935:
518:
846:
103:
915:
796:
706:
885:
664:
81:
587:
318:
for the
Choanozoa, Apoikozoa, derives from the ancient Greek for "colony" and "animal", referring to the ability of both animals and (some) choanoflagellates to form multicellular units. While animals are permanently multicellular, the colony-building choanoflagellates are only sometimes so, which
451:
organisms known from this interval, thus allowing some sort of reconstruction of the earliest animals and their ecology. In the following cladogram, an indication is given of approximately how many million years ago (Mya) the clades diverged into newer clades. (Note that the later Budd and Jensen
442:
Although the last common ancestor of the
Choanozoa cannot be reconstructed with certainty, Budd and Jensen suggest that these organisms formed benthic colonies that competed for space amongst other mat-forming organisms known to have existed during the
1031:
307:, and not sponges, are the sister group to all other animals. More recent genomic work has suggested that choanoflagellates possess some of the important genetic machinery necessary for the
1379:"Ciliary transition zone evolution and the root of the eukaryote tree: implications for opisthokont origin and classification of kingdoms Protozoa, Plantae, and Fungi"
2971:
1216:
Adl, Sina M.; Bass, David; Lane, Christopher E.; Lukeš, Julius; Schoch, Conrad L.; Smirnov, Alexey; Agatha, Sabine; Berney, Cedric; Brown, Matthew W. (2018-09-26).
1634:
1575:
Tedersoo, Leho; Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago; Kõljalg, Urmas; Bahram, Mohammad; Döring, Markus; Schigel, Dmitry; May, Tom; Ryberg, Martin; Abarenkov, Kessy (2018).
275:. The 2018 revision of the classification first proposed by the International Society of Protistologists in 2012 recommends the use of the name Choanozoa.
1534:
Hehenberger, Elisabeth; Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Kolisko, Martin; Campo, Javier del; Esaulov, Anton S.; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Keeling, Patrick J. (2017).
267:
relationship between the choanoflagellates and animals has important implications for the origin of the animals. The clade was identified in 2015 by
2945:
430:, was used in previous years; however, it was rejected as being neither formally defined nor appropriate, since it refers to the ability to form
299:
and the overall morphology of the choanoflagellate cell. The relationship has since been confirmed by multiple molecular analyses. This proposed
1103:; Westbrook, M. J.; Young, S. L.; Kuo, A.; Abedin, M.; Chapman, J.; Fairclough, S.; Hellsten, U.; Isogai, Y.; Letunic, I. (February 14, 2008).
447:
some 635–540 million years ago. As such they would form an important link between the unicellular ancestors of the animals and the enigmatic
3048:
1627:
1318:
Pisani, D.; Pett, W.; Dohrmann, M.; Feuda, R.; Rota-Stabelli, O.; Philippe, H.; Lartillot, N. & Wörheide, G. (December 15, 2015).
411:
The
International Society of Protistologists rejected the use of this name for the paraphyletic group. Instead, since 2017, the name
1536:"Novel Predators Reshape Holozoan Phylogeny and Reveal the Presence of a Two-Component Signaling System in the Ancestor of Animals"
287:, dating back at least to the 1840s. A particularly striking and famous similarity between the single-celled choanoflagellates and
3020:
1667:
1662:
1746:
1736:
1719:
1620:
319:
raises the question of whether or not the colony-building ability in both groups was present at the base of the entire
102:
1751:
2002:
2862:
2422:
1428:"The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records"
3007:
2387:
2382:
1714:
1011:
332:
2571:
2500:
2090:
1970:
1965:
3025:
2986:
2085:
2056:
1488:
1331:
1120:
1040:
288:
2937:
2736:
2535:
2914:
2525:
2407:
934:
2556:
2397:
1731:
1709:
1697:
1672:
315:
300:
215:
97:
3012:
2845:
845:
686:
517:
394:
2994:
2437:
2417:
2412:
2402:
1741:
1704:
1692:
1682:
1598:
1557:
1516:
1457:
1408:
1359:
1300:
1247:
1193:
1146:
1074:
1056:
910:
431:
379:
2999:
2530:
415:
is considered appropriate for the clade that unites choanoflagellates and animals, since the
3053:
2719:
2710:
1656:
1588:
1547:
1506:
1496:
1447:
1439:
1398:
1390:
1349:
1339:
1290:
1282:
1237:
1229:
1183:
1136:
1128:
1082:
1064:
1048:
444:
308:
284:
256:
201:
1477:"Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks"
1475:
Parfrey, Laura
Wegener; Lahr, Daniel J. G.; Knoll, Andrew H.; Katz, Laura A. (2011-08-16).
