240:, or that it is more effective than an existing drug. In monotherapy (where only one drug is taken) it is considered unethical by most to conduct a trial with placebo on a new drug of uncertain efficacy. This is because untreated epilepsy leaves the patient at significant risk of death. Therefore, almost all new epilepsy drugs are initially approved only as adjunctive (add-on) therapies. Patients whose epilepsy is uncontrolled by their medication (i.e., it is refractory to treatment) are selected to see if supplementing the medication with the new drug leads to an improvement in seizure control. Any reduction in the frequency of seizures is compared against a placebo. The lack of superiority over existing treatment, combined with lacking placebo-controlled trials, means that few modern drugs have earned
696:
2192:
epilepsy and children born to mothers taking other anti-seizure medications. Data from several pregnancy registries showed that children exposed to levetiracetam or lamotrigine during pregnancy had the lowest risk of developing major congenital malformations compared to those exposed to other ASMs. The risk of major congenital malformations for children exposed to these ASMs were within the range for children who were not exposed to any ASMs during pregnancy.
681:
2200:
people with epilepsy should switch to ASMs with the lowest teratogenic risk for major congenital malformations as well as the least risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes (e.g., lower IQ or autism spectrum disorder). They should also work with their healthcare providers to identify the lowest effective ASM dosage that will maintain their seizure control while regularly checking medication levels throughout pregnancy.
2216:, the metabolism of many anticonvulsants is affected. There may be an increase in the clearance and resultant decrease in the blood concentration of lamotrigine, phenytoin, and to a lesser extent carbamazepine, and possibly decreases the level of levetiracetam and the active oxcarbazepine metabolite, the monohydroxy derivative. In animal models, several anticonvulsant drugs have been demonstrated to induce neuronal
8020:
8041:
538:
5586:"Management issues for women with epilepsy—focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): III. Vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breast-feeding: Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society"
200:, whose release is considered to be elevated in epilepsy, but also that of GABA. This is probably a side effect or even the actual mechanism of action for some antiepileptic drugs, since GABA can itself, directly or indirectly, act proconvulsively. Another potential target of antiepileptic drugs is the
2191:
Several studies that followed children exposed to ASMs during pregnancy showed that a number of widely used ones (including lamotrigine and levetiracetam) carried a low risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes (cognitive and behavioral) in children when compared to children born to mothers without
2199:
have healthy pregnancies and healthy babies. However, proper planning and care is essential to minimize the risk of congenital malformations or adverse neurocognitive outcomes for the fetus while maintaining seizure control for the pregnant person with epilepsy. If possible, when planning pregnancy,
2121:
including major congenital malformations such as neural tube defects. The risk of birth defects associated with taking these medications while pregnant may be dependent on the dose and on the timing of gestation (how well developed the baby is). While trying to conceive a child and during pregnancy,
1118:
are alternative treatments for epilepsy without the involvement of pharmaceuticals. The ketogenic diet consists of a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet, and has shown good results in patients whose epilepsy has not responded to medications and who cannot receive surgery. The vagus nerve stimulator is a
2203:
Data from studies conducted on women taking antiepileptic drugs for non-epileptic reasons, including depression and bipolar disorder, show that if high doses of the drugs are taken during the first trimester of pregnancy then there is the potential of an increased risk of congenital malformations.
2187:
Infant exposure to newer ASMs (cenobamate, perampanel, brivaracetam, eslicarbazepine, rufinamide, levetiracetam, topiramate, gabapentin, oxcarbazepine, lamotrigine, and vigabatrin) via breastmilk was not associated with negative neurodevelopment (such as lower IQ and autism spectrum disorder) at 36
2126:
exposure of anticonvulsants is as low as possible. Use of anticonvulsant medications should be carefully monitored during use in pregnancy. For example, since the first trimester is the most susceptible period for fetal development, planning a routine antiepileptic drug dose that is safer for the
2183:
study showed that most blood concentrations in breastfed infants of mothers taking carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, valproate, levetiracetam, and topiramate were quite low, especially in relationship to the mother's level and what the fetal level would have been during pregnancy. (Note: valproic
403:
properties. Benzodiazepines act as a central nervous system depressant. The relative strength of each of these properties in any given benzodiazepine varies greatly and influences the indications for which it is prescribed. Long-term use can be problematic due to the development of
3188:
Browne TR. Paraldehyde, chlormethiazole, and lidocaine for treatment of status epilepticus. In: Delgado-Escueta AV, Wasterlain CG, Treiman DM, Porter RJ, eds. Status
Epilepticus. Mechanisms of Brain Damage and Treatment (Advances in Neurology, Vol 34). New York, Raven Press 1983:
573:
Photoswitchable analogues of carbamazepine (2024) are research compounds developed to control its pharmacological activity locally and on demand using light, with the purpose to reduce adverse systemic effects. One of these compounds (carbadiazocine, based on a bridged
207:
Some anticonvulsants have shown antiepileptogenic effects in animal models of epilepsy. That is, they either prevent the development of epilepsy or can halt or reverse the progression of epilepsy. However, no drug has been shown in human trials to prevent
228:, and vice versa, not every convulsion is caused by an epileptic seizure. They are also often referred to as antiseizure drugs because they provide symptomatic treatment only and have not been demonstrated to alter the course of epilepsy.
2351:
American
Psychiatric Association, and American Psychiatric Association. Work Group on Borderline Personality Disorder. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with borderline personality disorder. American Psychiatric Pub,
1179:. The choice of anticonvulsants depends on individual patient characteristics. Both newer and older drugs are generally equally effective in new onset epilepsy. The newer drugs tend to have fewer side effects. For newly diagnosed
2421:
McLean MJ, Macdonald RL (June 1986). "Sodium valproate, but not ethosuximide, produces use- and voltage-dependent limitation of high frequency repetitive firing of action potentials of mouse central neurons in cell culture".
3821:
1245:
initiative, the
Anticonvulsant Screening Program, headed by J. Kiffin Penry, served as a mechanism for drawing the interest and abilities of pharmaceutical companies in the development of new anticonvulsant medications.
2122:
medical advice should be followed to optimize the management of the person's epilepsy in order to keep the person and the unborn baby safe from epileptic seizures and also ensure that the risk of birth defects due to
3557:"Practice advisory: The use of felbamate in the treatment of patients with intractable epilepsy: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society"
1225:, which is not related to its anti-epileptic effects. Bromide also suffered from the way it affected behaviour, introducing the idea of the "epileptic personality" which was actually a result of medication.
5805:
Birnbaum AK, Meador KJ, Karanam A, Brown C, May RC, Gerard EE, Gedzelman ER, Penovich PE, Kalayjian LA, Cavitt J, Pack AM, Miller JW, Stowe ZN, Pennell PB, for the MONEAD Investigator Group (1 April 2020).
3773:"Efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs, I: Treatment of new-onset epilepsy: report of the TTA and QSS Subcommittees of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society"
503:(1857). The earliest effective treatment for epilepsy. There would not be a better drug until phenobarbital in 1912. It is still used as an anticonvulsant for dogs and cats but is no longer used in humans.
3005:
Frigerio F, Chaffard G, Berwaer M, Maechler P (2006). "The antiepileptic drug topiramate preserves metabolism-secretion coupling in insulin secreting cells chronically exposed to the fatty acid oleate".
5522:
Bromley R, Adab N, Bluett-Duncan M, Clayton-Smith J, Christensen J, Edwards K, Greenhalgh J, Hill RA, Jackson CF, Khanom S, McGinty RN, Tudur Smith C, Pulman J, Marson AG (29 August 2023).
3365:
7972:
7052:
72:
5475:
5441:
5407:
5373:
5339:
5279:
5211:
5143:
5109:
5053:
4993:
4958:
4924:
4890:
4856:
4797:
4763:
4707:
4673:
4639:
4605:
4571:
4537:
4503:
4469:
4435:
4367:
4333:
4299:
4265:
4197:
4045:
3977:
3889:
6170:
Katz I, Kim J, et al. (August 2007). "Effects of lamotrigine alone and in combination with MK-801, phenobarbital, or phenytoin on cell death in the neonatal rat brain".
3386:
Suddock JT, Kent KJ, Cain MD. Barbiturate
Toxicity. 2023 Apr 12. In: StatPearls . Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan–. PMID 29763050.( 26 / August / 2023 )
456:(N/A). Increasingly being used as an alternative to diazepam. This water-soluble drug is squirted into the side of the mouth but not swallowed. It is rapidly absorbed by the
3285:
5245:
3152:
1254:
The following table lists anticonvulsant drugs together with the date their marketing was approved in the US, UK and France. Data for the UK and France are incomplete. The
4011:
2698:
Kammerer M, Rassner, M. P., Freiman, T. M., Feuerstein, T. J. (2 May 2011). "Effects of antiepileptic drugs on GABA release from rat and human neocortical synaptosomes".
244:
approval as initial monotherapy. In contrast, Europe only requires equivalence to existing treatments and has approved many more. Despite their lack of FDA approval, the
1229:
was first used in 1912 for both its sedative and antiepileptic properties. By the 1930s, the development of animal models in epilepsy research led to the development of
1123:. However, both of these treatment options can cause severe adverse effects. Additionally, while seizure frequency typically decreases, they often do not stop entirely.
201:
8029:
3719:
2800:
Citraro R, et al. (2013). "Antiepileptic action of N-palmitoylethanolamine through CB1 and PPAR-α receptor activation in a genetic model of absence epilepsy".
6215:"Antiepileptic drug-induced neuronal cell death in the immature brain: effects of carbamazepine, topiramate, and levetiracetam as monotherapy versus polytherapy"
5964:"Antiseizure Medication Concentrations During Pregnancy: Results From the Maternal Outcomes and Neurodevelopmental Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs (MONEAD) Study"
5940:
4401:
4231:
2149:
and use is associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes (cognitive and behavioral) in children. On the other hand, evidence is conflicting for
7042:
7823:
2524:
5177:
3286:"Public summary of positive opinion for orpphan opinion for orphan designation of stiripentol for the treatment of severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy"
2892:
Lampen A, Carlberg C, Nau H (2001). "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta is a specific sensor for teratogenic valproic acid derivatives".
6351:
2492:
7020:
5502:
3754:
5080:
4734:
5962:
Pennell PB, Karanam A, Meador KJ, Gerard E, Kalayjian L, Penovich P, Matthews A, McElrath TM, Birnbaum AK, MONEAD Study Group (1 April 2022).
7396:
6986:
5024:
4828:
3854:
3622:
Camerin L, Maleeva G, Gomila-Juaneda A, Suárez-Pereira I, Matera C, Prischich D, Opar E, Riefolo F, Berrocoso E, Gorostiza P (18 June 2024).
3539:
3529:
2117:
medications (ASMs), such as valproate, phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbitol, gabapentin have been reported to cause an increased risk of
7683:
7676:
3600:
2172:
There is inadequate evidence to determine if newborns of women with epilepsy taking anticonvulsants have a substantially increased risk of
300:
7783:
3357:
6127:
Manthey D, Asimiadou S, et al. (June 2005). "Sulthiame but not levetiracetam exerts neurotoxic effect in the developing rat brain".
3335:
782:
Gabapentinoids are analogs of GABA, but they do not act on GABA receptors. They have analgesic, anticonvulsant, and anxiolytic effects.
