569:. The QC cells are characterized by their low mitotic activity. Evidence suggests that the QC maintains the surrounding stem cells by preventing their differentiation, via signal(s) that are yet to be discovered. This allows a constant supply of new cells in the meristem required for continuous root growth. Recent findings indicate that QC can also act as a reservoir of stem cells to replenish whatever is lost or damaged. Root apical meristem and tissue patterns become established in the embryo in the case of the primary root, and in the new lateral root primordium in the case of secondary roots.
274:
345:
336:, layer two of the corpus determines the characteristics of the edge of the leaf. The corpus and tunica play a critical part of the plant physical appearance as all plant cells are formed from the meristems. Apical meristems are found in two locations: the root and the stem. Some arctic plants have an apical meristem in the lower/middle parts of the plant. It is thought that this kind of meristem evolved because it is advantageous in arctic conditions.
3922:
511:, including A-ARRs. A-ARRs are similar to B-ARRs in structure; however, A-ARRs do not contain the DNA binding domains that B-ARRs have, and which are required to function as transcription factors. Therefore, A-ARRs do not contribute to the activation of transcription, and by competing for phosphates from phosphotransfer proteins, inhibit B-ARRs function. In the SAM, B-ARRs induce the expression of
776:
666:
If the dominant meristem is cut off, one or more branch tips will assume dominance. The branch will start growing faster and the new growth will be vertical. Over the years, the branch may begin to look more and more like an extension of the main trunk. Often several branches will exhibit this behavior after the removal of apical meristem, leading to a bushy growth.
534:
765:
370:. It is where the first indications that flower development has been evoked are manifested. One of these indications might be the loss of apical dominance and the release of otherwise dormant cells to develop as auxiliary shoot meristems, in some species in axils of primordia as close as two or three away from the apical dome.
1056:
In vascular cambium, the primary phloem and xylem are produced by the apical meristem. After this initial development, secondary phloem and xylem are produced by the lateral meristem. The two are connected through a thin layer of parenchymal cells which are differentiated into the fascicular cambium.
796:
family in this function. These genes essentially maintain the stem cells in an undifferentiated state. The KNOX family has undergone quite a bit of evolutionary diversification while keeping the overall mechanism more or less similar. Members of the KNOX family have been found in plants as diverse as
665:
is where one meristem prevents or inhibits the growth of other meristems. As a result, the plant will have one clearly defined main trunk. For example, in trees, the tip of the main trunk bears the dominant shoot meristem. Therefore, the tip of the trunk grows rapidly and is not shadowed by branches.
1060:
Cork cambium creates a protective covering around the outside of a plant. This occurs after the secondary xylem and phloem has expanded already. Cortical parenchymal cells differentiate into cork cambium near the epidermis which lays down new cells called phelloderm and cork cells. These cork cells
595:
also exhibit intercalary growth. Intercalary meristems are capable of cell division, and they allow for rapid growth and regrowth of many monocots. Intercalary meristems at the nodes of bamboo allow for rapid stem elongation, while those at the base of most grass leaf blades allow damaged leaves to
653:
Through the years, scientists have manipulated floral meristems for economic reasons. An example is the mutant tobacco plant "Maryland
Mammoth". In 1936, the department of agriculture of Switzerland performed several scientific tests with this plant. "Maryland Mammoth" is peculiar in that it grows
153:
There are three types of meristematic tissues: apical (at the tips), intercalary or basal (in the middle), and lateral (at the sides also known as cambium). At the meristem summit, there is a small group of slowly dividing cells, which is commonly called the central zone. Cells of this zone have a
929:
on legume plants such as soybean and pea is either determinate or indeterminate. Thus, soybean (or bean and Lotus japonicus) produce determinate nodules (spherical), with a branched vascular system surrounding the central infected zone. Often, Rhizobium-infected cells have only small vacuoles. In
649:
and is restricted to the centre of the floral meristem or the inner two whorls. This way floral identity and region specificity is achieved. WUS activates AG by binding to a consensus sequence in the AG's second intron and LFY binds to adjacent recognition sites. Once AG is activated it represses
614:
In contrast to vegetative apical meristems and some efflorescence meristems, floral meristems cannot continue to grow indefinitely. Their growth is limited to the flower with a particular size and form. The transition from shoot meristem to floral meristem requires floral meristem identity genes,
269:
Apical
Meristems are the completely undifferentiated (indeterminate) meristems in a plant. These differentiate into three kinds of primary meristems. The primary meristems in turn produce the two secondary meristem types. These secondary meristems are also known as lateral meristems as they are
564:
around an organizing center called the quiescent center (QC) cells and together produces most of the cells in an adult root. At its apex, the root meristem is covered by the root cap, which protects and guides its growth trajectory. Cells are continuously sloughed off the outer surface of the
358:
Shoot apical meristems are the source of all above-ground organs, such as leaves and flowers. Cells at the shoot apical meristem summit serve as stem cells to the surrounding peripheral region, where they proliferate rapidly and are incorporated into differentiating leaf or flower primordia.
38:
238:
After the primary growth, lateral meristems develop as secondary plant growth. This growth adds to the plant in diameter from the established stem but not all plants exhibit secondary growth. There are two types of secondary meristems: the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.
936:
are indeterminate, to maintain (at least for some time) an active meristem that yields new cells for
Rhizobium infection. Thus zones of maturity exist in the nodule. Infected cells usually possess a large vacuole. The plant vascular system is branched and peripheral.
922:. Primary growth leads to lengthening of the plant body and organ formation. All plant organs arise ultimately from cell divisions in the apical meristems, followed by cell expansion and differentiation. Primary growth gives rise to the apical part of many plants.
