1861:
2076:
1838:
Apaches moved into their current
Southwestern homelands in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Other historians note that Coronado reported that Pueblo women and children had often been evacuated by the time his party attacked their dwellings, and that he saw some dwellings had been recently abandoned as he moved up the Rio Grande. This might indicate the semi-nomadic Southern Athabaskan had advance warning about his hostile approach and evaded encounter with the Spanish. Archaeologists are finding ample evidence of an early proto-Apache presence in the Southwestern mountain zone in the 15th century and perhaps earlier. The Apache presence on both the Plains and in the mountainous Southwest indicate that the people took multiple early migration routes.
1724:
1529:
2177:
3138:
estimate" has been gathered - from 18,000 warriors (which would indicate a total population of 90,000) down to 300. Many estimates did not include the whole body of the tribe and referred only to some bands or to a part of the area they roved over. In 1875 there were already on the reservations 9,248 Apaches (Indian
Affairs 1875), this number does not include those who were still not on the reservations. The census of 1890 returned at least 7,218 (including 4,041 in Arizona) and the census of 1910 returned at least 6,119.
1950:'the Apache'—a brutish, terrifying semi-human bent upon wanton death and destruction—is almost entirely a product of irresponsible caricature and exaggeration. Indeed, there can be little doubt that the Apache has been transformed from a native American into an American legend, the fanciful and fallacious creation of a non-Indian citizenry whose inability to recognize the massive treachery of ethnic and cultural stereotypes has been matched only by its willingness to sustain and inflate them.
1830:, ultimately reaching the American Southwest by the 14th century or perhaps earlier. An archaeological material culture assemblage identified in this mountainous zone as ancestral Apache has been referred to as the "Cerro Rojo complex". This theory does not preclude arrival via a plains route as well, perhaps concurrently, but to date the earliest evidence has been found in the mountainous Southwest. The Plains Apache have a significant Southern Plains cultural influence.
2060:); they usually lived close together, with each nuclear family in separate dwellings. An extended family generally consisted of a husband and wife, their unmarried children, their married daughters, their married daughters' husbands, and their married daughters' children. Thus, the extended family is connected through a lineage of women who live together (that is, matrilocal residence), into which men may enter upon marriage (leaving behind his parents' family).
1075:. Some of the Gila Apaches were probably later known as the Mogollon Apaches, a Central Apache sub-band, while others probably coalesced into the Chiricahua proper. But, since the term was used indiscriminately for all Apachean groups west of the Rio Grande (i.e. in southeast Arizona and western New Mexico), the reference in historical documents is often unclear. After 1722, Spanish documents start to distinguish between these different groups, in which case
2510:
1619:. Goodwin divided into Northern Tonto and Southern Tonto groups, living in the north and west areas of the Western Apache groups according to Goodwin. This is north of Phoenix, north of the Verde River. Schroeder has suggested that the Tonto are originally Yavapais who assimilated Western Apache culture. Tonto is one of the major dialects of the Western Apache language. Tonto Apache speakers are traditionally bilingual in Western Apache and
2541:
915:
2654:
2474:
1540:
non-Navajo
Apachean peoples living west of the Rio Grande (thus failing to distinguish the Chiricahua from the other Apacheans). Goodwin's formulation: "all those Apache peoples who have lived within the present boundaries of the state of Arizona during historic times with the exception of the Chiricahua, Warm Springs, and allied Apache, and a small band of Apaches known as the Apache Mansos, who lived in the vicinity of
2430:
498:
1834:
wintering near the Pueblo in established camps. Later
Spanish sovereignty over the area disrupted trade between the Pueblo and the diverging Apache and Navajo groups. The Apache quickly acquired horses, improving their mobility for quick raids on settlements. In addition, the Pueblo were forced to work Spanish mission lands and care for mission flocks; they had fewer surplus goods to trade with their neighbors.
6062:
1795:
5809:
1937:
of time. Other times a band would leave without permission, to raid, return to their homeland to forage, or to simply get away. The U.S. military usually had forts nearby to keep the bands on the reservations by finding and returning those who left. The reservation policies of the U.S. caused conflict and war with the various Apache bands who left the reservations for almost another quarter century.
7077:
850:
34:
6470:
555:
2470:
hatching, and in rainy weather, if a fire is not needed, even the smoke hole is covered. In warm, dry weather much of the outer roofing is stripped off. It takes approximately three days to erect a sturdy dwelling of this type. These houses are 'warm and comfortable, even though there is a big snow.' The interior is lined with brush and grass beds over which robes are spread ...
1196:
2049:
2560:. Various hunting techniques were used. Some involved wearing animal head masks as a disguise. Whistles were sometimes used to lure animals closer. Another technique was the relay method where hunters positioned at various points would chase the prey in turns in order to tire the animal. A similar method involved chasing the prey down a steep cliff.
2092:
was not hereditary, and was often filled by members of different extended families. The chief's influence was as strong as he was evaluated to be—no group member was obliged to follow the chief. Western Apache criteria for a good chief included: industriousness, generosity, impartiality, forbearance, conscientiousness, and eloquence in language.
2553:
disposal. Southern
Athabascan hunters often distributed successfully slaughtered game. For example, among the Mescalero a hunter was expected to share as much as half of his kill with a fellow hunter and needy people at the camp. Feelings of individuals about this practice spoke of social obligation and spontaneous generosity.
3106:
Medicine men learn the ceremonies, which can also be acquired by direct revelation to the individual. Different Apache cultures had different views of ceremonial practice. Most
Chiricahua and Mescalero ceremonies were learned through the transmission of personal religious visions, while the Jicarilla
2640:
Influenced by the Plains
Indians, Western Apaches wore clothing sewn from animal hides decorated with seed beads for clothing. These beaded designs historically resembled that of the Great Basin Paiute and is characterized by linear patterning. Apache beaded clothing was bordered with narrow bands of
2063:
When a daughter married, a new dwelling was built nearby for her and her husband. Among the Navajo, residence rights are ultimately derived from a head mother. Although the
Western Apache usually practiced matrilocal residence, sometimes the eldest son chose to bring his wife to live with his parents
1806:
The
Spanish described Plains dogs as very white, with black spots, and "not much larger than water spaniels." Plains dogs were slightly smaller than those used for hauling loads by modern Inuit and northern First Nations people in Canada. Recent experiments show these dogs may have pulled loads up to
902:
Many of the historical names of Apache groups that were recorded by non-Apache are difficult to match to modern-day tribes or their subgroups. Over the centuries, many
Spanish, French and English-speaking authors did not differentiate between Apache and other semi-nomadic non-Apache peoples who might
2486:
Both the teepee and the oval-shaped house were used when I was a boy. The oval hut was covered with hide and was the best house. The more well-to-do had this kind. The tepee type was just made of brush. It had a place for a fire in the center. It was just thrown together. Both types were common even
2460:
The home in which the family lives is made by the women and is ordinarily a circular, dome-shaped brush dwelling, with the floor at ground level. It is seven feet high at the center and approximately eight feet in diameter. To build it, long fresh poles of oak or willow are driven into the ground or
2135:
The notion of a tribe within Apache cultures is very weakly developed; essentially it was only a recognition "that one owed a modicum of hospitality to those of the same speech, dress, and customs." The six Apache tribes had political independence from each other and even fought against each other.
2091:
Several extended families worked together as a "local group", which carried out certain ceremonies, and economic and military activities. Political control was mostly present at the local group level. Local groups were headed by a chief, an influential man with an impressive reputation. The position
1949:
Of the hundreds of peoples that lived and flourished in native North America, few have been so consistently misrepresented as the Apacheans of Arizona and New Mexico. Glorified by novelists, sensationalized by historians, and distorted beyond credulity by commercial film makers, the popular image of
1936:
had not been used by the Spanish, Mexicans or other Apache neighbors before. Reservations were often badly managed, and bands that had no kinship relationships were forced to live together. No fences existed to keep people in or out. It was common for a band to be allowed to leave for a short period
1856:
In general, the recently arrived Spanish colonists, who settled in villages, and Apache bands developed a pattern of interaction over a few centuries. Both raided and traded with each other. Records of the period seem to indicate that relationships depended on the specific villages and bands: a band
1789:
After seventeen days of travel, I came upon a 'rancheria' of the Indians who follow these cattle (bison). These natives are called Querechos. They do not cultivate the land, but eat raw meat and drink the blood of the cattle they kill. They dress in the skins of the cattle, with which all the people
970:
finds linguistic evidence supporting only three major groupings: White Mountain, San Carlos, and Dilzhe'e (Tonto). He believes San Carlos is the most divergent dialect, and that Dilzhe'e is a remnant, intermediate member of a dialect continuum that previously spanned from the Western Apache language
3101:
refers to one or all of a set of abstract and invisible forces that are said to derive from certain classes of animals, plants, minerals, meteorological phenomena, and mythological figures within the Western Apache universe. Any of the various powers may be acquired by man and, if properly handled,
2620:
The Jicarilla primarily hunted bighorn sheep, buffalo, deer, elk, and pronghorn. Other game included beaver, bighorn sheep, chief hares, chipmunks, doves, groundhogs, grouse, peccaries, porcupines, prairie dogs, quail, rabbits, skunks, snow birds, squirrels, turkeys and wood rats. Burros and horses
2034:
Many books were written on the stories of hunting and trapping during the late 19th century. Many of these stories involve Apache raids and the failure of agreements with Americans and Mexicans. In the post-war era, the US government arranged for Apache children to be taken from their families for
1758:
The Athabaskan-speaking group probably moved into areas that were concurrently occupied or recently abandoned by other cultures. Other Athabaskan speakers, perhaps including the Southern Athabaskan, adapted many of their neighbors' technology and practices into their own cultures. Thus sites where
2563:
Eating certain animals was taboo. Although different cultures had different taboos, common examples included bears, peccaries, turkeys, fish, snakes, insects, owls, and coyotes. An example of taboo differences: the black bear was a part of the Lipan diet (although less common as buffalo, deer, or
2481:
The woman not only makes the furnishings of the home but is responsible for the construction, maintenance, and repair of the dwelling itself and for the arrangement of everything in it. She provides the grass and brush beds and replaces them when they become too old and dry ... However, formerly
2892:
The abundant agave (mescal) was also important to the Mescalero, who gathered the crowns in late spring after reddish flower stalks appeared. The smaller sotol crowns were also important. The crowns of both plants were baked and dried. Other plants include: acorns, agarita berries, amole stalks
2087:
Apache men practiced varying degrees of "avoidance" of his wife's close relatives, a practice often most strictly observed by distance between mother-in-law and son-in-law. The degree of avoidance differed by Apache group. The most elaborate system was among the Chiricahua, where men had to use
926:
While anthropologists agree on some traditional major subgrouping of Apaches, they have often used different criteria to name finer divisions, and these do not always match modern Apache groupings. Some scholars do not consider groups residing in what is now Mexico to be Apache. In addition, an
3053:
Apaches distinguished raiding from war. Raiding was done in small parties with a specific economic purpose. War was waged in large parties (often clan members), usually to achieve retribution. Raiding was traditional for the Apache, but Mexican settlers objected to their stock being stolen. As
1837:
In 1540, Coronado reported that the modern Western Apache area was uninhabited, although some scholars have argued that he simply did not see the American Indians. Other Spanish explorers first mention "Querechos" living west of the Rio Grande in the 1580s. To some historians, this implies the
1833:
When the Spanish arrived in the area, trade between the long-established Pueblo peoples and the Southern Athabaskan was well established. They reported the Pueblo exchanged maize and woven cotton goods for bison meat, and hides and materials for stone tools. Coronado observed the Plains people
1539:
include Northern Tonto, Southern Tonto, Cibecue, White Mountain, and San Carlos groups. While these subgroups spoke the same language and had kinship ties, Western Apaches considered themselves as separate from each other, according to Goodwin. Other writers have used this term to refer to all
2552:
before and after the hunt. In Lipan culture, since deer were protected by Mountain Spirits, great care was taken in Mountain Spirit rituals to ensure smooth hunting. Slaughter follows religious guidelines (many of which are recorded in religious stories) prescribing cutting, prayers, and bone
2469:
is tied, shingle style, with yucca strings. A smoke hole opens above a central fireplace. A hide, suspended at the entrance, is fixed on a cross-beam so that it may be swung forward or backward. The doorway may face in any direction. For waterproofing, pieces of hide are thrown over the outer
1754:
The Apaches' nomadic way of life complicates accurate dating, primarily because they constructed less substantial dwellings than other Southwestern groups. Since the early 21st century, substantial progress has been made in dating and distinguishing their dwellings and other forms of material
3137:
estimated the Apache population in year 1700 at up to 60,000 people (or 12,000 warriors). Indian Affairs 1837 estimated the Apache population in 1837 at 20,280 people, this estimate was later repeated by official reports of Indian Affairs 1841 and 1844. In Indian Affairs 1857 "every possible
691:
The nine Apache tribes formed a nonprofit organization, the Apache Alliance. Tribal leaders convene at the Apache Alliance Summits, meetings hosted by a different Apache tribe each time. The member tribes are the Apache Tribe of Oklahoma, Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation, Fort Sill Apache Tribe,
2500:
Recent research has documented the archaeological remains of Chiricahua Apache wickiups as found on protohistoric and at historical sites, such as Canon de los Embudos where C. S. Fly photographed Geronimo, his people, and dwellings during surrender negotiations in 1886, demonstrating their
1975:
and its several thousand acres of treaty lands promised to them by the United States government. At the orders of Indian Commissioner L. E. Dudley, U.S. Army troops made the people, young and old, walk through winter-flooded rivers, mountain passes and narrow canyon trails to get to the
3081:, is an important being that often has inappropriate behavior (such as marrying his own daughter, etc.) in which he overturns social convention. The Navajo, Western Apache, Jicarilla, and Lipan have an emergence or Creation Story, while this is lacking in the Chiricahua and Mescalero.
1906:(Black Knife) became the principal chief and war leader. They (being now Mangas Coloradas the first chief and Cuchillo Negro the second chief of the whole Tchihende or Mimbreño people) conducted a series of retaliatory raids against the Mexicans. By 1856, authorities in horse-rich
3107:
and Western Apache used standardized rituals as the more central ceremonial practice. Important standardized ceremonies include the puberty ceremony (Sunrise Dance) of young women, Navajo chants, Jicarilla "long-life" ceremonies, and Plains Apache "sacred-bundle" ceremonies.
2628:
was drunk for health. Other animals included beavers, bighorns, black bears, burros, ducks, elk, fish, horses, mountain lions, mourning doves, mules, prairie dogs, pronghorns, quail, rabbits, squirrels, turkeys, turtles, and wood rats. Skunks were eaten only in emergencies.