1024:"Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks"
2976:
2805:
2617:
2566:
2392:
2324:
2070:
2029:
1778:
1023:
1015:
841:
762:
633:
553:
485:
448:
402:
2900:
1577:"High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses"
1492:
1335:
1124:
1044:
914:
2932:
2759:
2602:
2510:
2427:
2038:
1687:
1511:
1476:
1452:
1427:
1403:
1378:
1354:
1319:
1295:
1266:
1242:
1217:
1141:
1104:
1069:
1426:
Peterson, Kevin J.; Cotton, James A.; Gehling, James G.; Pisani, Davide (2008-04-27).
1172:"The origin of the animals and a 'Savannah' hypothesis for early bilaterian evolution"
303:
was however thrown into some doubt in 2013 by the still controversial suggestion that
3042:
2741:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2561:
2483:
2442:
2432:
2350:
2046:
1945:
1019:
791:
701:
645:
416:
383:
795:
705:
323:, or whether it was independently derived within the animals and choanoflagellates.
2810:
2728:
2665:
2551:
2492:
2342:
1898:
1809:
1320:"Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals"
884:
732:
465:
423:
360:
292:
264:
27:
Clade of opisthokont eukaryotes consisting of the choanoflagellates and the animals
663:
2958:
2894:
2820:
2593:
2262:
2104:
1986:
1801:
1643:
1432:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
1167:
1100:
815:
498:
398:
348:
304:
268:
249:
150:
52:
45:
2885:
1394:
1032:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2790:
2751:
2656:
2622:
2447:
1854:
1768:
1593:
1576:
1552:
1535:
880:
513:
475:
454:
387:
371:
89:
1602:
1060:
2909:
2051:
1914:
1849:
1827:
1501:
1344:
1286:
1218:"Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes"
1052:
252:
114:
1561:
1520:
1461:
1443:
1412:
1363:
1304:
1251:
1197:
1150:
1078:
1086:
2924:
2879:
2815:
2800:
2795:
2785:
2372:
2333:
1726:
602:
582:
375:
336:
283:
A close relationship between choanoflagellates and animals has long been
127:
17:
1132:
2640:
2466:
1922:
867:
778:
659:
356:
296:
170:
160:
59:
2963:
1233:
1188:
1171:
426:(i.e. a unique characteristic) of the clade. A synonym of this clade,
80:
2777:
1876:
930:
344:
260:
206:
140:
66:
2856:
586:
2950:
539:
352:
340:
320:
245:
2860:
1616:
1612:
422:(χοάνη), meaning 'funnel', refers to the collar, which is a
331:
The name "Choanozoa" was first used by protozoologist
2869:
2776:
2750:
2727:
2718:
2709:
2700:
2664:
2655:
2648:
2639:
2610:
2601:
2592:
2544:
2518:
2509:
2491:
2482:
2475:
2464:
2371:
2341:
2332:
2323:
2316:
2274:
2243:
2220:
2182:
2162:
2103:
2078:
2069:
2037:
2028:
2019:
1995:
1979:
1958:
1943:
1913:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1875:
1842:
1835:
1826:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1777:
1766:
452:paper gives significantly younger dates. See also
1481:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1324:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
458:.) The Holomycota tree follows Tedersoo et al.