1720:
Lohmann, Jan U.; Kieber, Joseph J.; Demar, Monika; Andreas Kehle; Stehling, Sandra; Busch, Wolfgang; To, Jennifer P. C.; Leibfried, Andrea (December 2005). "WUSCHEL controls meristem function by direct regulation of cytokinin-inducible response regulators".
1052:
Lateral meristems, the form of secondary plant growth, add growth to the plants in their diameter. This is primarily observed in perennial dicots that survive from year to year. There are two types of lateral meristems: vascular cambium and cork cambium.
506:
histidine phosphotransfer proteins. Subsequently, the phosphate groups are transferred onto two types of
Arabidopsis response regulators (ARRs): Type-B ARRS and Type-A ARRs. Type-B ARRs work as transcription factors to activate genes downstream of
313:), which provides the meristematic cells for future root growth. SAM and RAM cells divide rapidly and are considered indeterminate, in that they do not possess any defined end status. In that sense, the meristematic cells are frequently compared to the
966:
Propagating through cuttings is another form of vegetative propagation that initiates root or shoot production from secondary meristematic cambial cells. This explains why basal 'wounding' of shoot-borne cuttings often aids root formation.
1057:
The fascicular cambium divides to create the new secondary phloem and xylem. Following this the cortical parenchyma between vascular cylinders differentiates interfascicular cambium. This process repeats for indeterminate growth.
524:
loop. Cytokinin signaling is positively reinforced by WUS to prevent the inhibition of cytokinin signaling, while WUS promotes its own inhibitor in the form of CLV3, which ultimately keeps WUS and cytokinin signaling in check.
199:(secondary meristems). The cork cambium further differentiates into the phelloderm (to the inside) and the phellem, or cork (to the outside). All three of these layers (cork cambium, phellem, and phelloderm) constitute the
610:
When plants begin flowering, the shoot apical meristem is transformed into an inflorescence meristem, which goes on to produce the floral meristem, which produces the sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels of the flower.
94:. Division of meristematic cells provides new cells for expansion and differentiation of tissues and the initiation of new organs, providing the basic structure of the plant body. The cells are small, with small
519:
then suppresses A-ARRs. As a result, B-ARRs are no longer inhibited, causing sustained cytokinin signaling in the center of the shoot apical meristem. Altogether with CLAVATA signaling, this system works as a
3752:
48:. The inner L3 layer is called the corpus. Cells in the L1 and L2 layers divide in a sideways fashion, which keeps these layers distinct, whereas the L3 layer divides in a more random fashion.
914:
Though each plant grows according to a certain set of rules, each new root and shoot meristem can go on growing for as long as it is alive. In many plants, meristematic growth is potentially
246:, which produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem. This is a process that may continue throughout the life of the plant. This is what gives rise to wood in plants. Such plants are called
3757:
1780:
Kieber, Joseph J.; Ecker, Joseph R.; Alonso, Jose M.; Schaller, G. Eric; Mason, Michael G.; Deruère, Jean; Ferreira, Fernando J.; Haberer, Georg; To, Jennifer P. C. (2004-03-01).
1003:. Cells of the inner or outer cortex in the so-called "window of nodulation" just behind the developing root tip are induced to divide. The critical signal substance is the lipo-
154:
stem cell function and are essential for meristem maintenance. The proliferation and growth rates at the meristem summit usually differ considerably from those at the periphery.
677:. If apical dominance is complete, they prevent any branches from forming as long as the apical meristem is active. If the dominance is incomplete, side branches will develop.
700:
that also produce the lateral meristems while the stem elongates. It turns out that the mechanism of regulation of the stem cell number might be evolutionarily conserved. The
3890:
2505:
Mackenzie, K.A.D; Howard, B.H (1986). "The
Anatomical Relationship Between Cambial Regeneration and Root Initiation in Wounded Winter Cuttings of the Apple Rootstock M.26".
508:
1505:
949:. Such new plants can be grown from shoot cuttings that contain an apical meristem. Root apical meristems are not readily cloned, however. This cloning is called
3808:
1010:, decorated with side groups to allow specificity of interaction. The Nod factor receptor proteins NFR1 and NFR5 were cloned from several legumes including
86:
plant cells generally cannot divide or produce cells of a different type. Meristematic cells are undifferentiated or incompletely differentiated. They are
2589:
3624:
888:, the expression continued, generating complex leaves. Also, it has been proposed that the mechanism of KNOX gene action is conserved across all
1350:
Fletcher JC, Brand U, Running MP, Simon R, Meyerowitz EM (1999). "Signaling of cell fate decisions by CLAVATA3 in
Arabidopsis shoot meristems".
736:. These studies suggest that the regulation of stem cell number, identity and differentiation might be an evolutionarily conserved mechanism in
963:. This process known as mericloning, has been shown to reduce or eliminate viruses present in the parent plant in multiple species of plants.
320:
The apical meristems are layered where the number of layers varies according to plant type. In general the outermost layer is called the
1158:"Redox regulation at the site of primary growth: auxin, cytokinin and ROS crosstalk: Apical meristems plasticity in response to stress"
2017:
3814:
2054:
1119:
2168:"The fasciated ear2 gene encodes a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein that regulates shoot meristem proliferation in maize"
2709:
2458:"Elimination and detection of viruses in meristem-derived plantlets of sweetpotato as a low-cost option toward commercialization"
2125:
Lohmann, J. U. et al. (2001) A Molecular Link between Stem Cell
Regulation and Floral Patterning in Arabidopsis Cell 105: 793-803
452:
3148:
2220:"Conservation and Diversification of Meristem Maintenance Mechanism in Oryza sativa: Function of the FLORAL ORGAN NUMBER2 Gene"
1303:"The Arabidopsis CLAVATA2 gene encodes a receptor-like protein required for the stability of the CLAVATA1 receptor-like kinase"
605:
3629:
1040:
signalling, and KAPP interaction, similar to that seen in the CLV1,2,3 system. LjKLAVIER also exhibits a nodule regulation
813:. Misexpression of these genes leads to the formation of interesting morphological features. For example, among members of
459:
that has been shown to interact with CLV1. KAPP is thought to act as a negative regulator of CLV1 by dephosphorylating it.