5197:
Personal Recollections and Observations of General Nelson A. Miles embracing a brief view of the Civil War, or, From New England to the Golden Gate : and the story of his Indian campaigns, with comments on the exploration, development and progress of our great western
3985:
1337:– "People of the Forest", after 1760 the name Pelones was never used by the Spanish for any Texas Apache group, the Pelones had fled for the Comanche south and southwest, but never mixed up with the Plains Lipan division – retaining their distinct identity, so that
1705:(also Lipiyán, Lipillanes). A coalition of splinter groups of Nadahéndé (Natagés), Guhlkahéndé, and Lipan of the 18th century under the leadership of Picax-Ande-Ins-Tinsle ("Strong Arm"), who fought the Comanche on the Plains. This term is not to be confused with
3041:
The Navajo practiced the most crop cultivation, the Western Apache, Jicarilla, and Lipan less. The one Chiricahua band (of Opler's) and the Mescalero practiced very little cultivation. The other two Chiricahua bands and the Plains Apache did not grow any crops.
1790:
in this land clothe themselves, and they have very well-constructed tents, made with tanned and greased cowhides, in which they live and which they take along as they follow the cattle. They have dogs which they load to carry their tents, poles, and belongings.
3369:
Hoijer (1938) divided the Apache sub-family into an eastern branch consisting of Jicarilla, Lipan, and Plains Apache and a Western branch consisting of Navajo, Western Apache (San Carlos), Chiricahua, and Mescalero based on the merger of Proto-Apachean
1822:
Although the first documentary sources mention the Apache, and historians have suggested some passages indicate a 16th-century entry from the north, archaeological data indicate they were present on the plains long before this first reported contact.
834:
1759:
early Southern Athabaskans may have lived are difficult to locate and even more difficult to firmly identify as culturally Southern Athabaskan. Recent advances have been made in the regard in the far southern portion of the American Southwest.
1300:; however, after Texas gained statehood in 1846, the Americans waged a brutal campaign against the Lipan, destroying Lipan villages and trying to force them from Texas. Most were forced onto the Mescalero Reservation and some went to Oklahoma.
1980:, 180 miles (290 km) away. The trek killed several hundred people. The people were interned there for 25 years while white settlers took over their land. Only a few hundred ever returned to their lands. At the San Carlos reservation, the
2448:
were common in the highlands; these were 8-foot-tall (2.4 m) framed of wood held together with yucca fibers and covered in brush. If a family member died, the wickiup would be burned. Apache of the desert of northern Mexico lived in
3618:
Morris Opler (1975) has noted cultural similarities of Jicarilla and Lipan with Eastern Apache language speakers and differences from Western Apache speakers, supporting Hojier's initial classification. Other linguists, particularly
2994:
The Lipan heavily used agave (mescal) and sotol. Other plants include agarita, blackberries, cattails, devil's claw, elderberries, gooseberries, hackberries, hawthorn, juniper, Lamb's-quarters, locust, mesquite, mulberries, oak,
2167:
systems, is used by the Jicarilla, Navajo, Lipan, and Plains Apache. The Navajo system is more divergent among the four, having similarities with the Chiricahua-type system. The Lipan and Plains Apache systems are very similar.
1639:
refers to a southern pre-reservation White Mountain group of the Western Apache, but has also been used more widely to refer to the Apache in general, Western Apache, or an Apache band in the high plains of Southern Colorado to
2617:, buffalo (for those living closer to the plains), cottontail rabbits, elk, horses, mules, opossums, pronghorn, wild steers, and wood rats. Beavers, minks, muskrats, and weasels were hunted for their hides but were not eaten.
2203:"paternal grandfather". Additionally, a grandparent's siblings are identified by the same word; thus, one's maternal grandmother, one's maternal grandmother's sisters, and one's maternal grandmother's brothers are all called
961:
classified the Western Apache into five groups (based on his informants' views of dialect and cultural differences): White Mountain, Cibecue, San Carlos, North Tonto, and South Tonto. Since then, other anthropologists (e.g.
927:
Apache individual has different ways of identification with a group, such as a band or clan, as well as the larger tribe or language grouping, which can add to the difficulties in an outsider comprehending the distinctions.
4058:
2564:
antelope), but the Jicarilla never ate bear because it was considered an evil animal. Some taboos were a regional phenomenon, such as fish, which was taboo throughout the southwest (e.g. in certain Pueblo cultures like the
2482:'they had no permanent homes, so they didn't bother with cleaning.' The dome-shaped dwelling or wickiup, the usual home type for all the Chiricahua bands, has already been described ... Said a Central Chiricahua informant.
3117:
is an important ceremony in the Navajo, Western Apache, and Jicarilla traditions, in which healers create temporary, sacred art from colored sands. Anthropologists believe the use of masks and sandpainting are examples of
989:
In a detailed study of New Mexico Catholic Church records, David M. Brugge identifies 15 tribal names that the Spanish used to refer to the Apache. These were drawn from records of about 1,000 baptisms from 1704 to 1862.
2661:
The gathering of plants and other food was primarily done by women. The men's job was usually to hunt animals such as deer, buffalo, and small game. However, men helped in certain gathering activities, such as of heavy
4803:
Information on Apache subsistence are in Basso (1983: 467–470), Foster & McCollough (2001: 928–929), Opler (1936b: 205–210; 1941: 316–336, 354–375; 1983b: 412–413; 1983c: 431–432; 2001: 945–947), and Tiller (1983:
3125:
The Apaches participate in many religious dances, including the rain dance, dances for the crop and harvest, and a spirit dance. These dances were mostly for influencing the weather and enriching their food resources.
1940:
War between the Apaches and Euro-Americans has led to a stereotypical focus on certain aspects of Apache cultures. These have often been distorted through misunderstanding of their cultures, as noted by anthropologist
977:
classifies the Apache into western and eastern groups. In the western group, he includes Toboso, Cholome, Jocome, Sibolo or Cibola, Pelone, Manso, and Kiva or Kofa. He includes Chicame (the earlier term for Hispanized
788:
Modern Apache people use the Spanish term to refer to themselves and tribal functions, and so does the US government. However, Apache language speakers also refer to themselves and their people in the Apache term
4243:
According to a post by Rambler on his Facebook page, "representatives of the White Mountain Apache Tribe, Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation, Fort Sill Apache Tribe, Mescalero Apache Tribe, and the Lipan Apaches were
2536:
Hunting was done primarily by men, although there were sometimes exceptions depending on animal and culture (e.g. Lipan women could help in hunting rabbits and Chiricahua boys were also allowed to hunt rabbits).
2461:
placed in holes made with a digging stick. These poles, which form the framework, are arranged at one-foot intervals and are bound together at the top with yucca-leaf strands. Over them a thatching of bundles of
1097:
band but a central Apache division sharing the same language with the Chiricahua and the Mescalero divisions, the name being referred to a central Apache division improperly considered as a section of Opler's
1063:(also Apaches de Gila, Apaches de Xila, Apaches de la Sierra de Gila, Xileños, Gilenas, Gilans, Gilanians, Gila Apache, Gilleños) referred to several different Apache and non-Apache groups at different times.
3084:
Most Southern Athabascan gods are personified natural forces that run through the universe. They may be used for human purposes through ritual ceremonies. The following is a formulation by the anthropologist
2156:. The Chiricahua-type system is used by the Chiricahua, Mescalero, and Western Apache. The Western Apache kinship system differs slightly from the other two but shares similarities with the Navajo system.
1458:) is a term used from 1726 to 1820 to refer to the Faraón, Sierra Blanca, and Siete Ríos Apaches of southeastern New Mexico. In 1745, the Natagé are reported to have consisted of the Mescalero (around
1910:
would claim that Indian raids (mostly Comanche and Apache) in their state had taken nearly 6,000 lives, abducted 748 people, and forced the abandonment of 358 settlements over the previous 20 years.
1860:
692:
Jicarilla Apache Tribe, Mescalero Apache Tribe, San Carlos Apache Tribe, Tonto Apache Tribe, White Mountain Apache Tribe, Yavapai-Apache Nation, In 2021, "Lipan Apaches were present" at the summit.
2088:
indirect polite speech toward and were not allowed to be within visual sight of the wife's female relatives, whom he had to avoid. His female Chiricahua relatives through marriage also avoided him.
1478:, had had a considerable influence on the decision making of some bands of the Western Lipan in the 18th century. After 1749, the term became synonymous with Mescalero, which eventually replaced it.
6050:
2991:
The Jicarilla used acorns, chokecherries, juniper berries, mesquite beans, pinyon nuts, prickly pear fruit, yucca fruit, and many other kinds of fruits, acorns, greens, nuts, and seed grasses.
1510:. Other names for them include Ná'įįsha, Ná'ęsha, Na'isha, Na'ishandine, Na-i-shan-dina, Na-ishi, Na-e-ca, Ną'ishą́, Nadeicha, Nardichia, Nadíisha-déna, Na'dí'į́shą́ʼ, Nądí'įįshąą, and Naisha.
1762:
There are several hypotheses about Apache migrations. One posits that they moved into the Southwest from the Great Plains. In the mid-16th century, these mobile groups lived in tents, hunted
657:
were divided into two groups after they were released from being prisoners of war. The majority moved to the Mescalero Reservation and formed, with the larger Mescalero political group, the
615:
609:
2099:". Banding was strongest among the Chiricahua and Western Apache, and weak among the Lipan and Mescalero. The Navajo did not organize into bands, perhaps because of the requirements of the
6458:
726:. By the 1640s, they applied the term to Southern Athabaskan peoples from the Chama on the east to the San Juan on the west. The ultimate origin is uncertain and lost to Spanish history.
1921:
signed a peace treaty with the nation, respecting them as conquerors of the Mexicans' land. An uneasy peace with U.S. citizens held until the 1850s. An influx of gold miners into the
6960:
5797:
1623:. Goodwin's Northern Tonto consisted of Bald Mountain, Fossil Creek, Mormon Lake, and Oak Creek bands; Southern Tonto consisted of the Mazatzal band and unidentified "semi-bands".
779:
meaning "enemy". The Zuni and Yavapai sources are less certain because Oñate used the term before he had encountered any Zuni or Yavapai. A less likely origin may be from Spanish
2579:
mostly in the ideal late fall. After the meat was smoked into jerky around November, they migrated from the farm sites in the mountains along stream banks to winter camps in the
2110:
called "groups". He reported five groups for the Western Apache: Northern Tonto, Southern Tonto, Cibecue, San Carlos, and White Mountain. The Jicarilla grouped their bands into "
598:
3070:(one of the Sun/fire:"Killer-Of-Enemies/Monster Slayer", and one of Water/Moon/thunder: "Child-Of-The-Water/Born For Water") who destroy several creatures harmful to humankind.
1751:. Anthropological evidence suggests that the Apache and Navajo peoples lived in these same northern locales before migrating to the Southwest sometime between AD 1200 and 1500.
4227:
4201:
658:
592:
1807:
50 pounds (20 kg) on long trips, at rates as high as two or three miles per hour (3 to 5 km/h). The Plains migration theory associates the Apache peoples with the
1386:
only referred to the groups of the north and central parts of this region. The Faraones like were part of the modern-day Mescalero or merged with them. After 1814, the term
1321:
together, they were described as less warlike because they had fewer horses than the Plains Lipan, their population were estimated between 1,600 and 2,400 persons, were the
2525:
Apache people obtained food from hunting, gathering wild plants, cultivating domestic plants, trade, or raiding neighboring groups for livestock and agricultural projects.
2222:
Chiricahua cousins are not distinguished from siblings through kinship terms. Thus, the same word refers to either a sibling or a cousin (there are not separate terms for
2075:
3646:: their tonal development is the reverse. In the example below, if low-marked Navajo and Chiricahua have a low tone, then the high-marked Northern Athabascan languages,
2207:. Furthermore, the grandchild terms are reciprocal, that is, one uses the same term to refer to their grandchild. For example, a person's maternal grandmother is called
2632:
Plains Apache hunters hunted primarily buffalo and deer. Other game included badgers, bears, beavers, fowl (including geese), opossums, otters, rabbits, and tortoises.
6043:
2103:
economy. However, the Navajo did have "the outfit", a group of relatives that was larger than the extended family, but smaller than a local group community or a band.
3534:
merger to consider Plains Apache as a language equidistant from the other languages, now called Southwestern Apachean. Thus, some stems that originally started with
1870:
The traditional and sometimes treacherous relationships continued after the independence of Mexico in 1821. By 1835 Mexico had placed a bounty on Apache scalps (see
1005:
refers to six major Apache-speaking groups: Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Lipan, Mescalero, Plains, and Western Apache. Historically, the term has also been applied to the
5972:
1857:
might be friends with one village and raid another. When war occurred, the Spanish would send troops; after a battle both sides would "sign a treaty" and go home.
1565:. A Western Apache group that ranged closest to Tucson according to Goodwin. This group consisted of the Apache Peaks, Arivaipa, Pinal, San Carlos (proper) bands.
4972:"Phylogeny and taxonomy of the genera of south-western North American Euctenizinae trapdoor spiders and their relatives (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Cyrtaucheniidae)"
2332:"grandfather". They do not have separate terms for maternal or paternal grandparents. The terms are also used of a grandparent's siblings according to sex. Thus,
1184:
were the most southern group of the Central Apache, having their center in the Carrizal (Carrizaleño) and Janos (Janero) areas, in the Mexican state of Chihuahua.
2378:"opposite-sex sibling or opposite parallel cousin (i.e. opposite-sex father's brother's child or mother's sister's child)". These two terms can also be used for
7407:
6451:
5335:
Seymour, Deni J. (2009a) "Nineteenth-Century Apache Wickiups: Historically Documented Models for Archaeological Signatures of the Dwellings of Mobile People",
634:. The Western Apache, located in Arizona, is divided into several reservations, which crosscut cultural divisions. The Western Apache reservations include the
4733:
3050:
Interchanges between the Apache and European-descended explorers and settlers included trading. The Apache found they could use European and American goods.
2666:
crowns. Numerous plants were used as both food and medicine and in religious ceremonies. Other plants were used for only their religious or medicinal value.
907:, what another group whom the Europeans encountered first called the Apache peoples. Europeans often did not learn what the peoples called themselves, their
7412:
7402:
6036:
6028:
1426:
were a southern Mescalero group from the Limpia Mountains (later named as Davis Mountains) and roamed in what is now eastern New Mexico and western Texas.