1628:
1271:and its implications for cell type evolution"
434:, a characteristic not unique to this clade.
8:
1162:
1160:
2857:
2724:
2715:
2706:
2661:
2652:
2645:
2607:
2598:
2515:
2488:
2479:
2472:
2338:
2329:
2320:
2109:
2075:
2034:
2025:
2016:
1955:
1951:
1940:
1910:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1881:
1839:
1832:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1774:
1635:
1621:
1613:
79:
31:
1592:
1551:
1510:
1500:
1451:
1402:
1353:
1343:
1294:
1241:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1187:
1140:
1068:
363:. Its classification was the following:
1003:
374:", a paraphyletic group containing all
335:in 1991 to refer to a group of basal
7:
2987:736ea2b7-a6a6-4492-8fab-9e1da1606096
1105:"The genome of the choanoflagellate
271:and Sören Jensen, who used the name
903:
873:
821:
811:
784:
679:
652:
626:
575:
568:
546:
491:
481:
471:
461:
1222:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
397:, a monophyletic group containing
25:
1265:Ryan, J. F. (December 13, 2013).
933:
913:
883:
844:
794:
704:
662:
585:
516:
339:that later proved not to form a
101:
2844:Sources and alternative views:
1267:"The genome of the ctenophore
351:protists while excluding both
1:
1377:Cavalier-Smith T (May 2022).
401:protists in the single class
343:. This group had the rank of
1109:and the origin of metazoans"
259:(Choanoflagellatea) and the
3049:Opisthokont unranked clades
378:protists in three classes:
3070:
1395:10.1007/s00709-021-01665-7
2841:
2112:
2015:
1954:
1939:
1884:
1650:
1594:10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0
1553:10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.006
928:
908:
901:
878:
871:
839:
826:
819:
809:
789:
782:
699:
684:
677:
657:
650:
631:
624:
600:
580:
573:
566:
551:
544:
511:
496:
489:
479:
469:
438:Evolutionary implications
263:(Animalia, Metazoa). The
221:
214:
198:
193:
98:Scientific classification
96:
87:
78:
34:
1502:10.1073/pnas.1110633108
1345:10.1073/pnas.1518127112
1287:10.1126/science.1242592
1053:10.1073/PNAS.1110633108
232:Fairclough et al., 2013
226:Budd & Jensen, 2015
2423:Calcarisporiellomycota
1444:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233
3008:Paleobiology Database
2383:Neocallimastigomycota
2146:Pseudopleistophoridae
2003:Paramicrosporidiaceae
1170:; Jensen, S. (2015).
1012:Laura Wegener Parfrey
333:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
289:multicellular animals
188:Brunet and King, 2017
1996:Paramicrosporidiales
1546:(13): 2043–2050.e6.
1107:Monosiga brevicollis
2408:Entomophthoromycota
2250:Encephalitozoonidae
1946:Microsporidiomycota
1493:2011PNAS..10813624P
1487:(33): 13624–13629.
1438:(1496): 1435–1443.
1336:2015PNAS..11215402P
1133:10.1038/nature06617
1125:2008Natur.451..783K
1045:2011PNAS..10813624P
1014:; Daniel J G Lahr;
367:Phylum "Choanozoa"
359:, making the group
291:is provided by the
2778:Metazoa (Animalia)
2398:Blastocladiomycota
2388:Monoblepharomycota
2253:Enterocytozoonidae
2143:Pleistosporidiidae
1176:Biological Reviews
1022:(16 August 2011).
347:and contained all
311:found in animals.
255:consisting of the
3036:
3035:
2995:Open Tree of Life
2863:Taxon identifiers
2854:
2853:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2720:Choanoflagellatea
2696:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2618:Corallochytriidae
2588:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2572:Parataeniellaceae
2501:Dermocystidiaceae
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2418:Mortierellomycota
2403:Basidiobolomycota
2367:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2256:Heterovesiculidae
2236:Tubulinosematidae
2099:
2098:
2091:Metchnikovellidae
2065:
2064:
2011:
2010:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1281:(6164): 1242592.
