Panic attack - Knowledge (XXG)

3329: 50: 1778:

Amir; Bossone, Eduardo; Citro, Rodolfo; Ueyama, Takashi; Corrado, Domenico; Kurisu, Satoshi; Ruschitzka, Frank; Winchester, David; Lyon, Alexander R; Omerovic, Elmir; Bax, Jeroen J; Meimoun, Patrick; Tarantini, Giuseppe; Rihal, Charanjit; Y.-Hassan, Shams; Migliore, Federico; Horowitz, John D; Shimokawa, Hiroaki; Lüscher, Thomas Felix; Templin, Christian (7 June 2018).

1389:

sufficiently different from any normal sensation that they indicate a panic disorder. Other symptoms on the list can occur in people who may or may not have panic disorder. Panic disorder does not require four or more symptoms to all be present at the same time. Causeless panic and racing heartbeat are sufficient to indicate a panic attack.

1370:

has been free of symptoms for at least six months. It is usually safest to withdraw from these drugs gradually while undergoing therapy. While drug treatment seems promising for children and adolescents, they are at an increased risk of suicide while taking these medications and their well-being should be monitored closely.

275:, confusion, or a feeling of impending doom or of losing control. Typically, symptoms reach a peak within ten minutes of onset, and last for roughly 30 minutes, but the duration can vary from seconds to hours. Although they can be extremely frightening and distressing, panic attacks themselves are not physically dangerous. 1329:

There was a meta-analysis of the comorbidity of panic disorders and agoraphobia. It used exposure therapy to treat patients over a period. Hundreds of patients were used in these studies and they all met the DSM-IV criteria for both of these disorders. A result was that thirty-two percent of patients

1369:

While the use of drugs in treating panic attacks can be very successful, it is generally recommended that people also be in some form of therapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy. Drug treatments are usually used throughout the duration of panic attack symptoms and discontinued after the patient

1293:

are the best treatment for panic disorder. Medication might also be appropriate in some cases." The first part of therapy is largely informational; many people are greatly helped by simply understanding exactly what panic disorder is and how many others experience it. Many people with panic disorder

858:

Many physical symptoms of anxiety, such as rapid heart rate and hand tremors, are regulated by norepinephrine. Drugs that counteract norepinephrine's effect may be effective in reducing the physical symptoms of a panic attack. Nevertheless, some drugs that increase 'background' norepinephrine levels

1298:

helps people to replace those thoughts with more realistic, positive ways of viewing the attacks. Avoidant behavior is one of the key aspects that prevent people with frequent panic attacks from functioning healthily. Exposure therapy, which includes repeated and prolonged confrontation with feared

1250:

recommends breathing exercises for those with anxiety. One such breathing exercise is a 5-2-5 count. Using the stomach (or diaphragm)—and not the chest—inhale (feel the stomach come out, as opposed to the chest expanding) for 5 seconds. As the maximal point at inhalation is reached, hold the breath

611:

Panic attacks may also occur due to short-term stressors. Significant personal loss, including an emotional attachment to a romantic partner, life transitions, and significant life changes may all trigger a panic attack to occur. A person with an anxious temperament, excessive need for reassurance,

2519:

Zvolensky, Michael J.; Gonzalez, Adam; Bonn-Miller, Marcel O.; Bernstein, Amit; Goodwin, Renee D. (February 2008). "Negative reinforcement/negative affect reduction cigarette smoking outcome expectancies: Incremental validity for anxiety focused on bodily sensations and panic attack symptoms among

1777:

Ghadri, Jelena-Rima; Wittstein, Ilan Shor; Prasad, Abhiram; Sharkey, Scott; Dote, Keigo; Akashi, Yoshihiro John; Cammann, Victoria Lucia; Crea, Filippo; Galiuto, Leonarda; Desmet, Walter; Yoshida, Tetsuro; Manfredini, Roberto; Eitel, Ingo; Kosuge, Masami; Nef, Holger M; Deshmukh, Abhishek; Lerman,

862:

Because glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter involved in the central nervous system (CNS), it can be found in almost every neural pathway in the body. Glutamate is likely involved in conditioning, which is the process by which certain fears are formed, and extinction, which is the

1365:

SSRIs carry a relatively low risk since they are not associated with much tolerance or dependence, and are difficult to overdose with. TCAs are similar to SSRIs in their many advantages but come with more common side effects such as weight gain and cognitive disturbances. They are also easier to

1258:

Although breathing into a paper bag was a common recommendation for short-term treatment of symptoms of an acute panic attack, it has been criticized as inferior to measured breathing, potentially worsening the panic attack and possibly reducing needed blood oxygen. While the paper bag technique

732:

that primarily consists of the fear of experiencing a difficult or embarrassing situation from which the affected cannot escape. Panic attacks are commonly linked to agoraphobia. People with severe agoraphobia may become confined to their homes, experiencing difficulty traveling from this "safe

1401:

or early adulthood. Children and older people are less commonly affected. A meta-analysis was conducted on data collected about twin studies and family studies on the link between genes and panic disorder. The researchers also examined the possibility of a link to phobias, obsessive-compulsive

282:

terminology for describing different types of panic attacks (i.e., situationally bound/cued, situationally predisposed, and unexpected/uncued) is generally simplified into two types: unexpected and expected panic attacks. Panic attacks function as a marker and prognostic factor for severity of

1227:

Muscle relaxation techniques are useful to some individuals. These can be learned using recordings, videos, or books. While muscle relaxation has proved to be less effective than cognitive-behavioral therapies in controlled trials, many people still find at least temporary relief from muscle

1078:

People who have been diagnosed with panic disorder have approximately double the risk of coronary heart disease. Certain stress responses to depression also have been shown to increase the risk and those diagnosed with both depression and panic disorder are nearly three times more at risk.

556:

There are long-term, biological, environmental, and social causes of panic attacks. In 1993, Fava et al. proposed a staging method of understanding the origins of disorders. The first stage in developing a disorder involves predisposing factors, such as genetics, personality, and a lack of

1388:

It is not unusual to experience only one or two symptoms at a time, such as vibrations in their legs, shortness of breath, or an intense wave of heat traveling up their bodies, which is not similar to hot flashes due to estrogen shortage. Some symptoms, such as vibrations in the legs, are

619:

for. Panic attacks may also become situationally-bound when certain situations are associated with panic due to previously experiencing an attack in that particular situation. People may also have a cognitive or behavioral predisposition to having panic attacks in certain situations.

2864:

Leicht, Gregor; Mulert, Christoph; Eser, Daniela; Sämann, Philipp G.; Ertl, Matthias; Laenger, Anna; Karch, Susanne; Pogarell, Oliver; Meindl, Thomas; Czisch, Michael; Rupprecht, Rainer (2013). "Benzodiazepines Counteract Rostral Anterior Cingulate Cortex Activation Induced by

1345:

and antidepressants. Benzodiazepines are being prescribed less often because of their potential side effects, such as dependence, fatigue, slurred speech, and memory loss. Antidepressant treatments for panic attacks include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

3551:

Soares-Filho, Gastao L. F.; Arias-Carrion, Oscar; Santulli, Gaetano; Silva, Adriana C.; Machado, Sergio; Nardi, Alexandre M. Valenca and Antonio E.; Nardi, AE (31 July 2014). "Chest Pain, Panic Disorder and Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review".

1406:

to accumulate their data. The results concluded that the aforementioned disorders have a genetic component and are inherited or passed down through genes. For the non-phobias, the likelihood of inheriting is 30–40%, and for the phobias, it was 50–60%.

3188: 871:

The symptoms of a panic attack may cause the person to feel that their body is failing. The symptoms can be understood as follows. First, there is frequently the sudden onset of fear with little provoking stimulus. This leads to a release of

4637: 4622: 3772:

Bandelow, Borwin; Seidler-Brandler, Ulrich; Becker, Andreas; Wedekind, Dirk; Rüther, Eckart (January 2007). "Meta-analysis of randomized controlled comparisons of psychopharmacological and psychological treatments for anxiety disorders".

4316:

Schwartze, Dominique; Barkowski, Sarah; Strauss, Bernhard; Burlingame, Gary M.; Barth, Jürgen; Rosendahl, Jenny (June 2017). "Efficacy of group psychotherapy for panic disorder: Meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials".

3894:

Kabat-Zinn, J; Massion, AO; Kristeller, J; Peterson, LG; Fletcher, KE; Pbert, L; Lenderking, WR; Santorelli, SF (July 1992). "Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders".

1200:

Increased and regimented aerobic exercise such as running has been shown to have a positive effect on combating panic anxiety. There is evidence that suggests that this effect is correlated to the release of exercise-induced

1251:

for 2 seconds. Then slowly exhale, over 5 seconds. Repeat this cycle twice and then breathe 'normally' for 5 cycles (1 cycle = 1 inhale + 1 exhale). The point is to focus on breathing and relax the heart rate. Regular

706:

in that panic attacks are often sudden and unprovoked. However, panic attacks experienced by those with panic disorder may also be linked to or heightened by certain places or situations, making daily life difficult.

