924:
507:
835:
92:
904:
785:
695:
874:
653:
70:
576:
307:
for the
Choanozoa, Apoikozoa, derives from the ancient Greek for "colony" and "animal", referring to the ability of both animals and (some) choanoflagellates to form multicellular units. While animals are permanently multicellular, the colony-building choanoflagellates are only sometimes so, which
440:
organisms known from this interval, thus allowing some sort of reconstruction of the earliest animals and their ecology. In the following cladogram, an indication is given of approximately how many million years ago (Mya) the clades diverged into newer clades. (Note that the later Budd and Jensen
431:
Although the last common ancestor of the
Choanozoa cannot be reconstructed with certainty, Budd and Jensen suggest that these organisms formed benthic colonies that competed for space amongst other mat-forming organisms known to have existed during the
1020:
296:, and not sponges, are the sister group to all other animals. More recent genomic work has suggested that choanoflagellates possess some of the important genetic machinery necessary for the
1368:"Ciliary transition zone evolution and the root of the eukaryote tree: implications for opisthokont origin and classification of kingdoms Protozoa, Plantae, and Fungi"
2960:
1205:
Adl, Sina M.; Bass, David; Lane, Christopher E.; Lukeš, Julius; Schoch, Conrad L.; Smirnov, Alexey; Agatha, Sabine; Berney, Cedric; Brown, Matthew W. (2018-09-26).
1623:
1564:
Tedersoo, Leho; Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago; Kõljalg, Urmas; Bahram, Mohammad; Döring, Markus; Schigel, Dmitry; May, Tom; Ryberg, Martin; Abarenkov, Kessy (2018).
264:. The 2018 revision of the classification first proposed by the International Society of Protistologists in 2012 recommends the use of the name Choanozoa.
1523:
Hehenberger, Elisabeth; Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Kolisko, Martin; Campo, Javier del; Esaulov, Anton S.; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Keeling, Patrick J. (2017).
256:
relationship between the choanoflagellates and animals has important implications for the origin of the animals. The clade was identified in 2015 by
2934:
419:, was used in previous years; however, it was rejected as being neither formally defined nor appropriate, since it refers to the ability to form
288:
and the overall morphology of the choanoflagellate cell. The relationship has since been confirmed by multiple molecular analyses. This proposed
1092:; Westbrook, M. J.; Young, S. L.; Kuo, A.; Abedin, M.; Chapman, J.; Fairclough, S.; Hellsten, U.; Isogai, Y.; Letunic, I. (February 14, 2008).
436:
some 635–540 million years ago. As such they would form an important link between the unicellular ancestors of the animals and the enigmatic
3037:
1616:
1307:
Pisani, D.; Pett, W.; Dohrmann, M.; Feuda, R.; Rota-Stabelli, O.; Philippe, H.; Lartillot, N. & Wörheide, G. (December 15, 2015).
400:
The
International Society of Protistologists rejected the use of this name for the paraphyletic group. Instead, since 2017, the name
1525:"Novel Predators Reshape Holozoan Phylogeny and Reveal the Presence of a Two-Component Signaling System in the Ancestor of Animals"
276:, dating back at least to the 1840s. A particularly striking and famous similarity between the single-celled choanoflagellates and
3009:
1656:
1651:
1735:
1725:
1708:
1609:
308:
raises the question of whether or not the colony-building ability in both groups was present at the base of the entire
91:
1740:
1991:
2851:
2411:
1417:"The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records"
2996:
2376:
2371:
1703:
1000:
321:
2560:
2489:
2079:
1959:
1954:
3014:
2975:
2074:
2045:
1477:
1320:
1109:
1029:
277:
2926:
2725:
2524:
2903:
2514:
2396:
923:
2545:
2386:
1720:
1698:
1686:
1661:
304:
289:
204:
86:
3001:
2834:
834:
675:
506:
383:
2983:
2426:
2406:
2401:
2391:
1730:
1693:
1681:
1671:
1587:
1546:
1505:
1446:
1397:
1348:
1289:
1236:
1182:
1135:
1063:
1045:
899:
420:
368:
2988:
2519:
404:
is considered appropriate for the clade that unites choanoflagellates and animals, since the
3042:
2708:
2699:
1645:
1577:
1536:
1495:
1485:
1436:
1428:
1387:
1379:
1338:
1328:
1279:
1271:
1226:
1218:
1172:
1125:
1117:
1071:
1053:
1037:
433:
297:
273:
245:
190:
1466:"Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks"
1464:
Parfrey, Laura
Wegener; Lahr, Daniel J. G.; Knoll, Andrew H.; Katz, Laura A. (2011-08-16).