456:
3079:
680:
Recent investigations into apical dominance and the control of branching have revealed a new plant hormone family termed
3798:
3385:
2900:
673:, types of plant growth regulators. These are produced in the apical meristem and transported towards the roots in the
436:
between the proteins. Proteins that contain these conserved regions have been grouped into the CLE family of proteins.
44:
of the apical meristem (growing tip). The epidermal (L1) and subepidermal (L2) layers form the outer layers called the
3880:
3634:
80:
that occur in plants. These cells continue to divide until they become differentiated and lose the ability to divide.
560:
Unlike the shoot apical meristem, the root apical meristem produces cells in two dimensions. It harbors two pools of
1935:"Multiple feedback loops through cytokinin signaling control stem cell number within the Arabidopsis shoot meristem"
1559:"Control of meristem development by CLAVATA1 receptor kinase and kinase-associated protein phosphatase interactions"
596:
rapidly regrow. This leaf regrowth in grasses evolved in response to damage by grazing herbivores and/or wildfires.
366:
of leaves, sepals, petals, stamens, and ovaries are initiated here at the rate of one every time interval, called a
3614:
2367:
Bharathan G, et al. (2002). "Homologies in Leaf Form
Inferred from KNOXI Gene Expression During Development".
130:
1254:"The CLAVATA1 gene encodes a putative receptor kinase that controls shoot and floral meristem size in Arabidopsis"
635:
is necessary to prevent the conversion of floral meristems to inflorescence shoot meristems, but is identity gene
3951:
3764:
623:) is a floral homeotic gene required for floral meristem termination and necessary for proper development of the
31:
3902:
3747:
2797:
477:
273:
166:, or an increase in length or height. Apical meristems may differentiate into three kinds of primary meristem:
83:
472:), which is a target of CLV signaling in addition to positively regulating CLV, thus forming a feedback loop.
417:
1030:
955:
433:
1782:"Type-A Arabidopsis Response Regulators Are Partially Redundant Negative Regulators of Cytokinin Signaling"
3946:
3732:
3656:
1218:
1199:
Evert, Ray, and Susan
Eichhorn. Raven Biology of Plants. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 2013. Print.
2135:
1661:; Hwang, Ildoo (September 2001). "Two-component circuitry in Arabidopsis cytokinin signal transduction".
203:. In roots, the procambium can also give rise to the pericycle, which produces lateral roots in eudicots.
3897:
1499:
843:, and saw that some insertions led to formation of spurs that were very similar to the other members of
421:
344:
3619:
3471:
3143:
2702:
2419:
2376:
2272:
1946:
1730:
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1359:
798:
768:
Note the long spur of the above flower. Spurs attract pollinators and confer pollinator specificity.
732:
710:
394:
3789:
3334:
2672:
Scofield and Murray (2006). The evolving concept of the meristem. Plant
Molecular Biology 60:v–vii.
2620:
2616:
1027:
995:
932:
444:
684:. These compounds were previously known to be involved in seed germination and communication with
3727:
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3370:
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2848:
2744:
2661:
2400:
2349:
2298:
2103:
2078:
Heidstra, Renze; Sabatini, Sabrina (2014). "Plant and animal stem cells: similar yet different".
1762:
1702:
1640:
1283:
174:
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that both specify the floral organs and cause the termination of the production of stem cells.
3885:
2734:
2729:
2653:
2571:
2553:
2487:
2392:
2341:
2316:
Hay and Tsiantis; Tsiantis, M (2006). "The genetic basis for differences in leaf form between
2290:
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2197:
2095:
2060:
2050:
2013:
1982:
1964:
1915:
1907:
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1819:
1801:
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1234:
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1115:
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61:
37:
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is expressed in the cells below the stem cells of the meristem and its presence prevents the
464:
400:
3671:
3577:
3572:
3526:
3419:
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3365:
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3131:
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2643:
2561:
2545:
2514:
2477:
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2431:
2420:"Elimination of viruses from the hop (Humulus lupulus) by heat therapy and meristem culture"
2384:
2333:
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2179:
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2087:
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2005:
1972:
1954:
1897:
1850:
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1622:
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1417:
1409:
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1322:
1314:
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Under appropriate conditions, each shoot meristem can develop into a complete, new plant or
674:
662:
499:
243:
192:
45:
2033:
Bennett, Tom; Scheres, Ben (2010). "Root development-two meristems for the price of one?".
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are impermeable to water and gases because of a substance called suberin that coats them.
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3907:
3769:
3598:
3548:
3536:
3516:
3498:
3434:
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3229:
3190:
3163:
2992:
2987:
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2261:"Spontaneous Mutations in KNOX Genes Give Rise to a Novel Floral Structure in Antirrhinum"
1004:
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503:
413:
222:
77:
1132:
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2009:
1950:
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The shoot apical meristem is the site of most of the embryogenesis in flowering plants.
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Nieminen, Kaisa; Blomster, Tiina; Helariutta, Ykä; Mähönen, Ari Pekka (January 2015).