7426:
7289:
5783:
2173:
5463:
5429:
5395:
5361:
5327:
5267:
5199:
5131:
5097:
5041:
4981:
4946:
4912:
4878:
4844:
4785:
4751:
4695:
4661:
4627:
4593:
4559:
4525:
4491:
4457:
4423:
4355:
4321:
4287:
4253:
4185:
4033:
3965:
3877:
3752:
AAN Guideline
Summary for Clinicians – Efficacy and Tolerability of the New Antiepileptic Drugs, I: Treatment of New Onset Epilepsy
3292:
5233:
3144:
3999:
7579:
7035:
3431:
Isojärvi JI, Tokola RA (December 1998). "Benzodiazepines in the treatment of epilepsy in people with intellectual disability".
142:
2179:
There is little evidence to suggest that anticonvulsant/ASM exposure through breastmilk has clinical effects on newborns. The
3948:
1143:
in 2004, patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy who require treatment can be initiated on standard anticonvulsants such as
6344:
5305:
2154:
1242:
1132:
736:
701:
564:(1990). A derivative of carbamazepine that has similar efficacy and is better tolerated and is also available generically.
522:(1993). This effective anticonvulsant has had its usage severely restricted due to rare but life-threatening side effects.
245:
169:
7278:
3711:
7060:
6873:
5471:
5437:
5403:
5369:
5335:
5275:
5239:
5207:
5171:
5139:
5105:
5049:
4989:
4954:
4920:
4886:
4852:
4793:
4759:
4703:
4669:
4635:
4601:
4567:
4533:
4499:
4465:
4431:
4395:
4363:
4329:
4295:
4261:
4225:
4193:
4041:
4005:
3973:
3885:
3772:
2286:
Joshi A, Bow A, Agius M (2019). "Pharmacological
Therapies in Bipolar Disorder: a Review of Current Treatment Options".
732:
241:
197:
481:
are powerful anticonvulsant agents, however their use is rare due to an increased incidence of side effects and strong
7889:
7003:
6534:
2962:
Hall IH, Patrick MA, Maguire JH (1990). "Hypolipidemic activity in rodents of phenobarbital and related derivatives".
2158:
775:
5873:
7539:
7028:
3043:"The potential of antiseizure drugs and agents that act on novel molecular targets as antiepileptogenic treatments"
224:
Anticonvulsants are more accurately called antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) because not every epileptic seizure involves
5896:
4389:
4219:
1255:
1136:
249:
8066:
6844:
6337:
3199:
Ramsay RE (1989). "Pharmacokinetics and clinical use of parenteral phenytoin, phenobarbital, and paraldehyde".
2575:
2399:
5165:
2927:
Maguire JH, Murthy AR, Hall IH (1985). "Hypolipidemic activity of antiepileptic 5-phenylhydantoins in mice".
7594:
7272:
7123:
6991:
6753:
6711:
6590:
1115:
567:
181:
2845:"Fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha agonist, exerts anticonvulsive properties"
2741:
Puligheddu M, Pillolla G, Melis M, Lecca S, Marrosu F, De Montis MG, et al. (2013). Charpier S (ed.).
7631:
7386:
6882:
6620:
2499:
2108:
974:
744:
740:
409:
326:
213:
2599:"New molecular targets for antiepileptic drugs: alpha(2)delta, SV2A, and K(v)7/KCNQ/M potassium channels"
7316:
7252:
7097:
6580:
5499:
2169:
in the womb do not seem to differ in their skills compared to those who were exposed to carbamazepine.
2146:
724:
196:, and α2δ. By blocking sodium or calcium channels, antiepileptic drugs reduce the release of excitatory
6659:
3751:
3242:
Plosker GL (November 2012). "Stiripentol: in severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy (dravet syndrome)".
1241:, which had the distinct advantage of treating epileptic seizures with less sedation. By the 1970s, a
7391:
7371:
7240:
6762:
6389:
6081:
2754:
1222:
1156:
831:
769:
168:) function. Several antiepileptic drugs have multiple or uncertain mechanisms of action. Next to the
5077:
4731:
8000:
7736:
7522:
7301:
7128:
6413:
4140:
2325:, Strakowski SM (1998). "Anticonvulsants and antipsychotics in the treatment of bipolar disorder".
2184:
acid is NOT a recommended ASM for people with epilepsy who are considering having children.)
1217:
420:
359:
236:
The usual method of achieving approval for a drug is to show it is effective when compared against
8040:
8034:
7899:
7758:
7212:
6195:
6152:
5932:
5744:
Tomson T, Marson A, Boon P, Canevini MP, Covanis A, Gaily E, Kälviäinen R, Trinka E (July 2015).
5695:
Bromley R, Weston J, Adab N, Greenhalgh J, Sanniti A, McKay AJ, Tudur Smith C, Marson AG (2014).
5615:
4167:
3813:
3596:
3483:
3267:
3224:
2987:
2874:
2825:
2723:
2567:
2474:
2391:
1238:
440:
279:
6324:
695:
5524:"Monotherapy treatment of epilepsy in pregnancy: congenital malformation outcomes in the child"
4819:
Dodson, W. Edwin, Giuliano
Avanzini, Shorvon, Simon D., Fish, David R., Emilio Perucca (2004).
8071:
7995:
7778:
7768:
7671:
7501:
7457:
7441:
7245:
7235:
7178:
7168:
6694:
6609:
6558:
6504:
6314:
Anti epileptic activity of novel substituted fluorothiazole derivatives by Devid Chutia, RGUHS
6293:
6264:"Pattern of antiepileptic drug-induced cell death in limbic regions of the neonatal rat brain"
6244:
6187:
6144:
6109:
6050:
6042:
6001:
5983:
5924:
5916:
5847:
5829:
5775:
5767:
5726:
5672:
5654:
5607:
5561:
5543:
5020:
4824:
4159:
4091:
3850:
3805:
3692:
3641:
3578:
3535:
3510:
3475:
3440:
3413:
3259:
3216:
3126:
3072:
3023:
2979:
2944:
2909:
2866:
2843:
Porta, N., Vallée, L., Lecointe, C., Bouchaert, E., Staels, B., Bordet, R., Auvin, S. (2009).
2817:
2782:
2715:
2677:
2628:
2559:
2518:
2466:
2431:
2383:
2334:
2303:
2295:
2268:
2260:
2142:
2138:
1426:
728:
614:
500:
185:
84:
3623:
3327:
8005:
7828:
7753:
7741:
7666:
7532:
7411:
7200:
6664:
6283:
6275:
6234:
6226:
6179:
6136:
6099:
6089:
6032:
5991:
5975:
5908:
5837:
5819:
5757:
5716:
5708:
5662:
5646:
5597:
5551:
5535:
4149:
4081:
3795:
3787:
3682:
3672:
3631:
3568:
3467:
3405:
3251:
3208:
3116:
3108:
3062:
3054:
3015:
2971:
2936:
2901:
2856:
2809:
2772:
2762:
2707:
2667:
2659:
2618:
2610:
2551:
2458:
2375:
2250:
2134:
1912:
1196:
1180:
716:
610:
579:
189:
150:
146:
138:
5745:
260:
In the following list, the dates in parentheses are the earliest approved use of the drug.
8045:
7990:
7859:
7854:
7693:
7626:
7621:
7507:
7453:
7294:
7185:
7138:
6021:"Outcomes of pregnancies in women taking antiepileptic drugs for non-epilepsy indications"
5506:
5084:
4738:
3952:
3758:
1446:
884:
400:
209:
157:
during seizures. Anticonvulsants also prevent the spread of the seizure within the brain.
127:
3409:
6085:
5556:
5523:
4070:"Pediatrics—Epitomes of Progress: Carbamazepine (Tegretol) in the Treatment of Epilepsy"
2758:
1258:
approves drugs throughout the
European Union. Some of the drugs are no longer marketed.
8024:
7924:
7919:
7773:
7713:
7698:
7688:
7589:
7584:
7574:
7512:
7484:
7436:
7431:
7163:
7118:
7114:
6997:
6772:
6508:
6448:
6382:
6288:
6263:
6239:
6214:
5996:
5963:
5842:
5807:
5721:
5696:
5667:
5634:
4154:
4135:
4086:
4069:
3687:
3660:
3471:
3212:
3121:
3096:
3067:
3042:
2777:
2742:
2672:
2647:
2623:
2598:
2212:
The mechanism of how anticonvulsants cause birth defects is not entirely clear. During
1212:
1184:
1140:
1111:
840:
680:
405:
378:
173:
161:
6104:
6069:
3458:
Tomson T, Svanborg E, Wedlund JE (May–June 1986). "Nonconvulsive status epilepticus".
2905:
1187:, there is evidence for using gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine or topiramate as
578:) has been shown to produce analgesia with noninvasive illumination in a rat model of
8060:
7956:
7929:
7788:
7606:
7517:
7497:
7493:
7356:
7284:
7173:
7088:
6963:
6892:
6887:
6802:
6777:
6716:
6706:
6423:
6418:
6279:
5746:"Valproate in the treatment of epilepsy in girls and women of childbearing potential"
5619:
5602:
5585:
3791:
3528:
Bourgeois BF, Dodson E, Nordli DR Jr, Pellock JM, Sankar R, eds. (16 December 2007).
3112:
2940:
2861:
2844:
2813:
2322:
2150:
2130:
2031:
2011:
1770:
1749:
1729:
1644:
1322:
1281:
1226:
1172:
1160:
1152:
1144:
1120:
992:
980:
921:
846:
669:
606:
602:
561:
555:
457:
349:
283:
6199:
6140:
5936:
4171:
3817:
3487:
3271:
3228:
2991:
2829:
2478:
7914:
7833:
7569:
7527:
7361:
7351:
7267:
7262:
6953:
6933:
6797:
6787:
6639:
6403:
6364:
6156:
5712:
5539:
2878:
2727:
2571:
2395:
2180:
2118:
1825:
1709:
1548:
1466:
1302:
1234:
1067:
955:
949:
927:
909:
818:
720:
365:
342:
77:
7472:
6037:
6020:
5979:
5912:
5824:
5650:
4136:"Clinical Experience with New Antiepileptic Drugs: Antiepileptic Drugs in Europe"
3945:
3844:
2767:
7798:
7708:
7448:
7401:
7346:
7229:
7195:
6943:
6938:
6824:
6782:
6728:
6699:
6674:
6669:
6644:
6524:
6519:
6483:
6463:
6408:
6398:
3624:"Photoswitchable carbamazepine analogs for non-invasive neuroinhibition in vivo"
2181:
Maternal
Outcomes and Neurodevelopmental Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs (MONEAD)
2162:
1937:
1692:
1672:
1616:
1192:
1188:
1168:
1119:
device that can be implanted into patients with epilepsy, especially that which
1086:
1042:
1036:
1017:
940:
903:
812:
757:
546:
478:
432:
318:
313:
296:
275:
17:
6074:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5808:"Antiepileptic Drug Exposure in Infants of Breastfeeding Mothers With Epilepsy"
5697:"Treatment for epilepsy in pregnancy: neurodevelopmental outcomes in the child"
2663:
537:
7976:
7947:
7905:
7874:
7869:
7808:
7803:
7793:
7731:
7717:
7657:
7612:
7560:
7480:
7476:
7417:
7377:
7332:
7328:
7218:
7154:
7104:
7069:
7065:
6968:
6958:
6948:
6907:
6902:
6852:
6834:
6829:
6812:
6807:
6792:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6723:
6689:
6679:
6563:
6553:
6543:
6488:
6458:
6438:
6070:"Antiepileptic drugs and apoptotic neurodegenereation in the developing brain"
5301:
3255:
3058:
3019:
2711:
2614:
2073:
2052:
1990:
1892:
1842:
1596:
1568:
1508:
1385:
1344:
1176:
1164:
1092:
1080:
1061:
998:
961:
915:
865:
763:
751:
656:
620:
592:
575:
525:
470:
426:
419:(1979). Notably, used on a short-term basis around menstruation in women with
392:
384:
338:
330:
322:
225:
41:
6046:
5987:
5920:
5833:
5771:
5658:
5547:
3677:
3645:
2975:
2299:
2264:
7884:
7864:
7838:
7813:
7748:
7726:
7554:
7467:
7341:
6928:
6819:
6767:
6684:
6649:
6629:
6595:
6585:
6548:
6514:
6493:
6478:
6473:
6443:
6433:
6428:
6373:
6230:
6183:
3358:"Diacomit- stiripentol capsule Diacomit- stiripentol powder, for suspension"
2217:
2213:
2166:
1965:
1870:
1808:
1789:
1528:
1230:
1148:
890:
871:
852:
806:
791:
632:
626:
519:
513:
474:
463:
453:
353:
6297:
6248:
6191:
6148:
6113:
6094:
6054:
6005:
5928:
5851:
5779:
5730:
5676:
5611:
5565:
4163:
4095:
3809:
3696:
3636:
3582:
3514:
3444:
3396:
Browne TR (May 1976). "Clonazepam. A review of a new anticonvulsant drug".
