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85:. This reaction breaks the polymer chains, degrading the mechanical properties of the material. The most obvious effect of this is cracking of the elastomer (ozone cracking), which is exacerbated by mechanical stress. The rate of degradation is effected both by the chemical structure of the elastomer and the amount of ozone in the environment. Elastomers which are rich in double bonds, such as
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particularly vulnerable, as they contain a high level of unsaturated groups, operate in areas prone to air pollution and are subjected to significant mechanical stresses.
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55:. A number of research projects study the application of another type of antiozonants to protect plants as well as salmonids that are affected by the chemicals.
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349:"Responses of Zea mays L. cultivars 'Buland' and 'Prakash' to an antiozonant ethylene diurea grown under ambient and elevated levels of ozone"
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Singh, Aditya Abha; Chaurasia, Meenakshi; Gupta, Vaishali; Agrawal, Madhoolika; Agrawal, S. B. (May 2018).
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and thus degradation is faster in areas of high air pollution. All of these factors make vehicle
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Hydrocarbon waxes which create a surface barrier, preventing contact with ozone:
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Layer, R. W., & Lattimer, R. P. (1990). Protection of rubber against ozone.
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Hans-Wilhelm Engels et al., "Rubber, 4. Chemicals and
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Styrenated phenol (SPH), styrenated and alkylated phenol (SAPH)
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