7397:
6953:
6066:
5790:
4449:
4343:
2624:
The Lipan ate mostly buffalo with a three-week hunt during the fall and smaller hunts until the spring. The second most utilized animal was deer. Fresh
2905:
inner bark (used as a sweetener), banana yucca fruit, banana yucca flowers, box elder sap (used as a sweetener), cactus fruits (of various varieties),
2669:
In May, the Western Apache baked and dried agave crowns pounded into pulp and formed into rectangular cakes. At the end of June and beginning of July,
6916:
6265:
1519:
referred to by Coronado in 1541, possibly Plains Apaches, at times maybe Navajo. Other early Spanish might have also called them Vaquereo or Llanero.
7417:
6444:
5775:
4887:
1045:, true Chiricahua (Tsokanende, also Č'ók'ánéń, Č'ó·k'anén, Chokonni, Cho-kon-nen, Cho Kŭnĕ́, Chokonen) is the Eastern Chiricahua band identified by
6436:
5615:
1631:
are the easternmost group of the Western Apache, according to Goodwin, who included the Eastern White Mountain and Western White Mountain Apache.
2952:(as a condiment), pigweed seeds (for flatbread), pine inner bark (as a sweetener), pinyon pine nuts, prickly pear fruit (dethorned and roasted),
2645:
in diagonal stripes of alternating colors. They made buckskin shirts, ponchos, skirts, and moccasins and decorated them with colorful beadwork.
1917:
in 1846, many Apache bands promised U.S. soldiers safe passage through their lands. When the U.S. claimed former territories of Mexico in 1846,
6019:
7422:
6946:
5783:
5476:
5342:
Seymour, Deni J.(2009b) "Evaluating Eyewitness Accounts of Native Peoples along the Coronado Trail from the International Border to Cibola",
5074:
2340:
refers to one's grandfather or one's grand-uncle. These terms are not reciprocal. There is a single word for grandchild (regardless of sex):
6493:
2719:
base portion) were baked in large underground ovens and sun-dried. The shoots were also eaten. Other plants used by the Chiricahua include:
438:
Historically, the Apache homelands have consisted of high mountains, sheltered and watered valleys, deep canyons, deserts, and the southern
6513:
6285:
5432:
1985:
1977:
639:
388:
6205:
2948:(as a condiment), juniper berries, Lamb's-quarters leaves, locust flowers, locust pods, mesquite pods, mint (as a condiment), mulberries,
1240:
and Paloma, and by the 1730s, they lived with the Jicarilla. The Llanero band of the Jicarilla or the Dáchizh-ó-zhn Jicarilla (defined by
6498:
6482:
6078:
4162:
4133:
4081:
1410:
were a northern Mescalero group from the Sacramento and Organ Mountains, who roamed in what is now eastern New Mexico and western Texas.
1275:
1158:
were a division comprising the Bedonkohe (Mogollon) group and the Nedhni (Carrizaleño and Janero) group, incorrectly called, sometimes,
5349:
Seymour, Deni J. (2010a) "Contextual Incongruities, Statistical Outliers, and Anomalies: Targeting Inconspicuous Occupational Events",
2355:"father or paternal uncle (father's brother)". Additionally, there are two terms for a parent's opposite-sex sibling depending on sex:
1244:) might be descendants of the Carlana, Cuartelejo, and Paloma. Parts of the group were called Lipiyanes or Llaneros. In 1812, the term
6225:
666:
574:
6095:
3386:
in the Eastern branch. Thus, as can be seen in the example below, when the Western languages have noun or verb stems that start with
1573:(also Aravaipa) is a band of the San Carlos Apache. Schroeder believes the Arivaipa were a separate people in pre-reservation times.
6150:
6090:
5418:
5386:
5372:
5283:
5113:
5053:
5038:
4863:
4708:
4598:
1770:
loaded with their possessions. Substantial numbers of the people and a wide range were recorded by the Spanish in the 16th century.
1168:
was considered by Schroeder to be a separate pre-reservation Chiricahua band, while Opler considered the Mogollon to be part of his
889:
319:
117:
2304:"paternal aunt or uncle (father's brother or sister)". These two terms are reciprocal like the grandparent/grandchild terms. Thus,
1140:(also Warmspring) were located on upper reaches of Gila River, New Mexico, having their center in the Ojo Caliente area. (See also
6931:
of Indigenous tribe / people absorbed into other tribe(s) / headquartered in Oklahoma today
5155:
Hoijer, Harry. (1971). "The position of the Apachean languages in the Athapaskan stock", in K. H. Basso & M. E. Opler (Eds.),
1689:
is a Spanish-language borrowing meaning "plains dweller". The name referred to several different groups who hunted buffalo on the
1123:(also Coppermine) were located on upper reaches of Gila River, New Mexico, having their center in the Pinos Altos area. (See also
7427:
4834:
3623:(1973), have noted that a classification based only on the initial consonants of noun and verb stems is arbitrary and when other
1799:
1402:
were a northern Mescalero group from the Sierra Blanca Mountains, who roamed in what is now eastern New Mexico and western Texas.
2693:
acorns were gathered. In late September, gathering was stopped as attention moved to harvesting cultivated crops. In late fall,
2011:
Most United States' histories of this era report that the final defeat of an Apache band took place when 5,000 US troops forced
1289:. They expanded into Texas and south the Gulf of Mexico and Rio Grande. In the mid-18th century, some Lipan settled in and near
6474:
1418:. were a northern Mescalero group from the Guadalupe Mountains, who roamed in what is now eastern New Mexico and western Texas.
723:
3141:
During the 20th and 21st centuries Apache population has rebounded, reaching 148,936 in the USA according to the 2020 census.
4940:
871:
635:
396:
55:
4280:
3642:
in the proto-language developed low tone while all other rimes developed high tone. Other Northern Athabascan languages are
3073:
Another story is of a hidden ball game, where good and evil animals decide whether or not the world should be forever dark.
986:
and Apache descent) among them as having definite Apache connections or names which the Spanish associated with the Apache.
5328:
Seymour, Deni J. (2004) "A Ranchería in the Gran Apachería: Evidence of Intercultural Interaction at the Cerro Rojo Site",
3054:
tensions grew between the Apache and settlers, the Mexican government passed laws offering cash rewards for Apache scalps.
6874:
6360:
5813:
3150:
1811:, an archaeological culture known primarily from ceramics and house remains, dated 1675–1725, which has been excavated in
643:
604:
229:
3953:
6969:
5708:
3110:
Certain animals—owls, snakes, bears, and coyotes—are considered spiritually evil and prone to cause sickness to humans.
1972:
1263:
951:
580:
329:
6240:
6115:
5733:
5608:
2413:"son, same-sex sibling's son, same-sex cousin's son". There are different words for an opposite-sex sibling's child:
1248:
was used to mean Jicarilla. The Flechas de Palo might have been a part of or absorbed by the Carlana (or Cuartelejo).
98:
2621:
were only eaten in emergencies. Minks, weasels, wildcats and wolves were not eaten but hunted for their body parts.
2491:
A house form that departs from the more common dome-shaped variety is recorded for the Southern Chiricahua as well:
2374:"same-sex sibling or same-sex parallel cousin (i.e. same-sex father's brother's child or mother's sister's child)",
6175:
6125:
2495:... When we settled down, we used the wickiup; when we were moving around a great deal, we used this other kind ...
795:
meaning "person" or "people". A related Southern Athabascan–speaking tribe, the Navajo, refer to themselves as the
333:
70:
5159:(pp. 3–6). Anthropological papers of the University of Arizona (No. 21). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
1723:
860:
44:
6145:
6130:
1290:
6390:
6245:
1914:
6255:
6210:
5698:
3909:
2176:
1279:
685:
569:
5913:
5232:
Opler, Morris E. (1975). "Problems in Apachean cultural history, with special reference to the Lipan Apache",
3654:, have a high tone, and if Navajo and Chiricahua have a high tone, then Slavey and Chilcotin have a low tone.
2394:"younger sibling (i.e. younger sister or brother)". Additionally, there are separate words for cross-cousins:
1506:(Kiowa-Apache, Naisha, Naʼishandine) are headquartered in Southwest Oklahoma. Historically, they followed the
77:
2308:
also refers to one's opposite-sex sibling's son or daughter (that is, a person will call their maternal aunt
2019:, Arizona. The Army sent this band and the Chiricahua scouts who had tracked them to military confinement in
1398:
1366:
meaning "Pharaoh." Before 1700, the name was vague. Between 1720 and 1726, it referred to Apache between the
7240:
7190:
6185:
5723:
5713:
5690:
5544:
4036:
2965:
2768:
2181:
1605:
to refer more generally to one of two major Western Apache divisions. Some Pinaleño were referred to as the
1586:
1557:
between the Tonto and White Mountain Apache, consisting of Ceder Creek, Carrizo, and Cibecue (proper) bands.
1471:
1200:
867:
586:
233:
51:
20:
5289:
Reuse, Willem J., de. (1983). "The Apachean culture pattern and its origins: Synonymy", in A. Ortiz (Ed.),
1851:
1755:
culture. They left behind a more austere set of tools and material goods than other Southwestern cultures.
1528:
7392:
6577:
6542:
6160:
6155:
5718:
5703:
5601:
4879:
3768:
3729:
3699:
3580:
3530:
3378:
3372:
3323:
3278:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
1601:). One of the bands of the San Carlos group of Western Apache, described by Goodwin. Also used along with
1406:
1310:
998:
The list below is based on Foster and McCollough (2001), Opler (1983b, 1983c, 2001), and de Reuse (1983).
719:
463:
253:
221:
5356:
Seymour, Deni J. (2010b) "Cycles of Renewal, Transportable Assets: Aspects of Ancestral Apache Housing",
4956:
2246:"opposite-sex sibling or opposite-sex cousin". This means if one is a male, then one's brother is called
1593:
1414:
1035:
historically lived in Southeastern Arizona and Northern Sonora and Chihuahua. Chíshí (also Tchishi) is a
903:
pass through the same area. Most commonly, Europeans learned to identify the tribes by translating their
7366:
6503:
5935:
5738:
5673:
3827:
3822:
3805:
3011:
2999:, pecan, pinyon, prickly pears, raspberries, screwbeans, seed grasses, strawberries, sumac, sunflowers,
2686:
2584:
2266:
relationship observed great restraint and respect toward that relative; cousins (but not siblings) in a
1960:
1627:
974:
631:
509:
432:
84:
392:
5508:
2728:
1897:
1879:
1422:
7306:
6864:
6567:
6170:
4101:
3913:
3817:
3624:
3160:
2807:
2720:
2580:
1989:
1922:
1875:
1808:
1554:
1375:
1362:(also Fahanos, Apaches Faraone, Paraonez, Pharaones, Taraones, or Taracones) is derived from Spanish
1083:). American writers first used the term to refer to the Mimbres (another Central Apache subdivision).
967:
562:
482:
200:
6849:
6804:
6754:
3003:, walnuts, western yellow pine, wild cherries, wild grapes, wild onions, wild plums, wild potatoes,
931:
7326:
6789:
6779:
6395:
5980:
5966:
5648:
5581:
5569:
3832:
3785:
3235:
3168:
3007:, yucca flowers, and yucca fruit. Other gathered food includes salt obtained from caves and honey.
2886:
2885:
buds (unknown species). Other items include: honey from ground hives and hives found within agave,
2850:
2780:
2324:
Unlike the Chiricahua system, the Jicarilla have only two terms for grandparents according to sex:
1964:
1893:
1578:
1305:
1258:
1054:
947:
662:
539:
501:
481:
appear to have taken place during the late 17th century. In 19th-century confrontations during the
364:
277:
261:
66:
6819:
6794:
5456:
3528:
He later revised his proposal in 1971 when he found that Plains Apache did not participate in the
6928:
6834:
6759:
6572:
6345:
6325:
6235:
5728:
4416:
3838:
3651:
3156:
3119:
3074:
2981:
2973:
2953:
2819:
2799:
2776:
2724:
2462:
1933:
1778:
1474:), but these were probably the same group, were oft called by the Spanish and Apaches themselves
1286:
1072:
958:
681:
486:
404:
217:
3795:
3134:
2180:
Hide painting depicting Apache girl's puberty ceremony, by Naiche (Chiricahua Apache), c. 1900,
372:
5575:
5048:, University of New Mexico Center for the American West, University of New Mexico Press, 2002.
4492:
2509:
2347:
There are two terms for each parent. These terms also refer to that parent's same-sex sibling:
7361:
6839:
6829:
6557:
6547:
6370:
6355:
6340:
6320:
6315:
5472:
5446:
5414:
5399:
5382:
5368:
5279:
5227:
An Apache life-way: The economic, social, and religious institutions of the Chiricahua Indians
5109:
5086:
5070:
5058:
Foster, Morris W; & McCollough, Martha. (2001). "Plains Apache", in R. J. DeMallie (Ed.),
5049:
5034:
4859:
4704:
4594:
3620:
3164:
2811:
2740:
2595:
2107:
2069:
2065:
1996:
1748:
1561:
1297:
1154:
943:
930:
In 1900, the US government classified the members of the Apache tribe in the United States as
838:
654:
623:
451:
187:
6859:
6844:
6809:
6799:
5563:
5557:
5243:
Opler, Morris E. (1983a). "The Apachean culture pattern and its origins", in A. Ortiz (Ed.),
4700:
4694:
4524:
4159:
4130:
4078:
2548:
Hunting often had elaborate preparations, such as fasting and religious rituals performed by
7311:
7301:
7235:
7149:
6983:
6769:
6627:
6587:
6582:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6350:
6335:
6330:
6300:
6295:
6275:
6120:
5990:
5668:
5643:
5214:
Opler, Morris E. (1936b). "The kinship systems of the Southern Athapaskan-speaking tribes",
4983:
4550:
4367:
3780:
3172:
3000:
2923:
2858:
2846:
2756:
2164:
1981:
1884:
1620:
1467:
1224:
1180:
1173:
963:
771:
758:
732:
670:
533:
376:
360:
293:
241:
237:
6614:
5587:
1341:
was told by his Lipan informants in 1935 that their tribal name was "People of the Forest")
7387:
7356:
7271:
7225:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7063:
7043:
6718:
6562:
6405:
6385:
6310:
6195:
6140:
6110:
5881:
5866:
5764:
4838:
4166:
4137:
4085:
3855:
3647:
2949:
2929:
2870:
2694:
2367:
2223:
2016:
1827:
1541:
1463:
1309:("Bald Ones") lived far from San Antonio and far to the northeast of the Ypandes near the
1271:
1036:
966:) consider Goodwin's classification inconsistent with pre-reservation cultural divisions.