3263:
3130:
3076:
3027:
2913:
2870:
2821:
2786:
2719:
2681:
2632:
2563:
2387:
2307:
2272:
2255:
2238:
558:(1963). A popular anticonvulsant that is available in generic formulations.
333:, and by virtue of this they produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild
3573:
3556:
3479:
3220:
2983:
2948:
2470:
2435:
2338:
7985:
7849:
7845:
7818:
7257:
7190:
7109:
6923:
6897:
6654:
6634:
6468:
6453:
5865:
3846:
A Disease Once Sacred: A History of the Medical Understanding of Epilepsy
3800:
3417:
2462:
1488:
1406:
1364:
1105:
1011:
986:
800:
712:
650:
482:
447:
416:
388:
334:
269:
131:
6329:
3174:
Rogawski M (2021). "Chapter 24: Antiseizure Drugs". In Katzung B (ed.).
2743:"PPAR-alpha agonists as novel antiepileptic drugs: preclinical findings"
2127:
first trimester could be beneficial to prevent pregnancy complications.
7961:
7879:
7544:
7311:
7133:
7083:
6500:
3097:"Comparative Monotherapy Trials and the Clinical Treatment of Epilepsy"
1208:
494:
396:
362:(1935). Known as mephobarbital in the US. No longer marketed in the UK.
278:(1882). One of the earliest anticonvulsants. It is still used to treat
237:
212:(the development of epilepsy in an individual at risk, such as after a
137:. Anticonvulsants are also increasingly being used in the treatment of
134:
54:
5762:
412:. Of many drugs in this class, only a few are used to treat epilepsy:
99:
7643:
7306:
154:
2555:
2539:
2379:
2363:
252:
still recommend a number of these new drugs as initial monotherapy.
7943:
7653:
7148:
1055:
536:
4058:(Initial approval on 11 March 1968 was for trigeminal neuralgia.)
1195:
can be included in the options for children with newly diagnosed
7647:
6019:
Jazayeri D, Graham J, Hitchcock A, O'Brien TJ, Vajda FJ (2018).
1215:
who used it to treat women with "hysterical epilepsy" (probably
1030:
686:
193:
165:
7024:
6333:
2239:"An overview of structurally diversified anticonvulsant agents"
5635:"Practice Current: How do you treat epilepsy in pregnancy?"
1221:). Bromides are effective against epilepsy, and also cause
5584:
Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, et al. (May 2009).
3771:
French JA, Kanner AM, Bautista J, et al. (May 2004).
747:-type calcium channels. The following are gabapentinoids:
6068:
Bittigau P, Sifringer M, Genz K, et al. (May 2002).
3501:
Djurić M, Marjanović B, Zamurović D (May–June 2001). "".
3291:. European Medicines Agency. 30 July 2007. Archived from
172:
and components of the GABA system, their targets include
153:. Anticonvulsants suppress the excessive rapid firing of
5866:"Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa)"
5166:"Drug Approval Package: Banzel (Rufinamide) NDA #021911"
4390:"Drug Approval Package: Brand Name (Generic Name) NDA #"
3599:. MedlinePlus : U.S. National Library of Medicine.
3555:
French J, Smith, M, Faught, E, Brown, L (12 May 1999).
2145:
in the child, with an increased dose causing decreased
4129:
4127:
4125:
2648:"Molecular targets for antiepileptic drug development"
2161:
by intrauterine exposure. Similarly, children exposed
7053:
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
4123:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4105:
2424:
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
450:(1963). Can be given rectally by trained care-givers.
5690:
5688:
5686:
3534:(3rd ed.). New York: Demos Medical Publishing.
7970:
7942:
7898:
7707:
7642:
7605:
7553:
7466:
7410:
7370:
7327:
7211:
7147:
7059:
6916:
6872:
6865:
6843:
6752:
6619:
6608:
6572:
6533:
6381:
6372:
2449:Harden CL (1 May 1994). "New antiepileptic drugs".
93:
83:
71:
63:
53:
48:
34:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3661:"Ketogenic Diet and Epilepsy: What We Know So Far"
640:Vigabatrin and progabide are also analogs of GABA.
368:(1982). Only available in some European countries.
6262:Forcelli PA, Kim J, et al. (December 2011).
3925:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3907:
4000:"Drug Approval Package: Briviact (brivaracetam)"
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
1211:, suggested in 1857 by the British gynecologist
439:The following benzodiazepines are used to treat
202:peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
5234:"Drug Approval Package: Diacomit (stiripentol)"
3090:
3088:
3086:
2693:
2691:
6325:Drug Reference for FDA Approved Epilepsy Drugs
3747:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3041:Kaminski RM, Rogawski MA, Klitgaard H (2014).
2700:Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology
7036:
6345:
5895:Tomson T, Battino D, Perucca E (April 2019).
3176:Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 15th Edition
8:
7051:Major chemical drug groups – based upon the
6213:Kim J, Kondratyev A, Gale K (October 2007).
1121:originates from a specific part of the brain
5528:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5495:
5493:
188:. Additional targets include voltage-gated
160:Conventional antiepileptic drugs may block
7043:
7029:
7021:
6869:
6616:
6378:
6352:
6338:
6330:
3178:. McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 422–455.
1260:
6287:
6238:
6103:
6093:
6036:
5995:
5841:
5823:
5761:
5720:
5666:
5601:
5579:
5577:
5575:
5555:
5073:
5071:
4727:
4725:
4220:"Drug Approval Package: Onfi NDA #202067"
4153:
4085:
3799:
3686:
3676:
3635:
3572:
3531:Pediatric epilepsy: diagnosis and therapy
3120:
3066:
2860:
2776:
2766:
2671:
2622:
2540:"The neurobiology of antiepileptic drugs"
2364:"The neurobiology of antiepileptic drugs"
2254:
2646:Meldrum BS, Rogawski MA (January 2007).
5897:"Teratogenicity of antiepileptic drugs"
3628:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2229:
466:(1972). Given by injection in hospital.
299:(2007). Indicated for the treatment of
8030:Pharmacological classification systems
7397:Selective estrogen receptor modulators
5015:Kutt, Henn, Resor, Stanley R. (1992).
2523:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2516:
2249:(3). Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 321–344.
59:Antiepileptic drugs, antiseizure drugs
31:
7677:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
5943:from the original on 22 November 2023
5517:
5515:
5282:from the original on 16 December 2020
5248:from the original on 22 November 2019
5180:from the original on 22 November 2019
4961:from the original on 16 December 2020
4823:. Oxford: Blackwell Science. xxviii.
4438:from the original on 30 November 2017
4404:from the original on 22 November 2019
4234:from the original on 22 November 2019
4014:from the original on 22 November 2019
3338:from the original on 12 November 2020
2578:from the original on 16 December 2020
2402:from the original on 16 December 2020
836:The following are oxazolidinediones:
7:
5876:from the original on 12 October 2023
5870:Norwegian Institute of Public Health
5478:from the original on 19 October 2020
5444:from the original on 20 October 2020
5410:from the original on 19 October 2020
5376:from the original on 19 October 2020
5342:from the original on 19 October 2020
5146:from the original on 19 October 2020
5112:from the original on 24 October 2020
5056:from the original on 20 October 2020
4927:from the original on 19 October 2020
4893:from the original on 19 October 2020
4859:from the original on 19 October 2020
4800:from the original on 19 October 2020
4766:from the original on 20 October 2020
4710:from the original on 21 October 2020
4676:from the original on 24 October 2020
4642:from the original on 20 October 2020
4608:from the original on 19 October 2020
4574:from the original on 20 October 2020
4540:from the original on 21 October 2020
4506:from the original on 31 October 2020
4472:from the original on 19 October 2020
4370:from the original on 20 October 2020
4336:from the original on 19 October 2020
4302:from the original on 19 October 2020
4268:from the original on 20 October 2020
4200:from the original on 28 October 2020
4048:from the original on 19 October 2020
3980:from the original on 19 October 2020
3892:from the original on 19 October 2020
3410:10.1001/archneur.1976.00500050012003
2538:Rogawski MA, Löscher W (July 2004).
2243:Acta Pharmaceutica (Zagreb, Croatia)
7290:Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
5464:"New Drug Application (NDA) 020789"
5430:"New Drug Application (NDA) 020427"
5396:"New Drug Application (NDA) 018081"
5362:"New Drug Application (NDA) 005856"
5328:"New Drug Application (NDA) 020505"
5268:"New Drug Application (NDA) 020646"
5200:"New Drug Application (NDA) 206709"
5132:"New Drug Application (NDA) 021911"
5098:"New Drug Application (NDA) 009170"
5042:"New Drug Application (NDA) 021446"
4982:"New Drug Application (NDA) 008855"
4947:"New Drug Application (NDA) 008762"
4913:"New Drug Application (NDA) 021014"
4879:"New Drug Application (NDA) 011721"
4845:"New Drug Application (NDA) 010596"
4786:"New Drug Application (NDA) 008322"
4752:"New Drug Application (NDA) 006008"
4696:"New Drug Application (NDA) 021035"
4662:"New Drug Application (NDA) 020241"
4628:"New Drug Application (NDA) 022253"
4594:"New Drug Application (NDA) 020235"
4560:"New Drug Application (NDA) 020450"
4526:"New Drug Application (NDA) 020189"
4492:"New Drug Application (NDA) 022334"
4458:"New Drug Application (NDA) 010841"
4424:"New Drug Application (NDA) 012380"
4356:"New Drug Application (NDA) 022416"
4322:"New Drug Application (NDA) 018723"
4288:"New Drug Application (NDA) 013263"
4254:"New Drug Application (NDA) 017533"
4186:"New Drug Application (NDA) 202067"
4034:"New Drug Application (NDA) 016608"
3966:"New Drug Application (NDA) 205836"
3878:"New Drug Application (NDA) 008943"
3824:from the original on 27 August 2021
2597:Rogawski MA, Bazil CW (July 2008).