1212:

There remains a chance of panic symptoms becoming triggered or being made worse due to increased respiration rate that occurs during aerobic exercise. This increased respiration rate can lead to hyperventilation and

533:(ruling out other conditions) must be performed before diagnosing a panic attack. It is especially important to do this for people whose mental health and heart health statuses are unknown. This can be done using an 745:(φόβος), the term "agora" referring to the city centre in an ancient Greek city. In Japan, people who exhibit extreme agoraphobia to the point of becoming unwilling or unable to leave their homes are referred to as 1362:(MAOIs). SSRIs in particular tend to be the first drug treatment used to treat panic attacks. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and tricyclic antidepressants appear similar for short-term efficacy. 396:, mostly due to blood flow leaving the head to more critical parts of the body in defense. These feelings may provoke a strong urge to escape or flee the place where the attack began (a consequence of the " 3664:

Shear, M. K.; Rucci, P.; Williams, J.; Frank, E.; Grochocinski, V.; Vander Bilt, J.; Houck, P.; Wang, T. (2001). "Reliability and validity of the Panic Disorder Severity Scale: Replication and extension".

1163:

In DSM-5, culture-specific symptoms (e.g., tinnitus, neck soreness, headache, and uncontrollable screaming or crying) may be seen. Such symptoms should not count as one of the four required symptoms.

3313: 557:

well-being. Panic disorder often occurs in early adulthood, although it may appear at any age. It occurs more frequently in women and more often in people with above-average intelligence. Various

1397:

In Europe, about 3% of the population has a panic attack in a given year while in the United States they affect about 11%. They are more common in females than in males. They often begin during

360:

In Europe, about 3% of the population has a panic attack in a given year while in the United States they affect about 11%. They are more common in females than in males. They often begin during

1019:(PFC) region of the brain. There is evidence that having an anxiety disorder increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Those affected also have a reduction in heart rate variability. 1839: 2610: 685:. Studies report that about 20% to 30% of recreational users experience such problems after smoking marijuana." Cigarette smoking is another substance that has been linked to panic attacks. 833:

An increase of serotonin in certain pathways of the brain seems to be correlated with reduced anxiety. More evidence that suggests serotonin plays a role in anxiety is that people who take

540:

Panic attacks are distinguished from other forms of anxiety by their intensity and their sudden, episodic nature. They are often experienced in conjunction with anxiety disorders and other

283:

diagnosis, course, and comorbidity across an array of disorders, including but not limited to anxiety disorders. Hence, panic attacks can be listed as a specifier that is applicable to all

702:

People who have repeated, persistent attacks or feel severe anxiety about having another attack are said to have panic disorder. Panic disorder is strikingly different from other types of

4273:

Fava, G. A.; Rafanelli, C.; Grandi, S.; Conti, S.; Ruini, C.; Mangelli, L.; Belluardo, P. (July 2001). "Long-term outcome of panic disorder with agoraphobia treated by exposure".

1095:. It is not considered a specific disorder on its own, with the symptoms of a panic attack regarded as characteristics of another disorder during which the panic attack occurs. 3815:

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev., p. 479). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.

1217:, which mimics symptoms of a heart attack, thus inducing a panic attack. The benefits of incorporating an exercise regimen have shown the best results when paced accordingly. 612:

hypochondriacal fears, overcautious view of the world, and cumulative stress have been correlated with panic attacks. In adolescents, social transitions may also be a cause.

2293:

Davies, Matthew N.; Verdi, Serena; Burri, Andrea; Trzaskowski, Maciej; Lee, Minyoung; Hettema, John M.; Jansen, Rick; Boomsma, Dorret I.; Spector, Tim D. (14 August 2015).

1330:

had a panic episode after treatment. They concluded that the use of exposure therapy has lasting efficacy for a client who is living with a panic disorder and agoraphobia.

3829: 2775: 1980: 3736: 4200: 2244: 1299:

situations and body sensations, helps weaken anxiety responses to panic-inducing external and internal stimuli and reinforce realistic ways of viewing panic symptoms.

859:

such as tricyclics and SNRIs are effective for the long-term treatment of panic attacks, possibly by blunting the norepinephrine spikes associated with panic attacks.

762:

of these situations and begin to avoid them. Eventually, the pattern of avoidance and level of anxiety about another attack may reach the point where individuals with

1351: 3465:

Soares-Filho, Gastão Luiz; Mesquita, Claudio; Mesquita, Evandro; Arias-Carrión, Oscar; Machado, Sergio; González, Manuel; Valença, Alexandre; Nardi, Antonio (2012).

3989: 2908:

Moreira, Fabrício A.; Gobira, Pedro H.; Viana, Thércia G.; Vicente, Maria A.; Zangrossi, Hélio; Graeff, Frederico G. (2013). "Modeling panic disorder in rodents".

1755: 1643: 1101:

an abrupt surge of intense fear or intense discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes and during which time four or more of the following symptoms occur":

2592: 2222: 1378:

Roughly one-third are treatment-resistant. These people continue to have panic attacks and various other panic disorder symptoms after receiving treatment.

4503:

Freire, Rafael C.; Zugliani, Morena M.; Garcia, Rafael F.; Nardi, Antonio E. (22 January 2016). "Treatment–resistant panic disorder: a systematic review".

1333:

The efficacy of group therapy treatment over conventional individual therapy for people with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia appears similar.

1311: 4549:

Hettema, John M.; Neale, Michael C.; Kendler, Kenneth S. (October 2001). "A Review and Meta-Analysis of the Genetic Epidemiology of Anxiety Disorders".

2497: 4068: 569: 2271: 1864:

Stewart, Julian M.; Pianosi, Paul; Shaban, Mohamed A.; Terilli, Courtney; Svistunova, Maria; Visintainer, Paul; Medow, Marvin S. (1 November 2018).

1828: 2607: 830:. More research into how these neurotransmitters interact with one another during a panic attack is needed to make any solid conclusions, however. 688:

A common denominator of current psychiatric approaches to panic disorder is that no real danger exists, and the person's anxiety is inappropriate.

4037:

Do not use a paper bag in an attempt to treat hyperventilation. These patients can often be cared for with low-flow oxygen and lots of reassurance

851:

that affect dopamine production have been proven to treat anxiety. However, this may be attributed to dopamine's tendency to increase feelings of

678: 3872: 2713:"Severe Social Withdrawal: Cultural Variation in Past Hikikomori Experiences of University Students in Nigeria, Singapore, and the United States" 1457: 4051: 1347: 1183: 778:

Panic attack symptoms can be experimentally induced in the laboratory by various means. Among them, for research purposes, by administering a

681:), can cause a panic attack. According to the Harvard Mental Health Letter, "the most commonly reported side effects of smoking marijuana are 4225: 4030: 3744: 3621:

Houck, P. R.; Spiegel, D. A.; Shear, M. K.; Rucci, P. (2002). "Reliability of the self-report version of the Panic Disorder Severity Scale".

3323: 3182: 2437: 2361: 2126: 1681: 1566: 1537: 561:

where one identical twin has an anxiety disorder have reported a high incidence of the other twin also having an anxiety disorder diagnosis.

2432:

William T. O‘Donohue,· Lorraine T. Benuto, Lauren Woodward Tolle (eds, 2013). Handbook of Adolescent Health Psychology, Springer, New York.

1780:"International Expert Consensus Document on Takotsubo Syndrome (Part I): Clinical Characteristics, Diagnostic Criteria, and Pathophysiology" 3599: 1687: 4254: 3172: 1572: 4178: 4005: 2711:

Bowker, Julie C.; Bowker, Matthew H.; Santo, Jonathan B.; Ojo, Adesola Adebusola; Etkin, Rebecca G.; Raja, Radhi (3 September 2019).

1866:"Hemodynamic characteristics of postural hyperventilation: POTS with hyperventilation versus panic versus voluntary hyperventilation" 565: 322:

increase the risk of having a panic attack. Before diagnosis, conditions that produce similar symptoms should be ruled out, such as

3944: 3103:"Exaggerated compensatory response to acute respiratory alkalosis in panic disorder is induced by increased lactic acid production" 2150: 2689: 4403:

Bakker, A.; Van Balkom, A. J. L. M.; Spinhoven, P. (2002). "SSRIs vs. TCAs in the treatment of panic disorder: a meta-analysis".

2450:

Maddock, Richard J.; Carter, Cameron S. (May 1991). "Hyperventilation-induced panic attacks in panic disorder with agoraphobia".

1197:

may cause or exacerbate panic anxiety. Anxiety can temporarily increase during withdrawal from caffeine and various other drugs.

1178:

Panic disorder is usually effectively treated with a variety of interventions, including psychological therapies and medication.

3825: 2767: 1972: 634:

Hyperventilation syndrome may occur when a person breathes from the chest, which can lead to over-breathing (exhaling excessive

4151: 2295:"Generalised Anxiety Disorder – A Twin Study of Genetic Architecture, Genome-Wide Association and Differential Gene Expression" 1703: 1319: 673:

Panic attacks may also be caused by substances. Discontinuation or marked reduction in the dose of a substance such as a drug (

3708: 3409: 2089: 1240:

is involved, exacerbating the effects of the panic attack. Breathing retraining exercise helps to rebalance the oxygen and CO

573: 416: 299: 139: 4231: 4175:"Cognitive Restructuring Ability, Teacher Guidance and Perceptual Distracter Tasks: An Aptitude Treatment Interaction Study" 1031:. A panic attack induces significant sympathetic activation, which can cause vasoconstriction of small coronary vessels and 1066:

may exacerbate ischemic pain by increasing myocardial oxygen demand through increased heart rate, blood pressure, coronary

3149: 1701:

Lo, Yu-Chi; Chen, Hsi-Han (May 2020). "Shiau-Shian Huang Panic Disorder Correlates with the Risk for Sexual Dysfunction".

