3701:
302:. The IOC felt that expelling a member required a greater degree of due process than mere exclusion from the Games. At its 1969 conference it appointed a committee to investigate and produce specific charges of violation of the Olympic Charter. The committee's report at the 1970 conference in Amsterdam detailed seven allegations of discrimination, as well as the unauthorised use of the
142:'s ban on discrimination. Reginald Honey, South Africa's IOC member, contended that nonwhite competitors had not been selected because none were of Olympic standard, and promised that any selected in future would be given passports. Brundage felt the discrimination rule only applied at the Olympics itself, not at domestic competition, and so South Africa was allowed to
392:. Within South Africa, in each sport there were competing race-specific and multi-racial bodies, which would have to merge into one in order to affiliate into both a nonracial NOC and the IF for its sport. ANOCA took the lead in negotiations in 1990 and early 1991, and an Interim National Olympic Committee of South Africa (INOCSA) was formed with
277:
was worried that its Games would be a fiasco and asked the IOC to reconsider. Brundage flew to South Africa in an unsuccessful bid to ask it to withdraw voluntarily. The IOC executive board met on 21 April 1968 to seek a diplomatic formula under which to exclude South Africa, finally agreeing that
260:
not at all. To
Killanin's surprise, a postal ballot of IOC members decided in February that SANOC had made sufficient progress in to be invited to the 1968 Games, on the understanding that its team would be multiracial and remaining discrimination would be ended by the 1972 Games. This verdict
170:
announced a ban on South
Africans appearing in mixed-race competition inside or outside the country. In 1963, Dennis Brutus founded the South African Non-Racial Olympic Committee (SANROC) which lobbied the IOC to expel SAONGA. Brutus was subjected to
232:. Separate racial committees would nominate athletes for each race to the combined team. Members from different races could compete against each other at the Games, though not in South Africa. The IOC deferred decision till its meeting at the
195:
to the South
African delegate. To bypass its own ban on mixed-race competition, SANOC was prepared to stage its Olympic trials abroad, but the events would still be segregated. The IOC voted to revoke SANOC's invitation to the
388:, the SCSA, and SANROC. While SANOC agreed it could not seek readmission to the IOC until apartheid was abolished, negotiations to prepare the way for South Africa's reintegration into world sport proceeded in tandem with the
102:
from the late 1950s, NOCs from newly independent states opposed to apartheid began affiliating to the IOC. However, the IOC itself was not representative of NOCs but rather a group of co-opted individuals, still mostly from
1602:
1594:
137:
and others founded the South
African Sports Association (SASA), which campaigned to allow non-white athletes to represent South Africa. The same year, IOC delegates questioned whether SAOCGA's operation violated the
3510:
252:
Killanin later recalled that
Ademola was repeatedly snubbed in South Africa, and that of whites they interviewed, athletes favoured integrated competition, administrators less so, and politicians
447:
of white sports teams. These decisions were unpopular with white South
Africans, and as a concession the green-and-gold colours were adopted. NOCSA in 2004 merged with other bodies to form the
1674:
1190:
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27:
448:
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separate, took no action. From 1948, black athletes and their federations complained to the IOC about their exclusion, but were told to take the matter up with the SAOCGA.
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39:
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unless it declared its opposition to the government's policy. SANOC did not do so and was excluded from the Games, although it remained affiliated to the IOC.
3725:
3014:
2930:
2385:
2364:
1530:
3730:
3468:
1506:
274:
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220:(ANOCA) allowed SANROC to affiliate in place of SANOC. (Brundage later made SANROC change "Olympic" to "Open" in its name.) At the 1967 IOC conference in
3705:
3147:
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1960:
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1969:
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278:"due to the international climate, the executive committee was of the opinion it would be most unwise for South Africa to participate".
2080:
3538:
3503:
3447:
2972:
2937:
2626:
2091:
1610:
1426:
513:
370:
240:, a future IOC president, who resigned from the Irish Anti-Apartheid Society to forestall allegations of bias; the other members were
237:
216:(SCSA), which committed itself to expelling South Africa from the Olympics and to boycott the Games if South Africa was present. The
3322:
3189:
3168:
3126:
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1104:
1070:
647:
554:
472:
400:
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at the South
African Open Games. IOC members voted to expel SANOC, by 35 to 28, with 3 abstentions. The conference coincided with
236:
in
Grenoble. In September 1967, a three-member IOC commission visited South Africa, reporting back in January 1968. It was led by
3252:
3091:
2276:
2190:
2133:
1474:
1450:
314:. Reginald Honey stated his intention to resign from the IOC, but because he personally opposed SANOC's policies, SCSA president
208:
In 1965, SANROC was banned by the South
African government, and Dennis Brutus re-established it in exile in London. In 1966, the
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35:
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162:. SAOCGA was renamed SAONGA (the South African Olympic and National Games Association) as it was no longer eligible for the
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209:
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1318:
1311:
376:
The IOC adopted a declaration against "apartheid in sport" on 21 June 1988, for the total isolation of apartheid sport.