914:
443:
337:
213:
6988:
4734:
Stephanie Woodward, "Native Americans Expose the Adoption Era and Repair Its Devastation"
4270:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. (Newman, pp. 32, 63, 65; de Reuse, p. 385)
3029:
A list of 54 ethnobotany plant uses for the uncategorized Apache can also be found here.
2405:
A parent's child is classified with their same-sex sibling's or same-sex cousin's child:
2366:
Two terms are used for same-sex and opposite-sex siblings. These terms are also used for
1739:
language family. Other Athabaskan-speaking people in North America continue to reside in
558:
Present-day primary locations of Apache and Navajo tribes (scale and colors in map above)
4945:. Publications of the Polish Sociological Institute. London: Macmillan. p. 524-526.
3973:
2653:
2528:
Particular types of foods eaten by a group depending upon their respective environment.
2473:
7245:
7053:
7003:
6993:
6894:
6882:
6633:
6552:
6537:
6425:
6380:
6375:
6305:
6270:
6000:
5945:
5296:
Schroeder, Albert H. (1963). "Navajo and Apache relationships west of the Rio Grande",
5126:
Henderson, Richard. (1994). "Replicating dog 'travois' travel on the northern plains",
4423:
4284:
4181:
3631:
3195:
3004:
2918:
2854:
2835:
2827:
2760:
2690:
2678:
2456:
Below is a description of Chiricahua wickiups recorded by anthropologist Morris Opler:
2429:
1942:
1902:
1549:
1536:
705:
497:
384:
225:
5487:
The Apaches in Mexican-American Relations, 1848–1861: A Footnote to the Gadsden Treaty
4831:
3014:, wild onions, and wild plums, and many other fruits, vegetables, and tuberous roots.
2540:
7381:
7346:
7336:
7316:
7195:
7185:
7082:
6878:
6854:
6814:
6773:
6735:
6642:
6250:
6220:
6215:
6100:
5876:
5871:
5663:
5624:
5271:
5184:
Landar, Herbert J. (1960). "The loss of Athapaskan words for fish in the Southwest",
5022:
Brugge, David M. (1983). "Navajo prehistory and history to 1850", in A. Ortiz (Ed.),
4988:
4971:
3860:
3800:
3639:
2732:
2708:
2614:
2160:
1503:
1379:
1237:
1010:
919:
822:
810:, was widely known among Europeans. In early 20th century Parisian society, the word
742:
677:
545:
380:
273:
1663:
A full list of 165 ethnobotany plant uses for White Mountain Apache can be found at
1270:
tribe in Oklahoma. Historically, they moved from what is now the Southwest into the
1195:
91:
7341:
7169:
7124:
7109:
6998:
6723:
6708:
6660:
6623:
6365:
6200:
6190:
5925:
5678:
4391:
Alternate spellings include: Chilome, Chocolome, Chokone, Cholame, Chalome, Zolome.
3866:
3850:
3183:
3179:
3114:
3067:
2902:
2744:
2736:
2712:
2557:
2549:
2379:
2227:
2145:
2096:
2024:
2015:'s group of 30 to 50 men, women and children to surrender on September 4, 1886, at
1794:
1690:
1670:
A full list of 14 ethnobotany plant uses for the San Carlos Apache can be found at
1615:
1338:
1241:
1046:
701:
647:
474:
439:
400:
257:
7033:
5658:
4010:
1701:
1089:
5097:
Gunnerson, James H. (1979). "Southern Athapaskan archeology", in A. Ortiz (Ed.),
7351:
7296:
7230:
7220:
7200:
7144:
7134:
7114:
7038:
7013:
6890:
6676:
6609:
5950:
5918:
5886:
5846:
5754:
3086:
2803:
2772:
2698:
2569:
2556:
The most common hunting weapon before the introduction of European guns was the
2119:
1926:
1847:
1371:
1285:
They were mentioned in 1718 records as being near the newly established town of
954:
Apache. The different groups were located in Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma.
849:
33:
6938:
2382:. There are also three sibling terms based on the age relative to the speaker:
2336:
refers to one's grandmother or one's grand-aunt (either maternal or paternal);
2285:"father". Likewise, there are two words for a parent's child according to sex:
554:
7281:
7276:
7129:
7072:
6688:
6165:
5930:
5908:
5836:
5831:
5638:
3775:
2961:
2910:
2752:
2625:
2594:
The Chiricahua mostly hunted deer followed by pronghorn. Lesser game included
2588:
2572:) and considered to resemble a snake (an evil animal) in physical appearance.
2466:
1736:
1430:
1367:
1229:
1204:
1135:
1118:
1068:
1031:
833:
807:
521:
459:
455:
428:
412:
356:
349:
191:
159:
5451:
4551:"Amistad NRA: American Indian Tribal Affiliation Study (Phase 1) (Chapter 3)"
4368:"Amistad NRA: American Indian Tribal Affiliation Study (Phase 1) (Chapter 2)"
1892:(He just sits there) became the principal chief and war leader; also in 1837
1656:
A full list of 134 ethnobotany plant uses for Western Apache can be found at
1293:. Clashes with Comanche forced them into southern Texas and northern Mexico.
7331:
7291:
7119:
6727:
6700:
6680:
5901:
5851:
5759:
5653:
5307:
Schroeder, Albert H. (1974a). "A study of the Apache Indian: Parts 1–3", in
3790:
3627:
are considered the relationships between the languages appear more complex.
3191:
3187:
3078:
3063:
2977:
2914:
2842:
2764:
2759:
acorns, Gambel oak bark (used for tea), grass seeds (of various varieties),
2642:
2576:
2219:
can mean the child of either your own daughter or your sibling's daughter.)
2128:
2100:
1995:
Beginning in 1879, an Apache uprising against the reservation system led to
1515:
1487:
A full list of documented plant uses by the Mescalero tribe can be found at
1350:
1212:
939:
935:
806:
The fame of the tribes' tenacity and fighting skills, probably bolstered by
627:
527:
467:
368:
7286:
1313:
of North-Central Texas, although able to field 800 warriors, more than the
5532:
2048:
1079:
refers to the Western Apache living along the Gila River (synonymous with
908:
7321:
7255:
7139:
7104:
6927:
extinct language / extinct tribe / early,
6886:
6749:
6135:
6070:
6061:
5861:
5314:
Schroeder, Albert H. (1974b). "A study of the Apache Indian: Parts 4–5",
4324:
2968:
leaves, strawberries, sunflower seeds, tumbleweed seeds (for flatbread),
2815:
2795:
2716:
2701:
2682:
2607:
2028:
2012:
2000:
1992:
who were being stationed to Texas—guarded the Apaches from 1875 to 1881.
1959:
In 1875, United States military forced the removal of an estimated 1,500
1871:
1864:
1812:
1635:
1569:
1358:
1233:
1014:
1006:
983:
424:
420:
183:
171:
163:
3842:, a historical fictional movie about encounters between the US Army and
3113:
Many Apache ceremonies use masked representations of religious spirits.
3022:
A list of 198 ethnobotany plant uses for the Chiricahua can be found at
2988:(as a condiment), wild pea pods, wild potatoes, and wood sorrel leaves.
2230:). The terms depend on the sex of the speaker (unlike the English terms
7250:
7159:
7099:
7058:
7048:
7008:
6900:
6869:
6764:
6743:
6731:
6712:
6668:
6654:
6646:
6638:
6260:
6005:
5995:
5985:
5891:
5841:
5817:
5808:
5406:(Vol. 10, pp. 524–535). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
5396:(Vol. 10, pp. 440–461). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
5293:(Vol. 10, pp. 385–392). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
5268:(Vol. 13, pp. 941–952). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
5261:(Vol. 10, pp. 419–439). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
5254:(Vol. 10, pp. 401–418). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
5247:(Vol. 10, pp. 368–392). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
5062:(Vol. 13, pp. 926–939). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
5026:(Vol. 10, pp. 489–501). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
3843:
3767:
Contemporary Apache people are listed under their specific tribes, see
3030:
3023:
2945:
2906:
2674:
2670:
2599:
2518:
2111:
2020:
1907:
1767:
1685:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1492:
1488:
1459:
1267:
1050:
1018:
979:
874: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
798:
712:
has its roots in the Spanish language. The Spanish first used the term
408:
155:
5101:(Vol. 9, pp. 162–169). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
2513:
Various Apache containers: baskets, bowls and jars. Apache women wove
1215:
primarily live in Northern New Mexico and Southern Colorado. The term
199:: 825 residents of Canada identified as having Apache ancestry in the
7154:
7023:
7018:
6824:
6784:
6739:
6704:
6696:
6692:
6684:
6672:
6664:
6400:
6230:
5514:
2985:
2957:
2934:
2898:
2878:
2823:
2788:
2445:
2434:
2409:"daughter, same-sex sibling's daughter, same-sex cousin's daughter",
2115:
1925:
led to conflict with the Apache. This period is sometimes called the
1816:
1774:
1744:
1740:
1641:
904:
700:
Apaches first encountered European and African people, when they met
515:
478:
447:
345:
341:
196:
179:
175:
4298:
1491:(which also includes the Chiricahua; 198 documented plant uses) and
352:
homelands in the north into the Southwest between 1000 and 1500 CE.
5392:
Tiller, Veronica E. (1983). "Jicarilla Apache", in A. Ortiz (Ed.),
5203:
Opler, Morris E. (1936a). "A summary of Jicarilla Apache culture",
1553:
is a Western Apache group, according to Goodwin, from north of the
7164:
7028:
6650:
6469:
6180:
6105:
5940:
5526:
5520:
5264:
Opler, Morris E. (2001). "Lipan Apache", in R. J. DeMallie (Ed.),
5250:
Opler, Morris E. (1983b). "Chiricahua Apache", in A. Ortiz (Ed.),
2996:
2969:
2894:
2882:
2866:
2784:
2748:
2663:
2652:
2539:
2514:
2508:
2472:
2450:
2428:
2175:
2074:
2047:
1859:
1793:
1782:
1763:
1722:
1527:
1507:
1194:
913:
832:
553:
496:
416:
167:
5257:
Opler, Morris E. (1983c). "Mescalero Apache", in A. Ortiz (Ed.),
4957:"Distribution of American Indian tribes: Apache People in the US"
4266:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; Stanley Newman. (1965).
489:
found the Apache to be fierce warriors and skillful strategists.
5896:
5856:
5593:
5469:
The Apache Diaspora: Four Centuries of Displacement and Survival
5090:
3010:
The Plains Apache gathered chokecherries, blackberries, grapes,
2938:
2839:
2565:
2441:
2123:
2080:
1728:
1172:
band in New Mexico. This is not be confused with the precontact
6942:
6440:
6032:
5779:
5597:
4696:
Black Valor: Buffalo Soldiers and the Medal of Honor, 1870–1898
4593:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 48–49.
3390:, the related forms in the Eastern languages will start with a
2296:
A parent's siblings are classified together regardless of sex:
2277:
Two different words are used for each parent according to sex:
423:, while in Mexico the Apache are settled in Sonora, Chihuahua,
5016:
Navajos in the Catholic Church Records of New Mexico 1694–1875
4438:
Opler lists three Chiricahua bands, while Schroeder lists five
4403:
Navajos in the Catholic Church Records of New Mexico 1694–1875
843:
27:
5173:
Krauss, Michael E. (1973). "Na-Dene", in T. A. Sebeok (Ed.),
4736:, Indian Country Today Media Network, Retrieved 3 March 2013.
2398:"cross-cousin (either same-sex or opposite-sex of speaker)",
1826:
A competing theory posits their migration south, through the
477:
and Mexican peoples for centuries. The first Apache raids on
308:
5144:
Hoijer, Harry. (1938). "The southern Athapaskan languages",
2857:
inner bark (used as a sweetener), western yellow pine nuts,
2818:
fruit, prickly pear fruit, prickly pear juice, raspberries,
2106:
On a larger level, Western Apache bands organized into what
5402:. (1983). "Navajo social organization", in A. Ortiz (Ed.),
5018:. Window Rock, Arizona: Research Section, The Navajo Tribe.
4405:. Window Rock, Arizona: Research Section, The Navajo Tribe.
1874:), but certain villages still traded with some bands. When
311:
296:
5538:
4907:
4905:
2136:
For example, the Lipan once fought against the Mescalero.
616:
Yavapai-Apache Nation of the Camp Verde Indian Reservation
610:
White Mountain Apache Tribe of the Fort Apache Reservation
4856:
Native American Food Plants: An Ethnobotanical Dictionary
4448:
Barnes, Thomas C.; Naylor, Thomas H.; Polzer, Charles W.
4342:
Barnes, Thomas C.; Naylor, Thomas H.; Polzer, Charles W.
2707:
The most important plant food for the Chiricahua was the
2613:
The Mescalero primarily hunted deer. Other game includes
1900:, was killed by Mexican soldiers near Janos, and his son
1773:
In April 1541, while traveling on the plains east of the
1727:
Apache rawhide playing cards c. 1875–1885, collection of
737:
in 1598. The most widely accepted origin theory suggests
305:
3887:
Other Zuni words identifying specific Apache groups are
3634:. Regarding tonal development, all Apache languages are
2187:
The Chiricahua language has four words for grandparent:
1039:
word meaning "Chiricahua, southern Apaches in general".
814:
was adopted into French, essentially meaning an outlaw.
790:
774:
5119:
Hammond, George P., & Rey, Agapito (Eds.). (1940).
2300:"maternal aunt or uncle (mother's brother or sister)",
5321:
Schroeder, Albert H. (1974c). "The Jicarilla Apache",
3542:
in Plains Apache while the other languages start with
2095:
Many Apache peoples joined several local groups into "
2056:
All Apache peoples lived in extended family units (or
2035:
adoption by white Americans in assimilation programs.
5006:
Basso, Keith H. (1969). "Western Apache witchcraft",
3771:. Historic Apache are also listed under their bands:
2118:. The Western Apache and Navajo also had a system of
1735:
The Apache and Navajo speak related languages of the
1296:
Briefly in the late 1830s, the Lipan allied with the
599:
San Carlos Apache Tribe of the San Carlos Reservation
320:
5033:. St. Remy Press and Smithsonian Institution, 1994.
3912:, which means they must be preceded by a possessive
1262:(Ypandes) primarily live in New Mexico today on the
767:
can also be used to refer to the Apache in general.