1167: 751:. The phenomena in general is known by the same name, and it is estimated that roughly half a million Japanese youths are 31: 2114:

Panic Anxiety and Its Treatments: Report of the World Psychiatric Association Presidential Educational Program Task Force

1290: 1186:. A 2009 review found positive results from therapy and medication and a much better result when the two were combined. 1179: 2842: 353:

may be used. Breathing training and muscle relaxation techniques may also help. Those affected are at a higher risk of

2555:

Gorman, JM; Kent, JM; Sullivan, GM; Coplan, JD (April 2000). "Neuroanatomical hypothesis of panic disorder, revised".

400:", in which the hormone causing this response is released in significant amounts). This response floods the body with 658:. This syndrome often involves prominent mouth breathing as well. This causes a cluster of symptoms, including rapid 3750: 1747: 1635: 412: 2589: 2214: 2033: 615:

People will often experience panic attacks as a direct result of exposure to an object/situation that they have a

1237: 1214: 766:

are unable to drive or even step out of the house. At this stage, the person is said to have panic disorder with

647: 495:. These physical symptoms are interpreted with alarm in people prone to panic attacks. This results in increased 307: 147: 1294:

are worried that their panic attacks mean they are "going crazy" or that the panic might induce a heart attack.

4652: 1355: 1036: 877: 848: 397: 3467:"Panic attack triggering myocardial ischemia documented by myocardial perfusion imaging study. A case report" 2493: 1366:

overdose on. MAOIs are generally suggested for patients who have not responded to other forms of treatment.

1303: 1295: 1252: 1059: 295: 135: 96: 3315:

A Guide to the Standard EMDR Therapy Protocols for Clinicians, Supervisors, and Consultants, Second Edition

3904: 2626:

Inglis, Sally C; Clark, Robyn A; Dierckx, Riet; Prieto-Merino, David; Cleland, John GF (31 October 2015).

2259: 1382: 1307: 1170:

can be used to detect possible cases of disorder and suggest the need for a formal diagnostic assessment.

841: 623:

Some maintaining causes include avoidance of panic-provoking situations or environments, anxious/negative

530: 521:. Because chest pain and shortness of breath are hallmark symptoms of cardiovascular illnesses, including 303: 181: 143: 3983: 1040: 917: 651: 601: 589: 526: 373: 1449: 345:

Treatment of panic attacks should be directed at the underlying cause. In those with frequent attacks,

4072: 1385:. These panic attacks are less comprehensive, with fewer than four bodily symptoms being experienced. 513:

are the predominant symptoms. Many people experiencing a panic attack incorrectly attribute them to a

4048: 3868: 2306: 1063: 1032: 1028: 996: 627:("what-if" thinking), mistaken beliefs ("these symptoms are harmful and/or dangerous"), and withheld 319: 164: 3909: 4641: 2020: 1048: 1015:

along with decreased blood flow and blood sugar in the brain can lead to decreased activity in the

992: 682: 585: 534: 506: 428: 327: 268: 190: 88: 4595: 4574: 4528: 4428: 4334: 4298: 3798: 3646: 3524: 3294: 2933: 2890: 2834: 2748: 2475: 1954: 1728: 1614: 1323: 925: 74: 4049:

Hyperventilation Syndrome – Can I treat hyperventilation syndrome by breathing into a paper bag?

1529: 1523: 3354:

Chalmers, John A.; Quintana, Daniel S.; Abbott, Maree J.-Anne; Kemp, Andrew H. (11 July 2014).

3054:"Acid–base dysregulation and chemosensory mechanisms in panic disorder: a translational update" 2118: 2112: 4663: 4566: 4520: 4482: 4420: 4385: 4290: 4250: 4221: 4194: 4125: 4026: 3922: 3790: 3740: 3682: 3638: 3591: 3569: 3506: 3488: 3447: 3429: 3387: 3319: 3286: 3241: 3178: 3124: 3083: 3034: 2983: 2925: 2882: 2826: 2818: 2740: 2732: 2667: 2572: 2537: 2467: 2433: 2415: 2357: 2334: 2238: 2195: 2174:"The psychological development of panic disorder: implications for neurobiology and treatment" 2122: 1946: 1905: 1887: 1809: 1720: 1677: 1671: 1606: 1562: 1533: 1421: 1016: 500: 488: 432: 171: 62: 2628:"Structured telephone support or non-invasive telemonitoring for patients with heart failure" 479:(particularly in the hands, which may 'lock up' and become difficult to move), sensations of 4690: 4558: 4512: 4472: 4462: 4412: 4375: 4365: 4326: 4282: 4115: 4107: 3914: 3782: 3674: 3630: 3561: 3496: 3478: 3437: 3421: 3377: 3367: 3276: 3268: 3231: 3223: 3114: 3073: 3065: 3024: 3014: 2973: 2917: 2874: 2810: 2724: 2657: 2647: 2639: 2564: 2529: 2459: 2405: 2397: 2324: 2314: 2185: 1936: 1895: 1877: 1799: 1791: 1712: 1598: 1556: 1315: 1092: 948: 897: 889: 881: 803: 799: 779: 729: 703: 593: 468: 464: 460: 389: 4096:"Hyperventilation in panic disorder and asthma: Empirical evidence and clinical strategies" 4021:

Bergeron, J. David; Le Baudour, Chris (2009). "Chapter 9: Caring for Medical Emergencies".

3940: 4174: 4055: 4009: 4002: 2614: 2596: 2057: 1000: 960: 837:

tend to feel a reduction of anxiety when their brain has more serotonin available to use.

674: 667: 605: 581: 545: 522: 323: 186: 1402:

disorder (OCD), and generalized anxiety disorder. The researchers used a database called

1007:

has been suggested to have a critical role. The combination of increased activity in the

4214:

Abramowitz, Jonathan S.; Deacon, Brett J.; Whiteside, Stephen P. H. (17 December 2012).

3590:

Rockville (MD), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (June 2016).

2310: 2142: 1139:

Derealization (feelings of unreality) or depersonalization (being detached from oneself)

4646: 4477: 4450: 4120: 4095: 3501: 3466: 3382: 3356:"Anxiety Disorders are Associated with Reduced Heart Rate Variability: A Meta-Analysis" 3355: 3236: 3211: 3078: 3053: 3029: 3002: 2978: 2961: 2960:

Bystritsky, Alexander; Khalsa, Sahib S.; Cameron, Michael E.; Schiffman, Jason (2013).

2685: 2662: 2627: 2410: 2385: 2329: 2294: 1900: 1865: 1804: 1779: 1342: 1260: 1247: 1221: 1067: 901: 823: 763: 734: 697: 635: 518: 291: 131: 4247:

Treating Severe Depressive and Persecutory Anxiety States: To Transform the Unbearable

3968:"Breathing Exercise - A Commanding Tool for Self-help Management during Panic attacks" 3678: 3565: 3442: 1602: 844:(CNS) is GABA. Most of the pathways that use GABA tend to reduce anxiety immediately. 4684: 4416: 4338: 3967: 3003:"The noradrenergic paradox: implications in the management of depression and anxiety" 2814: 2752: 2463: 2012: 1732: 1618: 1359: 852: 659: 597: 541: 492: 393: 346: 331: 212: 194: 4432: 4143: 3650: 3298: 2937: 2894: 2838: 2479: 2190: 2173: 1958: 1882: 1289:

According to the American Psychological Association, "most specialists agree that a

57:

A depiction of someone experiencing a panic attack being reassured by another person

4578: 4532: 4302: 4111: 3802: 2878: 2643: 1268: 984: 972: 929: 783: 577: 558: 514: 339: 335: 272: 260: 202: 198: 84: 4516: 3856: 3700: 3592:"Table 3.10, Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia Criteria Changes from DSM-IV to DSM-5" 3001:

Montoya, Alonso; Bruins, Robert; Katzman, Martin A; Blier, Pierre (1 March 2016).

2728: 2081: 1925:"Diversity of effective treatments of panic attacks: what do they have in common?" 4657: 4562: 4215: 2319: 1716: 3851: 2712: 1027:

Panic attacks can cause chest pain by directly affecting the circulation in the

968: 964: 885: 767: 725: 716: 643: 472: 405: 278:

The essential features of panic attacks remain unchanged, although the official

155: 4668: 3272: 3259:

Maren, Stephen (November 2009). "An Acid-Sensing Channel Sows Fear and Panic".

3143: 2568: 1795: 880:

when the body prepares for strenuous physical activity, resulting in increased

4631: 4370: 4353: 4352:

Batelaan, Neeltje M.; Van Balkom, Anton J. L. M.; Stein, Dan J. (April 2012).