383:The benzodiazepines are a class of
5308:from the original on 23 March 2021
4155:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb00925.x
3472:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1986.tb03540.x
3368:from the original on 6 August 2020
3213:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1989.tb05818.x
3155:from the original on 16 March 2024
2327:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
2174:hemorrhagic disease of the newborn
1163:, or on the newer anticonvulsants
1100:Non-pharmaceutical anticonvulsants
408:to the anticonvulsant effects and
352:(1912). See also the related drug
282:, particularly where there are no
25:
5786:from the original on 1 March 2024
5214:from the original on 26 July 2020
5019:. New York: Dekker. p. 385.
5017:The Medical treatment of epilepsy
4996:from the original on 26 July 2020
4971:(Marketed in 1938, approved 1953)
3722:from the original on 20 July 2023
8039:
8019:
8018:
6280:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03297.x
5603:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02130.x
3792:10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.06204.x
3603:from the original on 20 May 2013
3113:10.1111/j.1535-7511.2007.00198.x
2862:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01901.x
2814:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.11.017
2237:Al-Otaibi F (1 September 2019).
2153:regarding any increased risk of
945:The following are succinimides:
694:
679:
551:The following are carboxamides:
485:and motor-impairing properties.
164:or enhance γ-aminobutyric acid (
130:agents used in the treatment of
7427:Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones
6141:10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.01.006
2362:Rogawski MA, Löscher W (2004).
1131:According to guidelines by the
597:The following are fatty-acids:
143:borderline personality disorder
5713:10.1002/14651858.CD010236.pub2
5540:10.1002/14651858.CD010224.pub3
2133:, and its derivatives such as
796:The following are hydantoins:
737:voltage-gated calcium channels
1:
7179:Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics
6038:10.1016/j.seizure.2018.02.009
5087:Retrieved on 1 November 2007.
4741:Retrieved on 1 November 2007.
3955:Retrieved on 1 November 2007.
2906:10.1016/S0014-2999(01)01423-6
2155:congenital physical anomalies
1243:National Institutes of Health
1207:The first anticonvulsant was
1133:American Academy of Neurology
702:Voltage-gated calcium channel
246:American Academy of Neurology
170:voltage-gated sodium channels
7890:Wakefulness-promoting agents
5980:10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.5487
5913:10.1097/WCO.0000000000000659
5901:Current Opinion in Neurology
5825:10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.4443
5651:10.1212/cpj.0000000000000387
5639:Neurology: Clinical Practice
5509:Retrieved on 1 November 2007
5472:Food and Drug Administration
5438:Food and Drug Administration
5404:Food and Drug Administration
5370:Food and Drug Administration
5336:Food and Drug Administration
5276:Food and Drug Administration
5240:Food and Drug Administration
5208:Food and Drug Administration
5172:Food and Drug Administration
5140:Food and Drug Administration
5106:Food and Drug Administration
5050:Food and Drug Administration
4990:Food and Drug Administration
4955:Food and Drug Administration
4921:Food and Drug Administration
4887:Food and Drug Administration
4853:Food and Drug Administration
4794:Food and Drug Administration
4760:Food and Drug Administration
4704:Food and Drug Administration
4670:Food and Drug Administration
4636:Food and Drug Administration
4602:Food and Drug Administration
4568:Food and Drug Administration
4534:Food and Drug Administration
4500:Food and Drug Administration
4466:Food and Drug Administration
4432:Food and Drug Administration
4396:Food and Drug Administration
4364:Food and Drug Administration
4330:Food and Drug Administration
4296:Food and Drug Administration
4262:Food and Drug Administration
4226:Food and Drug Administration
4194:Food and Drug Administration
4042:Food and Drug Administration
4006:Food and Drug Administration
3974:Food and Drug Administration
3886:Food and Drug Administration
2941:10.1016/0014-2999(85)90483-2
2768:10.1371/journal.pone.0064541
2159:neurodevelopmental disorders
735:(GAD). Gabapentinoids block
733:generalized anxiety disorder
145:, since many seem to act as
4074:Western Journal of Medicine
2544:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
2368:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
2115:anticonvulsant/anti-seizure
776:Gabapentin extended release
711:Gabapentinoids are used in
149:, and for the treatment of
8088:
7540:Intravenous immunoglobulin
4068:Schain RJ (1 March 1978).
3946:Epilepsy Action: Druglist.
3843:Eadie M, Bladin P (2001).
3308:Doc.Ref.: EMEA/COMP/269/04
2664:10.1016/j.nurt.2006.11.010
2113:Many of the commonly used
2106:
1250:Marketing approval history
1139:, mainly based on a major
1106:Epilepsy § Management
1103:
1053:
1028:
1009:
972:
938:
901:
882:
863:
829:
789:
667:
648:
590:
544:
511:
492:
376:
311:
267:
126:)) are a diverse group of
8014:
6981:
4821:The treatment of epilepsy
3761:Retrieved on 29 June 2010
3712:"Vagus nerve stimulation"
3665:Frontiers in Neuroscience
3659:D'Andrea Meira I (2019).
3332:European Medicines Agency
3256:10.1007/s40263-012-0004-3
3059:10.1007/s13311-014-0266-1
3020:10.1016/j.bcp.2006.07.013
2712:10.1007/s00210-011-0636-8
2615:10.1007/s11910-008-0053-7
2220:in the developing brain.
1256:European Medicines Agency
1137:American Epilepsy Society
291:Aromatic allylic alcohols
250:American Epilepsy Society
98:
39:
7595:Topoisomerase inhibitors
7279:renin–angiotensin system
7273:Calcium channel blockers
4134:Loiseau PJ (June 1999).
3757:24 February 2011 at the
3678:10.3389/fnins.2019.00005
3145:"Antiseizure medication"
2976:10.1002/ardp.19903230905
2603:Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep
120:anti-seizure medications
6712:Eslicarbazepine acetate
6231:10.1124/jpet.107.126250
6184:10.1124/jpet.107.123133
3433:J Intellect Disabil Res
3095:Abou-Khalil BW (2007).
1116:vagus nerve stimulation
568:Eslicarbazepine acetate
182:GABA transporter type 1
7387:Hormonal contraception
7317:Bile acid sequestrants
7098:Proton-pump inhibitors
7061:gastrointestinal tract
6095:10.1073/pnas.222550499
3637:10.1002/anie.202403636
2256:10.2478/acph-2019-0023
2109:Epilepsy and pregnancy
975:Sulfonamide (medicine)
542:
327:central nervous system
3574:10.1212/WNL.52.8.1540
2195:People with epilepsy
2147:intelligence quotient
1104:Further information:
725:restless leg syndrome
540:
7996:Radiopharmaceuticals
7784:Antiparkinson agents
6219:J Pharmacol Exp Ther
6172:J Pharmacol Exp Ther
5505:13 July 2009 at the
5244:. 7 September 2018.
5083:21 June 2009 at the
4737:19 June 2009 at the
4400:. 20 December 2013.
3951:1 March 2011 at the
2964:Archiv der Pharmazie
2463:10.1212/WNL.44.5.787
2294:(Suppl 3): 595–603.
2288:Psychiatria Danubina
1157:valproate semisodium
1127:Treatment guidelines
832:2,4-Oxazolidinedione
770:Gabapentin enacarbil
645:Fructose derivatives
345:as anticonvulsants:
341:. The following are
27:Class of medications
7779:Antimigraine agents
7769:Antidementia agents
7672:Anti-inflammatories
7362:Medicated dressings
7302:Antihyperlipidemics
7129:Diabetes medication
6414:Methylphenobarbital
6086:2002PNAS...9915089B
5304:. DrugPatentWatch.
3298:on 17 December 2013
2759:2013PLoSO...864541P
1218:catamenial epilepsy
760:(2019) (Japan only)
421:catamenial epilepsy
360:Methylphenobarbital
112:antiepileptic drugs
7632:Immunosuppressants
7502:Antimycobacterials
7458:Antithyroid agents
7442:Mineralocorticoids
7246:Cardiac stimulants
7236:Cardiac glycosides
7228:cardiac therapy /
7124:Anti-obesity drugs
7008:Never to phase III
5633:George IC (2017).
4230:. 20 August 2013.
3207:(Suppl 2): S1–S3.
2505:on 3 November 2013
2333:(Suppl 6): 74–82.
2036:Depakene/Convulex
1976:30 September 1997
1794:Dilantin/Epanutin
1667:29 September 2000
1661:29 September 2000
1390:Klonopin/Rivotril
1239:H. Houston Merritt
543:
441:status epilepticus
395:, anticonvulsive,
280:status epilepticus
8054:
8053:
7957:Ophthalmologicals
7667:Anabolic steroids
7570:Anticancer agents
7533:Ectoparasiticides
7253:Antihypertensives
7201:Antifibrinolytics
7018:
7017:
6977:
6976:
6861:
6860:
6845:Potassium openers
6763:Oxazolidinediones
6695:Valproate pivoxil
6660:Acetylpheneturide
6604:
6603:
6559:Valproate pivoxil
6535:GABA-T inhibitors
6505:potassium bromide
5763:10.1111/epi.13021
5026:978-0-8247-8549-9
4830:978-0-632-06046-7
4148:(Suppl 6): S3–8.
4010:. 30 March 2016.
3856:978-0-86196-607-3
3541:978-1-933864-16-7
3503:Srp Arh Celok Lek
3101:Epilepsy Currents
3047:Neurotherapeutics
3008:Biochem Pharmacol
2802:Neuropharmacology
2652:Neurotherapeutics
2143:cognitive deficit
2139:divalproex sodium
2100:
2099:
2042:28 February 1978
2001:24 December 1996
1903:14 November 2008
1853:30 December 2004
1655:30 November 1999
1627:27 December 1994
1579:30 December 1993
1513:Afinitor/Votubia
1427:divalproex sodium
1417:15 November 1963
1355:21 November 2019
1313:18 February 2016
826:Oxazolidinediones
772:(Horizant) (2011)
729:opioid withdrawal
615:divalproex sodium
501:Potassium bromide
477:, and especially
186:GABA transaminase
116:antiseizure drugs
105:
104:
85:Biological target
49:Class identifiers
16:(Redirected from
8079:
8043:
8022:
8021:
8006:Senotherapeutics
7860:Neuroprotectives
7855:Mood stabilizers
7754:Anti-ADHD agents
7694:Muscle relaxants
7627:Immunostimulants
7622:Immunomodulators
7454:Thyroid hormones
7392:Fertility agents
7295:Renin inhibitors
7186:Antihemorrhagics
7153:forming organs (
7139:Dietary minerals
7045:
7038:
7031:
7022:
6870:
6754:Calcium blockers
6665:Chlorphenacemide
6617:
6591:GAT-1 inhibitors
6379:
6354:
6347:
6340:
6331:
6302:
6301:
6291:
6259:
6253:
6252:
6242:
6210:
6204:
6203:
6167:
6161:
6160:
6124:
6118:
6117:
6107:
6097:
6080:(23): 15089–94.
6065:
6059:
6058:
6040:
6016:
6010:
6009:
5999:
5959:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5948:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5862:
5856:
5855:
5845:
5827:
5802:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5765:
5756:(7): 1006–1019.
