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Pará”. This ushered in the potential of further encounters. On one of his expeditions, Captain-General D. Luiz
Mascarenhas was confronted by “war-like” people, the Apinayé, in 1740. Another confrontation between the Portuguese settlers and the Apinayé occurred in 1774 when Antônio Luiz Tavares Lisboa and his band of explorers were traveling by way of the Tocantins River. These early contacts did not greatly disrupt the lifestyle of the Apinayé people. It was not until the 19th century that the indigenous group would suffer from colonization. This was due to the shrinking of their territory and population reduction in the face of settlement establishment by the Portuguese. Da Matta (1982) believes that the Apinayé were saved from extinction mainly due to the fact that the area they were situated in did not have true economic value.
284:
for
Linguistics, in this particular case, Missionary Patricia Ham. Governmental support for indigenous schools was established as part of the 1988 Constitution. The current school system of the Apinayé shows that children start to learn in their native language up to the 4th grade, when Portuguese is introduced. The schools are run by the Apinayé community, with some teaching staff that comprises non-indigenous instructors and assistants. These schools further support the hypothesis that transmission rates are high; children are monolingual until they reach an age when they can start learning another language, leading to the majority of the population as being bilingual. It seems like the Apinayé language is still an important part of the culture of the group, and therefore has the ability to continue thriving.
275:
fortifications. In 1791 “another military post was founded on the
Arapary river” and the same occurred in 1797 with the construction of the post of São João das Duas Barras. Regardless of previous conflicts, the Apinayé participated in the War for Independence of 1823 after sending “250 warriors to join the troops of José Dias de Mattos”. The most recent area of conflict was during the construction of the Trans-Amazon highway in 1985, which was supposed to be built over indigenous land. With the support of Krahô, Xerente, Xavante, and Kayapó warriors, the Apinayé had their lands recognized by the Brazilian state and the route of the highway was altered to avoid passing through this indigenous territory.
334:
in depth, and examines the value of having an Apinayé pedagogical grammar in the classroom. There is an intrinsic link between language and culture, and learning the Apinayé language helps children build a stronger connection with both their indigenous culture and the national culture of Brazil. It also is perhaps part of the reason that this language currently holds the status of “developing” on the EGID scale as mentioned above, as transmission of a language to children of the culture is vital to its survival.
257:
together, though São José is controlled by the Krĩjobreire, and
Mariazinha has Cocojoire leadership. During the first quarter of the nineteenth century the Apinayé had a successful economic growth fueled by extensive cattle farming and the extraction of babaù palm oil which brought an increase in migration. The land rights of the Apinayé have been recognized by the federal government of Brazil in the 1988 Constitution.
330:
have also contributed to the descriptive grammar of the language, including Callow's 1962 paper discussing word order; Burgess and Ham's phonological analysis including topics like consonant to vowel ratio, tone, and inventories of the different sounds of the language; and Callow's 1962 analysis of nominal categories and Ham et al.’s 1979 analysis of verbal categories.
342:
In the
Acknowledgements section of “The Language of the Apinajé People of Central Brazil”, Oliveira thanks the Fundação Nacional do Índio (FUNAI) for assistance with the documentation needed for the research. Therefore, the Apinayé language has been part of a small documentation project, to provide
333:
Pedagogical grammars have been created for use in a bilingual classroom setting, with the intention of teaching both national culture and indigenous culture to young students. Sousa et al.’s “Apinajé Intercultural
Bilingual School: For an Education Beyond the Ethnic Frontier” discusses this process
283:
Schools existed in the area of the Apinayé as early as the early 19th century, however it is unclear if their purpose was for the indigenous group or the general settler population. The first instructional materials for the Apinayé language were organized by the missionaries of the Summer
Institute
236:
according to the most recent census taken by SIASI/SESAI in 2014. There are thirteen villages that speak the Apinayé language. The biggest and oldest villages include São José and
Mariazinha; and the smaller villages are Cocalinho, Patizal, Buriti Comprido, Palmeiras, Prata, Cocal Grande, Serrinha,
2557:
The plural and dual clitics may co-occur with a postposition that is inflected for person. The quantifier clitic is modifying the person prefix attached to the postposition, and occurs in front of it. When it comes to the third person, the majority of postpositions take a zero prefix, though there
329:
A descriptive grammar of this language exists, written by researcher
Christiane Cunha de Oliveira in her dissertation “The Language of the Apinajé People of Central Brazil”. Oliveira provides an extensive description and analysis of the phonology, morphology, and syntax of Apinayé. Other linguists
265:
The Apinayé indigenous population has had contacts with the
Jesuits, military bands and explorers, which is similar to the experiences of other indigenous groups. Between 1633 and 1658, the Jesuits journeyed up the Tocantins River in order to “ the Indians to ‘descend’ the river to the villages of
992:
Based on the information available, it can be postulated that these are both subject and object pronominal forms. In pragmatically unmarked use, the pronoun works within a clitic sequence, where the mood marker is in the first position and potentially a tense/aspect clitic that is stressed in the
351:
The most recent ethnographic study done on the Apinayé people is from 2017, where the education system is analyzed (Sousa et al.). The most prominent ethnography of the Apinayé language and people is Oliveira's thesis dissertation (2005). This was preceded by Da Matta's work (1982) which explores
903:
In Apinayé, there are personal pronouns for the first, second and third persons; which generally occupy the second position in a main clause. The first person pronoun “includes the hortative and plural inclusive distinctions”; other clitics are used to differentiate number distinctions. Pronouns
894:
Christiane Cunha de Oliveira wrote her PhD dissertation on the language of Apinayé (2005). She covers a wide range of morphological topics, which include lexical categories such as nouns, verbs, and postpositions. In the ‘nouns’ section, Oliveira discusses compound nouns and derived nouns in the
1517:
This strategy reproduces the first foot right-to-left of the original stem. The majority of closed syllables lose their coda under these conditions. However that is not always the case. Reduplication does not only occur in verb stems, but also noun stems in some cases; though this occurs when
256:
Before the 20th century, there used to be three main Apinayé groups known as the Rõrkojoire, the Cocojoire, and the Krĩjobreire. Each had their own land and political division, which totaled more than half of the current territory. Currently, the three distinct Apinayé groups have been living
247:
considers Apinayé "developing," with a rating of 5 on the Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS). It can be hypothesized that language transmission is high, since Apinayé was ranked as a threatened language in the past 10 years, but presently it is no longer at that level.
