108:
140–175 F (60 – 80 °C) and needle penetration of 25 or above. The hardening grades will range from about 175–200 F (80 – 93 °C), and have a needle penetration of 25 or below. Color in both grades can range from brown to white, depending on the degree of processing done at the refinery level.
107:
specifications. These include congeal point (ASTM D938), needle penetration (ASTM D1321), color (ASTM D6045), and viscosity (ASTM D445). Microcrystalline waxes can generally be put into two categories: "laminating" grades and "hardening" grades. The laminating grades typically have a melting point of
212:
However, key industries that utilize petrolatum, such as the personal care, cosmetic, and candle industries, have pushed for more materials that are considered "green" and based on renewable resources. As an alternative, hybrid petrolatum can be used. Hybrid petrolatum utilizes a complex mixture of
209:. The branched structure of the carbon chain backbone allows oil molecules to be incorporated into the crystal lattice structure. The desired properties of the petrolatum can be modified by using microcrystalline wax bases of different congeal points (ASTM D938) and needle penetration (ASTM D1321).
139:
Microcrystalline waxes are excellent materials to use when modifying the crystalline properties of paraffin wax. The microcrystalline wax has significantly more branching of the carbon chains that are the backbone of paraffin wax. This is useful when some desired functional changes in the paraffin
124:
Microcrystalline waxes have considerable application in the custom making of jewelry and small sculptures. Different formulations produce waxes from those soft enough to be molded by hand to those hard enough to be carved with rotary tools. The melted wax can be cast to make multiple copies that
111:
Microcrystalline waxes are derived from the refining of the heavy distillates from lubricant oil production. This by-product must then be de-oiled at a wax refinery. Depending on the end use and desired specification, the product may then have its odor removed and color removed (which typically
125:
are further carved with details. Jewelry suppliers sell wax molded into the basic forms of rings as well as details that can be heat welded together and tubes and sheets for cutting and building the wax models. Rings may be attached to a wax "tree" so that many can be cast in one pouring.
120:
Microcrystalline wax is often used in industries such as tire and rubber, candles, adhesives, corrugated board, cosmetics, castings, and others. Refineries may use blending facilities to combine paraffin and microcrystalline waxes; this is prevalent in the tire and rubber industries.
213:
vegetable oils and waxes and combines them with petroleum and micro wax-based technologies. This allows a formulator to incorporate higher percentages of renewable resources while maintaining the beneficial properties of the petrolatum.
167:
to prevent degradation of the tape due to water destroying the glue on the tape and also to increase control of the hockey puck due to the wax’s adhesive quality. It is also applied to the underside of skis and snowboards as
310:
132:, is also used extensively in museum and conservation settings for protection and polishing of antique woods, ivory, gemstones, and metal objects. It was developed by
303:
92:
characteristics of microcrystalline waxes are related to the non-straight chain components which they contain. Typical microcrystalline wax
296:
112:
starts as a brown or dark yellow). This is usually done by means of a filtration method or by hydro-treating the wax material.
540:
525:
136:
in the 1950s to replace the potentially unstable natural waxes that were previously used such as beeswax and carnauba.
535:
186:
to allow the ski to alternately grip the snow and slip across it as the skier shifts their weight while striding.
174:
to reduce friction and increase the gliding ability of the board, making it easier to control; stickier grades of
140:
are needed, such as flexibility, higher melt point, and increased opacity. They are also used as slip agents in
410:
437:
255:
183:
85:
133:
104:
66:
103:
Microcrystalline waxes when produced by wax refiners are typically produced to meet a number of
369:
346:
194:
93:
58:
422:
373:
352:
164:
77:
479:
129:
530:
449:
96:
is small and thin, making them more flexible than paraffin wax. It is commonly used in
62:
519:
503:
491:
428:
416:
404:
356:
330:
160:
81:
497:
467:
455:
336:
156:
141:
38:
473:
342:
69:
50:
46:
360:
206:
148:
27:
379:
189:
Microcrystalline wax was used in the final phases of the restoration of the
97:
54:
31:
229:
319:
89:
76:, denser, tackier and more elastic than paraffin waxes, and has a higher
34:
461:
443:
190:
170:
73:
61:
in contrast to the larger crystal of paraffin wax. It consists of high
152:
42:
205:
Microcrystalline wax is also a key component in the manufacture of
292:
397:
23:
288:
366:
57:
hydrocarbons. It is characterized by the fineness of its
234:
Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
45:, microcrystalline wax contains a higher percentage of
282:
147:Microcrystalline wax is used in such sports as
304:
8:
311:
297:
289:
37:process. In contrast to the more familiar
221:
7:
14:
390:Additional chemicals (E1000–1599)
128:A brand of microcrystalline wax,
41:which contains mostly unbranched
72:. It is generally darker, more
16:Type of wax with fine crystals
1:
116:Industries and applications
557:
326:
386:Miscellaneous (E900–999)
159:. It is applied to the
256:"Microcrystalline Wax"
230:"Microcrystalline wax"
26:produced by de-oiling
20:Microcrystalline waxes
438:Dimethyl polysiloxane
283:ASTM official website
486:Microcrystalline wax
541:Sculpture materials
526:Cosmetics chemicals
536:Petroleum products
347:Acidity regulators
184:cross-country skis
134:The British Museum
513:
512:
380:Flavour enhancers
374:anticaking agents
201:Use in petrolatum
195:Westminster Abbey
182:are also used on
94:crystal structure
30:, as part of the
548:
411:Improving agents
405:Synthetic glazes
313:
306:
299:
290:
271:
270:
268:
266:
252:
246:
245:
243:
241:
226:
165:ice hockey stick
78:molecular weight
63:molecular weight
556:
555:
551:
550:
549:
547:
546:
545:
516:
515:
514:
509:
498:Crystalline wax
434:
417:Packaging gases
393:
322:
317:
279:
274:
264:
262:
254:
253:
249:
239:
237:
228:
227:
223:
219:
203:
130:Renaissance Wax
118:
17:
12:
11:
5:
554:
552:
544:
543:
538:
533:
528:
518:
517:
511:
510:
508:
507:
501:
495:
489:
483:
477:
471:
465:
459:
453:
450:Candelilla wax
447:
441:
433:
432:
429:Foaming agents
426:
420:
414:
408:
402:
392:
391:
388:
383:
377:
364:
350:
340:
334:
327:
324:
323:
318:
316:
315:
308:
301:
293:
287:
286:
278:
277:External links
275:
273:
272:
247:
220:
218:
215:
202:
199:
117:
114:
100:formulations.
22:are a type of
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
553:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
523:
521:
505:
504:Rice bran wax
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
435:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
401:
399:
395:
394:
389:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
371:
368:
365:
362:
358:
354:
351:
348:
344:
341:
338:
337:Preservatives
335:
332:
329:
328:
325:
321:
314:
309:
307:
302:
300:
295:
294:
291:
284:
281:
280:
276:
261:
257:
251:
248:
235:
231:
225:
222:
216:
214:
210:
208:
200:
198:
196:
192:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
172:
166:
162:
161:friction tape
158:
154:
150:
145:
143:
137:
135:
131:
126:
122:
115:
113:
109:
106:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
82:melting point
79:
75:
71:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
47:isoparaffinic
44:
40:
36:
33:
29:
25:
21:
485:
456:Carnauba wax
396:
385:
343:Antioxidants
263:. Retrieved
259:
250:
238:. Retrieved
233:
224:
211:
204:
188:
179:
175:
169:
157:snowboarding
146:
142:printing ink
138:
127:
123:
119:
110:
102:
70:hydrocarbons
51:hydrocarbons
39:paraffin wax
19:
18:
492:Gum benzoic
474:Mineral oil
361:emulsifiers
357:stabilisers
285:: wax tests
191:Cosmatesque
49:(branched)
520:Categories
431:(E990–999)
425:(E950–969)
423:Sweeteners
419:(E930–949)
413:(E920–929)
407:(E910–919)
400:(E900–909)
382:(E600–699)
376:(E500–599)
370:regulators
363:(E400–499)
353:Thickeners
349:(E300–399)
339:(E200–299)
333:(E100–199)
217:References
207:petrolatum
197:, London.
193:pavement,
149:ice hockey
65:saturated
55:naphthenic
28:petrolatum
468:Paraffins
320:E numbers
265:23 August
240:22 August
171:glide wax
67:aliphatic
32:petroleum
480:Vaseline
180:grip wax
98:cosmetic
90:adhesive
59:crystals
35:refining
488:(E905c)
482:(E905b)
476:(E905a)
462:Shellac
444:Beeswax
331:Colours
260:HCI Wax
86:elastic
74:viscous
43:alkanes
506:(E908)
500:(E907)
494:(E906)
470:(E905)
464:(E904)
458:(E903)
452:(E902)
446:(E901)
440:(E900)
372:&
359:&
345:&
236:. 1997
163:of an
153:skiing
84:. The
531:Waxes
398:Waxes
267:2019
242:2019
176:kick
155:and
105:ASTM
88:and
80:and
53:and
178:or
24:wax
522::
367:pH
355:,
258:.
232:.
151:,
144:.
312:e
305:t
298:v
269:.
244:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.