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61:
55:
19:
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2112:
2011:
31:
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1976:
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2675:
2343:
1434:
432:
287:
108:
99:
1983:
547:
Sport, the Third
Millennium: Proceedings of the International Symposium, Quebec City, Canada, May 21-25, 1990
411:, and in July an INOCSA delegation met with the Apartheid and Olympism Commission at the IOC headquarters in
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2944:
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was segregated by race, with separate clubs and governing bodies. Only white bodies were affiliated to the
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2584:
1802:
1392:
3154:
3084:
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2728:
2378:
2174:
2087:
1882:
1702:
995:
415:. The IOC recognised INOCSA on 9 July 1991, such that the "interim" was removed from its name (NOCSA).
249:
543:"Apartheid and Olympism: on the Abolishment of Institutionalized Discrimination in International Sport"
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518:
286:
In response to its exclusion from the 1968 Games, SANOC organised a multi-sport tournament called the
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2788:
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2004:
1997:
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327:
295:
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225:
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72:
946:"Sports and the liberation struggle: a Tribute to Sam Ramsamy and others who fought apartheid sport"
687:
396:
as president. Ramsamy had been a leading anti-apartheid campaigner and advocate of sports boycotts.
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542:
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468:
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435:" were still the apartheid-era ones, but the Olympic team competed under an interim flag and
166:; it was later more usually called SANOC (South Africa National Olympic Committee). In 1962,
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In 1957, the SAOCGA prohibited mixed-race competitions within its member bodies. In 1959,
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Bridging Three Centuries: Intellectual Crossroads and the Modern Olympic Movement
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regarded this as an internal matter for South Africa, and, committed to keeping
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1990:
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in February 1969, to which foreign white athletes were invited. A team from
922:
354:. Of 28 African invitees, 26 boycotted the Games, joined by Iraq and Guyana.
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2828:
2759:
2181:
2158:
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245:
172:
901:
Brittain, Ian (2011). "South Africa, apartheid and the Paralympic Games".
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3105:
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1747:
412:
384:
In 1988 the IOC formed the Apartheid and Olympism Commission, including
2031:
1578:
180:
2742:
1914:
1693:
1360:
496:. In K.B. Wamsley; S.G. Martyn; G. H. MacDonald; R.K. Barney (eds.).
299:
294:
withdrew after the SCSA said its members would otherwise boycott the
221:
176:
1130:. South African State Department of Information. 1993. p. 271.
1906:
338:
be excluded from the games. The IOC demurred on the grounds that
500:. International Symposium for Olympic Research. pp. 177–184
1656:
1163:
464:
The Politics of the Olympic Games: With an Epilogue, 1976–1980
224:, SANOC committed to sending a single mixed-race team to the
642:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 136–7.
545:. In Fernand Landry; Marc Landry; Magdeleine Yerlès (eds.).
318:
persuaded him to remain a member until his death in 1982.
16:
Olympics with respect to South Africa during apartheid-era
28:
sporting boycott of South Africa during the apartheid era
449:
South African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee
261:
prompted the SCSA countries to withdraw; in the US, the
175:
and forbidden from attending meetings, so he fled to
1062:
Creating Boundaries: The Politics of Race and Nation
218:
Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa
150:
for the first time. Its delegations were all white.
42:, a new NOC was formed and admitted to the IOC, and
3663:
3569:
3402:
2857:
2848:
2706:
2502:
2157:
2102:
2021:
1959:
1932:
1925:
1691:
1403:
1342:
1280:
1197:
1191:
Olympic Games scandals, controversies and incidents
369:team from 1975. South Africa was expelled from the
158:South Africa's isolation increased in 1960–61 when
1022:
517:
1587:Attempted repatriation of Krystsina Tsimanouskaya
996:"South Africa Readmitted to Olympics Competition"
308:a cancelled South African cricket tour of England
115:, were quicker to give a voice to newer members.
