2011:
2022:
78:
is a good approximation and provides an explanation as to why there is an apparent periodic variation in the magnetic field, as if such a field is not aligned with the rotation axis—the field strength will change as the star rotates. In support of this theory it has been noted that the variations in
458:
Auriere, M.; Wade, G. A.; Konstantinova-Antova, R.; Charbonnel, C.; Catala, C.; Weiss, W. W.; Roudier, T.; Petit, P.; Donati, J.-F.; Alecian, E.; Cabanac, R.; Van Eck, S.; Folsom, C. P.; Power, J. (September 2009). "Discovery of a weak magnetic field in the photosphere of the single giant Pollux".
103:
within rotating cores of Ap stars; however, the oblique nature of the field cannot be produced, as yet, by this model, as invariably one ends up with a field either aligned with the rotation axis, or at 90° to it. It is also unclear whether it is possible to generate such large dipole fields using
98:
has to be invoked to reduce the field in normal stars. This theory does require the field to remain stable over a long period of time, and it is unclear whether such an obliquely rotating field could do so. Another problem with this theory is to explain why only a small proportion of A-type stars
246:
Landstreet, J. D; Bagnulo, S; Andretta, V; Fossati, L; Mason, E; Silaj, J; Wade, G. A (2007). "Searching for links between magnetic fields and stellar evolution: II. The evolution of magnetic fields as revealed by observations of Ap stars in open clusters and associations".
104:
this explanation, due to the slow rotation of the star. While this could be explained by invoking a fast rotating core with a high rotation gradient to the surface, it is unlikely that an ordered axisymmetric field would result.
158:
instability strip, on the main sequence. There are currently 35 known roAp stars. The pulsation periods of these oscillators lie between 5 and 21 minutes. The stars pulsate in high overtone, non-radial, pressure modes.
79:
magnetic field are inversely correlated with the rotation velocity. This model of a dipolar field, in which the magnetic axis is offset to the rotation axis, is known as the
1862:
112:
The spatial locations of the chemical overabundances have been shown to be connected with the geometry of the magnetic field. Some of these stars have shown
86:
The origin of such high magnetic fields in Ap stars is problematic and two theories have been proposed in order to explain them. The first is the
74:). Typically the magnetic field of these stars lies in the range of a few kG to tens of kG. In most cases a field which is modelled as a simple
1894:
311:
407:
Murphy, Simon J.; Saio, Hideyuki; Takada-Hidai, Masahide; Kurtz, Donald W.; Shibahashi, Hiromoto; Takata, Masao; Hey, Daniel R. (2020).
150:
variations and variations in radial velocities of spectral lines. These were first observed in the highly peculiar Ap star HD 101065 (
1869:
1188:
1581:
94:(ISM). There is sufficient magnetic field in the ISM to create such high magnetic fields—indeed, so much so that the theory of
1495:
1874:
1511:
530:
1921:
1788:
124:
which uses the rotation to deduce a map of the stellar surface. These patches of overabundances are often referred to as
1904:
1855:
1830:
1123:
1208:
1845:
1825:
137:
1909:
1840:
1810:
1916:
1793:
1770:
1352:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
1059:
933:
568:
23:
1586:
1255:
409:"On the first δ SCT-roAp hybrid pulsator and the stability of p and g modes in chemically peculiar A/F stars"
1835:
1385:
1295:
1237:
1163:
734:
660:
610:
1996:
1976:
1748:
1743:
1536:
1485:
1290:
1280:
953:
751:
719:
593:
173:
147:
51:
2057:
2052:
1850:
1820:
1815:
1805:
1733:
1521:
687:
968:
1991:
1889:
1879:
1728:
1696:
1490:
1285:
1270:
583:
478:
430:
389:
346:
266:
220:
151:
830:
1591:
1451:
1434:
1105:
1007:
95:
91:
1986:
1947:
1899:
1884:
1798:
1738:
1661:
1571:
1541:
1531:
1475:
1397:
1088:
724:
523:
468:
420:
362:
336:
282:
256:
116:
variations arising from pulsations of a few minutes. For studying these stars high-resolution
2047:
1937:
1422:
1362:
1335:
1315:
1115:
899:
887:
714:
694:
648:
630:
598:
494:
307:
301:
1765:
1718:
1668:
1656:
1634:
1629:
1556:
1516:
1463:
1245:
1168:
1143:
1037:
958:
682:
643:
486:
482:
438:
354:
274:
270:
228:
1952:
1755:
1624:
1468:
1439:
1380:
1375:
1250:
978:
877:
823:
818:
763:
573:
178:
121:
113:
434:
393:
350:
224:
2014:
1780:
1619:
1446:
1417:
1392:
1325:
1014:
882:
768:
670:
560:
550:
63:
2041:
1966:
1760:
1723:
1691:
1566:
1275:
1098:
1069:
1047:
665:
638:
615:
516:
380:
Kurtz, D. W (1978). "12.15 Minute Light
Variations in Przybylski's Star, HD 101065".