1013:"Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks"
2965:
2794:
2606:
2555:
2381:
2313:
2059:
2018:
1767:
1012:
1004:
830:
751:
622:
542:
474:
437:
391:
2889:
1566:"High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses"
1481:
1324:
1113:
1033:
903:
2921:
2748:
2591:
2499:
2416:
2027:
1676:
1500:
1465:
1441:
1416:
1392:
1367:
1343:
1308:
1284:
1255:
1231:
1206:
1130:
1093:
1058:
1415:
Peterson, Kevin J.; Cotton, James A.; Gehling, James G.; Pisani, Davide (2008-04-27).
1161:"The origin of the animals and a 'Savannah' hypothesis for early bilaterian evolution"
292:
was however thrown into some doubt in 2013 by the still controversial suggestion that
3031:
2730:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2550:
2472:
2431:
2421:
2339:
2035:
1934:
1008:
780:
690:
634:
405:
372:
784:
694:
312:, or whether it was independently derived within the animals and choanoflagellates.
2799:
2717:
2654:
2540:
2481:
2331:
1887:
1798:
1309:"Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals"
873:
721:
454:
412:
349:
281:
253:
16:
Clade of opisthokont eukaryotes consisting of the choanoflagellates and the animals
652:
2947:
2883:
2809:
2582:
2251:
2093:
1975:
1790:
1632:
1421:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
1156:
1089:
804:
487:
387:
337:
293:
257:
238:
139:
41:
34:
2874:
1383:
1021:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2779:
2740:
2645:
2611:
2436:
1843:
1757:
1582:
1565:
1541:
1524:
869:
502:
464:
443:
376:
360:
78:
1591:
1049:
2898:
2040:
1903:
1838:
1816:
1490:
1333:
1275:
1207:"Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes"
1041:
241:
103:
1550:
1509:
1450:
1432:
1401:
1352:
1293:
1240:
1186:
1139:
1067:
1075:
2913:
2868:
2804:
2789:
2784:
2774:
2361:
2322:
1715:
591:
571:
364:
325:
272:
A close relationship between choanoflagellates and animals has long been
116:
1121:
2629:
2455:
1911:
856:
767:
648:
345:
285:
159:
149:
48:
2952:
1222:
1177:
1160:
415:(i.e. a unique characteristic) of the clade. A synonym of this clade,
69:
2766:
1865:
919:
333:
249:
195:
129:
55:
2845:
575:
2939:
528:
341:
329:
309:
234:
2849:
1605:
1601:
411:(χοάνη), meaning 'funnel', refers to the collar, which is a
320:
The name "Choanozoa" was first used by protozoologist
2858:
2765:
2739:
2716:
2707:
2698:
2689:
2653:
2644:
2637:
2628:
2599:
2590:
2581:
2533:
2507:
2498:
2480:
2471:
2464:
2453:
2360:
2330:
2321:
2312:
2305:
2263:
2232:
2209:
2171:
2151:
2092:
2067:
2058:
2026:
2017:
2008:
1984:
1968:
1947:
1932:
1902:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1864:
1831:
1824:
1815:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1766:
1755:
441:paper gives significantly younger dates. See also
1470:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1313:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
447:.) The Holomycota tree follows Tedersoo et al.
1617:
1260:and its implications for cell type evolution"
423:, a characteristic not unique to this clade.