834:
832:
830:
361:until excluded by the Dutch government from the
359:continued to compete at the (Summer) Paralympics
160:it declared a republic and left the Commonwealth
44:the country competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics
2456:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
896:
894:
892:
712:
710:
708:
639:Sport, Cultures, and Identities in South Africa
549:. Presses Université Laval. pp. 539–548.
334:prompted African countries to demand that the
1668:
1175:
1065:. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 99–100.
8:
1099:. Brookings Institution Press. p. 194.
1054:
1052:
597:
595:
332:New Zealand rugby union tour of South Africa
1641:Apartheid-era South Africa and the Olympics
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
855:
853:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
681:
679:
677:
675:
326:South Africa was the indirect cause of the
56:South Africa at the Olympics § History
2854:
1929:
1675:
1661:
1653:
1182:
1168:
1160:
1096:South Africa: The Struggle for a New Order
989:
987:
985:
983:
613:
611:
609:
607:
585:
583:
581:
445:Springbok emblem or green-and-gold colours
1547:Sochi Ladies' singles judging controversy
179:. The IOC moved its 1963 conference from
2529:Reconstruction and Development Programme
788:Killanin 1983 p. 35; Ramsamy 1991, p.540
365:. The country had a racially integrated
129:South Africa at the 1960 Winter Olympics
125:South Africa at the 1960 Summer Olympics
98:began to question this stance. With the
2141:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
1467:Basketball gold medal match controversy
1427:Football match between Peru and Austria
577:
491:"South Africa and the Olympic Movement"
443:". Likewise it decided not to use the
390:political negotiations to end apartheid
273:also threatened a boycott. The Mexican
38:(IOC) in 1970. In 1991, as part of the
2606:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
1563:Ireland Summer Olympics ticket scandal
75:competed at the Olympic Games and the
1435:"Blood in the Water" water polo match
948:. Gandhi-Luthuli documentation centre
7:
688:"South Africa and the Olympic Games"
526:. New York: Morrow. pp. 33–45.
407:, was repealed by the government of
26:from 1964 to 1988, as a part of the
3726:Sport and apartheid in South Africa
2536:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
2198:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
686:Laubscher, Lappe (23 August 2017).
214:Supreme Council for Sport in Africa
111:(IFs), the governing bodies of the
3731:Boycotts of apartheid South Africa
1611:Canada Soccer drone spying scandal
467:. University of California Press.
371:International Paralympic Committee
148:it competed at the Winter Olympics
107:countries. On the other hand, the
40:transition to multiracial equality
14:
3688:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
3323:South African Party (Cape Colony)
401:Population Registration Act, 1950
77:Empire (later Commonwealth) Games
3700:
3699:
1361:Games of the New Emerging Forces
66:South African Olympic and Empire
3337:South African Party (1977–1980)
3330:South African Party (1911–1934)
3246:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
3043:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
1627:List of stripped Olympic medals
1491:Centennial Olympic Park bombing
1037:from the original on 7 May 2022
312:South Africa from the Davis Cup
71:(SAOEGA, later SAOCGA) so only
36:International Olympic Committee
2655:2019 service delivery protests
2641:#FeesMustFall student protests
2386:1983 constitutional referendum
1603:COVID-19 cases at Beijing 2022
1531:One minute of silence campaign
1507:Figure-skating judging scandal
1128:South Africa Official Yearbook
994:Tempest, Rone (10 July 1991).
514:Killanin, Michael Morris, Lord
1:
3746:International sports boycotts
3113:Johannesburg Reform Committee
1751:
1736:
1713:
1706:
1523:Death of Nodar Kumaritashvili
1515:Underage gymnasts controversy
536:– via Internet Archive.
352:New Zealand Olympic Committee
210:Organisation of African Unity
3741:South Africa at the Olympics
2768:Black Consciousness Movement
2522:Government of National Unity
1595:COVID-19 cases at Tokyo 2020
915:10.1080/17430437.2011.614773
692:South African History Online
263:American Committee on Africa
248:, and Reginald Alexander, a
144:compete at the 1960 Olympics
90:In the 1950s, NOCs from the
62:South Africa under apartheid
34:(NOC) was expelled from the
3736:Olympic Games controversies
2479:Saint James Church massacre
2365:Weapons of mass destruction
1634:Doping at the Olympic Games
3762:
2235:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
2113:South West Africa campaign
2012:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
1977:French Huguenot settlement
1499:Winter Olympic bid scandal
1059:Manzo, Kathryn A. (1998).