4286: 3786: 3525:"Elevated troponin linked to mental stress ischemia in heart disease patients" 2921: 2533: 1274: 1202: 952: 944: 940: 921: 873: 747: 720: 655: 510: 484: 443:, cold flashes, burning sensations (particularly in the facial or neck area), 436: 350: 264: 223: 216: 67: 17: 3492: 3433: 3372: 2822: 2736: 2401: 1891: 3101:

Ueda, Y.; Aizawa, M.; Takahashi, A.; Fujii, M.; Isaka, Y. (8 October 2008).

2798: 1052: 1044: 1012: 988: 956: 827: 811: 790:). Various animal models of panic attacks have been experimentally studied. 663: 624: 452: 440: 420: 381: 377: 310:, and medical problems. They can either be triggered or occur unexpectedly. 233: 101: 4570: 4524: 4486: 4424: 4389: 4294: 4129: 3794: 3686: 3642: 3573: 3510: 3483: 3451: 3391: 3290: 3245: 3128: 3087: 3038: 2987: 2929: 2886: 2830: 2744: 2671: 2576: 2541: 2419: 2338: 2199: 1950: 1909: 1813: 1724: 1610: 1182:

has the most complete and longest duration of effect, followed by specific

3926: 3918: 2471: 1070:, or sympathetic hyperactivity regulated by the autonomic nervous system. 364:

or early adulthood. Children and older people are less commonly affected.

49: 3730: 3425: 3281: 3119: 3102: 2111:

Klerman, Gerald L.; Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.; Weissman, Myrna M. (1993).

1416: 1206: 1194: 1008: 1004: 980: 976: 819: 444: 401: 315: 3227: 4330: 3069: 3019: 1403: 1398: 1326:. Paranoid anxiety may reach the level of a persecutory anxiety state. 893: 807: 628: 496: 480: 456: 424: 361: 354: 311: 160: 105: 4614: 4467: 4380: 3410:"Panic Disorder and Chest Pain: Mechanisms, Morbidity, and Management" 2652: 4626: 4599: 3732:

Generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults: management

3634: 3408:

Huffman, Jeff C.; Pollack, Mark H.; Stern, Theodore A. (2002-04-01).

1941: 1924: 1264: 759: 758:

People who have had a panic attack in certain situations may develop

742: 639: 616: 544:

conditions, although panic attacks are not generally indicative of a

448: 385: 279: 1827:

American Psychiatric Association, American Psychiatric Association.

1255:

may be achieved by extending the out-breath by counting or humming.

3171:

Nardi, Antonio Egidio; Freire, Rafael Christophe R. (25 May 2016).

1426: 1096: 1088: 909: 787: 738: 476: 284: 1589:

Craske, Michelle G; Stein, Murray B (December 2016). "Anxiety".

1381:

Many people being treated for panic attacks begin to experience

1039:

activation and hyperventilation during panic attacks may induce

905: 834: 815: 256: 80: 2034:"Panic attack symptoms - What are the signs of a panic attack?" 1525:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.)

896:), and sweating. Because strenuous activity rarely ensues, the 608:, an area of the brain stem, has been linked to panic attacks. 4025:(8 ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 262. 3972:

Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 10(12), 4471-4473

1555:

Bandelow, Borwin; Domschke, Katharina; Baldwin, David (2013).

4354:"Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of panic disorder: an update" 2799:"Diagnosis and treatment of agoraphobia with panic disorder" 1105: 3212:"The Neurocircuitry of Fear, Stress, and Anxiety Disorders" 933: 913: 290:

Panic attacks can occur due to several disorders including

3966:

Bhagat, Vidya; Haque2, Mainul; Jaalam3, Kamarudin (2017).

372:

People with panic attacks often report a fear of dying or

1670:

Geddes, John; Price, Jonathan; McKnight, Rebecca (2012).

1302:

In deeper-level psychoanalytic approaches, in particular

847:

Dopamine's role in anxiety is not well understood. Some

388:, numbness throughout the body, shortness of breath and 1528:, Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing, pp. 1341:

Medication options for panic attacks typically include

392:, or loss of body control. Some people also experience 2962:"Current Diagnosis and Treatment of Anxiety Disorders" 2797:

Perugi, Giulio; Frare, Franco; Toni, Cristina (2007).

408:(adrenaline), which aid it in defending against harm. 4217:

Exposure Therapy for Anxiety: Principles and Practice

4173:

Cramer, K., Post, T., & Behr, M. (January 1989).

3174:

Panic Disorder: Neurobiological and Treatment Aspects

2213:

Marquardt, David Z. Hambrick, Madeline (March 2018).

4604: 4358:

The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology

1120:

Sensations of shortness of breath or being smothered

411:

A panic attack can result when up-regulation by the

4608: 2768:"Why won't 541,000 young Japanese leave the house?" 1746:Smith, Melinda; Robinson, Lawrence; Segal, Jeanne. 1220:Meditation may also be helpful in the treatment of 1205:and the subsequent reduction of the stress hormone 242: 232: 222: 208: 180: 170: 154: 127: 119: 111: 95: 73: 61: 42: 3701:"Panic disorder: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia" 2082:"Panic disorder: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia" 1263:and so reduces symptoms, it may excessively lower 1091:a panic attack is part of the diagnostic class of 855:and confidence, which indirectly reduces anxiety. 802:are affected when the body is under the increased 3737:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 2494:"Medical marijuana and the mind - Harvard Health" 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 1291:combination of cognitive and behavioral therapies 892:) which may be perceived as shortness of breath ( 4144:"Answers to Your Questions About Panic Disorder" 4094:Meuret, Alicia E.; Ritz, Thomas (October 2010). 1350:), serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors ( 936:shift into autonomic and respiratory responses. 4544: 4542: 4498: 4496: 4444: 4442: 4268: 4266: 3546: 3544: 3349: 3347: 3210:Shin, Lisa M; Liberzon, Israel (January 2010). 1306:, panic attacks are frequently associated with 4451:"Pharmacological management of panic disorder" 4319:Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice 3052:Vollmer, L L; Strawn, J R; Sah, R (May 2015). 1148:Paresthesias (numbness or tingling sensations) 1136:Feeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded, or faint 733:place". The word "agoraphobia" comes from the 3826:"3 Tips for Using Exercise to Shrink Anxiety" 3554:CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 8: 4199:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3414:The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders 2522:Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 2243:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2117:. American Psychiatric Association. p. 1584: 1582: 840:The main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the 810:that accompany a panic attack. Some include 3988:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1318:. They are often found to be comorbid with 1111:Palpitations, and/or accelerated heart rate 1099:criteria for a panic attack is defined as " 4605: 3775:The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 1550: 1548: 1312:paranoid-schizoid and depressive positions 48: 39: 4476: 4466: 4379: 4369: 4119: 4100:International Journal of Psychophysiology 3908: 3500: 3482: 3441: 3381: 3371: 3280: 3235: 3118: 3077: 3028: 3018: 2977: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2865:Cholecystokinin-Tetrapeptide in Humans". 2661: 2651: 2409: 2328: 2318: 2189: 2143:"Panic Disorder | Anxiety and Depression" 1940: 1899: 1881: 1803: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1630: 1628: 1522:American Psychiatric Association (2013), 1444: 1442: 1051:and cardiac chest pain, despite a normal 570:postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome 3312:PhD, Andrew M. Leeds (3 February 2016). 884:. This results in increased heart rate ( 419:(PNS). The most common symptoms include 3148:. Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences. 2632:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2258:Gregory a. Leskin, PhD (January 2004). 1517: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1438: 1184:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 679:antidepressant discontinuation syndrome 4455:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 4192: 4067:Craske, Michelle (30 September 2011). 3981: 3152:from the original on 28 September 2020 3007:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 2260:"Gender Differences in Panic Disorder" 2236: 1829:"Changes to the DSM-V to the DSM-V-TR" 1636:"Panic Disorder: When Fear Overwhelms" 1575:from the original on 20 December 2016. 1493: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1460:from the original on 29 September 2016 1142:Fear of losing control or going insane 4181:from the original on 22 December 2010 3753:from the original on 22 November 2018 3585: 3583: 3403: 3401: 3332:from the original on 30 December 2023 3191:from the original on 30 December 2023 2845:from the original on 24 February 2021 2215:"Bad News for the Highly Intelligent" 1845:from the original on 2 September 2018 876:(epinephrine) which brings about the 7: 4154:from the original on 10 January 2021 2274:from the original on 23 January 2021 2225:from the original on 27 January 2021 1690:from the original on 4 October 2016. 975:suggests heightened activity in the 176:After other possible causes excluded 4003:Breathing in and out of a paper bag 3107:Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2500:from the original on 21 August 2016 1973:"Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic" 677:), for example, an antidepressant ( 670:, which can trigger panic attacks. 4148:American Psychological Association 4069:"Psychotherapy for panic disorder" 3875:from the original on 23 April 2015 3832:from the original on 20 April 2015 3471:International Archives of Medicine 2766:Emiko Jozuka (12 September 2016). 2557:The American Journal of Psychiatry 2153:from the original on 12 March 2023 1983:from the original on 17 March 2022 1748:"Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder" 1646:from the original on 23 March 2022 1281:levels, may help guide breathing. 25: 4505:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 4234:from the original on 20 May 2016. 3947:from the original on 13 July 2017 3602:from the original on 7 March 2023 3566:10.2174/1871527313666140612141500 2778:from the original on 6 March 2021 2717:The Journal of Genetic Psychology 2692:from the original on 24 June 2012 2688:. MayoClinic.com. 21 April 2011. 2590:Panic Disorder – familydoctor.org 2266:. Psychiatric Times Vol 21 No 1. 2178:Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 1561:. OUP Oxford. p. Chapter 1. 1049:ischemic damage to the myocardium 4417:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.02255.x 3711:from the original on 8 June 2023 2815:10.2165/00023210-200721090-00004 2384:Taylor, C Barr (22 April 2006). 2092:from the original on 8 June 2023 2058:"How Anxiety Affects Your Hands" 1923:Roth, Walton T. (January 2010). 1836:Changes to the DSM V to DSM V-TR 1758:from the original on 9 July 2021 1236:In the great majority of cases, 912:. This leads to shifts in blood 259:and discomfort that may include 3869:"Cardio Exercise for Beginners" 3667:Journal of Psychiatric Research 3318:. Springer Publishing Company. 2191:10.1590/s1516-44462012000500003 2017:The Anxiety and Phobia Workbook 1883:10.1152/japplphysiol.00377.2018 1704:Journal of Psychiatric Practice 1320:borderline personality disorder 932:mechanisms that translate this 537:and mental health assessments. 475:(tingling sensations), intense 4551:American Journal of Psychiatry 4449:Marchesi, Carlo (March 2008). 4405:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 4112:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.05.006 3897:American Journal of Psychiatry 3145:Control of Cerebral Blood Flow 2879:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.09.004 2644:10.1002/14651858.CD007228.pub3 2352:Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan (2013). 2172:Cosci, Fiammetta (June 2012). 1558:Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia 1047:). This process may result in 971:and toward the major muscles. 786:cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide ( 596:, and inner ear disturbances ( 574:post-traumatic stress disorder 564:Biological causes may include 517:and thus seek treatment in an 417:parasympathetic nervous system 415:(SNS) is not moderated by the 380:or other visual disturbances, 300:post-traumatic stress disorder 255:are sudden periods of intense 140:post-traumatic stress disorder 1: 4517:10.1517/14656566.2016.1109628 3679:10.1016/S0022-3956(01)00028-0 2729:10.1080/00221325.2019.1633618 2356:(6th ed.). McGraw Hill. 1870:Journal of Applied Physiology 1603:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30381-6 1168:Panic Disorder Severity Scale 566:obsessive-compulsive disorder 32:Panic attack (disambiguation) 4563:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.10.1568 3142:Cipolla, Marilyn J. (2009). 2464:10.1016/0006-3223(91)90051-m 2320:10.1371/journal.pone.0134865 1717:10.1097/PRA.0000000000000460 1180:Cognitive-behavioral therapy 1166:Screening tools such as the 1129:Nausea or abdominal distress 947:during a panic attack cause 863:elimination of those fears. 3941:"Hyperventilation Syndrome" 1676:. OUP Oxford. p. 298. 1277:, which provides exhaled CO 963:. A panic attack can cause 951:resulting in slightly less 818:(gamma-aminobutyric acid), 794:Neurotransmitter imbalances 4707: 3735:. Clinical Guideline 113. 3273:10.1016/j.cell.2009.11.008 2569:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.4.493 967:to be drawn away from the 714: 695: 413:sympathetic nervous system 29: 4371:10.1017/S1461145711000800 4287:10.1017/s0033291701003592 3787:10.1080/15622970601110273 2966:Pharmacy and Therapeutics 2922:10.1007/s00441-013-1610-1 2534:10.1037/1064-1297.16.1.66 1356:tricyclic antidepressants 1215:hyperventilation syndrome 1151:Chills or heat sensations 955:to the head which causes 849:antipsychotic medications 683:anxiety and panic attacks 648:Hyperventilation syndrome 638:related to the amount of 56: 47: 3852:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 3373:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00080 3058:Translational Psychiatry 2910:Cell and Tissue Research 2402:10.1136/bmj.332.7547.951 1796:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy076 1126:Chest pain or discomfort 1037:Autonomic nervous system 924:), causing compensatory 878:fight-or-flight response 600:). Dysregulation of the 398:fight-or-flight response 271:, trembling, dizziness, 4054:20 January 2013 at the 4008:21 October 2007 at the 3360:Frontiers in Psychiatry 3216:Neuropsychopharmacology 2595:3 February 2014 at the 1383:limited symptom attacks 1304:object relations theory 1296:Cognitive restructuring 1253:diaphragmatic breathing 1145:Sense of impending doom 1060:coronary artery disease 296:social anxiety disorder 136:social anxiety disorder 4275:Psychological Medicine 4245:Waska, Robert (2010). 