8:
1151:
1149:
2846:
2713:
2704:
2695:
2650:
2641:
2634:
2596:
2587:
2504:
2477:
2468:
2461:
2327:
2318:
2309:
2098:
2064:
2023:
2014:
2005:
1944:
1940:
1929:
1899:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1870:
1828:
1821:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1763:
1624:
1610:
1602:
68:
20:
1581:
1540:
1499:
1489:
1440:
1391:
1342:
1332:
1283:
1230:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1176:
1129:
1057:
352:. Its classification was the following:
992:
363:", a paraphyletic group containing all
324:in 1991 to refer to a group of basal
7:
2976:736ea2b7-a6a6-4492-8fab-9e1da1606096
1094:"The genome of the choanoflagellate
260:and Sören Jensen, who used the name
892:
862:
810:
800:
773:
668:
641:
615:
564:
557:
535:
480:
470:
460:
450:
1211:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
386:, a monophyletic group containing
14:
1254:Ryan, J. F. (December 13, 2013).
922:
902:
872:
833:
783:
693:
651:
574:
505:
328:that later proved not to form a
90:
2833:Sources and alternative views:
1256:"The genome of the ctenophore
340:protists while excluding both
1:
1366:Cavalier-Smith T (May 2022).
390:protists in the single class
332:. This group had the rank of
1098:and the origin of metazoans"
248:(Choanoflagellatea) and the
3038:Opisthokont unranked clades
367:protists in three classes:
3059:
1384:10.1007/s00709-021-01665-7
2830:
2101:
2004:
1943:
1928:
1873:
1639:
1583:10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0
1542:10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.006
917:
897:
890:
867:
860:
828:
815:
808:
798:
778:
771:
688:
673:
666:
646:
639:
620:
613:
589:
569:
562:
555:
540:
533:
500:
485:
478:
468:
458:
427:Evolutionary implications
252:(Animalia, Metazoa). The
210:
203:
187:
182:
87:Scientific classification
85:
76:
67:
23:
1491:10.1073/pnas.1110633108
1334:10.1073/pnas.1518127112
1276:10.1126/science.1242592
1042:10.1073/PNAS.1110633108
221:Fairclough et al., 2013
215:Budd & Jensen, 2015
2412:Calcarisporiellomycota
1433:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233
2997:Paleobiology Database
2372:Neocallimastigomycota
2135:Pseudopleistophoridae
1992:Paramicrosporidiaceae
1159:; Jensen, S. (2015).
1001:Laura Wegener Parfrey
322:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
278:multicellular animals
177:Brunet and King, 2017
1985:Paramicrosporidiales
1535:(13): 2043–2050.e6.
1096:Monosiga brevicollis
2397:Entomophthoromycota
2239:Encephalitozoonidae
1935:Microsporidiomycota
1482:2011PNAS..10813624P
1476:(33): 13624–13629.
1427:(1496): 1435–1443.
1325:2015PNAS..11215402P
1122:10.1038/nature06617
1114:2008Natur.451..783K
1034:2011PNAS..10813624P
1003:; Daniel J G Lahr;
356:Phylum "Choanozoa"
348:, making the group
280:is provided by the
2767:Metazoa (Animalia)
2387:Blastocladiomycota
2377:Monoblepharomycota
2242:Enterocytozoonidae
2132:Pleistosporidiidae
1165:Biological Reviews
1011:(16 August 2011).
336:and contained all
300:found in animals.
244:consisting of the
3025:
3024:
2984:Open Tree of Life
2852:Taxon identifiers
2843:
2842:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2709:Choanoflagellatea
2685:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2607:Corallochytriidae
2577:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2561:Parataeniellaceae
2490:Dermocystidiaceae
2449:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2407:Mortierellomycota
2392:Basidiobolomycota
2356:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2245:Heterovesiculidae
2225:Tubulinosematidae
2088:
2087:
2080:Metchnikovellidae
2054:
2053:
2000:
1999:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1270:(6164): 1242592.
1258:Mnemiopsis leidyi
1223:10.1111/jeu.12691
1178:10.1111/brv.12239
1108:(7180): 783–788.