5741:
5735:
5734:
5724:
5707:(10): CD010236.
5692:
5681:
5680:
5670:
5630:
5624:
5623:
5605:
5581:
5570:
5569:
5559:
5519:
5510:
5497:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5460:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5358:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5298:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5264:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5196:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5162:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5094:
5088:
5075:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5038:
5032:
5030:
5012:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4978:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4748:
4742:
4729:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4157:
4131:
4100:
4099:
4089:
4065:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3962:
3956:
3943:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3803:
3777:
3768:
3762:
3749:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3690:
3680:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3639:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3576:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3324:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3303:
3297:
3290:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3250:(11): 993–1001.
3239:
3233:
3232:
3196:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3149:Cleveland Clinic
3141:
3135:
3134:
3124:
3092:
3081:
3080:
3070:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2864:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2780:
2770:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2695:
2686:
2685:
2675:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2626:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2522:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2504:
2498:. Archived from
2497:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2430:(3): 1001–1011.
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2359:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2258:
2234:
2135:sodium valproate
2095:
2089:
2083:
2062:
2041:
2022:25 January 1946
2021:
2000:
1984:
1975:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1931:
1925:
1913:sodium valproate
1902:
1897:Banzel/Inovelon
1880:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1760:14 January 2000
1759:
1740:26 January 1959
1739:
1720:8 February 1957
1719:
1683:23 October 1946
1682:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1607:28 October 2008
1606:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1558:
1538:
1519:30 January 2009
1518:
1498:
1477:2 November 1960
1476:
1456:
1436:
1416:
1395:
1375:21 October 2011
1374:
1354:
1332:
1312:
1291:
1261:
1197:absence seizures
879:Pyrimidinediones
778:(Gralise) (1996)
717:neuropathic pain
698:
683:
611:sodium valproate
580:neuropathic pain
190:calcium channels
151:neuropathic pain
147:mood stabilizers
139:bipolar disorder
32:
21:
18:Antiseizure drug
8087:
8086:
8082:
8081:
8080:
8078:
8077:
8076:
8067:Anticonvulsants
8057:
8056:
8055:
8050:
8046:Medicine portal
8010:
7966:
7938:
7933:
7925:Cough medicines
7920:Bronchodilators
7901:
7894:
7774:Antidepressants
7764:Anticonvulsants
7712:
7703:
7699:Bisphosphonates
7689:Corticosteroids
7651:
7638:
7610:
7601:
7585:Spindle poisons
7575:Antimetabolites
7558:
7549:
7471:
7462:
7437:Glucocorticoids
7432:Corticosteroids
7413:
7406:
7373:
7366:
7323:
7241:Antiarrhythmics
7214:
7207:
7164:Antithrombotics
7152:
7143:
7119:Antipropulsives
7115:Antidiarrhoeals
7092:
7063:
7055:
7049:
7019:
7014:
7013:
6998:Clinical trials
6973:
6912:
6857:
6839:
6748:
6621:Sodium blockers
6611:
6600:
6568:
6529:
6449:Benzodiazepines
6386:
6368:
6361:Anticonvulsants
6358:
6321:
6311:
6309:Further reading
6306:
6305:
6274:(12): e207–11.
6261:
6260:
6256:
6212:
6211:
6207:
6169:
6168:
6164:
6126:
6125:
6121:
6067:
6066:
6062:
6018:
6017:
6013:
5961:
5960:
5956:
5946:
5944:
5894:
5893:
5889:
5879:
5877:
5864:
5863:
5859:
5804:
5803:
5799:
5789:
5787:
5743:
5742:
5738:
5694:
5693:
5684:
5632:
5631:
5627:
5583:
5582:
5573:
5534:(8): CD010224.
5521:
5520:
5513:
5507:Wayback Machine
5500:EPAR: Zonegran.
5498:
5491:
5481:
5479:
5462:
5461:
5457:
5447:
5445:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5413:
5411:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5379:
5377:
5360:
5359:
5355:
5345:
5343:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5311:
5309:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5285:
5283:
5266:
5265:
5261:
5251:
5249:
5232:
5231:
5227:
5217:
5215:
5198:
5197:
5193:
5183:
5181:
5176:. 30 May 2012.
5164:
5163:
5159:
5149:
5147:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5115:
5113:
5096:
5095:
5091:
5085:Wayback Machine
5076:
5069:
5059:
5057:
5040:
5039:
5035:
5027:
5014:
5013:
5009:
4999:
4997:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4964:
4962:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4930:
4928:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4896:
4894:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4862:
4860:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4831:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4803:
4801:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4769:
4767:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4739:Wayback Machine
4730:
4723:
4713:
4711:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4679:
4677:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4645:
4643:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4611:
4609:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4577:
4575:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4543:
4541:
4524:
4523:
4519:
4509:
4507:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4475:
4473:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4441:
4439:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4407:
4405:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4373:
4371:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4339:
4337:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4305:
4303:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4271:
4269:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4237:
4235:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4203:
4201:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4133:
4132:
4103:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4051:
4049:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4017:
4015:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3983:
3981:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3953:Wayback Machine
3944:
3905:
3895:
3893:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3849:. John Libbey.
3842:
3841:
3837:
3827:
3825:
3775:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3759:Wayback Machine
3750:
3735:
3725:
3723:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3606:
3604:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3542:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3371:
3369:
3364:. 15 May 2020.
3356:
3355:
3351:
3341:
3339:
3328:"Diacomit EPAR"
3326:
3325:
3314:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3183:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3158:
3156:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3094:
3093:
3084:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2929:Eur J Pharmacol
2926:
2925:
2921:
2894:Eur J Pharmacol
2891:
2890:
2886:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2697:
2696:
2689:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2579:
2556:10.1038/nrn1430
2537:
2536:
2532:
2515:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2493:"Archived copy"
2491:
2490:
2486:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2380:10.1038/nrn1430
2361:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2346:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2210:
2111:
2105:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2063:21 August 2009
2060:
2039:
2019:
1998:
1982:
1973:
1957:
1951:
1948:20 August 2018
1945:
1929:
1923:
1900:
1878:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1816:never approved
1757:
1737:
1717:
1680:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1604:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1556:
1536:
1516:
1496:
1474:
1457:11 August 2013
1454:
1447:eslicarbazepine
1434:
1414:
1393:
1372:
1352:
1330:
1310:
1289:
1252:
1205:
1129:
1108:
1102:
1077:
1058:
1052:
1033:
1027:
1014:
1008:
977:
971:
943:
937:
906:
900:
887:
885:Pyrimidinedione
881:
868:
862:
834:
828:
794:
788:
709:
708:
707:
706:
705:
704:
699:
691:
690:
684:
672:
666:
653:
647:
595:
589:
549:
535:
516:
510:
497:
491:
401:muscle relaxant
381:
375:
373:Benzodiazepines
316:
310:
301:Dravet syndrome
293:
272:
266:
258:
234:
222:
210:epileptogenesis
177:
162:sodium channels
128:pharmacological
110:(also known as
108:Anticonvulsants
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8085:
8083:
8075:
8074:
8069:
8059:
8058:
8052:
8051:
8049:
8048:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8015:
8012:
8011:
8009:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7991:Contrast media
7988:
7982:
7980:
7968:
7967:
7965:
7964:
7959:
7953:
7951:
7944:sensory organs
7940:
7939:
7937:
7936:
7931:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7911:
7909:
7896:
7895:
7893:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7843:
7842:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7789:Antipsychotics
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7759:Antiaddictives
7756:
7751:
7746:
7745:
7744:
7739:
7729:
7723:
7721:
7714:nervous system
7705:
7704:
7702:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7684:Antirheumatics
7681:
7680:
7679:
7669:
7663:
7661:
7640:
7639:
7637:
7636:
7635:
7634:
7629:
7618:
7616:
7603:
7602:
7600:
7599:
7598:
7597:
7592:
7590:Antineoplastic
7587:
7582:
7577:
7566:
7564:
7551:
7550:
7548:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7536:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7523:Antiprotozoals
7518:Antiparasitics
7515:
7510:
7505:
7498:Antibacterials
7494:Antimicrobials
7490:
7488:
7464:
7463:
7461:
7460:
7451:
7446:
7445:
7444:
7439:
7429:
7423:
7421:
7408:
7407:
7405:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7383:
7381:
7368:
7367:
7365:
7364:
7359:
7357:Antipsoriatics
7354:
7349:
7344:
7338:
7336:
7325:
7324:
7322:
7321:
7320:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7299:
7298:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7285:ACE inhibitors
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7249:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7224:
7222:
7213:cardiovascular
7209:
7208:
7206:
7205:
7204:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7183:
7182:
7181:
7176:
7174:Anticoagulants
7171:
7160:
7158:
7145:
7144:
7142:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7101:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7086:
7075:
7073:
7057:
7056:
7050:
7048:
7047:
7040:
7033:
7025:
7016:
7015:
7012:
7011:
7010:
7009:
7006:
6995:
6989:
6983:
6982:
6979:
6978:
6975:
6974:
6972:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6920:
6918:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6878:
6876:
6867:
6863:
6862:
6859:
6858:
6856:
6855:
6849:
6847:
6841:
6840:
6838:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6810:
6803:Gabapentinoids
6795:
6790:
6775:
6773:Paramethadione
6770:
6758:
6756:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6692:
6687:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6625:
6623:
6614:
6606:
6605:
6602:
6601:
6599:
6598:
6581:GABAR agonists
6576:
6574:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:(and related):
6539:
6537:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6509:sodium bromide
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6441:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6394:
6392:
6384:
6376:
6370:
6369:
6359:
6357:
6356:
6349:
6342:
6334:
6328:
6327:
6320:
6319:External links
6317:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6254:
6205:
6178:(2): 494–500.
6162:
6135:(2): 497–503.
6119:
6060:
6011:
5974:(4): 370–379.
5968:JAMA Neurology
5954:
5907:(2): 246–252.
5887:
5857:
5818:(4): 441–450.
5812:JAMA Neurology
5797:
5736:
5682:
5645:(4): 363–371.
5625:
5596:(5): 1247–55.
5571:
5511:
5489:
5455:
5421:
5387:
5353:
5319:
5293:
5259:
5225:
5191:
5157:
5123:
5089:
5067:
5033:
5025:
5007:
4973:
4938:
4904:
4870:
4836:
4829:
4811:
4777:
4743:
4721:
4687:
4653:
4619:
4585:
4551:
4517:
4483:
4449:
4415:
4381:
4347:
4313:
4279:
4245:
4211:
4177:
4101:
4080:(3): 231–232.
4060:
4025:
3991:
3957:
3903:
3869:
3855:
3835:
3763:
3733:
3702:
3651:
3614:
3588:
3547:
3540:
3520:
3493:
3450:
3423:
3388:
3379:
3349:
3312:
3277:
3234:
3191:
3181:
3166:
3136:
3082:
3053:(2): 385–400.
3033:
2997:
2954:
2919:
2884:
2835:
2792:
2733:
2687:
2638:
2589:
2530:
2484:
2441:
2413:
2374:(7): 553–564.