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shoot meristems is maintained by a regulatory loop between Clavata and Wuschel genes"
1839:"The WUSCHEL gene is required for shoot and floral meristem integrity in Arabidopsis"
1583:
1558:
681:
492:
409:
332:, the tunica determines the physical characteristics of the leaf edge and margin. In
210:
2404:
2302:
2107:
1644:
1287:
118:). Meristematic cells are packed closely together without intercellular spaces. The
3850:
3840:
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87:
53:
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Alam, I; Sharmin, SA; Naher, MK; Alam, MJ; Anisuzzaman, M; Alam, MF (April 2013).
1371:
250:. This does not occur in plants that do not go through secondary growth (known as
1133:"From primary to secondary growth: origin and development of the vascular system"
1022:). Regulation of nodule meristems utilizes long-distance regulation known as the
3666:
3651:
3646:
3582:
3444:
3224:
3195:
3094:
3089:
2937:
2777:
2772:
2757:
1611:"Role of WUSCHEL in Regulating Stem Cell Fate in the Arabidopsis Shoot Meristem"
1216:
Fletcher, J. C. (2002). "Shoot and Floral Meristem Maintenance in Arabidopsis".
1023:
926:
918:, making the overall shape of the plant not determinate in advance. This is the
909:
893:
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820:
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367:
247:
214:
111:
107:
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though it is not yet known how this relates to the other AON receptor kinases.
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of the stem cells. CLV1 acts to promote cellular differentiation by repressing
3695:
3688:
3678:
3661:
3344:
3339:
3275:
3067:
2914:
2873:
2767:
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Schoof, Heiko; Lenhard, M; Haecker, A; Mayer, KF; Jürgens, G; Laux, T (2000).
2473:
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Suzaki T.; Toriba, T; Fujimoto, M; Tsutsumi, N; Kitano, H; Hirano, HY (2006).
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and is widely practiced in horticulture to mass-produce plants of a desirable
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115:
99:
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1968:
1933:
Gordon, S. P.; Chickarmane, V. S.; Ohno, C.; Meyerowitz, E. M. (2009-08-26).
1911:
1862:
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These four distinct zones are maintained by a complex signalling pathway. In
162:
Apical meristems give rise to the primary plant body and are responsible for
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3234:
3215:
3126:
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2922:
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1959:
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Jackson, David; Simon, Rüdiger; Je, Byoung Il; Somssich, Marc (2016-09-15).
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65:
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system seems to bear a close relationship with the CLV signaling system in
17:
2491:
1870:
1636:
1592:
1574:
1472:
1279:
1109:
764:
533:
451:. These proteins may act as an intermediate between the CLV complex and a
3845:
3835:
3779:
3774:
3541:
3414:
3390:
3307:
2762:
2590:"Plant Development II: Primary and Secondary Growth | Organismal Biology"
2236:
2219:
1854:
1413:
1000:
960:
737:
566:
200:
1742:
1519:
Valster, A. H.; et al. (2000). "Plant GTPases: the Rhos in bloom".
1156:
Tognetti, Vanesa B.; Bielach, Agnieszka; Hrtyan, Mónika (October 2017).
577:
In angiosperms, intercalary (sometimes called basal) meristems occur in
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103:
95:
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73:
2136:"Branching out: new class of plant hormones inhibits branch formation"
1448:
Karsten Oelkers, Nicolas Goffard, Georg F Weiller, Peter M Gresshoff,
1174:
1157:
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802:
628:
624:
448:
188:
2166:
Taguchi-Shiobara; Yuan, Z; Hake, S; Jackson, D; et al. (2001).
2091:
447:. For example, the CLV complex has been found to be associated with
2337:
76:. Cells in the meristem can develop into all the other tissues and
3707:
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806:
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763:
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455:(MAPK), which is often involved in signalling cascades. KAPP is a
408:
reservoir in the shoot apical meristem by controlling the rate of
343:
333:
272:
184:
36:
373:
The shoot apical meristem consists of four distinct cell groups:
260:, which gives rise to the periderm, which replaces the epidermis.
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3553:
3205:
3045:
3020:
3015:
2999:
2970:
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2000:
Sebastian, Jose; Lee, Ji-Young (2013). "Root Apical Meristems".
857:
824:
484:
activity outside of the central zone containing the stem cells.
226:
2691:
305:), which gives rise to organs like the leaves and flowers, and
139:("Contributions to Scientific Botany"). It is derived from
3478:
3040:
2621:
Micrographs of plant cells and tissues, with explanatory text.
1837:
Jurgens, G.; Berger, J.; Mayer, K. F.; Laux, T. (1996-01-01).
990:
726:) also involved in the same function. Similarly, in rice, the
650:
expression of WUS leading to the termination of the meristem.
183:: lies just inside of the protoderm and develops into primary
1454:"Bioinformatic Analysis of the CLE signalling peptide family"
884:, the KNOX genes are completely turned off in leaves, but in
864:. One study looked at the pattern of KNOX gene expression in
688:
and are now shown to be involved in inhibition of branching.
114:) are undifferentiated, but are present in rudimentary form (
1026:(AON). This process involves a leaf-vascular tissue located
173:: lies around the outside of the stem and develops into the
150: 'to divide', in recognition of its inherent function.
2213:
2211:
1398:"A Large Family of Genes That Share Homology with CLAVATA3"
827:
in the floral region. A spur is considered an evolutionary
354:(left). Fourteen days later, leaves have developed (right).
317:
in animals, which have an analogous behavior and function.
2682:
1111:
Plant Patterning: Structural and Molecular Genetic Aspects
853:
populations could probably be an evolutionary innovation.
