422:. Retrieved
4418:the original
4408:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4343:
4300:
4296:
4286:
4243:
4239:
4229:
4203:. Retrieved
4196:
4186:
4174:. Retrieved
4160:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4095:. Retrieved
4091:
4081:
4069:. Retrieved
4059:
4016:
4012:
4002:
3957:
3953:
3943:
3931:. Retrieved
3921:
3888:
3884:
3846:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3786:
3782:
3776:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3579:
3575:
3562:
3550:. Retrieved
3522:. Retrieved
3513:
3506:
3485:
3460:
3456:
3446:
3434:. Retrieved
3430:the original
3416:
3386:(3): 26–28.
3383:
3377:
3371:
3352:
3346:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3315:. Retrieved
3309:
3299:
3287:. Retrieved
3283:
3270:
3261:
3257:
3244:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3189:. Retrieved
3180:
3171:
3130:
3126:
3098:. Retrieved
3062:. Retrieved
3053:
3044:
3032:. Retrieved
3023:
3014:
3002:. Retrieved
2993:
2984:
2911:
2902:
2896:
2881:
2866:
2851:CP violation
2845:
2841:
2835:
2827:
2820:
2812:
2805:
2773:
2770:
2763:
2754:
2745:
2736:
2727:
2646:
2630:
2606:reduced mass
2596:
2594:
2577:muon capture
2574:
2567:
2551:
2536:
2527:wavefunction
2524:ground-state
2520:muonic atoms
2515:
2514:
2498:
2495:Muonic atoms
2477:axial vector
2474:
2360:
2163:
2020:
2012:
1841:
1706:
1702:
1656:
1641:
1632:
1621:Please help
1616:verification
1613:
1514:
1452:
1373:
1309:
1269:
1095:Louis Michel
1092:
1088:
1073:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1008:
994:
989:
985:
974:Muon sources
953:
946:
941:
937:
933:
931:
926:
914:
896:
892:antineutrino
884:
879:
875:
871:
867:
862:
860:
834:
828:
823:
811:
809:experiment.
798:
794:
768:
733:
713:decay energy
710:
695:
683:
666:
653:
636:
596:
592:
587:) but equal
584:
581:antiparticle
578:
536:
521:
454:
452:
442:: −1,
390:
359:Color charge
350:
238:
221:(22) Da
148:Antiparticle
103:Interactions
29:
5997:Quark model
5765:Theta meson
5668:Positronium
5580:Omega meson
5575:J/psi meson
5505:Antineutron
5416:Dark photon
5381:Graviphoton
5340:Stop squark
5048:Down (quark
4966:Brady Haran
4626:10 February
4424:10 February
4097:13 February
3754:: 209–221.
3605:10316/79993
3457:Phys Lett B
3436:14 November
3214:(9): 1003.
2907:drift tubes
2610:Bohr radius
1659:decay width
706:cosmic rays
500:; from the
59:Composition
44:The Moon's
5739:Heptaquark
5700:Superatoms
5633:Pentaquark
5623:Tetraquark
5605:Quarkonium
5495:Antiproton
5396:Leptoquark
5331:Neutralino
5093:antiquark)
5083:antiquark)
5078:Top (quark
5073:antiquark)
5063:antiquark)
5053:antiquark)
5043:antiquark)
5012:Elementary
4692:7 February
4682:SimplyInfo
4664:IRID.or.jp
4512:1711.01576
4367:2104.03281
4253:2106.06723
4246:: 115675.
4127:2006.04822
3967:2104.03281
3497:1605.05081
3187:. May 2024
3100:12 January
3086:) (2012).
3060:. May 2024
3030:. May 2024
3000:. May 2024
2977:References
2884:overburden
2873:gamma rays
2804:Muon
2794:, such as
2581:weak force
1593:See also:
1078:. Because
1062:Muon decay
1023:effect of
831:Niels Bohr
516:, with an
446:: −2
207:10 kg
175:Discovered
152:Antimuon (
93:Generation
71:Statistics
46:cosmic ray
5977:Particles
5922:Particles
5881:Polariton
5871:Plasmaron
5841:Dropleton
5734:Hexaquark
5705:Molecules
5693:Protonium
5570:Phi meson
5555:Rho meson
5527:Xi baryon
5459:Composite
5295:Gravitino
5038:Up (quark
4400:233169085
4278:245880824
4215:cite news
4205:11 August
4152:219559166
4120:: 1–166.