3623:Depression and Anxiety 3484:10.1186/1755-7682-5-24 1929:Depression and Anxiety 1784:European Heart Journal 1308:splitting (psychology) 1074:Cardiovascular disease 991:regions including the 842:central nervous system 774:Experimentally induced 531:diagnosis of exclusion 439:(or chest tightness), 304:substance use disorder 182:Differential diagnosis 27:Period of intense fear 3919:10.1176/ajp.149.7.936 2867:Biological Psychiatry 2613:12 April 2014 at the 2452:Biological Psychiatry 2354:(Ab)normal Psychology 1244:levels in the blood. 1041:coronary artery spasm 1003:. In particular, the 918:respiratory alkalosis 652:respiratory alkalosis 602:norepinephrine system 590:mitral valve prolapse 527:myocardial infarction 487:, difficulty moving, 267:or chest discomfort, 87:, sweating, shaking, 3943:. 28 November 2016. 3596:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 3426:10.4088/PCC.v04n0203 1597:(10063): 3048–3059. 1117:Trembling or shaking 1064:psychological stress 1062:, panic attacks and 1058:In individuals with 1033:microvascular angina 1029:coronary vasculature 997:parabrachial nucleus 888:), rapid breathing ( 320:psychological stress 165:psychological stress 30:For other uses, see 3228:10.1038/npp.2009.83 2608:"Anxiety Disorders" 2311:2015PLoSO..1034865D 2219:Scientific American 2021:New Harbinger Press 1450:"Anxiety Disorders" 1232:Breathing exercises 993:periaqueductal gray 900:leads to a drop in 507:Shortness of breath 429:shortness of breath 328:hyperparathyroidism 269:shortness of breath 191:hyperparathyroidism 89:shortness of breath 79:Periods of intense 4331:10.1037/gdn0000064 4220:. Guilford Press. 4075:on 14 October 2017 3120:10.1093/ndt/gfn585 3070:10.1038/tp.2015.67 3020:10.2147/NDT.S91311 2062:www.calmclinic.com 1977:www.mayoclinic.org 1324:child sexual abuse 1123:Feeling of choking 1011:(fear center) and 926:metabolic acidosis 529:(heart attack), a 433:heart palpitations 368:Signs and symptoms 150:, medical problems 4678: 4677: 4557:(10): 1568–1578. 4468:10.2147/ndt.s1557 4227:978-1-4625-0969-0 4032:978-0-13-614059-7 3746:978-1-4731-2854-5 3325:978-0-8261-3117-1 3184:978-3-319-12538-1 2438:978-1-4614-6632-1 2396:(7547): 951–955. 2363:978-0-07-803538-8 2264:Psychiatric Times 2128:978-0-88048-684-2 1790:(22): 2032–2046. 1683:978-0-19-923396-0 1568:978-0-19-100426-1 1539:978-0-89042-555-8 1422:Nervous breakdown 1259:increases needed 1190:Lifestyle changes 1160: 1159: 1093:anxiety disorders 1087:According to the 1023:Cardiac mechanism 1017:prefrontal cortex 800:neurotransmitters 782:injection of the 704:anxiety disorders 535:electrocardiogram 501:positive feedback 489:depersonalization 250: 249: 246:3% (EU), 11% (US) 172:Diagnostic method 37:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 4698: 4606: 4583: 4582: 4546: 4537: 4536: 4500: 4491: 4490: 4480: 4470: 4446: 4437: 4436: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4383: 4373: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4270: 4261: 4260: 4249:. Karnac Books. 4242: 4236: 4235: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4198: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4123: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4071:. Archived from 4064: 4058: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4018: 4012: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3987: 3979: 3978:(12): 4471–4473. 3963: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3912: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3865: 3859: 3857:Hyperventilation 3848: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3828:. 17 July 2013. 3822: 3816: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3739:. 26 July 2019. 3727: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3635:10.1002/da.10049 3618: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3587: 3578: 3577: 3548: 3539: 3538: 3536: 3535: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3504: 3486: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3445: 3405: 3396: 3395: 3385: 3375: 3351: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3284: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3239: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3122: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3081: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3032: 3022: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2981: 2957: 2942: 2941: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2723:(4–5): 217–230. 2708: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2665: 2655: 2638:(10): CD007228. 2623: 2617: 2605: 2599: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2552: 2546: 2545: 2520:daily smokers". 2516: 2510: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2447: 2441: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2413: 2386:"Panic disorder" 2381: 2368: 2367: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2332: 2322: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2242: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2193: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2078: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2068: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2044: 2038:www.avogel.co.uk 2030: 2024: 2010: 1993: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1944: 1942:10.1002/da.20601 1920: 1914: 1913: 1903: 1885: 1876:(5): 1396–1403. 1861: 1855: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1844: 1833: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1807: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1698: 1692: 1691: 1667: 1656: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1632: 1623: 1622: 1586: 1577: 1576: 1552: 1543: 1542: 1519: 1470: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1446: 1316:paranoid anxiety 1238:hyperventilation 1106: 949:vasoconstriction 908:and then in the 898:hyperventilation 890:hyperventilation 882:sympathetic tone 730:anxiety disorder 594:pheochromocytoma 586:Wilson's disease 469:hyperventilation 465:heavy-headedness 461:light-headedness 390:hyperventilation 338:, drug use, and 123:Seconds to hours 52: 40: 21: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4696: 4695: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4674: 4673: 4617: 4592: 4587: 4586: 4548: 4547: 4540: 4502: 4501: 4494: 4448: 4447: 4440: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4351: 4350: 4346: 4315: 4314: 4310: 4272: 4271: 4264: 4257: 4244: 4243: 4239: 4228: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4191: 4184: 4182: 4172: 4171: 4167: 4157: 4155: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4078: 4076: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4056:Wayback Machine 4047: 4043: 4033: 4023:First Responder 4020: 4019: 4015: 4010:Wayback Machine 4001: 3997: 3980: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3950: 3948: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3910:10.1.1.474.4968 3893: 3892: 3888: 3878: 3876: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3849: 3845: 3835: 3833: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3756: 3754: 3747: 3729: 3728: 3724: 3714: 3712: 3705:medlineplus.gov 3699: 3698: 3694: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3589: 3588: 3581: 3560:(6): 992–1001. 3550: 3549: 3542: 3533: 3531: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3407: 3406: 3399: 3353: 3352: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3326: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3194: 3192: 3185: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2959: 2958: 2945: 2907: 2906: 2902: 2863: 2862: 2858: 2848: 2846: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2781: 2779: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2695: 2693: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2615:Wayback Machine 2606: 2602: 2597:Wayback Machine 2588: 2584: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2503: 2501: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2449: 2448: 2444: 2431: 2427: 2383: 2382: 2371: 2364: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2305:(8): e0134865. 2292: 2291: 2287: 2277: 2275: 2257: 2256: 2252: 2235: 2228: 2226: 2212: 2211: 2207: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2156: 2154: 2141: 2140: 2136: 2129: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2095: 2093: 2086:medlineplus.gov 2080: 2079: 2075: 2066: 2064: 2056: 2055: 2051: 2042: 2040: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2019:, 4th Edition: 2011: 1996: 1986: 1984: 1971: 1970: 1966: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1863: 1862: 1858: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1831: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1761: 1759: 1745: 1744: 1740: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1684: 1669: 1668: 1659: 1649: 1647: 1634: 1633: 1626: 1588: 1587: 1580: 1569: 1554: 1553: 1546: 1540: 1521: 1520: 1473: 1463: 1461: 1448: 1447: 1440: 1435: 1413: 1395: 1376: 1343:benzodiazepines 1339: 1287: 1280: 1243: 1234: 1222:panic disorders 1192: 1176: 1161: 1085: 1076: 1025: 1001:Locus coeruleus 961:lightheadedness 943:and release of 939:Moreover, this 869: 867:Pathophysiology 796: 776: 723: 715:Main articles: 713: 700: 694: 675:drug withdrawal 668:lightheadedness 606:locus coeruleus 582:hyperthyroidism 554: 546:mental disorder 523:unstable angina 404:, particularly 378:flashing vision 370: 324:hyperthyroidism 187:Hyperthyroidism 38: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4704: 4702: 4694: 4693: 4683: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4672: 4671: 4660: 4649: 4634: 4618: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4609:Classification 4603: 4602: 4591: 4590:External links 4588: 4585: 4584: 4538: 4511:(2): 159–168. 