744:. Rice also contains another genetic system distinct from
416:
and CLV2 are predicted to form a receptor complex (of the
30:
This article is about a plant tissue. For other uses, see
2687:
1131:
Baucher, Marie; AlmJaziri, Mondher; Vandeputte, Olivier.
388:
Founder cells for organ initiation in surrounding regions
708:
responsible for maintaining the stem cell population in
462:
Another important gene in plant meristem maintenance is
805:
and tomato. KNOX-like genes are also present in some
835:
specificity and attraction. Researchers carried out
3864:
3828:
3718:
3591:
3507:
3403:
3353:
3078:
3008:
2951:
2913:
2887:
2823:
2743:
999:after infection with soil bacteria commonly called
27:
Type of plant tissue involved in cell proliferation
756:that goes about in the living world all the time.
2259:Golz J.F.; Keck, Emma J.; Hudson, Andrew (2002).
1886:"CLAVATA-WUSCHEL signaling in the shoot meristem"
1443:
1441:
1195:
1193:
428:with the ESR proteins of maize, with a short 14
277:Organisation of an apical meristem (growing tip)
1939:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1114:. World Scientific Publishing Company. p. 333.
404:genes are required to regulate the size of the
297:There are two types of apical meristem tissue:
975:Meristems may also be induced in the roots of
669:The mechanism of apical dominance is based on
585:) stems at the base of nodes and leaf blades.
537:10x microscope image of root tip with meristem
491:in the shoot apical meristem is linked to the
382:The immediate daughter cells of the stem cells
2703:
1391:
1389:
439:CLV1 has been shown to interact with several
8:
3809:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
1504:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1396:J. Mark Cock; Sheila McCormick (July 2001).
1252:Clark SE, Williams RW, Meyerowitz E (1997).
856:The KNOX family has also been implicated in
134:
849:, indicating that the loss of spur in wild
2910:
2710:
2696:
2688:
862:(See below for a more detailed discussion)
443:proteins that are most likely involved in
2647:
2565:
2481:
2284:
2235:
2191:
1976:
1958:
1901:
1813:
1626:
1582:
1481:
1471:
1421:
1326:
1269:
1173:
129:was first used in 1858 by Swiss botanist
3753:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
2683:Meristemania.org – Research on meristems
1301:Jeong S, Trotochaud AE, Clark S (1999).
1231:10.1146/annurev.arplant.53.092701.143332
2035:Current Topics in Developmental Biology
1552:
1550:
1101:
930:contrast, nodules on pea, clovers, and
792:have identified genes belonging to the
654:much faster than other tobacco plants.
136:Beiträge zur Wissenschaftlichen Botanik
2121:
2119:
2117:
1604:
1602:
1497:
1452:and Tancred Frickey (3 January 2008).
2080:Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
457:kinase-associated protein phosphatase
449:Rho/Rac small GTPase-related proteins
7:
1609:Mayer, K. F. X; et al. (1998).
752:number. This example underlines the
2010:10.1002/9780470015902.a0020121.pub2
692:Diversity in meristem architectures
324:while the innermost layers are the
2519:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087228
1557:Stone, J. M.; et al. (1998).
515:which induces stem cell identity.
122:is a very thin primary cell wall.
25:
3758:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
1036:(LjHAR1, GmNARK and MtSUNN), CLE
904:Indeterminate growth of meristems
748:, that is involved in regulating
696:The SAM contains a population of
287:Medullary (i.e. central) meristem
102:filling the cell completely. The
3921:
3920:
2424:Journal of Horticultural Science
819:, only the species of the genus
785:result from KNOX gene expression
544:calyptrogen (live rootcap cells)
453:mitogen-activated protein kinase
64:found in plants. It consists of
2594:organismalbio.biosci.gatech.edu
714:is very closely related to the
606:ABC model of flower development
550:sloughed off dead rootcap cells
2615:Plant Anatomy Laboratory from
2534:"Vascular Cambium Development"
2436:10.1080/00221589.1975.11514616
925:The growth of nitrogen-fixing
896:between KNOX expression and a
1:
2649:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80700-X
2286:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00721-2
2047:10.1016/S0070-2153(10)91003-X
1628:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81703-1
1533:10.1016/s0962-8924(00)01728-1
1372:10.1126/science.283.5409.1911
1271:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80239-1
1162:Plant, Cell & Environment
870:, that has simple leaves and
760:Role of the KNOX-family genes
385:A subjacent organizing center
3799:History of plant systematics
3386:Thorns, spines, and prickles
1024:autoregulation of nodulation
270:involved in lateral growth.
221:cells that develop into the
2418:Adams, Alexa (April 2013).
892:, because there is a tight
770:(Flower: Linaria dalmatica)
420:family) to which CLV3 is a
3968:
3615:Alternation of generations
907:
603:
348:Shoot apical meristems of
29:
3916:
3765:Cultivated plant taxonomy
3728:Biological classification
2725:
2619:; the lab of JD Mauseth.
2474:10.1007/s13205-012-0080-6
90:and capable of continued
32:Meristem (disambiguation)
3625:Evolutionary development
823:lack a structure called
418:LRR receptor-like kinase
133:(1817–1891) in his book
3276:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
2389:10.1126/science.1070343
2172:Genes & Development
1960:10.1073/pnas.0908122106
956:vegetative reproduction
191:. It also produces the
131:Carl Wilhelm von Nägeli
3891:by author abbreviation
3815:Plant taxonomy systems
3733:Botanical nomenclature
2320:and its wild relative
2224:Plant and Cell Physiol
1521:Trends in Cell Biology
1319:10.1105/tpc.11.10.1925
1219:Annu. Rev. Plant Biol.