302:
7264:
7178:
7092:
6976:
6909:
6596:
6512:
6481:
6284:
6077:
5959:
5824:
5747:
5689:
5631:
5323:
American Indian ethnology: Indians of the Southwest
5316:
American Indian ethnology: Indians of the Southwest
5309:
American Indian ethnology: Indians of the Southwest
5008:
Anthropological papers of the University of Arizona
4258:
4256:
4254:
4252:
2254:. If one is a female, then one's brother is called
2211:and that grandmother also calls that granddaughter
659:
Mescalero Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Reservation
593:
Mescalero Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Reservation
299:
267:
247:
207:
148:
138:
58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5067:Lt. Charles Gatewood & His Apache Wars Memoir.
4299:"Hubbell Trading Post: Frequently Asked Questions"
2402:"male cross-cousin" (only used by male speakers).
718:(Navajo) in the 1620s, referring to people in the
442:, including areas in what is now Eastern Arizona,
5365:Mangas Coloradas: Chief of the Chiricahua Apaches
4832:"Western Apache Beaded Shirt." History: Jewelry."
4059:"Historia de la lengua y cultura n'dee/n'nee/ndé"
3933:, a reference to their use of this plant as food.
1266:. Other Lipan Apache descendants merged with the
5121:Narratives of the Coronado Expedition 1540–1542.
5085:. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press.
4497:The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
4228:"13th Annual Apache Alliance held in San Carlos"
4202:"13th Annual Apache Alliance held in San Carlos"
2144:The Apache tribes have two distinctly different
1532:A Western Apache woman from the San Carlos group
1219:comes from the Spanish word for "little gourd."
729:The first known written record in Spanish is by
5181:(Vol. 10). The Hague: Mouton. (Reprinted 1976).
2458:
1947:
1787:
1114:"Chiricahua" bands in southwestern New Mexico.
5065:Gatewood, Charles B. (Edited by Louis Kraft).
5010:(No. 15). Tucson: University of Arizona Press,
4589:Roberts, Susan A.; Roberts, Calvin A. (1998).
4584:
4582:
4580:
4079:"Tribal Governments by Area: Southern Plains."
3638:, which means that stems with a "constricted"
3178:The Southern Athabascan branch was defined by
2521:bark into baskets that could hold heavy loads.
2477:Chiricahua medicine man in wickiup with family
1278:encountered the Lipan Apache near what is now
680:are located in Oklahoma, headquartered around
6954:
6452:
6044:
5791:
5609:
5404:Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest
5394:Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest
5291:Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest
5259:Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest
5252:Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest
5245:Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest
5186:International Journal of American Linguistics
5164:International Journal of American Linguistics
5099:Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest
5083:The Social Organization of the Western Apache
5024:Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest
4472:Alternate spellings include: Carlane, Carbame
2351:"mother or maternal aunt (mother's sister)",
780:
730:
713:
8:
5162:Huld, Martin E. (1983). "Athapaskan bears",
5123:Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
4639:
4637:
4005:
4003:
3986:"Aboriginal Population Profile, 2016 Census"
3916:. This is signified by the preceding hyphen.
2649:Undomesticated plants and other food sources
2602:, squirrels, surplus horses, surplus mules,
2159:The Jicarilla type, which is similar to the
2132:(perhaps influenced by the western Pueblo).
1896:(a.k.a. Fuerte), leader of the Warm Springs
796:
770:Another theory suggests the term comes from
133:
665:. The other Chiricahua are enrolled in the
6961:
6947:
6939:
6459:
6445:
6437:
6051:
6037:
6029:
5798:
5784:
5776:
5616:
5602:
5594:
5276:Ancient peoples of the American Southwest.
5266:Handbook of North American Indians: Plains
5060:Handbook of North American Indians: Plains
4942:Primitive society and its vital statistics
4486:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4068:
3908:All kinship terms in Apache languages are
3894:
3888:
2681:fruits were gathered. In July and August,
2114:", perhaps influenced by the northeastern
1842:Conflict with Mexico and the United States
762:
752:
746:
132:
6917:Sam Houston and Native American relations
5046:New Mexican Lives: A Biographical History
4987:
4976:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
3216:(in addition to the widespread merger of
2453:, an earthen structure for keeping cool.
890:Learn how and when to remove this message
741:was borrowed and transliterated from the
344:. They are linguistically related to the
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
5195:Miles, General Nelson Appleton. (1897).
4195:
4193:
4131:"Tribal Governments by Area: Southwest."
3658:
3550:
3398:
3240:
1915:United States went to war against Mexico
466:. These areas are collectively known as
5229:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
5106:Apaches: A History and Culture Portrait
4674:. New Haven: Yale U Press, 2008, p. 298
4518:
4516:
4514:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4149:
3945:
3880:
2440:Apache lived in three types of houses.
2242:"same-sex sibling or same-sex cousin",
1882:, was killed for bounty money in 1837,
1021:, none of whom speak Apache languages.
16:Indigenous peoples of the United States
6020:List of Indian reservations in Arizona
5825:Contemporary peoples native to Arizona
5157:Apachean culture history and ethnology
5108:. University of Oklahoma Press, 1997.
4170:National Congress of American Indians.
4160:"Tribal Governments by Area: Western."
4141:National Congress of American Indians.
4089:National Congress of American Indians.
2976:nuts, western yellow pine nuts, white
1766:and other game, and used dogs to pull
1353:primarily live in Eastern New Mexico.
1274:before 1650. In 1719, French explorer
684:, and are federally recognized as the
3026:, which also includes the Mescalero.
2909:rootstocks, chokecherries, currants,
2591:and even the Colorado River valleys.
2359:"maternal uncle (mother's brother)",
2083:(a water basket) on her head, c. 1900
2064:after marriage. All tribes practiced
2003:band of Apaches and the 9th Cavalry.
7:
7408:Native American tribes in New Mexico
5566:, Texas State Historical Association
5471:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
5411:The Apaches: Eagles of the Southwest
5069:University of Nebraska Press, 2005.
4890:from the original on 9 December 2009
4699:. Scholarly Resources Inc. pp.
4531:. Texas State Historical Association
4451:Northern New Spain: A Research Guide
4345:Northern New Spain: A Research Guide
4226:Bruce, Barbara (November 19, 2021).
4200:Bruce, Barbara (November 19, 2021).
4126:
4124:
4122:
3031:http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/10/
3024:http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/11/
2822:(or tornillo) fruit, saguaro fruit,
2501:unobtrusive and improvised nature."
1672:http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/13/
1665:http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/15/
1658:http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/14/
1493:http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/12/
1489:http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/11/
872:adding citations to reliable sources
640:San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation
149:Regions with significant populations
56:adding citations to reliable sources
3929:is, in fact, derived from the word
3089:of the Western Apache's concept of
2802:blossoms, narrowleaf yucca stalks,
2735:(or datil, broadleaf yucca) fruit,
2417:"opposite-sex sibling's daughter",
837:Kathy Kitcheyan, chairwoman of the
622:The Jicarilla are headquartered in
504:-speaking tribes, c. 18th century:
7413:Native American tribes in Oklahoma
7403:Native American tribes in Colorado
6366:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)
4970:Bond, J. E.; Opell, B. D. (2002).
4622:Seymour 2004, 2009 a, 2009 b, 2010
3122:from neighboring Pueblo cultures.
2897:inner bark (used as a sweetener),
2363:"paternal aunt (father's sister).
667:Fort Sill Apache Tribe of Oklahoma
575:Fort Sill Apache Tribe of Oklahoma
14:
7398:Native American tribes in Arizona
5590:, Inter Tribal Council of Arizona
4794:, Marshall Cavendish, 2006, p. 18
4305:. U.S. Department of the Interior
3988:. Statistics Canada. 21 June 2018
1878:, the leader of the Copper Mines
1102:band", and to Albert Schroeder's
957:In the 1930s, the anthropologist
751:meaning "Navajos" (the plural of
7075:
6468:
6060:
5807:
5413:, University of Oklahoma Press.
5367:. University of Oklahoma Press.
5278:London: Thames and London, LTD.
4989:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00035.x
2270:relationship may practice total
1932:The United States' concept of a
1815:, eastern Colorado, and western
1390:disappeared and was replaced by
1276:Jean Baptiste Bénard de La Harpe
1025:Chiricahua – Mimbreño – Ndendahe
848:
292:
32:
7418:Native American tribes in Texas
6475:Native American tribes in Texas
5960:Prehistoric cultures in Arizona
4772:Opler, 1941, pp. 22–23, 385–386
4106:Inter Tribal Council of Arizona
3954:"The American Community Survey"
3538:in Proto-Athabascan start with
3165:Eyak-Athabaskan language family
3102:used for a variety of purposes.
2889:, and narrowleaf yucca plants.
2575:Western Apache hunted deer and
2079:Apache Indian girl carrying an
1781:referred to the people as "dog
859:needs additional citations for
43:needs additional citations for
5200:. Chicago: The Werner Company.
4102:"Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation"
3159:, which in turn belong to the
3155:The five Apache languages are
2960:(as a condiment), screwbeans,
2421:"opposite-sex sibling's son".
1577:is a Hispanized word from the
636:Fort Apache Indian Reservation
1:
6875:Wichita and Affiliated Tribes
5584:, Oklahoma Historical Society
5578:, Oklahoma Historical Society
5572:, Oklahoma Historical Society
5511:, archive of official website
5409:Worcester, Donald E. (1992).
5377:Terrell, John Upton. (1972).
5179:Current trends in linguistics
5081:Goodwin, Greenville (1969) .
4858:. Timber Press. p. 215.
4672:The War of a Thousand Deserts
4499:. Oklahoma Historical Society
3151:Southern Athabascan languages
2901:stalks (roasted and peeled),
2657:Apache girl with basket, 1902
2312:and that aunt will call them
644:Camp Verde Indian Reservation
605:Tonto Apache Tribe of Arizona
473:The Apache tribes fought the
7423:Indigenous peoples in Mexico
6970:Indigenous peoples of Mexico
5709:Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
5560:, Museum of Northern Arizona
5457:Resources in other libraries
5344:New Mexico Historical Review
5175:Linguistics in North America
5139:Handbook of American Indians
5137:Hodge, F. W. (Ed.). (1907).
4880:"We Shall Remain: Geronimo,
4039:. Museum of Northern Arizona
3893:"White Mountain Apache" and
3283:"handle fabric-like object"
1581:. The Arivaipa are known as
1264:Mescalero Apache Reservation
581:Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
403:). Today, Apache tribes and
330:Southern Athabaskan language
5734:White Mountain Apache Tribe
5539:White Mountain Apache Tribe
4854:Moerman, Daniel E. (2010).
4693:Schubert, Frank N. (1997).
4329:Online Etymology Dictionary
3182:primarily according to its
3167:. All Apache languages are
2715:or agave). The crowns (the
2444:were common in the plains.
2258:and one's sister is called
2250:and one's sister is called
1978:Indian Agency at San Carlos
1236:. In 1726, they joined the
982:or New Mexicans of Spanish/
435:is politically autonomous.
7444:
6499:Kickapoo Traditional Tribe
5363:Sweeney, Edwin R. (1998).
4939:Krzywicki, Ludwik (1934).
4232:White Mountain Independent
4206:White Mountain Independent
3148:
1845:
18:
7070:
6925:
6014:
5452:Resources in your library
5234:Anthropological Quarterly
5225:Opler, Morris E. (1941).
5014:Brugge, David M. (1968).
4844:(retrieved 4 August 2011)
4652:Seymour 2004, 2009b, 2010
4401:Brugge, David M. (1968).
3776:Notable Chiricahua Apache
3670:
3665:
3408:
3403:
2126:" organized further into
1291:Spanish missions in Texas
1093:are the Tchihende, not a
731:
355:Apache bands include the
348:. They migrated from the
332:–speaking peoples of the
272:
252:
212:
154:Southwest United States (
153:
144:194,715 (self-identified)
143:
6977:More than 100,000 people
5699:Apache Tribe of Oklahoma
5570:Apache Tribe of Oklahoma
5509:Apache Tribe of Oklahoma
5489:. Arizona and the West,
5360:(Spring or Summer issue)
4929:Opler 1983a, pp. 372–373
4911:Opler 1983a, pp. 368–369
4281:"Johnson County Schools"
4262:Stanley Newman. (1958).
3858:genus of North American
3791:Notable Mescalero Apache
3781:Notable Jicarilla Apache
2763:(of various varieties),
2199:"paternal grandmother",
2195:"maternal grandfather",
2191:"maternal grandmother",
1973:Rio Verde Indian Reserve
1719:Entry into the Southwest
1399:Sierra Blanca Mescaleros
1280:Latimer County, Oklahoma
1228:(also Sierra Blanca) is
686:Apache Tribe of Oklahoma
648:Tonto-Apache Reservation
570:Apache Tribe of Oklahoma
7428:Ethnic groups in Mexico
7093:20,000 – 100,000 people
6331:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
5724:San Carlos Apache Tribe
5714:Jicarilla Apache Nation
5533:San Carlos Apache Tribe
5521:Jicarilla Apache Nation
5216:American Anthropologist
5205:American Anthropologist
5146:American Anthropologist
4882:The American Experience
4591:A History of New Mexico
4454:. University of Arizona
4415:Similar words occur in
4348:. University of Arizona
4187:Retrieved 7 March 2012.
4172:Retrieved 7 March 2012.
4143:Retrieved 7 March 2012.
4136:March 28, 2012, at the
4091:Retrieved 7 March 2012.
4084:March 28, 2012, at the
3895:
3889:
3796:Notable Mimbreño Apache
3763:Notable historic Apache
2937:, hawthorne fruit, and
2791:), and mesquite beans.
2783:blossoms, locust pods,
2723:(or algerita) berries,
2606:(elk), wild cattle and
2182:Oklahoma History Center
2039:Pre-reservation culture
1749:Northwest Pacific Coast
1587:Western Apache language
791:
775:
763:
753:
747:
587:Jicarilla Apache Nation
21:Apache (disambiguation)
7265:Less than 1,000 people
6067:Native American tribes
5719:Mescalero Apache Tribe
5704:Fort Sill Apache Tribe
5527:Mescalero Apache Tribe
5515:Fort Sill Apache Tribe
5031:Ancient Pueblo Peoples
3975:Lengua N'dee/N'nee/Ndé
3806:Notable Western Apache
3769:Category:Apache people
3104:
2893:(roasted and peeled),
2658:
2545:
2522:
2498:
2497:
2489:
2478:
2437:
2184:
2084:
2053:
1952:
1867:
1803:
1792:
1732:
1585:("Black Rock") in the
1533:
1495:(83 documented uses).