366:
191:
183:
168:
27:
286:
2026:
1701:
1651:
1646:
1546:
1429:
1412:
1370:
1330:
1265:
1148:
1093:
1074:
1054:
1032:
1024:
867:
860:
699:
620:
603:
117:
71:
67:
54:, although some exhibit rotation velocities up to about 100 kilometers per second.
43:
490:
278:
66:
than classical A- or B-type stars; in the case of HD 215441, reaching 33.5 k
1942:
1641:
1614:
1606:
1596:
1576:
1551:
1480:
1402:
1158:
1133:
1128:
1042:
1002:
963:
928:
911:
906:
578:
155:
1526:
1223:
1196:
1173:
1153:
1138:
990:
894:
872:
850:
845:
709:
358:
498:
443:
408:
1713:
1561:
1345:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1260:
1213:
1203:
997:
973:
948:
855:
806:
739:
729:
704:
677:
653:
588:
187:
47:
31:
211:
Babcock, Horace W (1960). "The 34-KILOGAUSS Magnetic Field of HD 215441".
1706:
1407:
1081:
840:
813:
39:
35:
1981:
1456:
1218:
985:
938:
921:
916:
835:
1971:
1959:
1178:
1064:
75:
2021:
425:
232:
99:
exhibit these high field strengths. The other generation theory is
473:
341:
261:
1340:
1320:
539:
512:
1686:
90:, in which the field is a relic of the initial field in the
50:. These stars have a much slower rotation than normal for
30:
A and B which show overabundances of some metals, such as
508:
42:. In addition, larger overabundances are often seen in
190:
to the Sun which may have been an Ap star when on the
303:
1930:
1779:
1677:
1605:
1504:
1361:
1236:
1114:
1023:
750:
629:
559:
16:
Chemically peculiar stars of spectral types A and B
413:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
327:Kochukhov, Oleg (2011). "The spots on Ap stars".
524:
8:
306:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–.
756:
531:
517:
509:
146:, exhibit short-timescale, millimagnitude
472:
442:
424:
340:
260:
154:). These stars lie at the bottom of the
142:A subset of this class of stars, called
203:
382:Information Bulletin on Variable Stars
7:
144:rapidly oscillating Ap (roAp) stars
300:David F. Gray (17 November 2005).
14:
2020:
2010:
2009:
62:Ap and Bp stars have stronger
1:
1922:Timeline of stellar astronomy
329:Physics of Sun and Star Spots
461:Astronomy & Astrophysics
132:Rapidly oscillating Ap stars
1582:Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
491:10.1051/0004-6361/200912050
138:rapidly oscillating Ap star
2074:
1496:Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism
279:10.1051/0004-6361:20077343
249:Astronomy and Astrophysics
135:
2005:
759:
546:
359:10.1017/S1743921311015328
24:chemically peculiar stars
1875:With multiple exoplanets
661:Asymptotic giant branch
483:2009A&A...504..231A
271:2007A&A...470..685L
120:is used, together with
88:fossil field hypothesis
1997:Tidal disruption event
1486:Circumstellar envelope
720:Luminous blue variable
444:10.1093/mnras/staa2667
174:Stellar classification
1522:Effective temperature
213:Astrophysical Journal
81:oblique rotator model
1992:Planet-hosting stars
1870:With resolved images
1841:Historical brightest
1771:Photometric-standard
1697:Solar radio emission
1491:Eddington luminosity
1271:Triple-alpha process
1209:Thorne–Żytkow object
584:Young stellar object
1816:Highest temperature
1587:Color–color diagram
1452:Protoplanetary disk
1256:Proton–proton chain
934:Chemically peculiar
435:2020MNRAS.498.4272M
394:1978IBVS.1436....1K
351:2011IAUS..273..249K
225:1960ApJ...132..521B
96:ambipolar diffusion
92:interstellar medium
52:A- and B-type stars
26:(hence the "p") of
1821:Lowest temperature
1572:Photometric system
1542:Absolute magnitude
1476:Circumstellar dust
1089:Stellar black hole
725:Stellar population
611:Herbig–Haro object
2035:
2034:
1938:Substellar object
1917:Planetary nebulae
1336:Luminous red nova
1246:Deuterium burning
1232:
1231:
715:Instability strip
695:Wolf-Rayet nebula
649:Horizontal branch
594:Pre-main-sequence
313:978-0-521-85186-2
152:Przybylski's star
2065:
2027:Stars portal
2025:
2024:
2013:
2012:
1669:Planetary system
1592:Strömgren sphere
1464:Asteroseismology
1185:Black hole star
757:
683:Planetary nebula
644:Red-giant branch
533:
526:
519:
510:
503:
502:
476:
455:
449:
448:
446:
428:
404:
398:
397:
377:
371:
370:
344:
324:
318:
317:
297:
291:
290:
264:
243:
237:
236:
208:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2019:
2001:
1926:
1895:Milky Way novae
1831:Smallest volume
1775:
1756:Radial velocity
1679:
1673:
1625:Common envelope
1601:
1500:
1469:Helioseismology
1440:Bipolar outflow
1381:Microturbulence
1376:Convection zone
1357:
1251:Lithium burning
1238:Nucleosynthesis
1228:
1110:
1019:
746:
625:
574:Molecular cloud
555:
542:
537:
507:
506:
457:
456:
452:
406:
405:
401:
379:
378:
374:
326:
325:
321:
314:
299:
298:
294:
245:
244:
240:
210:
209:
205:
200:
179:Doppler imaging
165:
140:
134:
126:abundance spots
122:Doppler imaging
114:radial velocity
110:
108:Abundance spots
64:magnetic fields
60:
58:Magnetic fields
20:Ap and Bp stars
17:
12:
11:
5:
2071:
2069:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2017:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1957:
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1934:
1932:
1928:
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1907:
1897:
1892:
1887:
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1877:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1826:Largest volume
1823:
1818:
1813:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1785:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
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1753:
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1659:
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1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1611:
1609:
1603:
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1600:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1537:Magnetic field
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1447:Accretion disk
1444:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1423:Alfvén surface
1420:
1418:Stellar corona
1415:
1410:
1405:
1395:
1393:Radiation zone
1390:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1373:
1367:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1062:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1040:
1035:
1029:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1015:Blue straggler
1012:
1011:
1010:
1000:
995:
994:
993:
983:
982:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
931:
926:
925:
924:
919:
914:
904:
903:
902:
892:
891:
890:
885:
880:
870:
865:
864:
863:
858:
853:
843:
838:
833:
828:
827:
826:
821:
811:
810:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
773:Main sequence
771:
766:
760:
754:
752:Classification
748:
747:
745:
744:
743:
742:
737:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
691:
690:
688:Protoplanetary
680:
675:
674:
673:
668:
658:
657:
656:
646:
641:
635:
633:
627:
626:
624:
623:
618:
613:
608:
607:
606:
601:
596:
591:
581:
576:
571:
565:
563:
557:
556:
554:
553:
547:
544:
543:
538:
536:
535:
528:
521:
513:
505:
504:
467:(1): 231–237.
450:
399:
372:
319:
312:
292:
238:
233:10.1086/146960
202:
201:
199:
196:
195:
194:
186:, the closest
181:
176:
171:
164:
161:
136:Main article:
133:
130:
109:
106:
59:
56:
28:spectral types
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2070:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2008:
2007:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1987:Intergalactic
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1967:Galactic year
1965:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1846:Most luminous
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1761:Proper motion
1759:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1724:Constellation
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1692:Solar eclipse
1690:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1678:Earth-centric
1676:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1276:Alpha process
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1048:Helium planet
1046:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1038:Parker's star
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1001:
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992:
989:
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987:
984:
980:
977:
975:
972:
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969:Lambda Boötis
967:
965:
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947:
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936:
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762:
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749:
741:
738:
736:
735:Superluminous
733:
732:
731:
728:
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723:
721:
718:
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664:
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642:
640:
639:Main sequence
637:
636:
634:
632:
628:
622:
619:
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616:Hayashi track
614:
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207:
204:
197:
193:
192:main sequence
189:
185:
182:
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177:
175:
172:
170:
169:Peculiar star
167:
166:
162:
160:
157:
153:
149:
145:
139:
131:
129:
127:
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119:
115:
107:
105:
102:
101:dynamo action
97:
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77:
73:
69:
65:
57:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2058:B-type stars
2053:A-type stars
1890:White dwarfs
1880:Brown dwarfs
1863:Most distant
1811:Most massive
1789:Proper names
1749:Photographic
1702:Solar System
1680:observations
1607:Star systems
1430:Stellar wind
1413:Chromosphere
1386:Oscillations
1266:Helium flash
1116:Hypothetical
1094:X-ray binary
1033:Compact star
943:
868:Bright giant
621:Henyey track
599:Herbig Ae/Be
464:
460:
453:
416:
412:
402:
385:
381:
375:
332:
328:
322:
302:
295:
252:
248:
241:
216:
212:
206:
143:
141:
125:
118:spectroscopy
111:
100:
87:
85:
80:
61:
44:praseodymium
19:
18:
1943:Brown dwarf
1719:Circumpolar
1597:Kraft break
1577:Color index
1552:Metallicity
1512:Designation
1481:Cosmic dust
1403:Photosphere
1169:Dark-energy
1144:Electroweak
1129:Black dwarf
1060:Radio-quiet
1043:White dwarf
929:White dwarf
579:Bok globule
419:(3): 4272.