4051:118565052
3933:6 January
3913:0031-9007
3838:0031-9007
3789:: 16–21.
3733:206530683
3681:207912706
3665:0028-0836
3317:30 August
3163:125766528
2686:−
2622:deuterium
2441:−
2422:∼
2406:Γ
2343:θ
2340:
2332:μ
2314:−
2308:∼
2301:θ
2298:
2284:Γ
2246:μ
2226:μ
2199:μ
2172:θ
2137:−
2127:θ
2124:
2116:μ
2096:−
2074:∼
2067:θ
2064:
2057:∂
2050:∂
2045:Γ
2036:∂
1981:μ
1918:−
1896:
1877:−
1868:−
1811:μ
1767:π
1751:μ
1722:Γ
1657:The muon
1635:June 2021
1029:half-life
729:pi mesons
637:mu mesons
574:neutrinos
547:2.2
407:: −
76:Fermionic
6060:Category
5953:timeline
5805:R-hadron
5760:Glueball
5744:Skyrmion
5678:Tauonium
5391:Inflaton
5386:Graviton
5366:Curvaton
5336:Sfermion
5326:Higgsino
5321:Chargino
5282:Gauginos
5141:Neutrino
5126:Antimuon
5116:Positron
5111:Electron
5021:Fermions
4825:Saunders
4602:47248176
4594:12646911
4537:29160306
4484:17742609
4392:33891447
4327:28406224
4176:26 April
4071:16 March
4011:(MZ2)".
3994:33891447
3883:decay".
3725:21273484
3673:31695215
3614:23349284
3408:17784615
2938:See also
2822:Muon g-2
2817:Muon g−2
2776:-factors
2661:Muon g-2
2637:Fermilab
2614:hydrogen
2597:positive
2516:Negative
1099:positron
1045:Soudan 2
934:mu meson
919:nucleons
888:neutrino
880:pi meson
868:mu meson
856:pi meson
795:mesotron
593:antimuon
528:spin-1/2
514:electron
261:10
52:detector
50:Soudan 2
18:Antimuon
6066:Leptons
5941:Related
5912:Baryons
5886:Polaron
5876:Plasmon
5851:Fracton
5846:Exciton
5800:Diquark
5795:Pomeron
5770:T meson
5727:Baryons
5688:Pionium
5673:Muonium
5600:D meson
5595:B meson
5500:Neutron
5485:Nucleon
5477:Baryons
5468:Hadrons
5431:Tachyon
5406:Majoron
5371:Dilaton
5300:Photino
5136:Antitau
5103:Leptons
4800:Bibcode
4781:1378839
4761:Bibcode
4730:Bibcode
4572:Bibcode
4545:4459597
4517:Bibcode
4464:Bibcode
4456:Science
4372:Bibcode
4335:4400589
4305:Bibcode
4258:Bibcode
4132:Bibcode
4031:Bibcode
3972:Bibcode
3893:Bibcode
3791:Bibcode
3756:Bibcode
3705:Bibcode
3697:Science
3645:Bibcode
3584:Bibcode
3576:Science
3465:Bibcode
3388:Bibcode
3289:17 July
3236:1378839
3216:Bibcode
3135:Bibcode
2914:Toshiba
2787:hadrons
2626:tritium
2618:protium
2602:muonium
2552:Muonic
2489:leptons
1940:, and:
1009:without
954:In the
923:baryons
907:hadrons
890:and an
791:protons
779:Caltech
765:History
725:hadrons
680:
673:206.768
554:neutron
541:with a
504:letter
421:
409:
386:
374:
228:105.658
224:
210:
108:Gravity
5917:Mesons
5866:Phonon
5861:Magnon
5783:Others
5753:Mesons
5646:Others
5542:Mesons
5490:Proton
5354:Others
5309:Others
5290:Gluino
5224:Scalar
5204:Photon
5187:Bosons
5030:Quarks
4850:
4779:
4600:
4592:
4564:Nature
4543:
4535:
4499:Nature
4482:
4443:: 455.