4492: 4438: 4411:(3): 163–167. 4395: 4364:(3): 403–415. 4344: 4308: 4281:(5): 891–898. 4262: 4256:978-1855757202 4255: 4237: 4226: 4206: 4165: 4135: 4086: 4059: 4041: 4031: 4013: 3995: 3958: 3932: 3903:(7): 936–943. 3886: 3860: 3843: 3817: 3808: 3781:(3): 175–187. 3764: 3745: 3722: 3692: 3673:(5): 293–296. 3656: 3629:(4): 183–185. 3613: 3579: 3540: 3516: 3457: 3397: 3343: 3324: 3304: 3267:(5): 867–869. 3251: 3222:(1): 169–191. 3202: 3183: 3163: 3134: 3113:(3): 825–828. 3093: 3044: 2993: 2943: 2900: 2856: 2809:(9): 741–764. 2789: 2758: 2703: 2677: 2618: 2600: 2582: 2563:(4): 493–505. 2547: 2511: 2485: 2458:(9): 843–854. 2442: 2425: 2369: 2362: 2344: 2285: 2250: 2205: 2164: 2134: 2127: 2103: 2073: 2049: 2025: 1994: 1964: 1915: 1856: 1819: 1769: 1738: 1711:(3): 185–200. 1693: 1682: 1657: 1624: 1578: 1567: 1544: 1538: 1471: 1456:. March 2016. 1437: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1412: 1409: 1394: 1391: 1375: 1372: 1360:MAO inhibitors 1338: 1335: 1286: 1283: 1278: 1267:levels in the 1261:carbon dioxide 1248:David D. Burns 1241: 1233: 1230: 1191: 1188: 1175: 1172: 1158: 1157: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1104: 1084: 1081: 1075: 1072: 1068:vasomotor tone 1024: 1021: 904:levels in the 902:carbon dioxide 868: 865: 824:norepinephrine 795: 792: 775: 772: 764:panic disorder 712: 709: 698:Panic disorder 696:Main article: 693: 692:Panic disorder 690: 636:carbon dioxide 553: 550: 519:emergency room 369: 366: 292:panic disorder 248: 247: 244: 240: 239: 236: 230: 229: 228:Antidepressant 226: 220: 219: 210: 206: 205: 184: 178: 177: 174: 168: 167: 158: 152: 151: 132:Panic disorder 129: 125: 124: 121: 117: 116: 113: 109: 108: 99: 93: 92: 77: 71: 70: 65: 59: 58: 54: 53: 45: 44: 36: 26: 24: 18:Anxiety attack 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4703: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4670: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4654: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4619: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4589: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4461:(1): 93–106. 4460: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4396: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4348: 4345: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4312: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4269: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4219: 4218: 4210: 4207: 4202: 4196: 4180: 4176: 4169: 4166: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4139: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4090: 4087: 4074: 4070: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4053: 4050: 4045: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4028: 4024: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4004: 3999: 3996: 3991: 3985: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3959: 3946: 3942: 3936: 3933: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3890: 3887: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3854: 3853: 3847: 3844: 3831: 3827: 3821: 3818: 3812: 3809: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3768: 3765: 3752: 3748: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3733: 3726: 3723: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3696: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3660: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3617: 3614: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3547: 3545: 3541: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3461: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3308: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3282:2027.42/83231 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3255: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3206: 3203: 3190: 3186: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3167: 3164: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3138: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3097: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3048: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2916:(1): 119–25. 2915: 2911: 2904: 2901: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2873:(4): 337–44. 2872: 2868: 2860: 2857: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2793: 2790: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2762: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2707: 2704: 2691: 2687: 2686:"Agoraphobia" 2681: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2609: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2591: 2586: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2551: 2548: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2515: 2512: 2499: 2495: 2489: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2446: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2429: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2359: 2355: 2348: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2289: 2286: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2254: 2251: 2246: 2240: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2209: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2168: 2165: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2138: 2135: 2130: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2107: 2104: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2077: 2074: 2063: 2059: 2053: 2050: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1968: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1919: 1916: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1860: 1857: 1841: 1837: 1830: 1823: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1773: 1770: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1742: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1697: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1570: 1564: 1560: 1559: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1526: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1432: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1400: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1384: 1379: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1297: 1292: 1284: 1282: 1276: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1256: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1239: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1223: 1218: 1216: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1198: 1196: 1189: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1164: 1156: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1082: 1080: 1073: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1022: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 937: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 866: 864: 860: 856: 854: 853:self-efficacy 850: 845: 843: 838: 836: 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 793: 791: 789: 785: 781: 773: 771: 769: 765: 761: 756: 754: 750: 749: 744: 740: 736: 731: 727: 722: 718: 710: 708: 705: 699: 691: 689: 686: 684: 680: 676: 671: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 632: 630: 626: 621: 618: 613: 609: 607: 603: 599: 598:labyrinthitis 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 562: 560: 551: 549: 547: 543: 542:psychological 538: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 502: 498: 494: 493:derealization 490: 486: 482: 478: 477:muscle cramps 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 409: 407: 403: 399: 395: 394:tunnel vision 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 367: 365: 363: 358: 356: 352: 348: 343: 341: 337: 333: 332:heart disease 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 288: 286: 281: 276: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 253:Panic attacks 245: 241: 237: 235: 231: 227: 225: 221: 218: 214: 211: 207: 204: 200: 196: 195:heart disease 192: 188: 185: 183: 179: 175: 173: 169: 166: 162: 159: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 107: 103: 100: 98: 97:Complications 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 76: 72: 69: 66: 64: 60: 55: 51: 46: 41: 33: 19: 4662: 4651: 4636: 4621: 4596:Panic attack 4554: 4550: 4508: 4504: 4458: 4454: 4408: 4404: 4398: 4361: 4357: 4347: 4325:(2): 77–93. 4322: 4318: 4311: 4278: 4274: 4246: 4240: 4216: 4209: 4183:. Retrieved 4168: 4156:. Retrieved 4147: 4138: 4106:(1): 68–79. 4103: 4099: 4089: 4077:. Retrieved 4073:the original 4062: 4044: 4036: 4022: 4016: 3998: 3984:cite journal 3975: 3971: 3961: 3951:18 September 3949:. Retrieved 3935: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3877:. Retrieved 3863: 3850: 3846: 3834:. Retrieved 3820: 3811: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3755:. Retrieved 3731: 3725: 3713:. Retrieved 3704: 3695: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3626: 3622: 3616: 3604:. Retrieved 3595: 3557: 3553: 3532:. Retrieved 3529:ScienceDaily 3528: 3519: 3474: 3470: 3460: 3420:(2): 54–62. 3417: 3413: 3363: 3359: 3334:. Retrieved 3314: 3307: 3264: 3260: 3254: 3219: 3215: 3205: 3193:. Retrieved 3177:. Springer. 3173: 3166: 3154:. Retrieved 3144: 3137: 3110: 3106: 3096: 3061: 3057: 3047: 3010: 3006: 2996: 2972:(1): 30–57. 2969: 2965: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2870: 2866: 2859: 2847:. Retrieved 2806: 2802: 2792: 2780:. Retrieved 2771: 2761: 2720: 2716: 2706: 2694:. Retrieved 2680: 2635: 2631: 2621: 2603: 2585: 2560: 2556: 2550: 2528:(1): 66–76. 2525: 2521: 2514: 2502:. Retrieved 2488: 2455: 2451: 2445: 2428: 2393: 2389: 2353: 2347: 2302: 2298: 2288: 2276:. Retrieved 2267: 2263: 2253: 2227:. Retrieved 2218: 2208: 2181: 2177: 2167: 2155:. Retrieved 2146: 2137: 2113: 2106: 2094:. Retrieved 2085: 2076: 2065:. Retrieved 2061: 2052: 2041:. Retrieved 2037: 2028: 2016: 1985:. Retrieved 1976: 1967: 1932: 1928: 1918: 1873: 1869: 1859: 1847:. Retrieved 1835: 1822: 1787: 1783: 1772: 1760:. Retrieved 1751: 1741: 1708: 1702: 1696: 1672: 1648:. Retrieved 1639: 1594: 1590: 1557: 1524: 1462:. Retrieved 1453: 1396: 1393:Epidemiology 1387: 1380: 1377: 1368: 1364: 1358:(TCAs), and 1340: 1332: 1328: 1301: 1288: 1273: 1257: 1246: 1235: 1228:relaxation. 