1269:Mnemiopsis leidyi
1234:10.1111/jeu.12691
1189:10.1111/brv.12239
1119:(7180): 783–788.
994:
993:
984:
983:
974:
973:
965:
964:
956:
955:
946:
945:
911:Choanoflagellatea
857:
856:
768:
767:
756:
755:
747:
746:
738:
737:
726:
725:
717:
716:
613:
612:
529:
528:
380:Choanoflagellatea
257:choanoflagellates
239:
238:
233:
227:
189:
16:(Redirected from
3061:
3029:
3028:
3016:
3015:
3003:
3002:
2990:
2989:
2980:
2979:
2967:
2966:
2954:
2953:
2941:
2940:
2928:
2927:
2918:
2917:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2858:
2849:
2725:
2716:
2711:Choanoflagellata
2707:
2662:
2653:
2646:
2611:Corallochytriida
2608:
2599:
2516:
2489:
2480:
2473:
2438:Entorrhizomycota
2339:
2330:
2321:
2227:Fibrillasporidae
2140:Neonosemoidiidae
2128:Cylindrosporidae
2110:
2079:Metchnikovellida
2076:
2035:
2026:
2017:
1971:Morellosporaceae
1966:Mitosporidiaceae
1956:
1952:
1941:
1911:
1904:
1895:
1886:
1882:
1840:
1833:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1775:
1679:
1659:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1614:
1607:
1606:
1596:
1581:Fungal Diversity
1572:
1566:
1565:
1555:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1514:
1504:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1455:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1406:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1357:
1347:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1298:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1245:
1213:
1202:
1201:
1191:
1164:
1155:
1154:
1144:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1072:
1028:
1008:
937:
917:
904:
887:
874:
848:
822:
812:
798:
785:
708:
680:
666:
653:
627:
589:
576:
569:
547:
520:
492:
482:
472:
462:
445:Ediacaran Period
309:multicellularity
231:
225:
202:Choanoflagellata
187:
106:
105:
83:
73:
69:
62:
55:
48:
42:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3024:
3019:
3011:
3006:
2998:
2993:
2985:
2983:
2975:
2970:
2962:
2957:
2949:
2944:
2936:
2931:
2923:
2921:
2913:
2908:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2865:
2855:
2850:
2843:
2825:
2806:Xenacoelomorpha
2764:
2746:
2688:
2627:
2576:
2567:Paramoebidiidae
2562:Ichthyophonidae
2540:
2505:
2469:
2452:
2413:Kickxellomycota
2393:Chytridiomycota
2375:
2355:
2325:Aphelidiomycota
2317:Aphelidiomyceta
2284:
2270:
2239:
2216:
2201:Pleistophoridae
2178:
2158:
2149:Striatosporidae
2125:Cougourdellidae
2095:
2086:Amphiacanthidae
2071:Metchnikovellea
2061:
2057:Chytridiopsidae
2030:Chytridiopsidea
2022:
2007:
1991:
1987:Nucleophagaceae
1975:
1959:Morellosporales
1948:
1927:
1891:
1859:
1814:
1779:Cristidiscoidea
1771:
1762:
1761:
1677:
1655:
1646:
1641:
1611:
1610:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1540:Current Biology
1533:
1532:
1528:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1330:(50): 15402–7.
1317:
1316:
1312:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1215:
1214:
1205:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1039:(33): 13624–9.