352:
Apinayé customs and traditions. Curt Niumendajú was a German anthropologist and ethnologist who wrote The Apinayé (1939). The book is based on the social structure of the indigenous group, though it also includes minimal information regarding the linguistic formation of the Apinayé language.
1955:
in the second clause “suggests that cause and result are expressed by two independent sentences”. However, the consultant of Oliveira noted that such constructions are odd, possibly because the higher agent is an event rather than a participant, and are only found in elicitation situations.
1813:
occurs between the two clauses. The introduction of the conjunction postulates that “the clauses expressing cause and result are not as formally bound to each other” as in the previous example. Both clauses are under the scope of the modality marker, therefore it is a confirmation that they
274:
During the initial colonization period, the Apinayé had been recorded as being hostile to European expeditions. This prompted the construction of the military post of Alcobaça in 1780. However, it was soon abandoned due to the successful raids of the Apinayé. This only prompted further
1435:
Reduplication is a process that occurs in Apinayé. In terms of verbs, it is generally used to describe concepts, such as colours, onomatopoeic sounds; iterative, repetitive, or progressive events; and events that depict fragmentation (like ‘shatter’). Some examples are listed below:
1814:
constitute a single sentence. Furthermore, this example differs with the previous ones due to causation; while the causers are animate beings for both examples, the second case shows that the causer is unaware of its actions, whereas the previous example has intentional causes.
1968:, which is preposed to the lexical verb of a clause. The marker is not a prefix to the verb, and may be labeled as a compound, since no other elements can exist between the two morphemes. This causativization applies only to monovalent verbs. For example:
3109:
ASSC: associative CNCL: conclusive DTR: detrimentive FCT: factive INSTR: instrumental INTS: intensifier IRLS: irrealis N.: proper noun PSSR: possessor QTF: quantifier RCPR: reciprocal RDPL: reduplication RFLX: reflexive RLS: realis RP: relational prefix
2068:
The morphological causative focuses on the effect of the cause in the causal chain. Here, the causee “is affected by the agent/causer; thus, the causee is expressed simply as the patient argument of the verb derived with the causative morpheme
2900:
Magalhães de Sousa, Rosineide; Alves de Almeida, Severina; Mendonça Lyra, Jairo Roberto; Guimarães Sousa, Jane; Dos Santos, Elizeu José (2017). "Apinajé Intercultural Bilingual School: For an Education Beyond the Ethnic
1544:
denotes the clause, while the result is in another clause. Furthermore, the clause which encodes the result functions as a different-subject clause in relation to the clause that expresses causation. For example:
1108:
In pragmatically marked use, a token of the pronoun precedes the sequence clause initially. Therefore, when the pronoun is stressed, the plosives are voiceless. This applies only to the realis form of pronouns:
2088:
as a morphological causative is “effected by the generalization in the usage of the construction”. The examples below, in which inanimate participants occupy the position of the higher agent, illustrate this:
300:
stock. It contains eight languages, some of which have many dialects within them. The languages of this family are concentrated mostly in “the savanna regions of Brazil from the southern parts of the states of
1531:
Some of the syntactic processes of Apinayé are the valency changing operations of causativization. There are two ways of expressing causativization: periphrastic construction and morphological construction.
862:
The onset is optional in Apinayé, but when it exists it may be any consonant from the inventory. C1C2V(C)-type syllables, where C2 is a voiced semivowel or liquid are very common. CCC onsets are always
993:
group. Phonological words are part of these sequences of clitics. In this instance, the pronouns do not carry stress; voice alteration is based on plosives occurring in the pronouns. For example:
1286:. The realis domain includes present, past, and habitual postpositions. The irrealis domain represents future, hypothetical, counterfactual, and conditional postpositions. Examples follow below:
895:
Apinayé language. Inflection occurs on verbs, in accordance with person, constituency and nonfiniteness. Postpositions inflect for person, if there is a lack of an overt dependent noun phrase.
321:
stock have become extinct, because their East coast location meant for the first contact with Europeans, which, as written above, was violent and detrimental to many indigenous communities.
4675:
1278:
Numerous grammatical categories are expressed by positional, phrasal and word clitics. Clitics are used to distinguish between realis and irrealis mood in the language. The marker
2081:
to become reinterpreted as belonging to a distinct category − a derivational morpheme, in the case at hand − than for the lexical verb to be reinterpreted as a manner adverb”.
4033:
4680:
3160:
2413:‘plural’ are positional clitics as well, and have the same distribution when it comes to person prefixes, as with full nouns; the clitics occur before:
557:
2251:
In Apinayé number distinguishes between singular, dual, and plural categories for nouns and verbs. These are expressed by positional clitics:
4305:
343:
the research necessary for this dissertation and descriptive grammar. Otherwise, documentation projects for this language are unavailable.
577:
4026:
882:
are permitted in the coda. The possible syllable types are identical to what we find in Mebengokre, except for those in which there are
3153:
733:
3265:
500:
3134:(version 1.1.3 ed.). Berkeley: University of California: Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Digital Resource.