350:was not affiliated to the
122:
53:
32:National Olympic Committee
3697:
3674:African National Congress
3134:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
2472:1992 apartheid referendum
1621:
109:international federations
3127:Labour Party (1969–1994)
3120:Labour Party (1910–1958)
2676:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
2634:#RhodesMustFall protests
2249:1960 republic referendum
1093:Ottaway, Marina (1993).
433:Die Stem van Suid-Afrika
336:New Zealand Olympic team
288:South African Open Games
146:in Rome. The same year,
100:decolonisation of Africa
3572:terrorist organisations
2662:2019 Johannesburg riots
2291:Constructive engagement
2256:International isolation
2074:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
824:Killanin 1983 pp. 37–41
815:Killanin 1983 pp. 35–36
636:Nauright, John (1997).
348:New Zealand Rugby Union
265:organised a boycott by
2585:Attack on Kennedy Road
2212:Congress of the People
1803:South African Republic
1555:Russian doping scandal
1393:World Friendship Games
489:Honey, Andrew (2000).
461:Espy, Richard (1981).
3155:Natal Indian Congress
2875:Afrikaner Broederbond
2729:Afrikaner nationalism
2515:1994 general election
2486:Bophuthatswana crisis
2379:Church Street bombing
2175:Apartheid legislation
2168:1948 general election
2088:South Africa Act 1909
1883:Union of South Africa
1703:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
1683:Political history of
1483:Kozakiewicz's gesture
847:Espy 1981, pp.100–103
541:Ramsamy, Sam (1991).
431:and national anthem "
405:apartheid legislation
380:Return to competition
54:Further information:
2789:Greater South Africa
2627:2014 platinum strike
2493:Shell House massacre
2421:Transkei coup d'état
2242:Sharpeville massacre
2005:Battle of Blaauwberg
1998:Battle of Muizenberg
1950:Battle of Salt River
1733:Mthethwa Paramountcy
1539:LGBT rights protests
1369:Liberty Bell Classic
806:Espy 1981, pp.99–100
437:Ludwig van Beethoven
429:flag of South Africa
421:1992 Summer Olympics
328:1976 Olympic boycott
296:1972 Summer Olympics
275:organising committee
234:1968 Winter Olympics
226:1968 Summer Olympics
198:1964 Summer Olympics
73:white South Africans
30:. The South African
3681:Democratic Alliance
2858:Civic and political
2722:Afrikaner Calvinism
2715:African nationalism
2564:African Renaissance
2270:UNSC Resolution 591
2191:Internal resistance
2092:National Convention
2060:Transvaal Civil War
1984:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
1867:Orange River Colony
1443:Tlatelolco massacre
877:Killanin 1983 p. 44
859:Espy 1981, pp.125–6
838:Killanin 1983 p. 42
797:Espy 1981, pp.98–99
761:Espy 1981, pp.127–8
716:Killanin 1983 p. 34
626:Espy 1981, pp.70,75
617:Espy 1981, pp.69–70
601:Ramsamy 1990, p.539
403:, a cornerstone of
310:and the banning of
191:refused to grant a
173:travel restrictions
85:politics and sports
46:held in Barcelona.
22:did not compete at
2428:Ciskei coup d'état
2263:UN Resolution 1761
2228:Women's March 1956
2081:South African Wars
2067:Mineral Revolution
1475:Black Power salute
1451:Black Power salute
1033:. 10 August 1992.