1026:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1000:
995:
985:
975:
966:
957:
947:
858:
842:Corallochytrium
769:
763:Opisthosporidia
757:
748:
739:
727:
718:
614:
530:
486:Cristidiscoidea
440:
403:Cristidiscoidea
329:
281:
186:
100:
74:
72:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57:
53:
50:
46:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3067:
3065:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3041:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3017:
3004:
2991:
2981:
2968:
2955:
2942:
2929:
2919:
2906:
2891:
2875:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2852:
2851:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2760:Salpingoecidae
2756:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2737:Stephanoecidae
2733:
2731:
2722:
2713:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2668:
2659:
2650:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2623:Syssomonadidae
2620:
2614:
2612:
2605:
2603:Corallochytrea
2596:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2536:Psorospermidae
2533:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2519:Sphaeroformina
2513:
2511:Ichthyophonida
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2486:
2477:
2476:Ichthyosporida
2470:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2336:
2327:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2281:Ovavesiculidae
2278:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2189:Facilisporidae
2186:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2169:Amblyosporidae
2166:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2039:Chytridiopsida
2032:
2023:
2020:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1980:Nucleophagales
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1949:
1944:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1917:
1908:
1907:Rozellomycetes
1901:
1892:
1889:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1846:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1752:Mesomycetozoea
1749:
1744:
1734:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1688:Diaphoretickes
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1617:
1609:
1608:
1587:(1): 135–159.
1567:
1526:
1467:
1418:
1389:(3): 487–593.
1369:
1310:
1257:
1203:
1182:(1): 446–473.
1156:
1092:
1016:Andrew H Knoll
1002:
1001:
999:
996:
992:
991:
990:1300 mya
987:
986:
982:
981:
980:1100 mya
977:
976:
972:
971:
968:
967:
963:
962:
959:
958:
954:
953:
949:
948:
944:
943:
940:
939:
927:
924:
923:
920:
919:
907:
902:
900:
894:
893:
890:
889:
877:
872:
870:
864:
863:
860:
859:
855:
854:
851:
850:
838:
835:
834:
831:
830:
825:
820:
818:
810:
808:
805:
804:
801:
800:
788:
783:
781:
775:
774:
771:
770:
766:
765:
759:
758:
754:
753:
750:
749:
745:
744:
741:
740:
736:
735:
729:
728:
724:
723:
720:
719:
715:
714:
711:
710:
698:
695:
694:
691:
690:
683:
678:
676:
673:
672:
669:
668:
656:
651:
649:
642:
641:
638:
637:
630:
625:
623:
620:
619:
616:
615:
611:
610:
607:
606:
599:
596:
595:
592:
591:
579:
574:
572:
567:
565:
562:
561:
558:
557:
550:
545:
543:
536:
535:
532:
531:
527:
526:
523:
522:
510:
507:
506:
503:
502:
495:
490:
488:
480:
478:
470:
468:
460:
439:
436:
409:
408:
407:
406:
391:
328:
325:
280:
277:
237:
236:
235:
234:
228:
219:
218:
212:
211:
210:
209:
204:
196:
195:
191:
190:
181:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
131:
130:
125:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
94:
93:
85:
84:
76:
75:
65:
58:
51:
44:
43:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3066:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2847:
2840:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2742:Acanthoecidae
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2685:
2684:Txikisporidae
2682:
2680:
2679:Ministeriidae
2677:
2675:
2674:Capsasporidae
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2526:Creolimacidae
2524:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2484:Ichthyosporea
2481:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2443:Basidiomycota