719:
528:
182:
792:
216:(otherwise known as Afotigé, Aogé, Apinagé, Otogé, Oupinagee, Pinagé, Pinaré, Uhitische, Utinsche, and Western Timbira) is a
4019:
3120:
2868:
2385:
The plural and dual markers can also be used in compounding. An example is when they “combine with the indefinite article
801:
684:
4166:
1805:"The dog caused me to spill my juice. (i.e. it ran across my way, I tripped on it, and dropped the bowl with the juice)"
4670:
3146:
2794:
742:
535:
238:
168:
810:
670:
4367:
4084:
3280:
1657:‘do thus’ is coreferential with the causee”, shown by the independent pronoun at the beginning of the result clause.
830:
586:
493:
486:
3878:
3868:
106:
4236:
3527:
3416:
698:
192:
4665:
4256:
4161:
4100:
3904:
3633:
101:
4346:
4191:
3899:
3512:
3209:
3188:
507:
2259:(plural) which occur before nouns and verbs. The number clitics occur after the usage of person pronouns:
883:
879:
868:
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473:
466:
459:
447:
310:
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81:
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3183:
1518:
reduplicated verbs convert into nouns, or they are compounds that include reduplicated verbal stems.
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3863:
3808:
3767:
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3643:
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3459:
3315:
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Burgess, Eunice; Ham, Patricia (1968). "Multilevel conditioning of phoneme variants in Apinayé".
974:
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923:
910:
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386:
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The function of periphrastic construction is encoding indirect causation; the construction
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73:
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86:
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3226:
1282:
is used to denote realis clauses; whereas irrealis clauses are indicated by the marker
849:, there are underlying nasal vowels which surface independent of the nasal consonants.
713:
549:
453:
217:
160:
4659:
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786:
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173:
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229:
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137:
54:
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This example shows that the two clauses share an argument; “the object of
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200:
188:
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and that the latter has a very generic meaning makes it easier for
1876:
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RLS dog DEM 1-RP-do thus FCT 1 RFLX DTR 1-PSSR buriti juice spill
1327:
4015:
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The plural clitic mɛ can be a noun modifier, the dual clitic
1398:
1388:
1190:
2817:
2152:
1840:
1660:
The example below will illustrate an alternative situation:
1180:
2216:
2073:”. Furthermore, “the lexical verb shares an argument with
2048:
1964:
The morphological causative is distinguished by the marker
1765:
1741:
2497:
2361:
2168:"Your house burned down on you (i.e. to your detriment)."
1368:
1354:
1141:
1127:
199:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2816:
Lewis, Paul; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. (2017).
2365:
1721:
1252:
1202:"It’s me that I want to dance all night with Zé Cabere."
2527:
2177:
2107:
2097:
2018:
1976:
1917:
1897:
1850:
1668:
1553:
1299:
1221:
1081:
1057:
1020:
1001:
2818:"Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth edition"
16:
Macro-Jê language spoken by indigenous people of Brazil
2558:
are some irregular forms. Such examples follow below:
2327:"Have a seat, you all, let’s have a seat and gather."
2796:
The language of the Apinajé people of Central Brazil
1944:
1-RP-work DET RLS DEM 1-RP-do thus RLS 1 ASP 1-tired
4610:
4566:
4518:
4500:
4473:
4452:
4445:
4398:
4345:
4313:
4304:
4282:
4255:
4235:
4190:
4132:
4099:
4076:
4067:
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3918:
3892:
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3781:
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3720:
3697:
3619:
3586:
3478:
3445:
3372:
3334:
3246:
3237:
3197:
3176:
2852:Moore, Denny (2005). "Brazil: language situation".
1048:"We (exclusive) have already torn down the trees."
167:
151:
135:
130:
70:
60:
50:
40:
33:
21:
3132:The South American Phonological Inventory Database
232:, Eastern Central Brazil by some 2277 speakers of
3099:
3082:
3061:
3046:
3031:
3016:
3004:
2989:
2974:
1426:‘Me plus that one, the both of us will dance ’)"
3126:Lev, Michael; Stark, Tammy; Chang, Will (2012).
4676:Indigenous languages of South America (Central)
237:Botica, Riachinho, Bonito and Brejão. It is a
2895:
2893:
1817:The third syntactic pattern is the following:
317:”. Unfortunately, many other languages in the
4027:
3154:
2489:With free pronouns, the clitics occur after:
904:occur in the realis and the irrealis modes:
296:family is the largest language family in the
8:
2811:
2809:
2659:"from both of you (i.e. to your detriment)"
2854:Encyclopedia of languages and linguistics 2
2788:
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2712:
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2706:
2704:
2702:
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2084:The establishment of the new function for
18:
2836:A Divided World: Apinayé social structure
2685:Maria Elisa Ladeira and Gilberto Azanha.
906:
603:
375:
2867:Dryer, Matthew S.; Haspelmath, Martin.
2847:
2845:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2668:
193:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2915:
2904:
2793:Cunha de Oliveira, Christiane (2005).
1947:"My work is already making me tired."
4681:Indigenous languages of South America
4114:Mẽbêngôkre (dialects: Kayapó, Xikrín)
1951:The inclusion of the modality marker
1199:1 IRLS 1.IRLS N. INSTR dance QTF INTS
1104:"We (inclusive) have already eaten."
7:
2553:Quantifiers - Postpositional Phrases
1649:“You did me thus, I hit the dog”) "
1196:Pa kɔt paj Zɛkabeti ɔ grɛ rač kumrɛč
3128:"Phonological inventory of Apinayé"
2802:(PhD thesis). University of Oregon.
2459:"the (deceased people’s) spirits"
2232:"The hot mat burned my shoulder."
1461:"drip repeatedly on the same spot"
1264:"It’s me that I am really happy!"