2354:
2344:
2313:
2278:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2209:
2206:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:10 March 2005
2091:
2090:10 March 2005
2085:
2084:27 March 2000
2079:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1985:November 1997
1980:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1926:December 1977
1921:
1918:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
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1735:
1732:
1726:
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1723:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1559:5 August 1996
1554:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1499:22 April 1957
1494:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1437:10 March 1983
1432:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1251:
1248:
1213:Charles Locock
1204:
1201:
1185:mixed seizures
1141:article review
1128:
1125:
1112:ketogenic diet
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1054:Main article:
1051:
1050:Valproylamides
1048:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1029:Main article:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1010:Main article:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
973:Main article:
970:
967:
966:
965:
959:
953:
939:Main article:
936:
933:
932:
931:
925:
919:
913:
902:Main article:
899:
896:
895:
894:
883:Main article:
880:
877:
876:
875:
864:Main article:
861:
858:
857:
856:
850:
844:
841:Paramethadione
830:Main article:
827:
824:
823:
822:
816:
810:
804:
790:Main article:
787:
784:
780:
779:
773:
767:
761:
755:
700:
693:
692:
685:
678:
677:
676:
675:
674:
673:
668:Main article:
665:
664:Gabapentinoids
662:
661:
660:
649:Main article:
646:
643:
637:
636:
630:
624:
618:
591:Main article:
588:
585:
584:
583:
571:
565:
559:
545:Main article:
534:
531:
530:
529:
523:
512:Main article:
509:
506:
505:
504:
493:Main article:
490:
487:
468:
467:
461:
451:
437:
436:
430:
424:
379:Benzodiazepine
377:Main article:
374:
371:
370:
369:
363:
357:
312:Main article:
309:
306:
305:
304:
292:
289:
288:
287:
268:Main article:
265:
262:
257:
254:
233:
230:
221:
218:
175:
103:
102:
96:
95:
91:
90:
87:
81:
80:
75:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
57:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
35:Anticonvulsant
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8084:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8064:
8062:
8047:
8042:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8017:
8016:
8013:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7974:
7969:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7945:
7941:
7935:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7915:Decongestants
7913:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7903:
7897:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7847:
7844:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7834:Dissociatives
7832:
7830:
7827:
7826:
7825:
7824:Hallucinogens
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7734:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7715:
7710:
7706:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7678:
7675:
7674:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7655:
7649:
7645:
7641:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7624:
7623:
7620:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7608:
7604:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7572:
7571:
7568:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7556:
7552:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7528:Anthelmintics
7526:
7524:
7521:
7520:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7503:
7499:
7495:
7492:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7469:
7465:
7459:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7434:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7415:
7409:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7375:
7372:genitourinary
7369:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7352:Antipruritics
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7330:
7326:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7304:
7303:
7300:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7282:
7281:
7280:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7268:Beta blockers
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7233:
7232:
7231:
7226:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7216:
7210:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7188:
7187:
7184:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7169:Antiplatelets
7167:
7166:
7165:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7150:
7146:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7080:
7077:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7067:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7046:
7041:
7039:
7034:
7032:
7027:
7026:
7023:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6984:
6980:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6964:Levetiracetam
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6915:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6893:Ethoxzolamide
6891:
6889:
6888:Acetazolamide
6886:
6884:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6875:
6874:CA inhibitors
6871:
6868:
6864:
6854:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6846:
6842:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6785:
6784:
6779:
6778:Trimethadione
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6760:
6759:
6757:
6755:
6751:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6718:
6717:Oxcarbazepine
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6707:Carbamazepine
6705:
6703:
6701:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6622:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6607:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6587:
6583:
6582:
6578:
6577:
6575:
6571:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6536:
6532:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6499:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6451:
6450:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6436:
6435:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6424:Phenobarbital
6422:
6420:
6419:Pentobarbital
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6371:
6366:
6362:
6355:
6350:
6348:
6343:
6341:
6336:
6335:
6332:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6318:
6313:
6312:
6308:
6299:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6258:
6255:
6250:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6225:(1): 165–73.
6224:
6220:
6216:
6209:
6206:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6166:
6163:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6123:
6120:
6115:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6064:
6061:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6015:
6012:
6007:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5958:
5955:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5891:
5888:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5861:
5858:
5853:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5801:
5798:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5740:
5737:
5732:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5683:
5678:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5629:
5626:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5580:
5578:
5576:
5572:
5567:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5518:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5459:
5456:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5425:
5422:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5391:
5388:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5357:
5354:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5323:
5320:
5307:
5303:
5302:"NDA: 020646"
5297:
5294:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5263:
5260:
5247:
5243:
5241:
5235:
5229:
5226:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5195:
5192:
5179:
5175:
5173:
5167:
5161:
5158:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5127:
5124:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5037:
5034:
5031:(first usage)
5028:
5022:
5018:
5011:
5008:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4977:
4974:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4942:
4939:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4908:
4905:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4874:
4871:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4840:
4837:
4832:
4826:
4822:
4815:
4812:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4781:
4778:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4747:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4732:EPAR: Keppra.
4728:
4726:
4722:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4691:
4688:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4657:
4654:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4620:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4589:
4586:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4555:
4552:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4521:
4518:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4453:
4450:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4419:
4416:
4403:
4399:
4397:
4391:
4385:
4382:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4348:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4314:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4233:
4229:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4212:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4064:
4061:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4013:
4009:
4007:
4001:
3995:
3992:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3870:
3858:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3839:
3836:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3801:2027.42/65231
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3706:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3655:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3615:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3567:(8): 1540–5.
3566:
3562:
3558:
3551:
3548:
3543:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3524:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3497:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3466:(3): 276–85.
3465:
3461:
3454:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3404:(5): 326–32.
3403:
3399:
3392:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3294:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3192:
3185:
3182:
3177:
3170:
3167:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3037:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3014:(8): 965–73.
3013:
3009:
3001:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2970:(9): 579–86.
2969:
2965:
2958:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2839:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2796:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2753:(5): e64541.
2752:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2609:(4): 345–52.
2608:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2590:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2550:(7): 553–64.
2549:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2501:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2457:(5): 787–95.
2456:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2417:
2414:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2355:
2348:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2151:carbamazepine
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2131:Valproic acid
2128:
2125:
2120:
2119:birth defects
2116:
2110:
2102:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2032:valproic acid
2030:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2012:trimethadione
2010:
2009:
2006:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1960:January 2007
1956:
1954:January 2007
1950:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1881:8 March 1954
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1771:phenobarbital
1769:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1750:oxcarbazepine
1748:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1730:methazolamide
1728:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1645:levetiracetam
1643:
1642:
1635:
1633:October 1991
1629:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1591:October 1994
1587:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1539:29 July 1993
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1369:Onfi/Frisium
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1333:15 July 1974
1329:
1326:
1324:
1323:carbamazepine
1321:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1292:27 July 1953
1288:
1285:
1283:
1282:acetazolamide
1280:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1227:Phenobarbital
1224:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1173:oxcarbazepine
1170:
1166:
1162:
1161:phenobarbital
1158:
1154:
1153:valproic acid
1150:
1146:
1145:carbamazepine
1142:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1005:
1000:
997:
994:
993:Methazolamide
991:
988:
985:
982:
981:Acetazolamide
979:
978:
976:
968:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
947:
946:
942:
934:
929:
926:
923:
922:Levetiracetam
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
907:
905:
897:
892:
889:
888:
886:
878:
873:
870:
869:
867:
859:
854:
851:
848:
847:Trimethadione
845:
842:
839:
838:
837:
833:
825:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
798:
797:
793:
785:
783:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
749:
748:
746:
742:
739:, mainly the
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
703:
697:
688:
682:
671:
670:Gabapentinoid
663:
658:
655:
654:
652:
644:
642:
641:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
612:
608:
607:valproic acid
604:
600:
599:
598:
594:
586:
581:
577:
572:
569:
566:
563:
562:Oxcarbazepine
560:
557:
556:Carbamazepine
554:
553:
552:
548:
541:Carbamazepine
539:
532:
527:
524:
521:
518:
517:
515:
507:
502:
499:
498:
496:
488:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
465:
462:
459:
458:buccal mucosa
455:
452:
449:
446:
445:
444:
442:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
418:
415:
414:
413:
411:
407:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
380:
372:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
351:
350:Phenobarbital
348:
347:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
307:
302:
298:
295:
294:
290:
285:
284:resuscitation
281:
277:
274:
273:
271:
263:
261:
255:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
231:
229:
227:
219:
217:
215:
211:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
171:
167:
163:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
101:
97:
92:
88:
86:
82:
79:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
56:
52:
47:
44:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
7829:Psychedelics
7799:Aphrodisiacs
7763:
7473:infestations
7449:Sex hormones
7402:Sex hormones
7347:Cicatrizants
7277:
7263:Vasodilators
7230:antianginals
7227:
7079:stomach acid
7078:
6954:Fenfluramine
6934:Brivaracetam
6883:Sulfonamides
6881:
6816:
6801:
6798:Phensuximide
6788:Ethosuximide
6783:Succinimides
6781:
6761:
6720:
6700:Carboxamides
6698:
6678:
6653:
6640:Fosphenytoin
6628:
6589:
6579:
6542:
6497:
6447:
6432:
6404:Barbexaclone
6399:Barbiturates
6397:
6360:
6271:
6267:
6257:
6222:
6218:
6208:
6175:
6171:
6165:
6132:
6128:
6122:
6077:
6073:
6063:
6028:
6024:
6014:
5971:
5967:
5957:
5945:. Retrieved
5904:
5900:
5890:
5878:. Retrieved
5869:
5860:
5815:
5811:
5800:
5788:. Retrieved
5753:
5749:
5739:
5704:
5700:
5642:
5638:
5628:
5593:
5589:
5531:
5527:
5480:. Retrieved
5467:
5458:
5446:. Retrieved
5433:
5424:
5412:. Retrieved
5399:
5390:
5378:. Retrieved
5365:
5356:
5344:. Retrieved
5331:
5322:
5310:. Retrieved
5296:
5284:. Retrieved
5271:
5262:
5250:. Retrieved
5237:
5228:
5216:. Retrieved
5203:
5194:
5182:. Retrieved
5169:
5160:
5148:. Retrieved
5135:
5126:
5114:. Retrieved
5101:
5092:
5078:EPAR: Lyrica
5058:. Retrieved
5045:
5036:
5016:
5010:
4998:. Retrieved
4985:
4976:
4963:. Retrieved
4950:
4941:
4929:. Retrieved
4916:
4907:
4895:. Retrieved
4882:
4873:
4861:. Retrieved
4848:
4839:
4820:
4814:
4802:. Retrieved
4789:
4780:
4768:. Retrieved
4755:
4746:
4712:. Retrieved
4699:
4690:
4678:. Retrieved
4665:
4656:
4644:. Retrieved
4631:
4622:
4610:. Retrieved
4597:
4588:
4576:. Retrieved
4563:
4554:
4542:. Retrieved
4529:
4520:
4508:. Retrieved
4495:
4486:
4474:. Retrieved
4461:
4452:
4440:. Retrieved
4427:
4418:
4406:. Retrieved
4393:
4384:
4372:. Retrieved
4359:
4350:
4338:. Retrieved
4325:
4316:
4304:. Retrieved
4291:
4282:
4270:. Retrieved
4257:
4248:
4236:. Retrieved
4223:
4214:
4202:. Retrieved
4189:
4180:
4145:
4139:
4077:
4073:
4063:
4050:. Retrieved
4037:
4028:
4016:. Retrieved
4003:
3994:
3982:. Retrieved
3969:
3960:
3894:. Retrieved
3881:
3872:
3860:. Retrieved
3845:
3838:
3826:. Retrieved
3786:(5): 401–9.