4398:
4390:
4333:
4325:
4297:Nature
4276:
4166:"Muon
4150:
4049:
3992:
3911:
3836:
3731:
3723:
3679:
3671:
3663:
3637:Nature
3622:346658
3620:
3612:
3552:21 May
3524:21 May
3406:
3359:
3234:
3191:18 May
3161:
3064:18 May
3034:18 May
3004:18 May
2869:X-rays
2561:, can
2554:helium
2481:parity
2164:where
1842:where
1779:
1564:γ
1528:μ
1498:γ
1462:μ
1386:μ
1362:γ
1326:μ
1297:
1261:μ
1255:ν
1235:ν
1196:μ
1179:μ
1174:ν
1152:ν
1113:μ
911:quarks
752:μ
747:ν
662:
660:105.66
641:mesons
626:μ
608:μ
532:lepton
495:M(Y)OO
388:
332:μ
327:ν
305:ν
234:
185:(1936)
161:μ
134:μ
123:Symbol
97:Second
86:Lepton
82:Family
5905:Lists
5896:Trion
5891:Roton
5831:Anyon
5658:Atoms
5421:Preon
5361:Axion
5316:Axino
5209:Gluon
5196:Gauge
4888:Muons
4867:Wiley
4777:S2CID
4716:(PDF)
4598:S2CID
4541:S2CID
4507:arXiv
4396:S2CID
4362:arXiv
4331:S2CID
4274:S2CID
4248:arXiv
4148:S2CID
4122:arXiv
4047:S2CID
4021:arXiv
3962:arXiv
3729:S2CID
3677:S2CID
3618:S2CID
3572:(PDF)
3547:(PDF)
3518:(PDF)
3492:arXiv
3280:(PDF)
3254:(PDF)
3232:S2CID
3159:S2CID
3123:(PDF)
3091:(PDF)
2922:Tepco
2505:atoms
2387:) is
1293:0.000
1286:2.196
997:pions
927:meson
915:meson
863:meson
835:yukon
814:meson
799:meso-
645:(see
502:Greek
253:2.196
214:0.113
196:1.883
5856:Hole
5683:Onia
5590:Kaon
5550:Pion
5121:Muon
4848:ISBN
4694:2015
4628:2015
4590:PMID
4533:PMID
4480:PMID
4426:2015
4388:PMID
4323:PMID
4221:link
4207:2023
4178:2017
4099:2022
4073:2015
3990:PMID
3935:2012
3909:ISSN
3834:ISSN
3721:PMID
3669:PMID
3661:ISSN
3610:PMID
3554:2021
3526:2021
3438:2009
3404:PMID
3357:ISBN
3319:2016
3291:2017
3193:2024
3185:NIST
3102:2013
3066:2024
3058:NIST
3036:2024
3028:NIST
3006:2024
2998:NIST
2955:Mu2e
2927:IRID
2892:Giza
2647:The
2635:and
2624:and
2563:bond
2372:<
1374:and
1295:0022
1288:9811
942:pion
938:muon
773:and
677:(46)
675:2827
665:MeV/
656:mass
589:mass
526:and
455:muon
369:Spin
363:None
257:(22)
255:9811
237:MeV/
232:(23)
230:3755
219:9257
203:(42)
191:Mass
117:weak
33:Muon
5131:Tau
4808:doi
4769:doi
4738:doi
4580:doi
4568:422
4525:doi
4503:552
4472:doi
4460:167
4380:doi
4358:126
4313:doi
4301:544
4266:doi
4244:975
4140:doi
4118:887
4039:doi
4017:649
3980:doi
3958:126
3901:doi
3826:doi
3799:doi
3787:570
3764:doi
3752:539
3713:doi
3701:331
3653:doi
3641:575
3600:hdl
3592:doi
3580:339
3473:doi
3461:137
3396:doi
3384:297
3224:doi
3151:hdl
3143:doi
2931:KEK
2890:in
2871:or
2840:, |
2800:QED
2628:).
2337:cos
2295:cos
2121:cos
2061:cos
1763:192
1625:by
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