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Fermionic or bosonic behavior of a composite particle (or system) is only seen at large (compared to size of the system) distances. At proximity, where spatial structure begins to be important, a composite particle (or system) behaves according to its constituent makeup.
860:, nuclei, and atoms) can be bosons or fermions depending on their constituents. More precisely, because of the relation between spin and statistics, a particle containing an odd number of fermions is itself a fermion. It will have half-integer spin.
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at Le Palais de la DĂ©couverte, 6 December 1945, UKNATARCHI Dirac Papers BW83/2/257889. See note 64 on page 331 in "The
Strangest Man: The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Mystic of the Atom" by Graham Farmelo
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are Dirac or
Majorana fermions (or both). Dirac fermions can be treated as a combination of two Weyl fermions. In July 2015, Weyl fermions have been experimentally realized in
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The number of bosons within a composite particle made up of simple particles bound with a potential has no effect on whether it is a boson or a fermion.
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Fermions can exhibit bosonic behavior when they become loosely bound in pairs. This is the origin of superconductivity and the
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In addition to the spin characteristic, fermions have another specific property: they possess conserved baryon or lepton
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fermions can also display bosonic behavior under extreme conditions. For example, at low temperatures, fermions show
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particles. However, in the current state of particle physics, the distinction between the two concepts is unclear.
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Most
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Mathematically, there are many varieties of fermions, with the three most common types being:
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of helium-3: in superconducting materials, electrons interact through the exchange of
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51:. All subatomic particles must be one or the other. A composite particle (
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A baryon, such as the proton or neutron, contains three fermionic quarks.
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was created from a revision of this article dated 11 July 2021
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at a given time. Suppose multiple fermions have the same spatial
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coined the name fermion from the surname of
Italian physicist
1002:"Spin-statistics-quantum number connection and supersymmetry"
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atom consists of one proton, one neutron, and one electron.
55:) may fall into either class depending on its composition
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T. Morii; C. S. Lim; S. N. Mukherjee (1 January 2004).
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Fermions form one of the two fundamental classes of
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1087:The Physics of the Standard Model and Beyond
852:List of particles § Composite particles
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71:. Fermions have a half-odd-integer spin (
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913:fractional quantum Hall effect
246:English theoretical physicist
190:. In contrast, particles with
113:. These particles include all
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2414:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
1073:Developments in Atomic Theory
856:Composite particles (such as
342:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
2150:History of subatomic physics
830:(each its own antiparticle).
228:for uncharged particles and
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67:is a particle that follows
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30:Not to be confused with
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360:Electroweak interaction
232:for charged particles.
170:spin-statistics theorem
141:. Fermions differ from
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1118:Listen to this article
962:Kogut–Susskind fermion
364:Quantum chromodynamics
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129:of these, such as all
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2461:Cosmological constant
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109:, etc.) and obey the
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2509:Theory of everything
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2478:Neutrino oscillation
2325:Quantum field theory
1456:Faddeev–Popov ghosts
1206:Particles in physics
1169:More spoken articles
942:Fermionic condensate
780:), and six leptons (
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312:Elementary particles
177:quantum field theory
154:elementary particles
2537:Split supersymmetry
2499:Kaluza–Klein theory
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1028:2013PhRvD..87e5003W
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932:, 2D quasiparticles
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194:spin are fermions.
162:composite particles
123:composite particles
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808:of each of these.
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152:Some fermions are
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14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2710:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2668:
2667:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2560:String theory
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2519:Supersymmetry
2516:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2206:Exotic matter
2204:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2194:Eightfold way
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2184:Antiparticles