3783:
3779:
3766:
3724:. Retrieved
3715:
3705:
3668:
3664:
3654:
3627:
3617:
3605:. Retrieved
3591:
3564:
3560:
3550:
3530:
3523:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3439:(1): 80–92.
3436:
3432:
3426:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3382:
3370:. Retrieved
3361:
3352:
3340:. Retrieved
3331:
3307:
3300:. Retrieved
3293:the original
3280:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3184:
3175:
3169:
3157:. Retrieved
3148:
3139:
3107:(5): 127–9.
3104:
3100:
3050:
3046:
3036:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2935:(1): 135–8.
2932:
2928:
2922:
2900:(1): 25–33.
2897:
2893:
2887:
2855:(4): 943–8.
2852:
2848:
2838:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2750:
2746:
2736:
2706:(1): 47–57.
2703:
2699:
2658:(1): 18–61.
2655:
2651:
2641:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2582:20 September
2580:. Retrieved
2547:
2543:
2533:
2507:. Retrieved
2500:the original
2487:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2406:20 September
2404:. Retrieved
2371:
2367:
2357:
2347:
2330:
2326:
2321:Keck PE Jr,
2316:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2211:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2178:
2171:
2129:
2123:
2114:
2112:
1865:6 July 2004
1859:6 July 2004
1826:phensuximide
1710:methsuximide
1549:fosphenytoin
1467:ethosuximide
1396:4 June 1975
1303:brivaracetam
1253:
1235:Tracy Putnam
1216:
1206:
1130:
1109:
1068:Valnoctamide
969:Sulfonamides
956:Phensuximide
950:Ethosuximide
944:
935:Succinimides
928:Seletracetam
910:Brivaracetam
898:Pyrrolidines
835:
819:Fosphenytoin
795:
781:
721:fibromyalgia
710:
639:
638:
596:
550:
533:Carboxamides
469:
438:
382:
366:Barbexaclone
325:that act as
319:Barbiturates
317:
308:Barbiturates
259:
235:
223:
206:
159:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
106:
94:Legal status
40:
29:
7962:Otologicals
7934:antagonists
7900:respiratory
7875:Orexigenics
7870:Neurotoxins
7819:Euphoriants
7809:Entactogens
7804:Depressants
7794:Anxiolytics
7732:Anesthetics
7508:Antifungals
7105:Antiemetics
7093:antagonists
6994:from market
6944:Carisbamate
6939:Cannabidiol
6825:Lamotrigine
6729:Lamotrigine
6680:Fatty acids
6675:Pheneturide
6670:Phenacemide
6645:Mephenytoin
6544:Fatty acids
6525:Stiripentol
6520:Paraldehyde
6484:Nimetazepam
6464:Clorazepate
6409:Metharbital
6031:: 111–114.
5947:31 December
5482:21 November
5448:21 November
5414:21 November
5380:21 November
5346:21 November
5286:21 November
5252:21 November
5218:21 November
5184:21 November
5150:21 November
5116:21 November
5060:21 November
5000:21 November
4965:21 November
4931:21 November
4897:21 November
4863:21 November
4804:21 November
4770:21 November
4714:21 November
4680:21 November
4646:21 November
4612:21 November
4578:21 November
4544:21 November
4510:21 November
4476:21 November
4442:21 November
4408:21 November
4374:21 November
4340:21 November
4306:21 November
4272:21 November
4238:21 November
4204:21 November
4052:21 November
4018:21 November
3984:21 November
3896:21 November
3716:Mayo Clinic
3597:"Felbamate"
3509:(1): 72–7.
3398:Arch Neurol
2163:lamotrigine
1938:stiripentol
1693:metharbital
1673:mephenytoin
1617:lamotrigine
1193:Lamotrigine
1189:monotherapy
1169:lamotrigine
1087:Stiripentol
1043:Phenacemide
1037:Pheneturide
1018:Lamotrigine
941:Succinimide
904:Pyrrolidine
860:Propionates
813:Mephenytoin
758:Mirogabalin
587:Fatty acids
547:Carboxamide
479:nimetazepam
433:Clorazepate
331:depressants
314:Barbiturate
297:Stiripentol
286:facilities.
276:Paraldehyde
220:Terminology
214:head injury
100:In Wikidata
8061:Categories
7885:Stimulants
7865:Nootropics
7839:Deliriants
7814:Entheogens
7749:Anorectics
7727:Analgesics
7580:Alkylating
7513:Antivirals
7468:infections
7342:Emollients
7196:Coagulants
7066:metabolism
6969:Perampanel
6959:Ganaxolone
6949:Etiracetam
6908:Zonisamide
6903:Topiramate
6853:Retigabine
6835:Zonisamide
6830:Topiramate
6813:Pregabalin
6808:Gabapentin
6793:Mesuximide
6744:Zonisamide
6739:Topiramate
6734:Rufinamide
6724:Lacosamide
6690:Valpromide
6630:Hydantoins
6612:modulators
6564:Vigabatrin
6554:Valpromide
6489:Nitrazepam
6459:Clonazepam
6439:Cenobamate
6434:Carbamates
6374:GABAergics
6129:Exp Neurol
5880:11 October
3710:Pruthi S.
3372:8 November
3342:8 November
2808:: 115–26.
2509:28 January
2323:McElroy SL
2224:References
2107:See also:
2094:2005-03-10
2088:2005-03-10
2082:2000-03-27
2074:zonisamide
2061:2009-08-21
2053:vigabatrin
2040:1978-02-28
2020:1946-01-25
1999:1996-12-24
1991:topiramate
1974:1997-09-30
1946:2018-08-20
1932:June 1967
1901:2008-11-14
1893:rufinamide
1879:1954-03-08
1863:2004-07-06
1857:2004-07-06
1851:2004-12-30
1843:pregabalin
1813:Nootropil
1758:2000-01-14
1754:Trileptal
1738:1959-01-26
1734:Neptazane
1718:1957-02-08
1681:1946-10-23
1677:Mesantoin
1665:2000-09-29
1659:2000-09-29
1653:1999-11-30
1625:1994-12-27
1605:2008-10-28
1597:lacosamide
1577:1993-12-30
1573:Neurontin
1569:gabapentin
1557:1996-08-05
1537:1993-07-29
1517:2009-03-30
1509:everolimus
1497:1957-04-22
1475:1960-11-02
1455:2013-08-11
1435:1983-03-10
1415:1963-11-15
1394:1975-06-04
1386:clonazepam
1373:2011-10-21
1353:2019-11-21
1345:cenobamate
1331:1974-07-15
1311:2016-02-18
1290:1953-07-27
1177:topiramate
1165:gabapentin
1093:Pyridoxine
1081:Perampanel
1062:Valpromide
999:Zonisamide
962:Mesuximide
916:Etiracetam
866:Propionate
786:Hydantoins
764:Gabapentin
752:Pregabalin
657:Topiramate
621:Vigabatrin
603:valproates
593:Fatty acid
576:azobenzene
526:Cenobamate
508:Carbamates
471:Nitrazepam
427:Clonazepam
410:dependency
393:anxiolytic
343:classified
339:anesthesia
226:convulsion
42:Drug class
8035:ATC codes
8001:Dressings
7986:Antidotes
7850:Sedatives
7846:Hypnotics
7555:malignant
7412:endocrine
7258:Diuretics
7191:Platelets
7151:and blood
7110:Laxatives
7004:Phase III
6992:Withdrawn
6929:Beclamide
6820:Imepitoin
6768:Ethadione
6685:Valproate
6650:Phenytoin
6596:Tiagabine
6586:Progabide
6549:Valproate
6515:Imepitoin
6494:Temazepam
6479:Midazolam
6474:Lorazepam
6444:Felbamate
6429:Primidone
6268:Epilepsia
6047:1059-1311
5988:2168-6149
5921:1473-6551
5834:2168-6149
5772:0013-9580
5750:Epilepsia
5659:2163-0402
5620:221731995
5590:Epilepsia
5548:1469-493X
5468:Drugs@FDA
5434:Drugs@FDA
5400:Drugs@FDA
5366:Drugs@FDA
5332:Drugs@FDA
5272:Drugs@FDA
5204:Drugs@FDA
5136:Drugs@FDA
5102:Drugs@FDA
5046:Drugs@FDA
4986:Drugs@FDA
4951:Drugs@FDA
4917:Drugs@FDA
4883:Drugs@FDA
4849:Drugs@FDA
4790:Drugs@FDA
4756:Drugs@FDA
4700:Drugs@FDA
4666:Drugs@FDA
4632:Drugs@FDA
4598:Drugs@FDA
4564:Drugs@FDA
4530:Drugs@FDA
4496:Drugs@FDA
4462:Drugs@FDA
4428:Drugs@FDA
4360:Drugs@FDA
4326:Drugs@FDA
4292:Drugs@FDA
4258:Drugs@FDA
4190:Drugs@FDA
4141:Epilepsia
4038:Drugs@FDA
3970:Drugs@FDA
3882:Drugs@FDA
3828:30 August
3780:Epilepsia
3646:1433-7851
3561:Neurology
3460:Epilepsia
3244:CNS Drugs
3201:Epilepsia
2849:Epilepsia
2451:Neurology
2300:0353-5053
2265:1846-9558
2218:apoptosis
2214:pregnancy
2167:phenytoin
2141:, causes
2103:Pregnancy
2078:Zonegran
2016:Tridione
1970:Gabitril
1966:tiagabine
1942:Diacomit
1875:Mysoline
1871:primidone
1830:Milontin
1809:piracetam
1790:phenytoin
1714:Celontin
1639:May 1995
1621:Lamictal
1585:May 1993
1533:Felbatol
1529:felbamate
1493:Peganone
1471:Zarontin
1431:Depakote
1327:Tegretol
1307:Briviact
1231:phenytoin
1223:impotence
1149:phenytoin
1006:Triazines
891:Primidone
872:Beclamide
853:Ethadione
807:Phenytoin
792:Hydantoin
689:analogues
633:Tiagabine
627:Progabide
520:Felbamate
514:Carbamate
475:temazepam
464:Lorazepam
454:Midazolam
406:tolerance
354:primidone
264:Aldehydes
198:glutamate
178:receptors
132:epileptic
8072:Epilepsy
7880:Serenics
7545:Vaccines
7312:Fibrates
7134:Vitamins
7084:Antacids
6924:Albutoin
6898:Sultiame
6635:Ethotoin
6469:Diazepam
6454:Clobazam
6298:22050285
6249:17636003
6200:12741109
6192:17483293
6149:15869952
6114:12417760
6055:29471258
6006:35157004
5941:Archived
5937:58608931
5929:30664067
5874:Archived
5852:31886825
5784:Archived
5780:25851171
5731:25354543
5677:29185530
5612:19507305
5566:37647086
5557:10463554
5503:Archived
5476:Archived
5442:Archived
5408:Archived
5374:Archived
5340:Archived
5306:Archived
5280:Archived
5246:Archived
5212:Archived
5178:Archived
5144:Archived
5110:Archived
5081:Archived
5054:Archived
4994:Archived
4959:Archived
4925:Archived
4891:Archived
4857:Archived
4798:Archived
4764:Archived
4735:Archived
4708:Archived
4674:Archived
4640:Archived
4606:Archived
4572:Archived
4538:Archived
4504:Archived
4470:Archived
4436:Archived
4402:Archived
4368:Archived
4334:Archived
4300:Archived
4266:Archived
4232:Archived
4198:Archived
4172:29638422
4164:10530675
4096:18748164
4046:Archived
4012:Archived
3978:Archived
3949:Archived
3890:Archived
3822:Archived
3818:12259676
3810:15101821
3755:Archived
3720:Archived
3697:30760973
3601:Archived
3583:10331676
3515:15637997
3488:26694857
3445:10030438
3366:Archived
3362:DailyMed
3336:Archived
3272:42911844
3264:23018548
3229:44798815
3159:16 March
3153:Archived
3131:17998971
3077:24671870
3028:16934763
2992:46002731
2914:11716839
2871:19054409
2830:27701532
2822:23206503
2787:23724059
2747:PLOS ONE
2720:21533993
2682:17199015
2633:18590620
2576:Archived
2564:15208697
2519:cite web
2479:75925846
2400:Archived
2388:15208697
2308:31488797
2273:31259739
2208:Research
2188:months.