786:
772:
557:
498:. Cytokinin activates
355:
340:Shoot Apical Meristems
294:
135:
66:undifferentiated cells
49:
3898:Botanical expeditions
1575:10.1104/pp.117.4.1217
1473:10.1186/1471-2229-8-1
908:Further information:
778:
767:
604:Further information:
536:
445:downstream signalling
347:
299:shoot apical meristem
276:
40:
3630:Evolutionary history
3620:Double fertilization
3472:Cellular respiration
2538:The Arabidopsis Book
2318:Arabidopsis thaliana
1855:10.1242/dev.122.1.87
1414:10.1104/pp.126.3.939
1108:Galun, Esra (2007).
951:asexual reproduction
809:, mosses, ferns and
799:Arabidopsis thaliana
733:Arabidopsis thaliana
711:Arabidopsis thaliana
573:Intercalary meristem
529:Root apical meristem
395:Arabidopsis thaliana
307:root apical meristem
2849:Non-vascular plants
2617:University of Texas
2381:2002Sci...296.1858B
2375:(5574): 1858–1860.
2277:2002CBio...12..515G
1951:2009PNAS..10616529G
1945:(38): 16529–16534.
1743:10.1038/nature04270
1735:2005Natur.438.1172L
1729:(7071): 1172–1175.
1675:2001Natur.413..383H
1364:1999Sci...283.1911F
1016:Medicago truncatula
996:Medicago truncatula
933:Medicago truncatula
831:because it defines
424:. CLV3 shares some
234:Secondary meristems
42:Tunica-corpus model
3354:Surface structures
3149:Flower development
2237:10.1093/pcp/pcl025
2184:10.1101/gad.208501
2148:(7210). 2008-09-11
1903:10.1242/dev.133645
1798:10.1105/tpc.018978
787:
779:Complex leaves of
773:
558:
356:
295:
70:meristematic cells
50:
3934:
3933:
3573:Herbaceous plants
3399:
3398:
2322:Cardamine hirsuta
2230:(12): 1591–1602.
2178:(20): 2755–2766.
1896:(18): 3238–3248.
1669:(6854): 383–389.
1459:BMC Plant Biology
1358:(5409): 1911–14.
1175:10.1111/pce.13021
1168:(11): 2586–2605.
1048:Lateral Meristems
971:Induced meristems
876:, a plant having
873:Cardamine hirsuta
851:Antirrhinum majus
841:Antirrhinum majus
782:Cardamine hirsuta
686:mycorrhizal fungi
522:negative feedback
500:histidine kinases
158:Primary meristems
16:(Redirected from
3959:
3952:Plant physiology
3924:
3923:
3903:Individual trees
3578:Secondary growth
3549:Succulent plants
3537:Prostrate shrubs
3420:Apical dominance
3405:Plant physiology
3366:Epicuticular wax
2911:
2904:
2895:Plant morphology
2712:
2705:
2698:
2689:
2669:
2651:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2569:
2550:10.1199/tab.0177
2529:
2523:
2522:
2507:Annals of Botany
2502:
2496:
2495:
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2447:
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2444:
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2068:
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2023:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1980:
1962:
1930:
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1905:
1881:
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1828:
1827:
1817:
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1717:
1711:
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1683:10.1038/35096500
1655:
1649:
1648:
1630:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1586:
1569:(4): 1217–1225.
1563:Plant Physiology
1554:
1545:
1544:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1503:
1495:
1485:
1475:
1450:Ulrike Mathesius
1445:
1436:
1435:
1425:
1402:Plant Physiology
1393:
1384:
1383:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1330:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1273:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1213:
1200:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1177:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1137:academic.oup.com
1128:
1122:
1106:
1076:Secondary growth
860:shape evolution
663:Apical dominance
658:Apical dominance
581:(in particular,
541:quiescent center
487:The function of
398:, 3 interacting
290:Medullary tissue
265:Apical meristems
244:Vascular cambium
193:vascular cambium
138:
21:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3912:
3881:Botanical terms
3874:
3860:
3824:
3770:Citrus taxonomy
3748:Author citation
3714:
3608:
3587:
3509:
3503:
3499:Turgor pressure
3407:
3395:
3349:
3164:Floral symmetry
3082:
3074:
3004:
2993:Vascular bundle
2988:Vascular tissue
2947:
2907:
2898:
2897:
2883:
2854:Vascular plants
2819:
2815:Plant pathology
2739:
2721:
2716:
2679:
2625:
2612:
2607:
2598:
2596:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2531:
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2365:
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2315:
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2253:
2217:
2216:
2209:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2151:
2149:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2115:
2092:10.1038/nrm3790
2077:
2076:
2072:
2057:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2020:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1779:
1778:
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1513:
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1447:
1446:
1439:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1313:(10): 1925–33.