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2433:Glomeromycota
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2352:
2351:Aphelidiaceae
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:Ovavesiculida
2273:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2233:Neopereziidae
2232:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2213:Unikaryonidae
2212:
2209:
2207:Thelohaniidae
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2172:Caudosporidae
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:Amblyosporida
2161:
2155:Toxoglugeidae
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2119:Burenelloidea
2118:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2047:Buxtehudeidae
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2021:Microsporidia
2018:
2014:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1899:Rozellomycota
1896:
1893:
1890:Rozellomyceta
1887:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1856:
1855:Parvulariidae
1853:
1851:
1850:Fonticulaceae
1848:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1715:Stramenopiles
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1678:(major groups
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1004:
997:
989:
988:
979:
978:
970:
969:
961:
960:
952:950 mya
951:
950:
942:
941:
938:
936:
932:
926:
925:
922:
921:
918:
916:
912:
906:
905:
899:
896:
895:
892:
891:
888:
886:
882:
876:
875:
869:
866:
865:
862:
861:
853:
852:
849:
847:
843:
837:
836:
833:
832:
829:
824:
823:
817:
814:
813:
807:
806:
803:
802:
799:
797:
793:
792:Ichthyosporea
787:
786:
780:
777:
776:
773:
772:
764:
761:
760:
752:
751:
743:
742:
734:
731:
730:
722:
721:
713:
712:
709:
707:
703:
702:Microsporidia
697:
696:
693:
692:
689:
688:
682:
681:
675:
674:
671:
670:
667:
665:
661:
655:
654:
647:
646:Rozellomyceta
644:
643:
640:
639:
636:
635:
629:
628:
622:
621:
618:
617:
609:
608:
605:
604:
598:
597:
594:
593:
590:
588:
584:
578:
577:
571:
570:
564:
563:
560:
559:
556:
555:
549:
548:
541:
538:
537:
534:
533:
525:
524:
521:
519:
515:
509:
508:
505:
504:
501:
500:
494:
493:
487:
484:
483:
477:
474:
473:
467:
464:
463:
459:
457:
456:
450:
446:
437:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
418:
414:
404:
400:
396:
392:
389:
385:
384:Ichthyosporea
381:
377:
373:
369:
368:
366:
365:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
326:
324:
322:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
278:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
251:
247:
243:
229:
223:
222:
220:
217:
213:
208:
205:
203:
200:
199:
197:
194:Subdivisions
192:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
104:
99:
95:
92:
91:
86:
82:
77:
70:
63:
56:
49:
41:665–0 Ma
33:
30:
19:
2870:
2811:Ambulacraria
2729:Acanthoecida
2701:
2666:Ministeriida
2649:Filasterozoa
2552:Amoebidiidae
2545:Trichomycina
2493:Dermocystida
2428:Mucoromycota
2376:(True Fungi)
2343:Aphelidiales
2267:Ordosporidae
2230:Janacekiidae
2221:Neopereziida
2137:Microfilidae
2134:Golbergiidae
2131:Duboscqiidae
2116:Abelsporidae
1810:Nucleariidae
1737:Opisthokonta
1644:Opisthokonta
1584:
1580:
1570:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1435:
1431:
1421:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1260:
1228:(1): 4–119.
1225:
1221:
1179:
1175:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1095:
1036:
1030:
1020:Laura A Katz
1006:
929:
909:
897:
879:
840:
827:
790:
733:Cryptomycota
700:
685:
658:
632:
601:
581:
552:
512:
497:
466:Opisthokonta
453:
441:
427:
424:synapomorphy
419:
412:
410:
361:paraphyletic
330:
327:Nomenclature
313:
293:collar cells
282:
279:Introduction
272:
265:sister-group
241:
240:
183:
177:
167:(unranked):
157:(unranked):
151:Opisthokonta
147:(unranked):
134:
121:
88:
29:
2959:iNaturalist
2895:Wikispecies
2846:Wikispecies
2821:Protostomia
2594:Pluriformea
2557:Eccrinaceae
2263:Nosematidae
2259:Mrazekiidae
2204:Spragueidae
2195:Myosporidae
2152:Telomyxidae
2105:Microsporea
1843:Fonticulida
1828:Fonticulida
1802:Nucleariida
1794:Nuclearidea
1383:Protoplasma
1168:Budd, G. E.