2124:in utero
1995:Topamax
1920:Unknown
1778:Unknown
1775:Luminal
1697:Gemonil
1553:Cerebyx
1489:ethotoin
1407:diazepam
1365:clobazam
1012:Triazine
987:Sultiame
801:Ethotoin
713:epilepsy
651:Fructose
489:Bromides
483:sedative
448:Diazepam
417:Clobazam
397:amnestic
389:hypnotic
335:sedation
270:Aldehyde
248:and the
232:Approval
135:seizures
73:ATC code
67:Epilepsy
55:Synonyms
7737:General
7644:muscles
7613:L03–L04
7609:disease
7561:L01–L02
7557:disease
7307:Statins
6817:Others:
6721:Others:
6655:Ureides
6610:Channel
6501:Bromide
6498:Others:
6289:3230752
6240:2789311
6157:1493015
6082:Bibcode
6025:Seizure
5997:8845026
5843:6990802
5790:1 March
5722:7390020
5701:Reviews
5668:5648199
5474:(FDA).
5470:. U.S.
5440:(FDA).
5436:. U.S.
5406:(FDA).
5402:. U.S.
5372:(FDA).
5368:. U.S.
5338:(FDA).
5334:. U.S.
5278:(FDA).
5274:. U.S.
5210:(FDA).
5206:. U.S.
5142:(FDA).
5138:. U.S.
5108:(FDA).
5104:. U.S.
5052:(FDA).
5048:. U.S.
4992:(FDA).
4988:. U.S.
4957:(FDA).
4953:. U.S.
4923:(FDA).
4919:. U.S.
4889:(FDA).
4885:. U.S.
4855:(FDA).
4851:. U.S.
4796:(FDA).
4792:. U.S.
4762:(FDA).
4758:. U.S.
4706:(FDA).
4702:. U.S.
4672:(FDA).
4668:. U.S.
4638:(FDA).
4634:. U.S.
4604:(FDA).
4600:. U.S.
4570:(FDA).
4566:. U.S.
4536:(FDA).
4532:. U.S.
4502:(FDA).
4498:. U.S.
4468:(FDA).
4464:. U.S.
4434:(FDA).
4430:. U.S.
4366:(FDA).
4362:. U.S.
4332:(FDA).
4328:. U.S.
4298:(FDA).
4294:. U.S.
4264:(FDA).
4260:. U.S.
4196:(FDA).
4192:. U.S.
4087:1238063
4044:(FDA).
4040:. U.S.
3976:(FDA).
3972:. U.S.
3888:(FDA).
3884:. U.S.
3862:29 June
3726:20 July
3688:6361831
3480:3698940
3221:2767008
3189:509–517
3122:2043140
3068:3996125
2984:2288480
2949:4085542
2879:6796135
2778:3664607
2755:Bibcode
2728:1388805
2673:1852436
2624:2587091
2572:2201038
2471:8190276
2436:3086538
2396:2201038
2339:9674940
2057:Sabril
1983:1997-11
1958:2007-01
1952:2007-01
1930:1967-06
1924:1977-12
1917:Epilim
1847:Lyrica
1649:Keppra
1637:1995-05
1631:1991-10
1601:Vimpat
1589:1994-10
1583:1993-05
1451:Aptiom
1411:Valium
1349:Xcopri
1286:Diamox
1276:France
1209:bromide
1203:History
1181:partial
1095:(1939).
1020:(1990).
1001:(2000).
983:(1953).
952:(1955).
924:(1999).
912:(2016).
893:(1952).
849:(1946).
821:(1996).
809:(1938).
803:(1957).
659:(1995).
635:(1996).
629:(1987).
623:(1989).
617:(1967).
570:(2009).
528:(2019).
495:Bromide
435:(1972).
429:(1974).
238:placebo
155:neurons
8044:
8023:
7971:other
7902:system
7654:joints
7607:immune
7414:system
7374:system
7215:system
6987:WHO-EM
6917:Others
6866:Others
6573:Others
6296:
6286:
6247:
6237:
6198:
6190:
6155:
6147:
6112:
6105:137548
6102:
6053:
6045:
6004:
5994:
5986:
5935:
5927:
5919:
5850:
5840:
5832:
5778:
5770:
5729:
5719:
5675:
5665:
5657:
5618:
5610:
5564:
5554:
5546:
5312:19 May
5023:
4827:
4170:
4162:
4094:
4084:
3853:
3816:
3808:
3695:
3685:
3644:
3607:19 May
3581:
3538:
3513:
3486:
3478:
3443:
3418:817697
3416:
3302:19 May
3270:
3262:
3227:
3219:
3129:
3119:
3075:
3065:
3026:
2990:
2982:
2947:
2912:
2877:
2869:
2828:
2820:
2785:
2775:
2726:
2718:
2680:
2670:
2631:
2621:
2570:
2562:
2477:
2469:
2434:
2394:
2386:
2337:
2306:
2298:
2271:
2263:
766:(1993)
754:(2004)
743:, and
741:N-Type
613:, and
329:(CNS)
184:, and
180:, the
8025:Drugs
7742:Local
7709:brain
7648:bones
7149:blood
6196:S2CID
6153:S2CID
5933:S2CID
5616:S2CID
5242:(FDA)
5238:U.S.
5174:(FDA)
5170:U.S.
4398:(FDA)
4394:U.S.
4228:(FDA)
4224:U.S.
4168:S2CID
4008:(FDA)
4004:U.S.
3814:S2CID
3776:(PDF)
3671:: 5.
3484:S2CID
3296:(PDF)
3289:(PDF)
3268:S2CID
3225:S2CID
2988:S2CID
2875:S2CID
2826:S2CID
2724:S2CID
2568:S2CID
2503:(PDF)
2496:(PDF)
2475:S2CID
2392:S2CID
2352:2001.
2066:1989
2045:1993
2004:1995
1979:1998
1887:1953
1884:1952
1833:1953
1803:1941
1800:1938
1797:1938
1784:1920
1781:1912
1763:2000
1700:1952
1483:1962
1480:1955
1399:1974
1378:1979
1339:1963
1336:1965
1295:1988
1267:Brand
1075:Other
1056:Amide
1025:Ureas
387:with
385:drugs
323:drugs
256:Drugs
118:, or
89:Brain
7652:and
7329:skin
6390:PAMs
6383:GABA
6294:PMID
6245:PMID
6188:PMID
6145:PMID
6110:PMID
6051:PMID
6043:ISSN
6002:PMID
5984:ISSN
5949:2023
5925:PMID
5917:ISSN
5882:2023
5848:PMID
5830:ISSN
5792:2024
5776:PMID
5768:ISSN
5727:PMID
5705:2020
5673:PMID
5655:ISSN
5608:PMID
5562:PMID
5544:ISSN
5532:2023
5484:2019
5450:2019
5416:2019
5382:2019
5348:2019
5314:2013
5288:2019
5254:2019
5220:2019
5186:2019
5152:2019
5118:2019
5062:2019
5021:ISBN
5002:2019
4967:2019
4933:2019
4899:2019
4865:2019
4825:ISBN
4806:2019
4772:2019
4716:2019
4682:2019
4648:2019
4614:2019
4580:2019
4546:2019
4512:2019
4478:2019
4444:2019
4410:2019
4376:2019
4342:2019
4308:2019
4274:2019
4240:2019
4206:2019
4160:PMID
4092:PMID
4054:2019
4020:2019
3986:2019
3898:2019
3864:2024
3851:ISBN
3830:2019
3806:PMID
3728:2023
3693:PMID
3642:ISSN
3609:2013
3579:PMID
3536:ISBN
3511:PMID
3476:PMID
3441:PMID
3414:PMID
3374:2020
3344:2020
3304:2013
3260:PMID
3217:PMID
3161:2024
3127:PMID
3073:PMID
3024:PMID
2980:PMID
2945:PMID
2910:PMID
2867:PMID
2818:PMID
2783:PMID
2716:PMID
2678:PMID
2629:PMID
2584:2020
2560:PMID
2525:link
2511:2013
2467:PMID
2432:PMID
2408:2020
2384:PMID
2335:PMID
2304:PMID
2296:ISSN
2269:PMID
2261:ISSN
2137:and
1264:Drug
1237:and
1135:and
1114:and
1110:The
1031:Urea
731:and
687:GABA
601:The
399:and
321:are
194:SV2A
174:GABA
166:GABA
141:and
7973:ATC
7711:and
7470:and
6365:N03
6284:PMC
6276:doi
6235:PMC
6227:doi
6223:323
6180:doi
6176:322
6137:doi
6133:193
6100:PMC
6090:doi
6033:doi
5992:PMC
5976:doi
5909:doi
5838:PMC
5820:doi
5758:doi
5717:PMC
5709:doi
5663:PMC
5647:doi
5598:doi
5552:PMC
5536:doi
4150:doi
4082:PMC
4078:128
3796:hdl
3788:doi
3683:PMC
3673:doi
3632:doi
3569:doi
3507:129
3468:doi
3406:doi
3252:doi
3209:doi
3117:PMC
3109:doi
3063:PMC
3055:doi
3016:doi
2972:doi
2968:323
2937:doi
2933:117
2902:doi
2898:431
2857:doi
2810:doi
2773:PMC
2763:doi
2708:doi
2704:384
2668:PMC
2660:doi
2619:PMC
2611:doi
2552:doi
2459:doi
2428:237
2376:doi
2251:doi
2197:can
2165:or
2157:or
1233:by
1183:or
1175:or
745:P/Q
337:to
242:FDA
216:).
124:ASM
78:N03
64:Use
8063::
7848:/
7646:,
7496::
7485:QI
7483:,
7479:,
7456:/
7117:/
7064:/
7000::
6815:;
6800:;
6786::
6780:;
6719:;
6697:;
6677:;
6652:;
6588:;
6584::
6507:,
6496:;
6452::
6446:;
6437::
6431:;
6292:.
6282:.
6272:52
6270:.
6266:.
6243:.
6233:.
6221:.
6217:.
6194:.
6186:.
6174:.
6151:.
6143:.
6131:.
6108:.
6098:.
6088:.
6078:99
6076:.
6072:.
6049:.
6041:.
6029:56
6027:.
6023:.
6000:.
5990:.
5982:.
5972:79
5970:.
5966:.
5939:.
5931:.
5923:.
5915:.
5905:32
5903:.
5899:.
5872:.
5868:.
5846:.
5836:.
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