1024:"Ramsamy rejoices"
886:Espy 181, pp.157–8
399:In June 1991, the
164:Commonwealth Games
3713:
3712:
3666:political parties
3659:
3658:
3636:Orde van die Dood
3253:Progressive Party
2959:Congress Alliance
2775:Cape Independence
2707:Political culture
2702:
2701:
2669:COVID-19 pandemic
2599:Marikana massacre
2435:Venda coup d'état
2205:Defiance Campaign
1795:Orange Free State
1725:Dutch Cape Colony
1650:
1649:
1395:(2024, postponed)
1353:People's Olympiad
1001:Los Angeles Times
977:Honey 2000, p.179
779:Honey 2000, p.178
589:Honey 2000, p.177
533:978-0-688-02209-9
519:"V: South Africa"
417:It first competed
189:Kenyan government
79:. The IOC under
69:Games Association
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3570:Paramilitary and
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3560:Umkosi Wezintaba
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3405:social movements
3403:Trade unions and
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2467:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2414:Dakar Conference
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2305:Sporting boycott
2300:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2277:Academic boycott
2272:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2134:Great Depression
2129:
2122:
2120:Maritz rebellion
2115:
2095:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1970:Dutch settlement
1952:
1945:
1943:Bantu migrations
1930:
1918:
1910:
1902:
1894:
1886:
1878:
1875:Transvaal Colony
1870:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1843:Nieuwe Republiek
1838:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1779:Natalia Republic
1774:
1766:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1748:Ndwandwe Kingdom
1743:
1741:
1738:
1728:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1654:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1614:
1606:
1598:
1590:
1582:
1574:
1566:
1558:
1550:
1542:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1510:
1502:
1494:
1486:
1478:
1470:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1396:
1388:
1380:
1377:Friendship Games
1372:
1364:
1356:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1273:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1161:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1056:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1026:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
991:
978:
975:
958:
957:
955:
953:
941:
935:
934:
909:(9): 1165–1181.
903:Sport in Society
898:
887:
884:
878:
875:
869:
868:Espy 1981, p.126
866:
860:
857:
848:
845:
839:
836:
825:
822:
816:
813:
807:
804:
798:
795:
789:
786:
780:
777:
771:
768:
762:
759:
744:
741:
735:
732:
726:
723:
717:
714:
703:
702:
700:
698:
683:
670:
667:
661:
660:
658:
656:
633:
627:
624:
618:
615:
602:
599:
590:
587:
567:
565:
563:
537:
524:My Olympic Years
521:
509:
507:
505:
495:
485:
483:
481:
427:. The official
267:African American
212:established the
3761:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3071:HNP (Herstigte)
3069:
3064:HNP (Herenigde)
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2882:Afrikaner Party
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2850:
2844:
2835:
2826:
2817:
2810:
2801:
2796:Honorary whites
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2757:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2698:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2557:Soweto bombings
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2358:Soweto Uprising
2356:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2298:Tar Baby Option
2296:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:Freedom Charter
2217:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2098:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1921:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1819:Griqualand West
1817:
1811:Griqualand East
1809:
1801:
1793:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1761:
1754:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1701:
1687:
1681:
1651:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1617:
1609:
1601:
1593:
1585:
1577:
1569:
1561:
1553:
1545:
1537:
1529:
1521:
1513:
1505:
1497:
1489:
1481:
1473:
1465:
1459:Munich massacre
1457:
1449:
1441:
1433:
1425:
1417:
1412:Stripped medals
1410:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1375:
1367:
1359:
1351:
1344:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1276:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1193:
1188:
1158:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1040:
1038:
1030:The Independent
1021:
1020:
1016:
1006:
1004:
993:
992:
981:
976:
961:
951:
949:
943:
942:
938:
900:
899:
890:
885:
881:
876:
872:
867:
863:
858:
851:
846:
842:
837:
828:
823:
819:
814:
810:
805:
801:
796:
792:
787:
783:
778:
774:
770:Espy 1981, p.96
769:
765:
760:
747:
743:Espy 1981, p.87
742:
738:
734:Espy 1981, p.86
733:
729:
725:Espy 1981, p.85
724:
720:
715:
706:
696:
694:
685:
684:
673:
669:Espy 1981, p.70
668:
664:
654:
652:
650:
635:
634:
630:
625:
621:
616:
605:
600:
593:
588:
579:
574:
561:
559:
557:
540:
534:
512:
503:
501:
493:
488:
479:
477:
475:
460:
457:
382:
324:
284:
206:
156:
140:Olympic Charter
131:
123:Main articles:
121:
58:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3759:
3757:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3718:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3669:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3629:Ossewabrandwag
3625:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3575:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3408:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3372:Unionist Party