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1855:Atomic nuclei
1853:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1787:Upsilon meson
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1719:Lambda baryon
1717:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1578:Dual graviton
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1475:Superpartners
1472:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1358:Muon neutrino
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1290:Bottom (quark
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1170:
1166:
1151:
1111:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
993:
986:
980:
977:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
927:
922:
920:
918:
914:
909:
907:
903:
899:
898:superfluidity
894:
890:
884:
880:
876:
873:
869:
866:
865:
864:
861:
859:
853:
845:
843:
841:
837:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
816:Weyl fermions
814:
813:
812:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
794:muon neutrino
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
735:
730:
728:
723:
721:
716:
715:
713:
712:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
411:
405:
404:
399:
395:
391:
387:
379:
378:
373:
369:
365:
361:
353:
352:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
319:
318:
313:
275:
274:
271:
267:
263:
257:
255:
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
226:superfluidity
223:
219:
218:force carrier
215:
211:
207:
206:quantum state
202:
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
182:
178:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
150:
148:
145:, which obey
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
89:
70:
66:
62:
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2698:Enrico Fermi
2664:
2652:
2542:Supergravity
2402:Constituents
2382:Weak isospin
2340:Color charge
2330:Gauge theory
2307:
2246:
1917:Hypothetical
1865:Exotic atoms
1734:Omega baryon
1724:Sigma baryon
1714:Delta baryon
1466:Hypothetical
1448:Ghost fields
1434:Higgs boson
1368:Tau neutrino
1260:Charm (quark
1222:
1086:
1080:
1072:
1067:
1055:. Retrieved
1009:
1005:
995:
910:
906:Cooper pairs
895:
891:
888:
862:
855:
833:
810:
806:antiparticle
743:
356:Constituents
338:Gauge theory
252:Enrico Fermi
245:
234:
203:
196:
192:half-integer
174:relativistic
151:
64:
58:
36:
2603:Experiments
2494:Technicolor
2456:Dark matter
2350:Quark model
2318:Higgs boson
2313:Gauge boson
2199:Quark model
1967:Theta meson
1870:Positronium
1782:Omega meson
1777:J/psi meson
1707:Antineutron
1618:Dark photon
1583:Graviphoton
1542:Stop squark
1250:Down (quark
818:(massless),
534:Chamberlain
382:Limitations
125:made of an
2682:Categories
2610:Gran Sasso
2434:Beyond the
2409:CKM matrix
2296:Background
1941:Heptaquark
1902:Superatoms
1835:Pentaquark
1825:Tetraquark
1807:Quarkonium
1697:Antiproton
1598:Leptoquark
1533:Neutralino
1295:antiquark)
1285:antiquark)
1280:Top (quark
1275:antiquark)
1265:antiquark)
1255:antiquark)
1245:antiquark)
1214:Elementary
1165:Audio help
1156:2021-07-11
904:, forming
850:See also:
504:Iliopoulos
414:Rutherford
408:Scientists
368:CKM matrix
322:Background
248:Paul Dirac
127:odd number
2179:Particles
2124:Particles
2083:Polariton
2073:Plasmaron
2043:Dropleton
1936:Hexaquark
1907:Molecules
1895:Protonium
1772:Phi meson
1757:Rho meson
1729:Xi baryon
1661:Composite
1497:Gravitino
1240:Up (quark
1052:118571314
1044:1550-7998
1019:1302.0969
883:deuterium
877:The atom
872:carbon-13
836:neutrinos
694:de Mayolo
639:Schwinger
579:Kobayashi
469:Gell-Mann
434:Sudarshan
164:(such as
158:electrons
156:(such as
133:and many
18:Fermionic
2688:Fermions
2654:Category
2635:Tevatron
2487:Theories
2444:Evidence
2308:Fermions
2155:timeline
2007:R-hadron
1962:Glueball
1946:Skyrmion
1880:Tauonium
1593:Inflaton
1588:Graviton
1568:Curvaton
1538:Sfermion
1528:Higgsino
1523:Chargino
1484:Gauginos
1343:Neutrino
1328:Antimuon
1318:Positron
1313:Electron
1223:Fermions
1167: ·
1057:28 March
979:Skyrmion
923:See also
879:helium-3
782:electron
684:Guralnik
629:Politzer
604:'t Hooft
559:Weinberg
554:Majorana
544:Schwartz
509:Lederman
494:Anderson
484:Friedman
444:Anderson
439:Davis Jr
424:Chadwick
237:neutrons
121:and all
2666:Commons
2630:Super-K
2466:problem
2143:Related
2114:Baryons
2088:Polaron
2078:Plasmon
2053:Fracton
2048:Exciton
2002:Diquark
1997:Pomeron
1972:T meson
1929:Baryons
1890:Pionium
1875:Muonium
1802:D meson
1797:B meson
1702:Neutron
1687:Nucleon
1679:Baryons
1670:Hadrons
1633:Tachyon
1608:Majoron
1573:Dilaton
1502:Photino
1338:Antitau
1305:Leptons
1154: (
1125:minutes
1024:Bibcode
902:phonons
858:hadrons
766:strange
754:leptons
669:Englert
644:Wilczek
609:Veltman
584:Maskawa
539:Cabibbo
499:Glashow
474:Kendall
459:Feynman
419:Thomson
181:integer
166:protons
131:baryons
119:leptons
106:
94:
87:
75:
65:fermion
32:fermium
2119:Mesons
2068:Phonon
2063:Magnon
1985:Others
1955:Mesons
1848:Others
1744:Mesons
1692:Proton
1556:Others
1511:Others
1492:Gluino
1426:Scalar
1406:Photon
1389:Bosons
1232:Quarks
1097:
1050:
1042:
774:bottom
750:quarks
699:Lattes
689:Kibble
649:Cronin
634:Reines
599:Yukawa
514:Maiani
489:Powell
479:Taylor
464:Rubbia
214:matter
188:bosons
143:bosons
139:nuclei
115:quarks
53:hadron
49:bosons
2532:NMSSM
2107:Lists
2098:Trion
2093:Roton
2033:Anyon
1860:Atoms
1623:Preon
1563:Axion
1518:Axino
1411:Gluon
1398:Gauge
1048:S2CID
1014:arXiv
987:Notes
930:Anyon
798:tauon
770:charm
704:Zweig
679:Hagen
674:Brout
664:Higgs
659:Vleck
654:Fitch
624:Pauli
614:Gross
589:Mills
574:Salam
529:Nambu
524:Cowan
454:Dirac
449:Fermi
135:atoms
92:spin
73:spin
2527:MSSM
2058:Hole
1885:Onia
1792:Kaon
1752:Pion
1323:Muon
1095:ISBN
1059:2022
1040:ISSN
800:and
790:muon
776:and
762:down
752:and
744:The
619:Pais
594:Yang
569:Ward
549:Perl
519:Meer
429:Bose
186:are
184:spin
137:and
117:and
63:, a
2625:SNO
2620:LHC
2615:INO
1333:Tau
1032:doi
778:top
564:Lee
268:of
172:in
59:In
2684::
1093:.
1089:.
1046:.
1038:.
1030:.
1022:.
1010:87
1008:.
1004:.
842:.
796:,
792:,
788:,
784:,
772:,
768:,
764:,
760:,
758:up
254:.
243:.
149:.
90:,
2281:e
2274:t
2267:v
1831:)
1827:(
1544:)
1540:(
1198:e
1191:t
1184:v
1171:)
1163:(
1158:)
1127:)
1123:9
1120:(
1103:.
1061:.
1034::
1026::
1016::
733:e
726:t
719:v
103:2
100:/
97:3
84:2
81:/
78:1
34:.
20:)
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