14:
2324:PL 2-sit.PL HORT PL 1.INCL sit.PL
829:
809:
800:
791:
773:
766:
748:
741:
732:
725:
718:
704:
697:
690:
683:
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669:
585:
576:
556:
534:
527:
513:
506:
499:
492:
485:
472:
465:
458:
434:
427:
420:
413:
2389:to form the indefinite pronouns
2229:RLS mat hot 1-shoulder CAUS=burn
1645:"You caused me to hit the dog. (
1642:RLS 2 DEM 1-RP-do thus 1 dog hit
1799:pa amɲĩ pe i-ɲ-õ gwra kago kapi
2165:RLS ASP 2-home 2-DTR burn CNCL
1422:"I will dance with that one. (
1:
2405:In Apinayé, the quantifiers
66:2,300 (2014)SIASI/SESAI
2838:. Harvard University Press.
2693:. Instituto Socioambiental.
4697:
2834:Da Matta, Roberto (1982).
2401:Quantifiers - Noun Phrases
878:All consonants other than
4640:
3879:Paulista General Language
2691:Povos Indígenas No Brasil
2064:"You filled the basket."
1274:Realis and Irrealis Modes
886:-initial complex onsets.
618:
613:
608:
606:
444:
179:
26:
2947:10.1515/ling.1968.6.41.5
2518:"the both of you will…"
2223:na kupĩp kagrɔ i-n-ikrɛ
3189:Brazilian Sign Language
1960:Morphological Causative
4219:Akwẽ-Xerénte (Xerénte)
3100:Cunha de Oliveira 2005
3083:Cunha de Oliveira 2005
3062:Cunha de Oliveira 2005
3047:Cunha de Oliveira 2005
3032:Cunha de Oliveira 2005
3017:Cunha de Oliveira 2005
3005:Cunha de Oliveira 2005
2990:Cunha de Oliveira 2005
2975:Cunha de Oliveira 2005
2914:Cite journal requires
2009:"The basket is full."
1536:Periphrastic Causative
1340:"He took it from me."
924:1st person (inclusive)
338:Documentation Projects
181:This article contains
3884:Portunhol fronteiriço
3121:WALS page for Apinayé
2378:PL woman DEF.ART.RDPL
1795:na rɔp ri ic-t-ɔ anẽ
1412:Kɔt paj mũj mẽ wa grɛ
1045:RLS 1 PL ASP tree cut
2820:. SIL International.
2158:na ra a-ɲ-õkwɨ a-pe
2061:RLS 2 côfo CAUS=full
1337:RLS 1-DTR 3.ACC-grab
1101:RLS 1.INCL ASP 3-eat
4671:Languages of Brazil
4306:Trans–São Francisco
3170:Languages of Brazil
2437:"for us (DU.EXCL)"
1261:1 RLS 1 1-merry FCT
368:inventory follows.
239:subject–object–verb
4043:Macro-Jê languages
3634:Gavião of Jiparaná
3198:Regional languages
2869:"Language Apinayé"
1934:i-j-apen ja na ri
853:Syllable structure
4653:
4652:
4647:extinct languages
4542:Bororo of Cabaçal
4496:
4495:
4441:
4440:
4300:
4299:
4278:
4277:
4270:Laklãnõ (Xokléng)
4231:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4009:
4008:
3852:
3851:
3538:Laklãnõ (Xokléng)
3177:Official language
2485:"...see you all"
1941:na pa ra ic-kengʌ
1487:"erode; collapse"
1258:Pa na pa ic-kĩ nẽ
990:
989:
843:
842:
597:
596:
451:
315:Rio Grande do Sul
207:
206:
189:rendering support
185:phonetic symbols.
4688:
4450:
4311:
4253:
4233:
4130:
4074:
4065:
4056:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4013:
3244:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3140:
3135:
3103:
3097:
3086:
3080:
3065:
3059:
3050:
3044:
3035:
3029:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2993:
2987:
2978:
2972:
2959:
2958:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2917:
2912:
2910:
2902:
2897:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2875:. Archived from
2864:
2858:
2857:
2849:
2840:
2839:
2831:
2822:
2821:
2813:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2790:
2695:
2694:
2682:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2578:
2568:
2538:
2529:
2508:
2499:
2474:
2470:
2448:
2427:
2423:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2345:
2321:Mɛ a-krĩ pa krĩ
2317:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2283:
2279:
2269:
2218:
2205:
2179:
2154:
2134:
2130:
2119:
2109:
2099:
2050:
2030:
2020:
1978:
1929:
1919:
1909:
1899:
1878:
1874:
1862:
1852:
1842:
1831:
1827:
1767:
1763:
1753:
1743:
1733:
1723:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1670:
1648:
1612:
1591:
1587:
1575:
1565:
1555:
1425:
1418:
1400:
1390:
1380:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1311:
1301:
1254:
1243:
1233:
1223:
1213:
1192:
1182:
1164:
1153:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1119:
1093:
1083:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1022:
1012:
1003:
907:
885:
881:
870:
866:
833:
813:
804:
795:
777:
770:
752:
745:
736:
729:
722:
708:
701:
694:
687:
680:
673:
659:
652:
647:
640:
635:
628:
604:
589:
580:
560:
538:
531:
517:
510:
503:
496:
489:
476:
469:
462:
445:
438:
431:
424:
417:
376:
163:
147:
140:
76:
19:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4636:
4606:
4562:
4514:
4492:
4469:
4437:
4394:
4368:Ritual Maxakalí
4341:
4296:
4274:
4251:
4223:
4192:Central (Akuwẽ)
4178:
4128:
4095:
4085:Southern Kayapó
4045:
4040:
4010:
4005:
3914:
3888:
3848:
3777:
3749:
3716:
3693:
3615:
3582:
3474:
3441:
3368:
3330:
3239:
3233:
3193:
3172:
3167:
3125:
3117:
3112:
3106:
3098:
3089:
3081:
3068:
3060:
3053:
3045:
3038:
3030:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3003:
2996:
2988:
2981:
2973:
2962:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2913:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2891:
2882:
2880:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2850:
2843:
2833:
2832:
2825:
2815:
2814:
2807:
2799:
2792:
2791:
2698:
2684:
2683:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2651:
2637:
2626:
2616:
2602:
2591:
2581:
2570:
2555:
2550:
2540:
2531:
2520:
2510:
2501:
2487:
2477:
2461:
2451:
2439:
2429:
2403:
2383:
2373:
2355:
2347:
2329:
2319:
2308:
2294:
2285:
2271:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2221:
2208:
2197:
2189:
2181:
2170:
2156:
2146:
2136:
2122:
2111:
2101:
2066:
2053:
2040:
2032:
2022:
2011:
1998:
1988:
1980:
1962:
1949:
1932:
1921:
1911:
1901:
1891:
1881:
1864:
1854:
1844:
1834:
1807:
1793:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1755:
1745:
1735:
1725:
1713:
1705:
1690:
1680:
1672:
1651:
1630:
1622:
1614:
1604:
1594:
1577:
1567:
1557:
1538:
1529:
1524:
1515:
1513:"be fast, rush"
1508:
1502:
1495:
1489:
1482:
1476:
1469:
1463:
1456:
1450:
1443:
1433:
1428:
1410:
1402:
1392:
1382:
1372:
1358:
1348:
1342:
1332:
1317:
1303:
1293:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1256:
1246:
1235:
1225:
1215:
1204:
1194:
1184:
1174:
1166:
1156:
1145:
1131:
1121:
1106:
1096:
1085:
1075:
1061:
1050:
1040:
1032:
1024:
1014:
1005:
901:
892:
876:
860:
855:
655:
650:
643:
638:
631:
626:
602:
452:
374:
358:
349:
340:
327:
290:
288:Language family
281:
272:
263:
254:
187:Without proper
159:
143:
136:
126:
107:Trans-Tocantins
77:
74:Language family
72:
63:
62:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
4694:
4692:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4658:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4627:
4619:
4617:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4597:
4590:
4583:
4575:
4573:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4533:
4525:
4523:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4506:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4479:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4456:
4454:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4406:
4404:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4359:
4351:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4332:
4327:
4319:
4317:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4261:
4259:
4250:
4249:
4241:
4239:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4204:
4196:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4138:
4136:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4119:Kĩsêdjê (Suyá)
4116:
4111:
4105:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4080:
4078:
4071:
4062:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4016:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3956:Haitian Creole
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3900:Brazilian Sign
3896:
3894:
3893:Sign languages
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3860:
3858:
3857:Interlanguages
3854:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3726:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3703:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3592:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3451:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3123:
3116:
3115:External links
3113:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3102:, p. 216.
3087:
3085:, p. 205.
3066:
3064:, p. 173.
3051:
3049:, p. 267.
3036:
3034:, p. 265.
3021:
3019:, p. 263.
3009:
3007:, p. 262.
2994:
2992:, p. 170.
2979:
2977:, p. 160.
2960:
2925:
2916:|journal=
2889:
2859:
2841:
2823:
2805:
2696:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2638:
2628:
2627:
2603:
2593:
2592:
2571:
2561:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2532:
2522:
2521:
2515:IRLS 2.IRLS DU
2502:
2492:
2491:
2463:
2462:
2441:
2440:
2416:
2415:
2402:
2399:
2393:‘someone’ and
2356:
2348:
2338:
2337:
2309:
2295:
2286:
2272:
2262:
2261:
2248:
2247:Number Clitics
2245:
2243:
2242:Quantification
2240:
2238:
2235:
2209:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2172:
2171:
2147:
2137:
2123:
2112:
2102:
2092:
2091:
2041:
2033:
2023:
2013:
2012:
1989:
1981:
1971:
1970:
1961:
1958:
1922:
1912:
1902:
1892:
1882:
1865:
1855:
1845:
1835:
1820:
1819:
1786:
1778:
1770:
1756:
1746:
1736:
1726:
1714:
1706:
1691:
1681:
1673:
1663:
1662:
1623:
1615:
1605:
1595:
1578:
1568:
1558:
1548:
1547:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1527:Valency Change
1525:
1523:
1520:
1504:
1503:
1491:
1490:
1478:
1477:
1465:
1464:
1452:
1451:
1439:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1403:
1393:
1383:
1373:
1359:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1334:Na ic-pe ku-bə
1318:
1304:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1247:
1236:
1226:
1216:
1206:
1205:
1185:
1175:
1167:
1157:
1146:
1132:
1122:
1112:
1111:
1098:Na pa ra ku-ku
1086:
1076:
1062:
1052:
1051:
1033:
1025:
1015:
1006:
996:
995:
988:
987:
982:
977:
971:
970:
965:
960:
954:
953:
948:
943:
937:
936:
931:
926:
920:
919:
918:Irrealis Mode
916:
913:
900:
897:
891:
888:
875:
872:
859:
856:
854:
851:
841:
840:
838:
836:
834:
827:
825:
823:
817:
816:
814:
807:
805:
798:
796:
789:
783:
782:
780:
778:
771:
764:
762:
760:
754:
753:
746:
739:
737:
730:
723:
716:
710:
709:
702:
695:
688:
681:
674:
667:
661:
660:
653:
648:
641:
636:
629:
623:
622:
617:
612:
607:
601:
598:
595:
594:
592:
590:
583:
581:
574:
568:
567:
565:
563:
561:
554:
552:
546:
545:
543:
541:
539:
532:
525:
519:
518:
511:
504:
497:
490:
482:
481:
479:
477:
470:
463:
456:
442:
441:
439:
432:
425:
418:
411:
405:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
373:
370:
357:
354:
348:
345:
339:
336:
326:
323:
311:Santa Catarina
289:
286:
280:
277:
271:
268:
262:
259:
253:
250:
234:Apinajé people
205:
204:
191:, you may see
177:
176:
171:
165:
164:
157:
149:
148:
141:
133:
132:
131:Language codes
128:
127:
125:
124:
123:
122:
121:
120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
80:
78:
71:
68:
67:
64:
61:
58:
57:
52:
48:
47:
42:
41:Native to
38:
37:
35:
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4693:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4648:
4644:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4032:
4030:
4025:
4023:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3236:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3159:
3157:
3152:
3150:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3101:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2926:
2921:
2908:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2879:on 2015-04-29
2878:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2798:
2797:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2589:"after them"
2587:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2307:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2135:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2006:RLS côfo full
2004:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:The particle