3368:
3361:
3354:
3351:Torch Commando
3347:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3225:Orde Boerevolk
3221:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
3001:DP (1989–2000)
2997:
2994:DP (1973–1977)
2990:
2987:Dominion Party
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2868:Afrikaner Bond
2863:
2861:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2833:
2824:
2815:
2808:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2782:Day of the Vow
2778:
2771:
2764:
2755:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2550:Floor crossing
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2510:
2508:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2465:Bisho massacre
2461:
2460:
2459:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2407:Operation Vula
2403:
2400:Rubicon speech
2396:
2393:Langa massacre
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2315:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2171:
2163:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2127:Rand Rebellion
2123:
2116:
2108:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2053:Boer Republics
2049:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1965:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1911:
1903:
1899:Bophuthatswana
1895:
1887:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1859:Klein Vrystaat
1855:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1799:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1767:
1759:
1744:
1729:
1721:
1698:
1696:
1689:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1583:
1575:
1567:
1559:
1557:(2015–present)
1551:
1543:
1535:
1527:
1519:
1511:
1503:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1463:
1455:
1447:
1439:
1431:
1423:
1415:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1389:
1385:Goodwill Games
1381:
1373:
1365:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1286:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1164:
1156:
1155:
1133:
1119:
1105:
1085:
1071:
1048:
1014:
979:
959:
936:
888:
879:
870:
861:
849:
840:
826:
817:
808:
799:
790:
781:
772:
763:
745:
736:
727:
718:
704:
671:
662:
648:
628:
619:
603:
591:
576:
575:
573:
570:
569:
568:
555:
538:
532:
510:
486:
473:
456:
453:
409:F. W. de Klerk
381:
378:
323:
320:
283:
280:
269:athletes; the
246:black Nigerian
205:
202:
155:
152:
120:
117:
113:Olympic sports
81:Avery Brundage
51:
48:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3758:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3708:
3707:
3696:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3662:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3568:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3546:Die Spoorbund
3543:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3401:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3386:Workers Party
3383:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3267:Radio Freedom
3264:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3218:Oranjewerkers
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:organisations
2856:
2853:
2851:organisations
2847:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2694:
2692:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2648:Tshwane riots
2645:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
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344:Olympic sport
341:
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304:Olympic rings
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250:white Kenyan.
247:
243:
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238:Lord Killanin
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60:All sport in
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29:
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24:Olympic Games
21:
3704:
3664:Histories of
3365:United Party
3274:Reform Party
3211:Orangia Unie
2836:
2827:
2820:Swart gevaar
2818:
2802:
2758:
2749:
2690:
2592:Blikkiesdorp
2311:
1934:Pre-colonial
1787:Natal Colony
1771:Zulu Kingdom
1685:South Africa
1640:
1421:(since 1968)
1345:competitions
1268:
1146:. Retrieved
1136:
1127:
1122:
1110:. Retrieved
1095:
1088:
1076:. Retrieved
1061:
1039:. Retrieved
1028:
1017:
1005:. Retrieved
999:
950:. Retrieved
944:Reddy, E.S.
939:
906:
902:
882:
873:
864:
843:
820:
811:
802:
793:
784:
775:
766:
739:
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721:
695:. Retrieved
691:
665:
653:. Retrieved
638:
631:
622:
560:. Retrieved
546:
523:
502:. Retrieved
497:
478:. Retrieved
463:
398:
386:Kevan Gosper
383:
375:
356:
325:
292:West Germany
285:
271:Eastern Bloc
258:John Vorster
254:Frank Waring
207:
168:Jan de Klerk
157:
132:
96:Soviet Union
92:Eastern Bloc
89:
68:
65:
59:
20:South Africa
18:
2804:Rooi gevaar
2683:2021 unrest
2613:Nkandlagate
2442:Third Force
2319:Rugby union
1917:(1981–1994)
1909:(1979–1994)
1901:(1977–1994)
1893:(1976–1994)
1885:(1910–1961)
1877:(1902–1910)
1869:(1902–1910)
1861:(1886–1891)
1853:(1885–1887)
1845:(1884–1888)
1837:(1882–1885)
1829:(1882–1883)
1821:(1870–1873)
1813:(1861–1879)
1805:(1856–1902)
1797:(1854–1902)
1789:(1843–1910)
1781:(1839–1843)
1773:(1816–1897)
1765:(1795–1910)
1763:Cape Colony
1755: 1780
1740: 1780
1727:(1652–1806)
1717: 1220
1710: 1075
1387:(1986–2001)
1343:Alternative
952:23 November
697:11 February
394:Sam Ramsamy
342:was not an
340:rugby union
242:Ade Ademola
230:Mexico City
185:Baden-Baden
105:First World
94:led by the
3720:Categories
3615:Greyshirts
3379:Volksparty
2917:Black Sash
2578:Xenophobia
2571:Travelgate
2344:Border War
2148:Bantustans
2046:Great Trek
1991:Xhosa Wars
1851:Upingtonia
1835:Stellaland
1571:Lochtegate
451:(SASCOC).