156:Delta Scuti
148:photometric
70:(3.35
2042:Categories
1905:Candidates
1900:Supernovae
1885:Red dwarfs
1744:Extinction
1532:Kinematics
1527:Luminosity
1505:Properties
1398:Atmosphere
1296:Si burning
1286:Ne burning
1224:White hole
1197:Quasi-star
1124:Blue dwarf
979:Technetium
895:Hypergiant
873:Supergiant
426:2009.00730
255:(2): 685.
198:References
1836:Brightest
1734:Magnitude
1714:Pole star
1635:Symbiotic
1630:Eclipsing
1562:Starlight
1363:Structure
1353:Supernova
1346:Micronova
1341:Recurrent
1326:Symbiotic
1311:p-process
1306:r-process
1301:s-process
1291:O burning
1281:C burning
1261:CNO cycle
1204:Gravastar
740:Hypernova
730:Supernova
705:Dredge-up
678:Blue loop
671:super-AGB
654:Red clump
631:Evolution
589:Protostar
569:Accretion
561:Formation
499:0004-6361
474:0907.1423
367:118436816
342:1010.0264
262:0706.0330
188:red giant
48:neodymium
32:strontium
2048:Ap stars
2015:Category
1910:Remnants
1806:Extremes
1766:Parallax
1739:Apparent
1729:Asterism
1707:Sunlight
1657:Globular
1642:Multiple
1567:Variable
1557:Rotation
1517:Dynamics
1408:Starspot
1082:Magnetar
1025:Remnants
841:Subgiant
814:Subdwarf
666:post-AGB
287:15591645
163:See also
40:europium
36:chromium
1982:Gravity
1931:Related
1851:Nearest
1799:Chinese
1647:Cluster
1620:Contact
1457:Proplyd
1331:Remnant
1219:Blitzar
1193:Hawking
1149:Strange
1099:Burster
1055:Neutron
1008:Extreme
959:He-weak
604:T Tauri
479:Bibcode
431:Bibcode
390:Bibcode
347:Bibcode
335:: 249.
267:Bibcode
221:Bibcode
219:: 521.
1972:Galaxy
1960:Planet
1948:Desert
1856:bright
1794:Arabic
1615:Binary
1435:Bubble
1159:Planck
1134:Exotic
1070:Binary
1065:Pulsar
1003:Helium
964:Barium
907:Carbon
900:Yellow
888:Yellow
861:Yellow
700:PG1159
497:
365:
310:
285:
184:Pollux
76:dipole
1977:Guest
1781:Lists
1662:Super
1316:Fusor
1189:Black
1174:Quark
1154:Preon
1139:Boson
1075:X-ray
991:Shell
944:Ap/Bp
846:Giant
764:Early
710:OH/IR
540:Stars
469:arXiv
421:arXiv
388:: 1.
363:S2CID
337:arXiv
283:S2CID
257:arXiv
38:, or
1652:Open
1547:Mass
1371:Core
1321:Nova
1214:Iron
1164:Dark
974:Lead
954:HgMn
949:CEMP
878:Blue
851:Blue
769:Late
551:List
495:ISSN
386:1436
308:ISBN
46:and
22:are
1953:Sub
1687:Sun
1106:SGR
883:Red
856:Red
487:doi
465:504
439:doi
417:498
355:doi
333:273
275:doi
253:470
229:doi
217:132
2044::
986:Be
939:Am
922:CH
917:CN
836:OB
831:WR
493:.
485:.
477:.
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429:.
415:.
411:.
384:.
361:.
353:.
345:.
331:.
281:.
273:.
265:.
251:.
227:.
215:.
128:.
83:.
34:,
1179:Q
998:B
912:S
824:B
819:O
807:M
802:K
797:G
792:F
787:A
782:B
777:O
532:e
525:t
518:v
501:.
489::
481::
471::
447:.
441::
433::
423::
396:.
392::
369:.
357::
349::
339::
316:.
289:.
277::
269::
259::
235:.
231::
223::
72:T
68:G
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