1311:Red River of the South
1208:
923:
841:
829:Difficulties in naming
797:
781:
714:
559:
551:
254:Native American Church
7179:1,000 – 20,000 people
6597:Historical Indigenous
6504:Ysleta del Sur Pueblo
5739:Yavapai Apache Nation
5674:Western Apache people
5545:Yavapai-Apache Nation
5467:Conrad, Paul (2021).
5358:Plains Anthropologist
5330:Plains Anthropologist
5128:Plains Anthropologist
4842:Arizona State Museum.
4523:Carlisle, Jeffrey D.
4303:National Park Service
3870:named in their honor.
3828:Battle of Cieneguilla
3823:Battle of Apache Pass
3801:Notable Plains Apache
3630:Apache languages are
3625:sound correspondences
3149:Further information:
3095:
3046:Trade, raids, and war
2956:leaves, raspberries,
2941:(used as condiment).
2826:seeds, strawberries,
2656:
2543:
2512:
2493:
2484:
2476:
2432:
2179:
2078:
2051:
1863:
1846:Further information:
1797:
1726:
1531:
1407:Sacramento Mescaleros
1198:
1067:refers to either the
917:
836:
821:includes the related
785:, meaning "raccoon".
632:Mescalero, New Mexico
630:are headquartered in
557:
500:
407:are headquartered in
268:Related ethnic groups
6514:Indigenous languages
6483:Federally recognized
6361:Mescalero-Chiricahua
6116:Cheyenne and Arapaho
5552:Other external links
5485:Park, J. F. (1961).
5381:. World Publishing.
5325:. New York: Garland.
5318:. New York: Garland.
5311:. New York: Garland.
5177:(pp. 903–978).
5044:Etulain, Richard W.
5000:General bibliography
4781:Seymour 2009a, 2010b
4529:Texas Beyond History
3910:inherently possessed
3899:"San Carlos Apache".
3818:Athabascan languages
3786:Notable Lipan Apache
3171:. Lipan is reported
2814:seeds, pinyon nuts,
2517:, willow leaves, or
1986:9th Cavalry Regiment
1923:Santa Rita Mountains
1809:Dismal River culture
1415:Guadalupe Mescaleros
868:improve this article
708:, and thus the term
563:Federally recognized
483:American Indian Wars
230:Mescalero-Chiricahua
201:2016 Canadian census
52:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
4745:Opler 1983a, p. 369
4017:. SIL International
3833:Camp Grant massacre
3236:Northern Athabascan
3234:also found in many
3198:-Athabascan series
2855:western yellow pine
2487:before my time ...
2262:. Chiricahuas in a
2044:Social organization
2027:and, subsequently,
1800:Coronado Expedition
1055:Chiricahua language
722:region east of the
669:, headquartered in
565:Apache tribes are:
502:Southern Athabascan
493:Contemporary tribes
278:Athabascan language
262:Indigenous religion
135:
6131:Citizen Potawatomi
5814:Indigenous peoples
5729:Tonto Apache Tribe
5588:Tonto Apache Tribe
5547:, official website
5541:, official website
5535:, official website
5529:, official website
5523:, official website
5517:, official website
5351:American Antiquity
5029:Cordell, Linda S.
4920:Basso, 1969, p. 30
4837:2011-10-02 at the
4165:2012-02-28 at the
3157:Apachean languages
3130:Population history
3120:cultural diffusion
2984:(as a condiment),
2974:western white pine
2859:whitestar potatoes
2847:pigweed tumbleweed
2787:kernels (used for
2659:
2596:cottontail rabbits
2546:
2523:
2479:
2463:big bluestem grass
2438:
2185:
2085:
2054:
1868:
1852:Apache–Mexico Wars
1804:
1779:Francisco Coronado
1733:
1534:
1440:Apaches del Natafé
1374:, the area around
1287:San Antonio, Texas
1209:
1170:Eastern Chiricahua
1160:Southern Chirichua
1100:Eastern Chiricahua
975:John Upton Terrell
959:Greenville Goodwin
924:
842:
560:
552:
7375:
7374:
6936:
6935:
6494:Alabama–Coushatta
6434:
6433:
6356:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
6096:Alabama-Quassarte
6026:
6025:
5773:
5772:
5576:Apache, Fort Sill
5478:978-0-8122-9954-0
5433:Library resources
5400:Witherspoon, Gary
5075:978-0-8032-2772-9
3875:Explanatory notes
3758:
3757:
3614:
3613:
3524:
3523:
3367:
3366:
3064:religious stories
2810:berries, onions,
2725:alligator juniper
2390:"older brother",
2108:Grenville Goodwin
1967:(better known as
1888:(Red Sleeves) or
1423:Limpia Mescaleros
1298:Republic of Texas
1049:. The name is an
900:
899:
892:
839:San Carlos Apache
661:, along with the
624:Dulce, New Mexico
464:Southern Colorado
284:
283:
280:-speaking tribes
128:
127:
120:
102:
7435:
7191:Chichimeca Jonaz
7085:
7080:
7079:
7078:
6963:
6956:
6949:
6940:
6599:peoples of Texas
6473:
6472:
6461:
6454:
6447:
6438:
6286:Tribal languages
6266:United Keetoowah
6196:Muscogee (Creek)
6156:Fort Sill Apache
6091:Absentee Shawnee
6065:
6064:
6053:
6046:
6039:
6030:
5975:
5967:Ancestral Pueblo
5812:
5811:
5800:
5793:
5786:
5777:
5618:
5611:
5604:
5595:
5482:
5379:Apache chronicle
5339:83(319):157–164.
5332:49(190):153–192.
5104:Haley, James L.
5094:
5019:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4953:
4947:
4946:
4936:
4930:
4927:
4921:
4918:
4912:
4909:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4851:
4845:
4829:
4823:
4820:
4814:
4811:
4805:
4801:
4795:
4788:
4782:
4779:
4773:
4770:
4764:
4761:
4755:
4752:
4746:
4743:
4737:
4730:
4724:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4690:
4684:
4681:
4675:
4668:
4662:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4644:
4641:
4632:
4629:
4623:
4620:
4614:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4586:
4575:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4525:"Apache Indians"
4520:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4488:
4473:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4430:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4398:
4392:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4283:. Archived from
4277:
4271:
4260:
4247:
4246:
4240:
4238:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4197:
4188:
4182:"Apache, Lipan."
4179:
4173:
4157:
4144:
4128:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4098:
4092:
4076:
4063:
4062:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4007:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3982:
3976:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3950:
3934:
3923:
3917:
3906:
3900:
3898:
3892:
3885:
3731:
3701:
3659:
3582:
3551:
3532:
3399:
3380:
3374:
3325:
3280:
3241:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3037:Crop cultivation
3001:Texas persimmons
2978:evening primrose
2966:shepherd's purse
2924:Ribes leptanthum
2921:, gooseberries (
2913:seeds (used for
2863:Ipomoea lacunosa
2853:seeds, walnuts,
2808:one-seed juniper
2800:narrowleaf yucca
2794:Also eaten were
2775:(used for tea),
2747:(used for tea),
2433:Frame of Apache
2386:"older sister",
2368:parallel-cousins
2165:Iroquois kinship
2001:Chief Victorio's
1982:Buffalo soldiers
1919:Mangas Coloradas
1898:Mimbreño Apaches
1885:Mangas Coloradas
1880:Mimbreño Apaches
1579:O'odham language
1232:in Southeastern
1201:Jicarilla Apache
1174:Mogollon culture
994:Tribes and bands
964:Albert Schroeder
895:
888:
884:
881:
875:
852:
844:
802:
794:
784:
778:
766:
759:J. P. Harrington
756:
750:
736:
735:
717:
715:Apachu de Nabajo
671:Apache, Oklahoma
475:invading Spanish
324:
318:
317:
314:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
139:Total population
136:
123:
116:
112:
109:
103:
101:
60:
36:
28:
7443:
7442:
7438:
7437:
7436:
7434:
7433:
7432:
7378:
7377:
7376:
7371:
7260:
7174:
7088:
7081:
7076:
7074:
7068:
6972:
6967:
6937:
6932:
6921:
6905:
6719:Cherokee, Texas
6603:Oklahoma today)
6602:
6601:(Several are in
6600:
6598:
6592:
6516:
6508:
6487:
6484:
6477:
6467:
6465:
6435:
6430:
6288:
6280:
6151:Eastern Shawnee
6141:Delaware Nation
6082:
6080:
6073:
6059:
6057:
6027:
6022:
6010:
5971:
5955:
5882:Southern Paiute
5820:
5806:
5804:
5774:
5769:
5743:
5685:
5627:
5622:
5554:
5505:
5503:Tribal websites
5500:
5479:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5429:
5427:Further reading
5424:
5080:
5013:
5002:
4997:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4928:
4924:
4919:
4915:
4910:
4903:
4893:
4891:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4866:
4853:
4852:
4848:
4839:Wayback Machine
4830:
4826:
4821:
4817:
4812:
4808:
4802:
4798:
4790:Carolyn Casey.
4789:
4785:
4780:
4776:
4771:
4767:
4762:
4758:
4753:
4749:
4744:
4740:
4731:
4727:
4722:
4718:
4711:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4682:
4678:
4669:
4665:
4661:Cordell, p. 151
4660:
4656:
4651:
4647:
4642:
4635:
4631:Hammond and Rey
4630:
4626:
4621:
4617:
4613:Cordell, p. 148
4612:
4608:
4601:
4588:
4587:
4578:
4573:
4569:
4559:
4557:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4534:
4532:
4522:
4521:
4512:
4502:
4500:
4493:"Apache, Lipan"
4490:
4489:
4476:
4471:
4467:
4457:
4455:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4433:
4429:"Forest Lipan".
4414:
4410:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4386:
4376:
4374:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4351:
4349:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4308:
4306:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4264:Zuni dictionary
4261:
4250:
4236:
4234:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4210:
4208:
4199:
4198:
4191:
4180:
4176:
4167:Wayback Machine
4158:
4147:
4138:Wayback Machine
4129:
4120:
4110:
4108:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4086:Wayback Machine
4077:
4066:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4042:
4040:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4020:
4018:
4009:
4008:
4001:
3991:
3989:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3972:
3968:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3938:
3937:
3924:
3920:
3907:
3903:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3864:spiders in the
3814:
3765:
3679:
3574:
3555:
3439:
3422:
3272:
3255:
3245:
3153:
3147:
3135:José de Urrutia
3132:
3060:
3048:
3039:
3020:
3012:prairie turnips
2972:pods, walnuts,
2944:They also used
2875:Solanum jamesii
2845:, tule shoots,
2836:sunflower seeds
2769:Lamb's-quarters
2711:(also known as
2704:were gathered.
2695:juniper berries
2687:Spanish bayonet
2651:
2638:
2534:
2507:
2427:
2328:"grandmother",
2322:
2224:parallel-cousin
2174:
2150:Chiricahua type
2142:
2140:Kinship systems
2058:family clusters
2046:
2041:
2017:Skeleton Canyon
2009:
1988:—replacing the
1965:Dilzhe'e Apache
1957:
1876:Juan José Compà
1854:
1844:
1828:Rocky Mountains
1721:
1716:
1681:
1653:
1526:
1501:
1485:
1464:Organ Mountains
1448:Yabipais Natagé
1348:
1272:Southern Plains
1255:
1193:
1077:Apaches de Gila
1027:
996:
971:to the Navajo.
968:Willem de Reuse
896:
885:
879:
876:
865:
853:
831:
698:
550:
495:
444:Northern Mexico
338:Southern Plains
322:
295:
291:
195:
174:) and Northern
131:
124:
113:
107:
104:
61:
59:
49:
37:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7441:
7439:
7431:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7380:
7379:
7373:
7372:
7370:
7369:
7367:Western Apache
7364:
7362:Tohono Oʼodham
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7268:
7266:
7262:
7261:
7259:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7182:
7180:
7176:
7175:
7173:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7096:
7094:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7086:
7071:
7069:
7067:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6980:
6978:
6974:
6973:
6968:
6966:
6965:
6958:
6951:
6943:
6934:
6933:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6919:
6913:
6911:
6910:Related topics
6907:
6906:
6904:
6903:
6898:
6895:Wichita proper
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6721:
6716:
6658:
6636:
6631:
6617:
6612:
6606:
6604:
6594:
6593:
6591:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6519:
6517:
6510:
6509:
6507:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6490:
6488:
6479:
6478:
6466:
6464:
6463:
6456:
6449:
6441:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6292:
6290:
6289:(still spoken)
6282:
6281:
6279:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6206:Otoe-Missouria
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6146:Delaware Tribe
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6087:
6085:
6075:
6074:
6058:
6056:
6055:
6048:
6041:
6033:
6024:
6023:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5977:
5976:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5936:Western Apache
5933:
5928:
5923:
5922:
5921:
5919:Akimel O'odham
5916:
5914:Tohono Oʼodham
5906:
5905:
5904:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5828:
5826:
5822:
5821:
5805:
5803:
5802:
5795:
5788:
5780:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5751:
5749:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5695:
5693:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5635:
5633:
5629:
5628:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5613:
5606:
5598:
5592:
5591:
5585:
5579:
5573:
5567:
5564:Apache Indians
5561:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5542:
5536:
5530:
5524:
5518:
5512:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5498:External links
5496:
5495:
5494:
5483:
5477:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5407:
5397:
5390:
5375:
5361:
5354:
5353:75(1):158–176.
5347:
5346:84(3):399–435.
5340:
5333:
5326:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5294:
5287:
5269:
5262:
5255:
5248:
5241:
5230:
5223:
5212:
5201:
5193:
5182:
5171:
5160:
5153:
5142:
5135:
5124:
5117:
5102:
5095:
5078:
5063:
5056:
5042:
5027:
5020:
5011:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4982:(3): 487–534.
4962:
4948:
4931:
4922:
4913:
4901:
4871:
4864:
4846:
4824:
4815:
4813:Brugge, p. 494
4806:
4796:
4783:
4774:
4765:
4756:
4747:
4738:
4725:
4716:
4709:
4685:
4676:
4670:DeLay, Brian,
4663:
4654:
4645:
4633:
4624:
4615:
4606:
4599:
4576:
4574:Goodwin, p. 55
4567:
4555:npshistory.com
4542:
4510:
4474:
4465:
4440:
4431:
4427:Chishį́į́hį́į́
4408:
4393:
4384:
4372:npshistory.com
4359:
4334:
4316:
4290:
4287:on 2012-09-04.