441:Ode to Joy
363:1980 Games
187:after the
50:Background
2838:Volkstaat
2829:Uitlander
2760:Boerehaat
2736:Anarchism
2543:Arms Deal
2506:apartheid
2182:Pass laws
2159:Apartheid
2104:1910–1948
2023:1815–1910
1961:1652–1815
1142:"History"
931:144007206
923:1743-0437
572:Citations
425:Barcelona
373:in 1985.
367:parasport
3706:Category
3608:Boeremag
3106:Jeugkrag
3057:Het Volk
2751:Baasskap
2693:incident
2312:Olympics
1891:Transkei
1694:polities
1692:Defunct
1282:Boycotts
1144:. SASCOC
1035:Archived
516:(1983).
413:Lausanne
346:and the
3511:SAAPAWU
2849:Defunct
2812:Slavery
2032:Mfecane
1579:Rule 40
1198:By year
1148:17 June
1112:18 June
1078:18 June
1041:16 June
1007:16 June
655:16 June
562:17 June
504:17 June
480:16 June
455:Sources
419:at the
322:1971–88
282:1969–70
204:1965–68
181:Nairobi
154:1961–64
119:1957–60
3462:FOSATU
3316:SAYRCO
3288:SADECO
3204:Occupy
2743:Azania
2691:Lady R
2620:Racism
2449:CODESA
1926:Events
1915:Ciskei
1827:Goshen
1757:–1819)
1742:–1817)
1613:(2024)
1605:(2022)
1597:(2021)
1589:(2021)
1581:(2016)
1573:(2016)
1565:(2016)
1549:(2014)
1541:(2014)
1533:(2012)
1525:(2010)
1517:(2008)
1509:(2002)
1501:(1998)
1493:(1996)
1485:(1980)
1477:(1972)
1469:(1972)
1461:(1972)
1453:(1968)
1445:(1968)
1437:(1956)
1429:(1936)
1419:Doping
1404:Events
1379:(1984)
1371:(1980)
1363:(1963)
1355:(1936)
1103:
1069:
929:
921:
646:
553:
530:
471:
300:Munich
222:Tehran
177:London
3643:PAGAD
3539:SATUC
3532:SARHU
3518:SACTU
3497:NURHS
3455:FNETU
3441:CTSWU
3434:CNETU
3427:BLATU
3309:SAYCO
3197:NUSAS
3078:IDASA
2889:AITUP
2504:Post-
1907:Venda
927:S2CID
494:(PDF)
3650:SANF
3580:APLA
3525:SAIF
3504:PAWE
3490:NEUM
3483:MUSA
3448:FCWU
3393:WOSA
3344:TNIP
3302:SASO
3295:SAIC
3281:SABP
3232:PAVN
2966:COSG
2945:CTEG
2938:CNIP
1333:2022
1326:1988
1319:1984
1312:1980
1305:1976
1298:1964
1291:1956
1150:2013
1114:2013
1101:ISBN
1080:2013
1067:ISBN
1043:2013
1009:2013
954:2008
919:ISSN
699:2019
657:2013
644:ISBN
564:2013
551:ISBN
528:ISBN
506:2013
482:2013
469:ISBN
439:'s "
330:. A
256:and
244:, a
193:visa
127:and
3601:BBB
3594:AWB
3587:ARM
3553:UDF
3476:IWW
3469:ICU
3420:BCM
3413:APF
3358:UFP
3260:PRP
3239:PFP
3190:NRP
3183:NPP
3169:NNP
3162:NLP
3148:NCP
3099:ISL
3050:GNP
3022:ECC
3015:DSM
3008:DPP
2980:DLF
2952:COD
2931:CDA
2910:BPC
2903:AVF
2896:APO
911:doi
423:in
298:in
228:in
183:to
3722::
3622:MK
3176:NP
3141:NA
3092:IP
3085:ID
3036:FD
3029:FA
2973:CP
1752:c.
1737:c.
1714:c.
1707:c.
1051:^
1027:.
998:.
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1735:(
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1152:.
1116:.
1082:.
1045:.
1011:.
956:.
933:.
913::
701:.
659:.
566:.
508:.
484:.
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