1300:
1299:
1295:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1215:
1214:
1203:
1198:
1191:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1141:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1067:
1050:
1012:Lotus japonicus
1005:oligosaccharide
986:Lotus japonicus
973:
943:
912:
906:
890:vascular plants
839:mutagenesis in
790:Genetic screens
762:
720:FASCIATED EAR 2
694:
660:
608:
602:
600:Floral meristem
575:
556:
531:
478:differentiation
342:
293:
284:Peripheral zone
267:
236:
207:Ground meristem
160:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3954:
3949:
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3910:
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3900:
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3894:
3893:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3871:Related topics
3869:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3832:
3830:
3826:
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3820:Taxonomic rank
3817:
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3806:
3801:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3772:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3738:Botanical name
3730:
3724:
3722:
3720:Plant taxonomy
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3696:Megasporangium
3693:
3692:
3691:
3684:Microsporangia
3676:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3649:
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3551:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3529:
3524:
3522:Cushion plants
3513:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3459:
3457:Plant hormones
3454:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3440:Photosynthesis
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
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3383:
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3373:
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3363:
3357:
3355:
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3350:
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3347:
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3337:
3332:
3327:
3326:
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3315:
3305:
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3303:
3298:
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3218:
3213:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3173:
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3171:
3166:
3161:
3159:Floral formula
3156:
3154:Floral diagram
3151:
3146:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3107:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3083:(incl. Flower)
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3043:
3033:
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3023:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2985:
2983:Storage organs
2980:
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2949:
2948:
2946:
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2940:
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2917:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2869:Spermatophytes
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2839:Archaeplastida
2836:
2830:
2828:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
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2800:
2793:Phytogeography
2790:
2788:Phytochemistry
2785:
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2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2745:Subdisciplines
2741:
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2723:
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2717:
2715:
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2707:
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2678:
2677:External links
2675:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2642:(6): 635–644.
2623:
2611:
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2605:
2581:
2524:
2513:(5): 649–661.
2497:
2448:
2430:(2): 151–160.
2410:
2359:
2338:10.1038/ng1835
2332:(8): 942–947.
2308:
2271:(7): 515–522.
2251:
2207:
2158:
2127:
2113:
2070:
2055:
2025:
2019:978-0470016176
2018:
1992:
1925:
1876:
1829:
1792:(3): 658–671.
1786:The Plant Cell
1772:
1712:
1650:
1621:(6): 805–815.
1598:
1546:
1527:(4): 141–146.
1511:
1437:
1408:(3): 939–942.
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1073:
1071:Primary growth
1066:
1063:
1049:
1046:
972:
969:
942:
939:
920:primary growth
905:
902:
878:complex leaves
761:
758:
693:
690:
682:strigolactones
659:
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468:(shortened to
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351:Crassula ovata
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209:: Composed of
204:
178:
164:primary growth
159:
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84:Differentiated
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3947:Plant anatomy
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3856:Phytochemical
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3640:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3494:Transpiration
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3281:Inflorescence
3279:
3277:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2966:Ground tissue
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:Plant anatomy
2886:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2810:Plant ecology
2808:
2806:
2805:Plant anatomy
2803:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2753:Archaeobotany
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2701:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2631:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2468:(2): 53–164.
2467:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2449:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2159:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2086:(5): 301–12.
2085:
2081:
2074:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2056:9780123809100
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1716:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1264:(4): 575–85.
1263:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1149:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1120:9789812704085
1117:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1018:and soybean (
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:
992:
988:
987:
982:
978:
970:
968:
964:
962:
958:
957:
952:
948:
940:
938:
935:
934:
928:
923:
921:
917:
916:indeterminate
911:
903:
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
874:
869:
868:
863:
859:
854:
852:
848:
847:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
817:
812:
808:
804:
800:
795:
791:
784:
783:
777:
771:
766:
759:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
734:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
712:
707:
703:
699:
691:
689:
687:
683:
678:
676:
672:
667:
664:
657:
655:
651:
648:
644:
640:
639:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
612:
607:
599:
597:
594:
593:
588:
584:
580:
572:
570:
568:
563:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
539:
535:
528:
526:
523:
518:
514:
510:
505:
504:phosphorylate
501:
497:
494:
490:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
466:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
432:region being
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
410:cell division
407:
403:
402:
397:
396:
387:
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
374:
371:
369:
365:
360:
353:
352:
346:
339:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
289:
286:
283:
280:
279:
275:
271:
264:
259:
256:
253:
249:
245:
242:
241:
240:
233:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
205:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
179:
176:
172:
169:
168:
167:
165:
157:
155:
151:
149:
145:
142:
137:
132:
128:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:or none, and
97:
93:
92:cell division
89:
85:
81:
79:
75:
74:cell division
72:) capable of
71:
67:
63:
60:is a type of
59:
55:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
3851:Horticulture
3841:Floriculture
3743:Correct name
3593:Reproduction
3583:Woody plants
3508:Plant growth
3467:Gas Exchange
3452:Phytomelanin
3330:Plant embryo
3080:Reproductive
2977:
2928:Phragmoplast
2639:
2635:
2629:
2597:. Retrieved
2593:
2584:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2439:. Retrieved
2427:
2423:
2413:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2227:
2223:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2150:. Retrieved
2145:
2139:
2130:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2001:
1995:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1849:(1): 87–96.
1846:
1842:
1832:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1666:
1662:
1653:
1618:
1614:
1566:
1562:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1500:cite journal
1463:
1457:
1405:
1401:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1222:
1217:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1140:. Retrieved
1136:
1126:
1110:
1104:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1019:
1015:
1011:
994:
984:
974:
965:
954:
950:
944:
931:
927:root nodules
924:
919:
915:
913:
900:morphology.