4272:
4248:
4218:
4189:
4174:
4145:
4118:
4093:
4064:
4050:
4028:
3999:
3977:
3966:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3918:
3901:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3847:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3662:
3621:Michael Krauss
3616:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3163:branch of the
3146:
3143:
3131:
3128:
3068:culture heroes
3066:relate to two
3059:
3056:
3047:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3019:
3016:
2911:dropseed grass
2832:Rhus trilobata
2753:dropseed grass
2650:
2647:
2637:
2634:
2533:
2530:
2506:
2503:
2426:
2423:
2321:
2318:
2173:
2170:
2154:Jicarilla type
2141:
2138:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2008:
2005:
1997:Victorio's War
1956:
1955:Forced removal
1953:
1903:Cuchillo Negro
1843:
1840:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1698:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1628:White Mountain
1624:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1590:
1558:
1537:Western Apache
1525:
1524:Western Apache
1522:
1521:
1520:
1500:
1497:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1427:
1419:
1411:
1403:
1395:
1382:. After 1726,
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1327:Chishį́į́hį́į́
1254:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1177:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1132:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1073:Gila Mountains
1058:
1026:
1023:
995:
992:
952:White Mountain
932:Pinal Coyotero
898:
897:
856:
854:
847:
830:
827:
724:San Juan River
706:Spanish Empire
697:
694:
620:
619:
613:
607:
602:
596:
590:
584:
578:
572:
549:
548:
542:
536:
530:
524:
518:
512:
510:Western Apache
505:
494:
491:
385:Western Apache
328:) are several
282:
281:
270:
269:
265:
264:
250:
249:
245:
244:
234:Western Apache
210:
209:
205:
204:
151:
150:
146:
145:
141:
140:
129:
126:
125:
40:
38:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7440:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7393:Apache tribes
7391:
7389:
7386:
7385:
7383:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7269:
7267:
7263:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7177:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7097:
7095:
7091:
7084:
7083:Mexico portal
7073:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6981:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6964:
6959:
6957:
6952:
6950:
6945:
6944:
6941:
6930:
6929:obsolete name
6924:
6918:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6908:
6902:
6899:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6775:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6659:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6607:
6605:
6595:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6511:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6480:
6476:
6471:
6462:
6457:
6455:
6450:
6448:
6443:
6442:
6439:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6246:Seneca-Cayuga
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6063:
6054:
6049:
6047:
6042:
6040:
6035:
6034:
6031:
6021:
6018:
6013:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5974:
5970:
5969:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5958:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5910:
5907:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5810:
5801:
5796:
5794:
5789:
5787:
5782:
5781:
5778:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5746:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5688:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5625:Apache people
5619:
5614:
5612:
5607:
5605:
5600:
5599:
5596:
5589:
5586:
5583:
5582:Apache, Lipan
5580:
5577:
5574:
5571:
5568:
5565:
5562:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5551:
5546:
5543:
5540:
5537:
5534:
5531:
5528:
5525:
5522:
5519:
5516:
5513:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5497:
5493:(2), 129–146.
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5474:
5470:
5465:
5464:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5426:
5420:
5419:0-8061-1495-9
5416:
5412:
5408:
5405:
5401:
5398:
5395:
5391:
5388:
5387:0-529-04520-6
5384:
5380:
5376:
5374:
5373:0-8061-3063-6
5370:
5366:
5362:
5359:
5355:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5341:
5338:
5334:
5331:
5327:
5324:
5320:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5306:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5284:0-500-27939-X
5281:
5277:
5273:
5272:Plog, Stephen
5270:
5267:
5263:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5249:
5246:
5242:
5240:(3), 182–192.
5239:
5235:
5231:
5228:
5224:
5222:(4), 620–633.
5221:
5217:
5213:
5211:(2), 202–223.
5210:
5206:
5202:
5199:
5194:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5170:(2), 186–195.
5169:
5165:
5161:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5141:. Washington.
5140:
5136:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5114:0-8061-2978-6
5111:
5107:
5103:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5079:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5061:
5057:
5055:
5054:0-8263-2433-9
5051:
5047:
5043:
5040:
5039:0-89599-038-5
5036:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5012:
5009:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4990:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4966:
4963:
4958:
4952:
4949:
4944:
4943:
4935:
4932:
4926:
4923:
4917:
4914:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4889:
4885:
4883:
4875:
4872:
4867:
4865:9781604691894
4861:
4857:
4850:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4828:
4825:
4819:
4816:
4810:
4807:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4787:
4784:
4778:
4775:
4769:
4766:
4760:
4757:
4751:
4748:
4742:
4739:
4735:
4729:
4726:
4723:Miles, p. 526
4720:
4717:
4712:
4710:9780842025867
4706:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4689:
4686:
4683:Basso, p. 462
4680:
4677:
4673:
4667:
4664:
4658:
4655:
4649:
4646:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4628:
4625:
4619:
4616:
4610:
4607:
4602:
4600:0-8263-1792-8
4596:
4592:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4568:
4556:
4552:
4546:
4543:
4530:
4526:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4498:
4494:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4453:
4452:
4444:
4441:
4435:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4412:
4409:
4404:
4397:
4394:
4388:
4385:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4360:
4347:
4346:
4338:
4335:
4330:
4326:
4320:
4317:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4219:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4178:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4164:
4161:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4132:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4038:
4032:
4029:
4016:
4012:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3987:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3955:
3949:
3946:
3940:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3902:
3897:
3891:
3884:
3881:
3874:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3762:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3640:syllable rime
3637:
3633:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3579:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3277:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3108:
3103:
3100:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3027:
3025:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2871:wild potatoes
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2851:unicorn plant
2848:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2804:nipple cactus
2801:
2797:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2741:chokecherries
2738:
2737:chili peppers
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2709:Century plant
2705:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2665:
2655:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2616:
2615:bighorn sheep
2611:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2558:bow and arrow
2554:
2551:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2504:
2502:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2431:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2380:cross-cousins
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2178:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2050:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1894:Soldado Fiero
1891:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1785:." He wrote:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1725:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1538:
1530:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1504:Plains Apache
1499:Plains Apache
1498:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1380:Conchos River
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
993:
991:
987:
985:
981:
976:
972:
969:
965:
960:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
921:
920:Plains Apache
916:
912:
910:
906:
894:
891:
883:
873:
869:
863:
862:
857:This section
855:
851:
846:
845:
840:
835:
828:
826:
824:
823:Navajo people
820:
815:
813:
809:
804:
801:
800:
793:
786:
783:
777:
773:
768:
765:
761:reports that
760:
755:
749:
744:
740:
734:
733:Juan de Oñate
727:
725:
721:
716:
711:
707:
703:
702:conquistadors
695:
693:
689:
687:
683:
679:
678:Plains Apache
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
617:
614:
611:
608:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
571:
568:
567:
566:
564:
556:
547:
546:Plains Apache
543:
541:
537:
535:
531:
529:
525:
523:
519:
517:
513:
511:
507:
506:
503:
499:
492:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
430:
427:and areas of
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
340:and Northern
339:
335:
331:
327:
326:
316:
289:
279:
275:
271:
266:
263:
259:
255:
251:
246:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
222:Plains Apache
219:
215:
211:
206:
202:
198:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
122:
119:
111:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69: –
68:
64:
63:Find sources:
57:
53:
47:
46:
41:This article
39:
35:
30:
29:
26:
22:
7337:Motozintleco
7110:Chontal Maya
6724:Coahuiltecan
6705:Lower Nasoni
6624:Lipan Apache
6619:
6568:Tamaulipecan
6543:Coahuiltecan
6256:Thlopthlocco
6016:
5931:Southern Ute
5926:Tonto Apache
5748:Other topics
5490:
5486:
5468:
5447:Online books
5437:
5410:
5403:
5393:
5378:
5364:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5301:
5297:
5290:
5275:
5265:
5258:
5251:
5244:
5237:
5233:
5226:
5219:
5215:
5208:
5204:
5196:
5189:
5185:
5178:
5174:
5167:
5163:
5156:
5149:
5145:
5138:
5131:
5127:
5120:
5105:
5098:
5082:
5066:
5059:
5045:
5030:
5023:
5015:
5007:
4979:
4975:
4965:
4951:
4941:
4934:
4925:
4916:
4894:November 10,
4892:. Retrieved
4881:
4874:
4855:
4849:
4841:
4827:
4818:
4809:
4799:
4791:
4786:
4777:
4768:
4759:
4750:
4741:
4728:
4719:
4695:
4688:
4679:
4671:
4666:
4657:
4648:
4627:
4618:
4609:
4590:
4570:
4558:. Retrieved
4554:
4545:
4533:. Retrieved
4528:
4501:. Retrieved
4496:
4491:May, Jon D.
4468:
4456:. Retrieved
4450:
4443:
4434:
4426:
4419:
4411:
4402:
4396:
4387:
4375:. Retrieved
4371:
4362:
4350:. Retrieved
4344:
4337:
4328:
4319:
4307:. Retrieved
4302:
4293:
4285:the original
4275:
4268:Zuni grammar
4267:
4263:
4242:
4235:. Retrieved
4231:
4221:
4209:. Retrieved
4205:
4184:
4177:
4169:
4140:
4109:. Retrieved
4105:
4096:
4088:
4053:
4041:. Retrieved
4031:
4019:. Retrieved
4014:
3990:. Retrieved
3980:
3969:
3957:. Retrieved
3948:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3904:
3883:
3867:Euctenizidae
3865:
3859:
3851:Neoapachella
3849:
3837:
3766:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3671:
3666:
3643:
3635:
3629:
3617:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3527:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3409:
3404:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3238:languages).
3229:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3180:Harry Hoijer
3177:
3154:
3140:
3133:
3124:
3115:Sandpainting
3112:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3096:
3090:
3083:
3072:
3061:
3052:
3049:
3040:
3028:
3021:
3009:
2993:
2990:
2943:
2930:R. pinetorum
2928:
2922:
2919:elderberries
2891:
2881:leaves, and
2874:
2862:
2831:
2793:
2733:banana yucca
2706:
2675:prickly pear
2668:
2660:
2639:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2603:
2593:
2574:
2562:
2555:
2550:medicine men
2547:
2535:
2527:
2524:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2459:
2455:
2439:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2316:in return).
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2295:
2290:
2289:"daughter",
2286:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2228:cross-cousin
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2146:kinship term
2143:
2134:
2127:
2105:
2101:sheepherding
2094:
2090:
2086:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2052:Apache bride
2033:
2031:, Oklahoma.
2025:Fort Pickens
2010:
1994:
1969:Tonto Apache
1968:
1958:
1948:
1939:
1931:
1918:
1912:
1901:
1889:
1883:
1869:
1855:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1821:
1805:
1788:
1772:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1734:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1693:. (See also
1691:Great Plains
1684:
1634:
1626:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1582:
1574:
1568:
1560:
1548:
1535:
1514:
1502:
1486:
1476:true Apaches
1475:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1421:
1413:
1405:
1397:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1363:
1357:
1349:
1339:Morris Opler
1334:
1330:
1326:
1323:Forest Lipan
1322:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1295:
1284:
1257:
1256:
1245:
1242:James Mooney
1223:
1216:
1210:
1179:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1136:Warm Springs
1134:
1128:
1124:
1119:Copper Mines
1117:
1112:Copper Mines
1111:
1108:Warm Springs
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1064:
1060:
1047:Morris Opler
1042:
1030:
1002:
1000:
997:
988:
973:
956:
929:
925:
918:Essa-queta,
901:
886:
880:October 2013
877:
866:Please help
861:verification
858:
818:
816:
811:
805:
787:
769:
738:
728:
709:
699:
690:
675:
663:Lipan Apache
652:
626:, while the
621:
595:, New Mexico
589:, New Mexico
561:
472:
440:Great Plains
437:
405:reservations
354:
287:
285:
258:Christianity
226:Lipan Apache
130:Ethnic group
114:
108:January 2014
105:
95:
88:
81:
74:
62:
50:Please help
45:verification
42:
25:
6677:Kadohadacho
6236:Sac and Fox
5981:Basketmaker
5847:Halchidhoma
5755:Apache Wars
5192:(1), 75–77.
5152:(1), 75–87.
4763:Opler 1936b
4309:10 November
4185:Ethnologue.
4111:January 10,
4021:25 November
3992:31 December
3890:wilacʔu·kʷe
3861:mygalomorph
3839:Fort Apache
3688:Chiricahua
3680:Athabascan
3672:High-Marked
3644:high-marked
3564:Chiricahua
3556:Athabascan
3426:Chiricahua
3259:Chiricahua
3246:Athabascan
3087:Keith Basso
3018:Ethnobotany
2982:wild celery
2935:hackberries
2933:), grapes,
2879:wood sorrel
2867:wild grapes
2834:) berries,
2689:fruit, and
2400:-iłnaaʼaash
2148:systems: a
2120:matrilineal
2072:marriages.
1990:8th Cavalry
1971:) from the
1943:Keith Basso
1934:reservation
1927:Apache Wars
1848:Apache Wars
1802:, 1540–1542
1679:Other terms
1651:Ethnobotany
1607:Gila Apache
1483:Ethnobotany
1372:Pecos River
1043:Ch'úúkʾanén
808:dime novels
757:"Navajo").
7382:Categories
7277:Chiricahua
7241:Qʼanjobʼal
7221:Mexicanero
6689:Nacogdoche
6573:Tanpachoan
6396:Potawatomi
6081:recognized
5837:Chiricahua
5832:Chemehuevi
5639:Chiricahua
5304:(3), 5–23.
5298:El Palacio
5274:. (1997).
4792:The Apache
4754:Basso 1983
4211:10 January
4043:29 October
4015:Ethnologue
3694:Chilcotin
3667:Low-Marked
3636:low-marked
3570:Jicarilla
3567:Mescalero
3432:Jicarilla
3429:Mescalero
3265:Jicarilla
3262:Mescalero
3192:consonants
3169:endangered
3161:Athabaskan
3005:wild roses
2986:wild onion
2950:pennyroyal
2899:bear grass
2843:rootstocks
2796:mulberries
2757:Gambel oak
2643:seed beads
2626:deer blood
2589:Gila river
2577:pronghorns
2544:Apache jug
2467:bear grass
2388:-´-naʼá̱á̱
2281:"mother",
2172:Chiricahua
1890:Dasoda-hae
1747:, and the
1743:, western
1737:Athabaskan
1562:San Carlos
1555:Salt River
1472:Rio Salado
1466:) and the
1378:, and the
1368:Rio Grande
1351:Mescaleros
1325:division (
1238:Cuartelejo
1230:Raton Mesa
1205:New Mexico
1095:Chiricahua
1069:Gila River
1032:Chiricahua
944:San Carlos
655:Chiricahua
577:, Oklahoma
522:Chiricahua
460:West Texas
456:New Mexico
429:Tamaulipas
413:New Mexico
357:Chiricahua
350:Athabascan
276:and other
192:Tamaulipas
160:New Mexico
78:newspapers
7332:Mezcalero
7302:Kaqchikel
7292:Ixcatecos
7236:Pima Bajo
7150:Tojolabal
7034:Purépecha
6984:Chinantec
6770:Karankawa
6728:Ervipiame
6701:Nanatsoho
6681:Nabedache
6326:Chickasaw
6276:Wyandotte
6121:Chickasaw
6079:Federally
6017:See also:
5973:dwellings
5902:Hopi-Tewa
5852:Havasupai
5760:Apacheria
5659:Mimbreños
5654:Mescalero
5644:Jicarilla
5337:Antiquity
5134:, 145–59.