828:Syssomonas
816:Pluriformea
514:Nucleariida
499:Fonticulida
449:"Ediacaran"
399:holomycotan
370:Subphylum "
349:opisthokont
305:ctenophores
269:Graham Budd
250:opisthokont
54:Proterozoic
3043:Categories
2791:Ctenophora
2752:Craspedida
2657:Filasterea
2448:Ascomycota
2244:Nosematida
2210:Tuzetiidae
2198:Pereziidae
2175:Gurleyidae
1923:Rozellidae
1836:Fonticulea
1787:Nuclearida
1769:Holomycota
998:References
881:Filasterea
583:True Fungi
476:Holomycota
455:Kimberella
393:Subphylum
388:Filasterea
372:Choanofila
285:recognised
253:eukaryotes
230:Choanimal
224:Apoikozoa
90:Codonosiga
2910:AlgaeBase
2901:Choanozoa
2871:Choanozoa
2702:Choanozoa
2334:Aphelidea
2192:Glugeidae
2122:Burkeidae
2052:Hesseidae
1915:Rozellida
1732:Amoebozoa
1710:Alveolata
1698:Cryptista
1673:Eukaryota
1603:1560-2745
1087:Q24614721
1061:0027-8424
898:Choanozoa
687:Namako-37
428:Apoikozoa
413:Choanozoa
395:Paramycia
273:Apoikozoa
242:Choanozoa
184:Choanozoa
115:Eukaryota
35:Choanozoa
18:Apoikozoa
2933:Fungorum
2922:BioLib:
2886:Q1205126
2880:Wikidata
2816:Chordata
2801:Cnidaria
2796:Placozoa
2786:Porifera
2373:Eumycota
2183:Glugeida
1727:Amorphea
1705:Rhizaria
1693:Hacrobia
1683:Excavata
1668:Bacteria
1562:28648822
1521:21810989
1462:18192191
1413:34940909
1364:26621703
1305:24337300
1252:30257078
1198:26588818
1151:18273011
1101:King, N.
1083:Wikidata
1079:21810989
931:Animalia
603:Aphelida
432:colonies
376:holozoan
337:protists
301:homology
216:Synonyms
207:Animalia
128:Amorphea
111:Domain:
3054:Holozoa
3000:5923995
2641:Filozoa
2531:Piridae
2467:Holozoa
1742:Animals
1663:Archaea
1512:3158185
1489:Bibcode
1453:2614224
1404:9010356
1355:4687580
1332:Bibcode
1296:3920664
1275:Science
1243:6492006
1142:2562698
1121:Bibcode
1070:3158185
1041:Bibcode
868:Filozoa
779:Holozoa
660:Rozella
357:animals
316:synonym
297:sponges
261:animals
171:Filozoa
161:Holozoa
61:Archean
3026:562870
2984:NZOR:
2964:151874
2915:101920
1720:Plants
1657:Domain
1601:
1560:
1519:
1509:
1460:
1450:
1411:
1401:
1362:
1352:
1303:
1293:
1250:
1240:
1196:
1149:
1139:
1113:Nature
1085:
1077:
1067:
1059:
420:choanē
345:phylum
141:Obazoa
3021:WoRMS
3013:67092
2972:IRMNG
2938:90831
2925:14805
1877:Fungi
1747:Fungi
1027:(PDF)
540:Fungi
417:Greek
353:fungi
341:clade
321:clade
246:clade
244:is a
178:Clade
135:Clade
122:Clade
2946:GBIF
1599:ISSN
1558:PMID
1517:PMID
1458:PMID
1409:PMID
1360:PMID
1301:PMID
1248:PMID
1194:PMID
1147:PMID
1075:PMID
1057:ISSN
634:BCG1
554:BCG2
386:and
355:and
68:Had.
47:Pha.
2977:147
1589:doi
1548:doi
1507:PMC
1497:doi
1485:108
1448:PMC
1440:doi
1436:363
1399:PMC
1391:doi
1387:259
1350:PMC
1340:doi
1328:112
1291:PMC
1283:doi
1279:342
1238:PMC
1230:doi
1184:doi
1137:PMC
1129:doi
1117:451
1065:PMC
1049:doi
1037:108
295:of
248:of
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