898:complex leaf
885:
881:
871:
865:
861:
855:
850:
846:Antirrhineae
844:
840:
816:Antirrhineae
814:
788:
780:
769:
745:
740:, if not in
731:
727:
723:
719:
709:
705:
701:
695:
679:
668:
661:
652:
646:
642:
636:
632:
620:
616:
613:
609:
590:
576:
559:
516:
512:
493:phytohormone
488:
486:
481:
473:
469:
463:
461:
438:
399:
393:
391:
372:
361:
357:
349:
325:
321:
319:
310:
306:
302:
298:
296:
281:Central zone
268:
258:Cork cambium
237:
219:sclerenchyma
206:
197:cork cambium
187:and primary
180:
170:
161:
152:
147:
144:
126:
124:
112:chromoplasts
108:chloroplasts
82:
69:
57:
54:cell biology
51:
41:
3667:Pollen tube
3662:Pollinators
3652:Pollination
3647:Germination
3462:Respiration
3445:Chlorophyll
3291:Pedicellate
3225:Gametophyte
3144:Aestivation
3095:Antheridium
3090:Archegonium
2938:Plasmodesma
2915:Plant cells
2778:Paleobotany
2773:Ethnobotany
2758:Astrobotany
2630:Arabidopsis
1890:Development
1843:Development
1020:Glycine max
910:Root nodule
894:correlation
882:A. thaliana
867:A. thaliana
821:Antirrhinum
811:gymnosperms
742:angiosperms
592:Welwitschia
502:which then
441:cytoplasmic
368:plastochron
248:arboraceous
215:collenchyma
116:proplastids
18:Apical cell
3941:Categories
3689:Microspore
3679:Sporangium
3657:Artificial
3345:Sporophyte
3340:Sporophyll
3335:Receptacle
3230:Gynandrium
3100:Androecium
3009:Vegetative
2879:Angiosperm
2874:Gymnosperm
2768:Dendrology
2599:2024-04-08
2441:24 January
2326:Nat. Genet
2265:Curr. Biol
2152:2009-04-30
2041:: 67–102.
1659:Sheen, Jen
1307:Plant Cell
1142:2023-03-18
1097:References
1008:Nod factor
837:transposon
833:pollinator
829:innovation
754:innovation
698:stem cells
587:Horsetails
562:stem cells
553:procambium
430:amino acid
378:Stem cells
315:stem cells
252:herbaceous
211:parenchyma
181:Procambium
148:(merizein)
100:protoplasm
88:totipotent
3886:Botanists
3804:Herbarium
3701:Megaspore
3599:Evolution
3542:Subshrubs
3510:and habit
3435:Nutrition
3430:Cellulose
3425:Bulk flow
3408:Materials
3371:Epidermis
3235:Gynoecium
3216:Endosperm
3211:Dispersal
3127:Staminode
3063:Sessility
3051:Cataphyll
2971:Mesophyll
2923:Cell wall
2864:Lycophyte
2844:Bryophyte
2798:Geobotany
2783:Phycology
2558:1543-8120
2544:: e0177.
2462:3 Biotech
1969:0027-8424
1912:0950-1991
1863:0950-1991
1806:1040-4651
1751:1476-4687
1691:1476-4687
1225:: 45–66.
1081:Stem cell
1042:phenotype
886:C.hirsuta
750:stem cell
746:FON1-FON2
728:FON1-FON2
509:cytokinin
496:cytokinin
434:conserved
406:stem cell
364:Primordia
175:epidermis
171:Protoderm
125:The term
120:cell wall
3926:Category
3846:Forestry
3836:Agronomy
3829:Practice
3780:Cultivar
3775:Cultigen
3635:timeline
3527:Rosettes
3415:Aleurone
3391:Trichome
3308:Perianth
3120:Filament
2978:Meristem
2901:glossary
2763:Bryology
2658:10761929
2576:26078728
2405:45069635
2397:12052958
2346:16823378
2303:14469173
2295:11937019
2246:17056620
2202:11641280
2108:34386672
2100:24755933
2065:20705179
1987:19717465
1920:27624829
1824:14973166
1759:16372013
1699:11574878
1645:18995751
1541:10740268
1492:18171480
1432:11457943
1380:10082464
1337:10521522
1288:15360609
1239:12221985
1184:28708264
1065:See also
1031:receptor
1001:Rhizobia
979:such as
961:genotype
801:, rice,
738:monocots
567:root cap
426:homology
330:monocots
254:plants).
225:and the
201:periderm
146:μερίζειν
127:meristem
104:plastids
96:vacuoles
58:meristem
3604:Ecology
3361:Cuticle
3191:Capsule
3181:Anatomy
3132:Tapetum
3056:Petiole
3031:Rhizome
3026:Rhizoid
2953:Tissues
2943:Vacuole
2933:Plastid
2735:Outline
2730:History
2666:8963007
2610:Sources
2567:4463761
2492:8324570
2483:3597136
2377:Bibcode
2369:Science
2354:5775104
2273:Bibcode
1978:2752578
1947:Bibcode
1871:8565856
1767:2401801
1731:Bibcode
1707:4418158
1671:Bibcode
1637:9865698
1593:9701578
1483:2254619
1423:1540125
1360:Bibcode
1352:Science
1280:9160749
1091:Tissues
1086:Thallus
1038:peptide
1034:kinases
981:soybean
977:legumes
941:Cloning
702:CLAVATA
675:cambium
629:carpels
625:stamens
617:AGAMOUS
579:monocot
547:rootcap
465:WUSCHEL
401:CLAVATA
3908:Plants
3811:(IAPT)
3564:Lianas
3532:Shrubs
3484:Starch
3376:Nectar
3296:Raceme
3262:Stigma
3250:Locule
3240:Carpel
3201:Pyrena
3139:Flower
3115:Anther
3110:Stamen
3105:Pollen
2827:groups
2719:Botany
2664:
2656:
2574:
2564:
2556:
2490:
2480:
2403:
2395:
2352:
2344:
2301:
2293:
2244:
2200:
2193:312812
2190:
2141:Nature
2106:
2098:
2063:
2053:
2016:
1985:
1975:
1967:
1918:
1910:
1869:
1861:
1822:
1815:385279
1812:
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