1806:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1704:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1650:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1593:
1583:
1582:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1543:
1535:
1533:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1431:Reduplication
1430:
1427:
1420:
1419:ASSC DU dance
1413:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1321:
1316:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1144:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1004:
999:
994:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
972:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
921:
917:
914:
912:
909:
908:
905:
898:
896:
889:
887:
873:
871:
857:
852:
850:
848:
839:
837:
835:
832:
828:
826:
824:
822:
819:
818:
815:
812:
808:
806:
803:
799:
797:
794:
790:
788:
785:
784:
781:
779:
776:
772:
769:
765:
763:
761:
759:
756:
755:
751:
747:
744:
740:
738:
735:
731:
728:
724:
721:
717:
715:
712:
711:
707:
703:
700:
696:
693:
689:
686:
682:
679:
675:
672:
668:
666:
663:
662:
658:
654:
649:
646:
642:
637:
634:
630:
625:
624:
621:
616:
611:
605:
599:
593:
591:
588:
584:
582:
579:
575:
573:
570:
569:
566:
564:
562:
559:
555:
553:
551:
548:
547:
544:
542:
540:
537:
533:
530:
526:
524:
521:
520:
516:
512:
509:
505:
502:
498:
495:
491:
488:
484:
483:
480:
478:
475:
471:
468:
464:
461:
457:
455:
449:
443:
440:
437:
433:
430:
426:
423:
419:
416:
412:
410:
407:
406:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
377:
371:
369:
367:
363:
355:
353:
346:
344:
337:
335:
331:
324:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
295:
287:
285:
279:First Schools
278:
276:
269:
267:
260:
258:
251:
249:
246:
242:
240:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
184:
178:
175:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
156:
155:
150:
146:
142:
139:
134:
129:
113:
110:
109:
108:
105:
104:
103:
100:
99:
98:
95:
94:
93:
90:
89:
88:
85:
84:
83:
79:
75:
69:
65:
59:
56:
53:
49:
46:
43:
39:
36:
34:Pronunciation
32:
29:
25:
20:
4666:Jê languages
4642:
4629:
4622:
4611:
4599:
4592:
4585:
4578:
4567:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4528:
4430:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4399:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4354:
4334:
4322:
4289:
4283:Unclassified
4244:
4237:Jê of Paraná
4206:
4199:
4171:
4108:
4083:
3919:Non-official
3905:Ka'apor Sign
3492:
3488:Akwẽ-Xerénte
3281:Enawenê-Nawê
3131:
3108:
3012:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2907:cite journal
2881:. Retrieved
2877:the original
2872:
2862:
2853:
2835:
2795:
2690:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2642:
2639:
2632:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2607:
2604:
2597:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2575:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2556:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2526:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2496:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2467:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2420:
2417:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2397:‘someone’”.
2394:
2390:
2386:
2384:
2381:"the women"
2380:
2377:
2374:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2349:
2342:
2339:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2313:
2310:
2299:
2296:
2289:
2287:
2276:
2273:
2266:
2263:
2256:
2252:
2250:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2176:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2127:
2124:
2116:
2113:
2106:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2085:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1975:
1972:
1965:
1963:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1926:
1923:
1916:
1913:
1906:
1903:
1896:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1849:
1846:
1839:
1836:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1760:
1757:
1750:
1747:
1740:
1737:
1730:
1727:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1707:
1695:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1644:
1641:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1562:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1541:
1539:
1530:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1474:"hurt; ache"
1473:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1421:
1415:IRLS 1.IRLS
1414:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1397:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1363:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1322:
1319:
1308:
1305:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1240:
1237:
1230:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1161:
1158:
1150:
1147:
1136:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1066:
1063:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1042:Na ra pĩ kə
1041:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1009:
1007:
1000:
997:
991:
984:
979:
967:
962:
950:
945:
933:
928:
915:Realis Mode
902:
893:
877:
861:
844:
448:prenasalized
359:
350:
341:
332:
328:
291:
282:
273:
264:
255:
243:
228:) spoken in
213:
209:
208:
180:
152:
111:
27:
4488:Djeoromitxi
4453:Mato Grosso
3931:Vlax Romani
3910:Terena Sign
3874:Macarrônico
3755:Nambikwaran
3513:Djeoromitxí
2935:Linguistics
2873:WALS Online
2624:"for them"
2482:PL 2-RP-see
2456:PL 3-spirit
2409:‘dual’ and
2255:(dual) and
2055:na ka kawə
1639:pa rɔp kura
845:Just as in
347:Ethnography
218:Northern Jê
195:instead of
102:Northern Jê
97:Jê of Goyaz
28:Panhĩ kapẽr
4660:Categories
4556:Gorgotoqui
4347:Maxakalían
3869:Lanc-Patuá
3768:Nambikwara
3699:Chapacuran
3674:Tenetehara
3548:Mẽbêngôkre
3508:Chiquitano
3417:Pará Arára
3402:Hixkaryana
3238:Indigenous
3210:Pomeranian
3184:Portuguese
2901:Frontier".
2883:2011-02-22
2664:References
2586:PL 3-after
2548:"we all…"
2375:mɛ di jaja
958:3rd person
941:2nd person
890:Morphology
847:Mebengokre
372:Consonants
325:Literature
245:Ethnologue
241:language.