4804:441–442).
4643:Henderson
4560:11 August
4417:Jicarilla
4377:12 August
4244:present."
3941:Citations
3927:Mescalero
3925:The name
3896:čišše·kʷe
3856:monotypic
3704:"father"
3652:Chilcotin
3190:-initial
3145:Languages
3097:The term
3079:trickster
2946:horsemint
2915:flatbread
2903:box elder
2820:screwbean
2773:lip ferns
2765:hawthorne
2727:berries,
2691:Emory oak
2608:wood rats
2407:-zhácheʼe
2392:-shdá̱zha
2342:-tsóyí̱í̱
2320:Jicarilla
2272:avoidance
2129:phratries
1913:When the
1702:Lipiyánes
1516:Querechos
1452:Natageses
1392:Mescalero
1346:Mescalero
1217:jicarilla
1213:Jicarilla
1191:Jicarilla
1053:from the
1015:Hualapais
1007:Comanches
1001:The term
940:Mescalero
936:Jicarilla
817:The term
764:čišše·kʷe
704:from the
628:Mescalero
618:, Arizona
612:, Arizona
601:, Arizona
583:, Arizona
534:Jicarilla
528:Mescalero
487:U.S. Army
468:Apacheria
452:Chihuahua
369:Mescalero
361:Jicarilla
334:Southwest
218:Jicarilla
208:Languages
188:Chihuahua
7272:Awakatek
7246:Qʼeqchiʼ
7226:Ocuiltec
7216:Lacandon
7211:Jakaltek
7206:Guarijio
7160:Wixarika
7145:Tepehuán
7140:Popoluca
7120:Cuicatec
7044:Tlapanec
7039:Rarámuri
6887:Tawakoni
6865:Tomoacas
6840:Saracuam
6830:Pulacuam
6750:Comanche
6628:Querecho
6583:Tonkawan
6548:Cotoname
6528:Atacapan
6371:Muscogee
6346:Delaware
6341:Comanche
6321:Cheyenne
6316:Cherokee
6241:Seminole
6176:Kickapoo
6171:Kialegee
6136:Comanche
6111:Cherokee
6071:Oklahoma
5991:Mogollon
5867:Maricopa
5862:Hualapai
5765:Language
5669:Salinero
5091:76-75453
4888:Archived
4835:Archived
4325:"apache"
4163:Archived
4134:Archived
4082:Archived
4037:"Apache"
4011:"Apache"
3812:See also
3734:"water"
3581:*k̯aʔx̣ʷ
3445:"water"
3328:"stone"
3058:Religion
2997:palmetto
2964:tubers,
2954:purslane
2816:pitahaya
2779:acorns,
2777:live oak
2771:leaves,
2749:currants
2729:anglepod
2717:tuberous
2683:mesquite
2636:Clothing
2600:opossums
2446:Wickiups
2415:-daʼá̱á̱
2357:-daʼá̱á̱
2302:-deedééʼ
2287:-yáchʼeʼ
2112:moieties
2070:levirate
2066:sororate
2029:Ft. Sill
2013:Geronimo
1999:between
1872:scalping
1865:Geronimo
1813:Nebraska
1777:region,
1695:Carlanas
1636:Coyotero
1603:Coyotero
1599:Pinaleño
1583:Tsézhiné
1575:Arivaipa
1570:Arivaipa
1470:(around
1468:Salinero
1462:and the
1444:Natagêes
1436:Natagees
1388:Faraones
1384:Faraones
1376:Santa Fe
1359:Faraones
1234:Colorado
1166:Mogollon
1155:Ndendahe
1146:Mimbreño
1138:Mimbreño
1129:Mimbreño
1121:Mimbreño
1090:Mimbreño
1081:Coyotero
1019:Yavapais
984:Hispanic
909:autonyms
819:Apachean
682:Anadarko
425:Coahuila
421:Oklahoma
397:Coyotero
393:Pinaleño
389:Aravaipa
377:Salinero
373:Mimbreño
248:Religion
184:Coahuila
172:Oklahoma
164:Colorado
67:"Apache"
7307:Kʼicheʼ
7282:Cochimí
7256:Tepehua
7251:Tacuate
7105:Chatino
7064:Zapotec
7059:Tzotzil
7054:Tzeltal
7049:Totonac
7009:Mazatec
7004:Mazahua
6994:Huastec
6901:Yojuane
6883:Taovaya
6870:Tonkawa
6860:Tilijae
6850:Tamique
6845:Semonam
6810:Papanac
6805:Pampopa
6800:Paguame
6765:Jumanos
6744:Xarames
6732:Pajalat
6713:Nechaui
6669:Hasinai
6655:Deadose
6647:Akokisa
6639:Atakapa
6634:Aranama
6588:Wichita
6558:Pakawan
6533:Borrado
6523:Araname
6421:Wyandot
6416:Wichita
6411:Shawnee
6351:Koasati
6336:Choctaw
6301:Arapaho
6296:Alabama
6271:Wichita
6261:Tonkawa
6251:Shawnee
6126:Choctaw
6006:Sinagua
5996:Patayan
5986:Hohokam
5946:Yavapai
5909:Oʼodham
5892:Quechan
5842:Cocopah
5818:Arizona
4886:. PBS.
4420:Chíshín
4237:25 June
3846:'s band
3844:Cochise
3691:Slavey
3685:Navajo
3575:Apache
3561:Navajo
3485:"fire"
3440:Apache
3423:Apache
3421:Western
3418:Navajo
3410:Eastern
3405:Western
3302:-tsuudz
3273:Apache
3256:Apache
3254:Western
3251:Navajo
3194:of the
3173:extinct
3062:Apache
2980:fruit,
2907:cattail
2849:seeds,
2812:pigweed
2806:fruit,
2767:fruit,
2755:seeds,
2731:seeds,
2721:agarita
2685:beans,
2671:saguaro
2532:Hunting
2519:juniper
2435:wickiup
2425:Housing
2384:-ndádéé
2338:-tsóyéé
2330:-tsóyéé
2293:"son".
2232:brother
2197:-chʼiné
2021:Florida
1984:of the
1961:Yavapai
1908:Durango
1768:travois
1714:History
1686:Llanero
1621:Yavapai
1550:Cibecue
1460:El Paso
1456:Natajes
1431:Natagés
1335:Tcicihi
1319:Natagés
1315:Ypandes
1306:Pelones
1268:Tonkawa
1246:Carlana
1225:Carlana
1104:Mimbres
1071:or the
1051:autonym
1011:Mojaves
980:Chicano
782:mapache
772:Yavapai
748:ʔa·paču
431:. Each
409:Arizona
242:Spanish
238:English
156:Arizona
92:scholar
7388:Apache
7347:Paipai
7322:Kumiai
7317:Kiliwa
7312:Kikapú
7287:Cucapá
7196:Chocho
7186:Akatek
7155:Triqui
7100:Amuzgo
7019:Mixtec
6879:Kichai
6825:Patiri
6815:Pastia
6790:Pachal
6785:Mayeye
6780:Kohani
6774:Copano
6755:Decose
6740:Sijame
6736:Payaya
6697:Nadaco
6693:Nacono
6685:Nabiti
6673:Hainai
6665:Eyeish
6643:Akokna
6620:Apache
6563:Solano
6553:Garzan
6485:tribes
6406:Seneca
6401:Quapaw
6386:Pawnee
6381:Ottawa
6311:Cayuga
6231:Quapaw
6221:Peoria
6216:Pawnee
6211:Ottawa
6101:Apache
6083:tribes
6001:Salado
5877:Navajo
5872:Mohave
5691:Tribes
5664:Plains
5558:Apache
5475:
5438:Apache
5435:about
5417:
5385:
5371:
5282:
5198:empire
5112:
5089:
5073:
5052:
5037:
4862:
4822:Landar
4707:
4701:41, 42
4597:
4458:10 May
4352:10 May
3931:mescal
3914:prefix
3678:Proto-
3648:Slavey
3585:"big"
3573:Plains
3554:Proto-
3531:*k̯/*c
3438:Plains
3435:Lipan
3317:-tsoos
3312:-tsoos
3307:-tsoos
3297:-tsuuz
3292:-tsooz
3287:-tsooz
3279:*k̯uʔs
3271:Plains
3268:Lipan
3244:Proto-
3184:merger
3077:, the
3075:Coyote
2824:spurge
2789:tiswin
2781:locust
2761:greens
2713:mescal
2699:pinyon
2679:cholla
2677:, and
2641:glass
2604:wapiti
2451:hogans
2396:-zeedń
2376:-´-láh
2372:-kʼisé
2361:-béjéé
2353:-kaʼéé
2349:-ʼnííh
2314:-ghúyé
2310:-ghúyé
2306:-ghúyé
2298:-ghúyé
2268:-´-ląh
2264:-´-ląh
2256:-´-ląh
2252:-´-ląh
2244:-´-ląh
2236:sister
2215:(i.e.
2193:-tsúyé
2161:Dakota
2152:and a
2116:Pueblo
2007:Defeat
1817:Kansas
1783:nomads
1775:Pueblo
1745:Canada
1741:Alaska
1642:Kansas
1597:(also
1542:Tucson
1434:(also
1370:, the
1364:Faraón
1207:, 2009
1199:Young
1181:Nedhni
1142:Gileño
1125:Gileño
1061:Gileño
1037:Navajo
1017:, and
1003:Apache
950:, and
905:exonym
812:Apache
739:Apache
710:Apache
646:, and
516:Navajo
485:, the
479:Sonora
462:, and
454:) and
448:Sonora
419:, and
399:, and
383:, and
381:Plains
346:Navajo
342:Mexico
336:, the
288:Apache
274:Navajo
240:, and
214:Apache
197:Canada
180:Sonora
176:Mexico
134:Apache
94:
87:
80:
73:
65:
7342:Opata
7327:Lipán
7170:Zoque
7165:Yaqui
7125:Huave
7029:Otomi
7024:Nahua
6989:Chʼol
6855:Teyas
6820:Pasxa
6795:Pacoa
6709:Neche
6661:Caddo
6651:Bidai
6615:Anxau
6538:Caddo
6426:Yuchi
6391:Ponca
6376:Osage
6306:Caddo
6226:Ponca
6201:Osage
6191:Modoc
6186:Miami
6181:Kiowa
6106:Caddo
5941:Yaqui
5679:Tonto
5649:Lipan
5632:Bands
4535:8 May
4503:8 May
4424:Lipan
3959:5 May
3708:-taaʼ
3632:tonal
3604:-tsaa
3599:-tsaa
3594:-tsaa
3589:-tsaa
3228:into
3210:into
3196:Proto
3099:diyí'
3091:diyí'
2970:vetch
2962:sedge
2895:aspen
2887:sotol
2883:yucca
2828:sumac
2785:maize
2664:agave
2585:Black
2515:yucca
2442:Tipis
2411:-gheʼ
2334:-chóó
2326:-chóó
2291:-gheʼ
2279:-mááʼ
2260:-kʼis
2248:-kʼis
2240:-kʼis
2201:-nálé
2124:clans
2097:bands
1764:bison
1707:Lipan
1616:Tonto
1594:Pinal
1508:Kiowa
1331:Tcici
1259:Lipan
1253:Lipan
1203:boy,
1106:, or
948:Tonto
922:chief
776:ʔpačə
745:word
720:Chama
540:Lipan
433:tribe
417:Texas
401:Tonto
365:Lipan
323:PATCH
168:Texas
99:JSTOR
85:books
7357:Teko
7352:Seri
7297:Ixil
7231:Pame
7201:Chuj
7135:Mayo
7115:Cora
7014:Mixe
6999:Maya
6891:Waco
6835:Sana
6760:Emet
6610:Adai
6578:Tiwa
6161:Iowa
5951:Zuni
5897:Tewa
5887:Pima
5857:Hopi
5473:ISBN
5415:ISBN
5383:ISBN
5369:ISBN
5280:ISBN
5110:ISBN
5087:LCCN
5071:ISBN
5050:ISBN
5035:ISBN
4896:2009
4860:ISBN
4705:ISBN
4595:ISBN
4562:2024
4537:2024
4505:2024
4460:2024
4422:and
4379:2024
4354:2024
4311:2018
4239:2024
4213:2024
4113:2024
4045:2023
4023:2015
3994:2021
3961:2023
3854:, a
3730:*tu·
3718:-táʼ
3713:-taa
3700:*taʔ
3650:and
3609:-cha
3514:kǫǫʼ
3509:ko̱ʼ
3376:and
3362:tséé
3337:tséé
3324:*ce·
3222:and
3204:and
3188:stem
2958:sage
2939:hops
2927:and
2840:tule
2745:cota
2702:nuts
2697:and
2581:Salt
2570:Zuni
2568:and
2566:Hopi
2505:Food
2419:-daʼ
2283:-taa
2234:and
2226:and
2217:-chú
2213:-chú
2209:-chú
2205:-chú
2189:-chú
2081:olla
2068:and
1963:and
1850:and
1798:The
1729:NMAI
1317:and
1211:The
1144:and
1127:and
1110:and
1065:Gila
799:Diné
792:Indé
754:paču
743:Zuni
696:Name
676:The
653:The
544:Pl:
520:Ch:
508:WA:
450:and
286:The
190:and
71:news
7130:Mam
6166:Kaw
6069:in
5816:of
4984:doi
4980:136
3723:-tá
3536:*k̯
3519:kǫʼ
3499:kųų
3494:kǫʼ
3489:kǫʼ
3479:kóó
3382:to
3357:tsí
3352:tsé
3347:tsé
3342:tsé
3332:tsé
3225:*čʷ
3201:*k̯
3186:of
2917:),
2877:),
2865:),
2465:or
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2023:at
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