1226: 1219: 1211: 1199: 1193: 1177: 1165: 1162: 1154: 1100: 1086: 1077: 1057: 1026: 985:hypothalamus 973:Neuroimaging 938: 930:chemosensing 870: 861: 857: 846: 839: 832: 797: 784:neuropeptide 777: 757: 752: 746: 741:(αγορά) and 724: 701: 687: 672: 633: 622: 614: 610: 578:hypoglycemia 563: 559:twin studies 555: 539: 515:heart attack 505: 499:and forms a 473:paresthesias 410: 374:heart attack 371: 359: 344: 340:dysautonomia 336:lung disease 289: 277: 263:, sweating, 261:palpitations 252: 251: 238:Usually good 203:dysautonomia 201:, drug use, 199:lung disease 156:Risk factors 115:Over minutes 85:palpitations 43:Panic attack 4185:19 November 3064:(5): e572. 3013:: 541–557. 2772:CNN Digital 2184:: S09–S31. 1935:(1): 5–11. 1269:bloodstream 965:blood sugar 928:activating 886:tachycardia 768:agoraphobia 726:Agoraphobia 717:Agoraphobia 711:Agoraphobia 644:bloodstream 455:(or slight 441:hot flashes 406:epinephrine 351:medications 287:disorders. 217:medications 213:Counselling 112:Usual onset 4664:DiseasesDB 4381:1871/42311 3534:2024-04-16 3336:27 October 3195:27 October 2849:3 February 2782:26 January 2653:2328/35732 2440:. Page 511 2278:26 January 2229:26 January 2067:2024-05-23 2043:2024-05-23 2013:Bourne, E. 1673:Psychiatry 1591:The Lancet 1433:References 1337:Medication 1275:Capnometry 1203:endorphins 953:blood flow 945:adrenaline 941:hypocapnia 922:hypocapnia 874:adrenaline 753:Hikikomori 748:Hikikomori 721:Hikikomori 656:hypocapnia 650:can cause 511:chest pain 485:smothering 437:chest pain 347:counseling 308:depression 265:chest pain 224:Medication 148:depression 91:, numbness 68:Psychiatry 4339:152168481 4158:8 January 3905:CiteSeerX 3757:8 January 3493:1755-7682 3477:(1): 24. 3434:2155-7780 3156:4 October 2823:1172-7047 2803:CNS Drugs 2753:196616453 2737:0022-1325 2504:14 August 1892:8750-7587 1752:HelpGuide 1733:218643956 1619:208789585 1464:1 October 1374:Prognosis 1174:Treatment 1083:Diagnosis 1053:angiogram 1045:vasospasm 1013:brainstem 989:brainstem 957:dizziness 828:glutamate 812:serotonin 664:dizziness 660:heartbeat 642:in one's 625:self-talk 453:dizziness 421:trembling 382:faintness 243:Frequency 234:Prognosis 209:Treatment 102:Self-harm 63:Specialty 4685:Category 4571:11578982 4525:26635099 4487:18728820 4433:26184300 4425:12197851 4390:21733234 4295:11459386 4232:Archived 4195:cite web 4179:Archived 4152:Archived 4150:. 2008. 4130:20685222 4079:29 April 4052:Archived 4006:Archived 3945:Archived 3879:14 April 3873:Archived 3836:14 April 3830:Archived 3795:17654408 3751:Archived 3715:12 March 3709:Archived 3687:11591432 3651:25176812 3643:12112724 3606:14 March 3600:Archived 3574:24923348 3511:22999016 3452:15014745 3392:25071612 3330:Archived 3299:18322284 3291:19945375 3246:19625997 3189:Archived 3150:Archived 3129:18940883 3088:26080089 3039:27042068 2988:23599668 2938:14699738 2930:23584609 2895:23586549 2887:23059050 2843:Archived 2839:43437233 2831:17696574 2776:Archived 2745:31305235 2690:Archived 2672:26517969 2611:Archived 2593:Archived 2577:10739407 2542:18266553 2498:Archived 2480:36334143 2420:16627512 2339:26274327 2299:PLOS ONE 2272:Archived 2239:cite web 2223:Archived 2200:22729447 2157:12 March 2151:Archived 2147:adaa.org 2096:14 March 2090:Archived 2015:(2005). 1987:17 March 1981:Archived 1959:31719106 1951:20049938 1910:30138078 1849:22 March 1840:Archived 1814:29850871 1756:Archived 1725:32421290 1688:Archived 1650:18 March 1644:Archived 1642:. 2022. 1611:27349358 1573:Archived 1458:Archived 1417:Hysteria 1411:See also 1207:cortisol 1195:Caffeine 1114:Sweating 1009:amygdala 1005:amygdala 981:thalamus 977:amygdala 820:dopamine 629:feelings 445:sweating 402:hormones 316:caffeine 273:numbness 144:drug use 120:Duration 75:Symptoms 4691:Anxiety 4658:D016584 4579:7865025 4533:9242842 4478:2515914 4303:5652068 4121:2937087 3927:1609875 3803:8504020 3502:3502479 3383:4092363 3237:3055419 3079:4471296 3030:4780187 2979:3628173 2696:15 June 2663:8482064 2472:1904781 2411:1444835 2330:4537268 2307:Bibcode 1901:6442665 1805:5991216 1530:214–217 1404:MEDLINE 1399:puberty 1285:Therapy 894:dyspnea 808:anxiety 760:phobias 604:in the 503:loop. 497:anxiety 491:and/or 481:choking 457:vertigo 425:dyspnea 362:puberty 355:suicide 312:Smoking 161:Smoking 106:suicide 4647:300.01 4600:Curlie 4577: 4569: 4531: 4523: 4485: 4475: 4431: 4423: 4388: 4337: 4301: 4293: 4253: 4224: 4128: 4118: 4029: 3925: 3907: 3801: 3793: 3743: 3685: 3649: 3641: 3572: 3509: 3499: 3491: 3450: 3443:181226 3440: 3432: 3390: 3380: 3366:: 80. 3322: 3297: 3289: 3244: 3234: 3181: 3127: 3086: 3076: 3037: 3027: 2986: 2976: 2936: 2928: 2893: 2885: 2837: 2829: 2821: 2751: 2743: 2735: 2670: 2660: 2575: 2540: 2478: 2470: 2436: 2418: 2408: 2360: 2337: 2327: 2198: 2125: 1957: 1949: 1908: 1898: 1890: 1812: 1802: 1762:6 July 1731: 1723: 1680: 1617: 1609: 1565: 1536: 1314:, and 1265:oxygen 1155: 999:, and 987:, and 826:, and 804:stress 743:phobos 737:words 728:is an 666:, and 640:oxygen 617:phobia 552:Causes 449:nausea 386:nausea 318:, and 280:DSM-IV 128:Causes 4669:30913 4632:F41.0 4575:S2CID 4529:S2CID 4429:S2CID 4335:S2CID 4299:S2CID 3799:S2CID 3647:S2CID 3295:S2CID 2934:S2CID 2891:S2CID 2835:S2CID 2749:S2CID 2476:S2CID 2270:(1). 1955:S2CID 1843:(PDF) 1832:(PDF) 1729:S2CID 1615:S2CID 1427:Panic 1352:SNRIs 1348:SSRIs 1097:DSM-5 1089:DSM-5 969:brain 910:blood 906:lungs 835:SSRIs 798:Many 788:CCK-4 780:bolus 739:agora 735:Greek 285:DSM-5 4653:MeSH 4642:9-CM 4567:PMID 4521:PMID 4483:PMID 4421:PMID 4386:PMID 4291:PMID 4251:ISBN 4222:ISBN 4201:link 4187:2010 4160:2021 4126:PMID 4081:2020 4027:ISBN 3990:link 3953:2017 3923:PMID 3881:2015 3838:2015 3791:PMID 3759:2021 3741:ISBN 3717:2023 3683:PMID 3639:PMID 3608:2023 3570:PMID 3507:PMID 3489:ISSN 3448:PMID 3430:ISSN 3388:PMID 3338:2020 3320:ISBN 3287:PMID 3261:Cell 3242:PMID 3197:2020 3179:ISBN 3158:2017 3125:PMID 3084:PMID 3035:PMID 2984:PMID 2926:PMID 2883:PMID 2851:2021 2827:PMID 2819:ISSN 2784:2021 2741:PMID 2733:ISSN 2698:2012 2668:PMID 2636:2015 2573:PMID 2538:PMID 2506:2016 2468:PMID 2434:ISBN 2416:PMID 2358:ISBN 2335:PMID 2280:2021 2245:link 2231:2021 2196:PMID 2159:2023 2123:ISBN 2098:2022 1989:2022 1947:PMID 1906:PMID 1888:ISSN 1851:2022 1810:PMID 1764:2021 1721:PMID 1678:ISBN 1652:2022 1640:NIMH 1607:PMID 1563:ISBN 1534:ISBN 1466:2016 1454:NIMH 1322:and 959:and 816:GABA 806:and 719:and 654:and 525:and 509:and 257:fear 81:fear 4638:ICD 4623:ICD 4598:at 4559:doi 4555:158 4513:doi 4473:PMC 4463:doi 4413:doi 4409:106 4376:hdl 4366:doi 4327:doi 4283:doi 4116:PMC 4108:doi 3915:doi 3901:149 3783:doi 3675:doi 3631:doi 3562:doi 3497:PMC 3479:doi 3438:PMC 3422:doi 3378:PMC 3368:doi 3277:hdl 3269:doi 3265:139 3232:PMC 3224:doi 3115:doi 3074:PMC 3066:doi 3025:PMC 3015:doi 2974:PMC 2918:doi 2914:354 2875:doi 2811:doi 2725:doi 2721:180 2658:PMC 2648:hdl 2640:doi 2565:doi 2561:157 2530:doi 2460:doi 2406:PMC 2398:doi 2394:332 2390:BMJ 2325:PMC 2315:doi 2186:doi 1937:doi 1896:PMC 1878:doi 1874:125 1800:PMC 1792:doi 1713:doi 1599:doi 1595:388 1354:), 920:or 646:). 548:. 483:or 459:), 431:), 384:or 349:or 4687:: 4667:: 4656:: 4645:: 4630:: 4627:10 4573:. 4565:. 4553:. 4541:^ 4527:. 4519:. 4509:17 4507:. 4495:^ 4481:. 4471:. 4457:. 4453:. 4441:^ 4427:. 4419:. 4407:. 4384:. 4374:. 4362:15 4360:. 4356:. 4333:. 4323:21 4321:. 4297:. 4289:. 4279:31 4277:. 4265:^ 4230:. 4197:}} 4193:{{ 4177:. 4146:. 4124:. 4114:. 4104:78 4102:. 4098:. 4035:. 3986:}} 3982:{{ 3976:10 3974:. 3970:. 3921:. 3913:. 3899:. 3871:. 3855:: 3797:. 3789:. 3777:. 3749:. 3707:. 3703:. 3681:. 3671:35 3669:. 3645:. 3637:. 3627:15 3625:. 3598:. 3594:. 3582:^ 3568:. 3558:13 3556:. 3543:^ 3527:. 3505:. 3495:. 3487:. 3473:. 3469:. 3446:. 3436:. 3428:. 3416:. 3412:. 3400:^ 3386:. 3376:. 3362:. 3358:. 3346:^ 3328:. 3293:. 3285:. 3275:. 3263:. 3240:. 3230:. 3220:35 3218:. 3214:. 3187:. 3123:. 3111:24 3109:. 3105:. 3082:. 3072:. 3060:. 3056:. 3033:. 3023:. 3011:12 3009:. 3005:. 2982:. 2970:38 2968:. 2964:. 2946:^ 2932:. 2924:. 2912:. 2889:. 2881:. 2871:73 2869:. 2841:. 2833:. 2825:. 2817:. 2807:21 2805:. 2801:. 2774:. 2770:. 2747:. 2739:. 2731:. 2719:. 2715:. 2666:. 2656:. 2646:. 2634:. 2630:. 2571:. 2559:. 2536:. 2526:16 2524:. 2496:. 2474:. 2466:. 2456:29 2454:. 2414:. 2404:. 2392:. 2388:. 2372:^ 2333:. 2323:. 2313:. 2303:10 2301:. 2297:. 2268:21 2262:. 2241:}} 2237:{{ 2221:. 2217:. 2194:. 2182:34 2180:. 2176:. 2149:. 2145:. 2121:. 2119:44 2088:. 2084:. 2060:. 2036:. 1997:^ 1979:. 1975:. 1953:. 1945:. 1933:27 1931:. 1927:. 1904:. 1894:. 1886:. 1872:. 1868:. 1838:. 1834:. 1808:. 1798:. 1788:39 1786:. 1782:. 1754:. 1750:. 1727:. 1719:. 1709:26 1707:. 1686:. 1660:^ 1638:. 1627:^ 1613:. 1605:. 1593:. 1581:^ 1571:. 1547:^ 1532:, 1474:^ 1452:. 1441:^ 1310:, 1271:. 1224:. 1209:. 1055:. 1035:. 995:, 983:, 979:, 934:pH 914:pH 822:, 814:, 770:. 755:. 662:, 631:. 592:, 588:, 584:, 580:, 576:, 572:, 568:, 471:, 467:, 463:, 451:, 447:, 435:, 423:, 376:, 357:. 342:. 334:, 330:, 326:, 314:, 306:, 302:, 298:, 294:, 215:, 197:, 193:, 189:, 163:, 146:, 142:, 138:, 134:, 104:, 83:, 4640:- 4625:- 4615:D 4581:. 4561:: 4535:. 4515:: 4489:. 4465:: 4459:4 4435:. 4415:: 4392:. 4378:: 4368:: 4341:. 4329:: 4305:. 4285:: 4259:. 4203:) 4189:. 4162:. 4132:. 4110:: 4083:. 3992:) 3955:. 3929:. 3917:: 3883:. 3840:. 3805:. 3785:: 3779:8 3761:. 3719:. 3689:. 3677:: 3653:. 3633:: 3610:. 3576:. 3564:: 3537:. 3513:. 3481:: 3475:5 3454:. 3424:: 3418:4 3394:. 3370:: 3364:5 3340:. 3301:. 3279:: 3271:: 3248:. 3226:: 3199:. 3160:. 3131:. 3117:: 3090:. 3068:: 3062:5 3041:. 3017:: 2990:. 2940:. 2920:: 2897:. 2877:: 2853:. 2813:: 2786:. 2755:. 2727:: 2700:. 2674:. 2650:: 2642:: 2579:. 2567:: 2544:. 2532:: 2508:. 2482:. 2462:: 2422:. 2400:: 2366:. 2341:. 2317:: 2309:: 2282:. 2247:) 2233:. 2202:. 2188:: 2161:. 2131:. 2100:. 2070:. 2046:. 2023:. 1991:. 1961:. 1939:: 1912:. 1880:: 1853:. 1816:. 1794:: 1766:. 1735:. 1715:: 1654:. 1621:. 1601:: 1468:. 1346:( 1279:2 1242:2 1043:( 916:( 427:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index