220:language (
4645:indicate
4465:Rikbáktsa
4167:Kỳikatêjê
4162:Parkatêjê
3936:Hungarian
3659:Nheengatu
3654:Munduruku
3644:Kagwahiva
3563:Rikbaktsa
3460:Kashinawa
3316:Wapishana
3256:Asháninka
3240:languages
2955:143937140
2687:"History"
2237:Semantics
2206:-shoulder
1632:na ka ri
1346:Irrealis:
975:Hortative
523:Fricative
362:consonant
356:Phonology
309:south to
230:Tocantins
154:Glottolog
138:ISO 639-3
55:Tocantins
4580:Dzubukuá
4475:Jabutian
4425:Masakará
4362:Maxakalí
4265:Kaingáng
4257:Southern
4208:Xakriabá
4124:Tapayuna
4101:Northern
3971:Romanian
3926:Japanese
3819:Katawixi
3814:Kanamarí
3763:Mamaindê
3722:Tukanoan
3669:Tapirapé
3568:Tapayúna
3543:Maxakalí
3518:Kaingang
3480:Macro-Jê
3470:Yaminawa
3432:Ye'kuana
3349:Jamamadí
3321:Warekena
3291:Mehinaku
3286:Mapidian
3271:Barawana
3248:Arawakan
2656:DU 2-DTR
2621:PL 3.DAT
2583:me Ø-kot
2545:RLS 1 PL
2434:DU 1-DAT
2335:is not:
2200:i-n-ikrɛ
2114:a-ɲ-õkwɨ
2000:na kawə
1924:ic-kengʌ
1822:i-j-apen
1510:pre.prek
1506:pre.prek
1500:"yellow"
1471:tə̃.tə̃k
1467:tə̃.tə̃k
1148:Zɛkabeti
899:Pronouns
714:High-mid
387:Alveolar
319:Macro-Jê
307:Maranhão
298:Macro-Jê
270:Conflict
226:Macro-Jê
201:Help:IPA
161:apin1244
82:Macro-Jê
4643:Italics
4616: ?
4572: ?
4559: ?
4530:Umutína
4522: ?
4483:Arikapú
4446:Western
4336:Nakrehé
4214:Xavánte
4157:Krĩkatí
4152:Pykobjê
4134:Timbira
4109:Apinajé
4060:Cerrado
3996:Chinese
3986:Turkish
3981:Tagalog
3976:Russian
3864:Cafundó
3809:Kadiwéu
3804:Irantxe
3794:Arutani
3707:Oro Win
3588:Nadahup
3578:Xavante
3573:Timbira
3528:Kĩsêdjê
3498:Arikapú
3493:Apinajé
3465:Shipibo
3455:Amawaka
3427:Sikiana
3412:Macushi
3392:Bakairi
3374:Cariban
3364:Zuruahá
3359:Paumarí
3306:Tariana
3296:Palikúr
3261:Atorada
3222:Italian
3217:Hunsrik
2653:wa a-pe
2449:-spirit
1417:DEM.DST
1379:DEM.DST
1291:Realis:
1269:Clitics
787:Low-mid
615:Central
402:Glottal
392:Palatal
261:Contact
252:History
214:Apinajé
210:Apinayé
197:Unicode
174:Apinayé
112:Apinayé
92:Cerrado
22:Apinayé
4624:Coropó
4613:Purian
4601:Sabujá
4587:Kamurú
4569:Karirí
4536:Boróro
4520:Borôro
4510:Karajá
4502:Karajá
4432:Menién
4418:Kotoxó
4411:Kamakã
4401:Kamakã
4389:Kapoxó
4382:Makoní
4375:Pataxó
4356:Malalí
4330:Krenak
4324:Guerén
4315:Krenák
4246:Ingain
4142:Canela
4091:Panará
4077:Panará
4001:Slovak
3991:Korean
3966:Polish
3946:French
3941:Arabic
3844:Xukuru
3839:Ticuna
3834:Pirahã
3789:Aikanã
3782:Others
3773:Sabanê
3745:Wanano
3740:Tuyuca
3735:Tukano
3684:Xipaya
3664:Omagua
3639:Juruna
3629:Akwáwa
3621:Tupian
3558:Panará
3533:Krenak
3523:Karajá
3503:Bororo
3447:Panoan
3437:Waiwai
3422:Salumá
3407:Ikpeng
3387:Apalaí
3382:Amonap
3354:Kulina
3336:Arawan
3311:Terêna
3301:Paresi
3266:Baniwa
3227:Talian
3205:German
2953:
2941:(41).
2618:me kəm
2579:-after
2479:-p-ubu
2465:-p-ubu
1936:ic-t-ɔ
1930:-tired
1868:ic-t-ɔ
1775:buriti
1693:ic-t-ɔ
1634:ic-t-ɔ
1581:ic-t-ɔ
1522:Syntax
1497:rə.rər
1493:rə.rər
1484:ro.rok
1480:ro.rok
1458:pɛ.pɛk
1454:pɛ.pɛk
1448:"rest"
1445:ko.kot
1441:ko.kot
1244:-merry
1187:kumrɛč
911:Person
858:Onsets
600:Vowels
382:Labial
51:Region
45:Brazil
4594:Kipeá
4549:Otuke
4460:Ofayé
4291:Jaikó
4201:Acroá
4173:Krẽjê
4147:Krahô
4069:Goyaz
3961:Greek
3951:Dutch
3829:Ninam
3824:Kwaza
3799:Guató
3730:Cubeo
3712:Wariʼ
3649:Kaiwá
3611:Nadëb
3606:Kakwa
3553:Ofayé
3397:Carib
3326:Waurá
2951:S2CID
2800:(PDF)
2573:Ø-kot
2453:-karõ
2443:-karõ
2353:woman
2280:-sit.
2274:a-krĩ
2225:ɔ=čet
2219:=burn
2212:ɔ=čet
2192:kagrɔ
2184:kupĩp
2120:-home
2057:ɔ=dɘt
2051:=full
2044:ɔ=dɘt
1832:-work
1791:spill
1783:juice
1758:i-ɲ-õ
1655:ɔ anẽ
1542:ɔ anẽ
1408:dance
1330:-grab
1320:ku-bə
1306:ic-pe
1238:ic-kĩ
1172:dance
1163:INSTR
1088:ku-ku
880:/ŋ,ʔ/
874:Codas
869:/ŋvr/
865:/kvr/
657:nasal
651:plain
645:nasal
639:plain
633:nasal
627:plain
610:Front
572:Glide
409:Nasal
397:Velar
366:vowel
4631:Puri
3689:Zo'é
3679:Xeta
3344:Deni
3276:Baré
2920:help
2640:a-pe
2512:kɔt
2498:IRLS
2475:-see
2431:-mə̃
2418:-mə̃
2395:waʔõ
2391:mɛʔõ
2370:RDPL
2358:jaja
2314:sit.
2305:INCL
2217:CAUS
2153:CNCL
2144:burn
2125:a-pe
2049:CAUS
2038:côfo
2035:kawə
1996:full
1986:côfo
1983:kawə
1889:thus
1788:kapi
1780:kago
1772:gwra
1766:PSSR
1742:RFLX
1738:amɲĩ
1711:thus
1647:lit.
1625:kura
1602:thus
1424:lit.
1389:ASSC
1369:IRLS
1355:IRLS
1191:INTS
1142:IRLS
1128:IRLS
1094:-eat
1072:INCL
1030:tree
963:əm/ø
665:High
620:Back
550:Flap
454:Stop
364:and
360:The
313:and
305:and
303:Pará
292:The
3601:Hup
3596:Dâw
2943:doi
2648:DTR
2613:DAT
2605:kəm
2542:na
2528:RLS
2494:kɔt
2426:DAT
2366:ART
2362:DEF
2311:krĩ
2195:hot
2187:mat
2178:RLS
2160:čet
2140:čet
2133:DTR
2108:ASP
2098:RLS
2019:RLS
2002:dɘt
1992:dɘt
1977:RLS
1939:anẽ
1918:ASP
1898:RLS
1885:anẽ
1879:-do
1861:DEM
1851:RLS
1841:DET
1752:DTR
1722:FCT
1708:anẽ
1703:-do
1687:DEM
1678:dog
1675:rɔp
1669:RLS
1637:anẽ
1628:hit
1620:dog
1617:rɔp
1598:anẽ
1592:-do
1574:DEM
1554:RLS
1405:grɛ
1375:mũj
1361:paj
1351:Kɔt
1328:ACC
1314:DTR
1300:RLS
1284:kɔt
1253:FCT
1222:RLS
1181:QTF
1177:rač
1169:grɛ
1134:paj
1124:kɔt
1082:ASP
1058:RLS
1038:cut
1021:ASP
1002:RLS
985:puj
951:kaj
934:paj
884:/ʔ/
867:or
821:Low
758:Mid
474:ᶮdʒ
212:or
183:IPA
169:ELP
145:apn
4662::
4051:Jê
3130:.
3090:^
3069:^
3054:^
3039:^
3024:^
2997:^
2982:^
2963:^
2949:.
2937:.
2911::
2909:}}
2905:{{
2892:^
2871:.
2844:^
2826:^
2808:^
2699:^
2689:.
2671:^
2634:DU
2630:wa
2599:PL
2595:me
2567:PL
2563:me
2537:PL
2524:na
2507:DU
2473:RP
2411:me
2407:wa
2350:di
2344:PL
2340:mɛ
2333:wa
2316:PL
2297:pa
2291:PL
2282:PL
2268:PL
2264:Mɛ
2257:mɛ
2253:wa
2174:na
2162:pa
2149:pa
2104:ra
2094:na
2025:ka
2015:na
1973:na
1953:na
1914:ra
1904:pa
1894:na
1877:RP
1857:ri
1847:na
1837:ja
1830:RP
1811:nẽ
1797:nẽ
1748:pe
1728:pa
1717:nẽ
1701:RP
1683:ri
1665:na
1607:pa
1590:RP
1570:ri
1560:ka
1550:na
1399:DU
1395:wa
1385:mẽ
1296:Na
1280:na
1249:nẽ
1228:pa
1218:na
1208:Pa
1114:Pa
1078:ra
1064:pa
1054:Na
1035:kə
1027:pĩ
1017:ra
1011:PL
998:Na
980:pu
968:ja
946:ka
929:pa
775:ə̃
692:ɨ̃
501:tʃ
467:ⁿd
460:ᵐb
294:Jê
224:,
222:Jê
87:Jê
4035:e
4028:t
4021:v
3162:e
3155:t
3148:v
2957:.
2945::
2939:6
2922:)
2918:(
2886:.
2856:.
2646:-
2644:2
2611:.
2609:3
2577:3
2471:-
2469:2
2447:3
2424:-
2422:1
2387:õ
2368:.
2364:.
2303:.
2301:1
2278:2
2204:1
2131:-
2129:2
2118:2
2086:ɔ
2079:ɔ
2075:ɔ
2071:ɔ
2029:2
1966:ɔ
1928:1
1908:1
1875:-
1873:1
1828:-
1826:1
1764:-
1762:1
1732:1
1699:-
1697:1
1611:1
1588:-
1586:1
1564:2
1367:.
1365:1
1326:.
1324:3
1312:-
1310:1
1242:1
1232:1
1212:1
1159:ɔ
1154:.
1152:N
1140:.
1138:1
1118:1
1092:3
1070:.
1068:1
831:a
811:ɔ
802:ʌ
793:ɛ
768:ə
750:õ
743:o
734:ɘ
727:ẽ
720:e
706:ũ
699:u
685:ɨ
678:ĩ
671:i
587:j
578:w
558:ɾ
536:s
529:f
515:ʔ
508:k
494:t
487:p
450:)
446:(
436:ŋ
429:ɲ
422:n
415:m
203:.
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