983:
982:
973:
972:
963:
962:
954:
953:
945:
944:
935:
934:
900:Choanoflagellatea
846:
845:
757:
756:
745:
744:
736:
735:
727:
726:
715:
714:
706:
705:
602:
601:
518:
517:
369:Choanoflagellatea
246:choanoflagellates
228:
227:
222:
216:
178:
3050:
3018:
3017:
3005:
3004:
2992:
2991:
2979:
2978:
2969:
2968:
2956:
2955:
2943:
2942:
2930:
2929:
2917:
2916:
2907:
2906:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2847:
2838:
2714:
2705:
2700:Choanoflagellata
2696:
2651:
2642:
2635:
2600:Corallochytriida
2597:
2588:
2505:
2478:
2469:
2462:
2427:Entorrhizomycota
2328:
2319:
2310:
2216:Fibrillasporidae
2129:Neonosemoidiidae
2117:Cylindrosporidae
2099:
2068:Metchnikovellida
2065:
2024:
2015:
2006:
1960:Morellosporaceae
1955:Mitosporidiaceae
1945:
1941:
1930:
1900:
1893:
1884:
1875:
1871:
1829:
1822:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1764:
1668:
1648:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1603:
1596:
1595:
1585:
1570:Fungal Diversity
1561:
1555:
1554:
1544:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1493:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1444:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1395:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1346:
1336:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1287:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1234:
1202:
1191:
1190:
1180:
1153:
1144:
1143:
1133:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1061:
1017:
997:
926:
906:
893:
876:
863:
837:
811:
801:
787:
774:
697:
669:
655:
642:
616:
578:
565:
558:
536:
509:
481:
471:
461:
451:
434:Ediacaran Period
298:multicellularity
220:
214:
191:Choanoflagellata
176:
95:
94:
72:
62:
58:
51:
44:
37:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3013:
3008:
3000:
2995:
2987:
2982:
2974:
2972:
2964:
2959:
2951:
2946:
2938:
2933:
2925:
2920:
2912:
2910:
2902:
2897:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2854:
2844:
2839:
2832:
2814:
2795:Xenacoelomorpha
2753:
2735:
2677:
2616:
2565:
2556:Paramoebidiidae
2551:Ichthyophonidae
2529:
2494:
2458:
2441:
2402:Kickxellomycota
2382:Chytridiomycota
2364:
2344:
2314:Aphelidiomycota
2306:Aphelidiomyceta
2273:
2259:
2228:
2205:
2190:Pleistophoridae
2167:
2147:
2138:Striatosporidae
2114:Cougourdellidae
2084:
2075:Amphiacanthidae
2060:Metchnikovellea
2050:
2046:Chytridiopsidae
2019:Chytridiopsidea
2011:
1996:
1980:
1976:Nucleophagaceae
1964:
1948:Morellosporales
1937:
1916:
1880:
1848:
1803:
1768:Cristidiscoidea
1760:
1751:
1750:
1666:
1644:
1635:
1630:
1600:
1599:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1529:Current Biology
1522:
1521:
1517:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1319:(50): 15402–7.
1306:
1305:
1301:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1204:
1203:
1194:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1028:(33): 13624–9.
1015:
999:
998:
994:
989:
984:
974:
964:
955:
946:
936:
847:
831:Corallochytrium
758:
752:Opisthosporidia
746:
737:
728:
716:
707:
603:
519:
475:Cristidiscoidea
429:
392:Cristidiscoidea
318:
270:
175:
89:
63:
61:
60:
56:
53:
49:
46:
42:
39:
35:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3056:
3054:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3030:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3006:
2993:
2980:
2970:
2957:
2944:
2931:
2918:
2908:
2895:
2880:
2864:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2841:
2840:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2749:Salpingoecidae
2745:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2726:Stephanoecidae
2722:
2720:
2711:
2702:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2648:
2639:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2612:Syssomonadidae
2609:
2603:
2601:
2594:
2592:Corallochytrea
2585:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2525:Psorospermidae
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2508:Sphaeroformina
2502:
2500:Ichthyophonida
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2475:
2466:
2465:Ichthyosporida
2459:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2336:
2334:
2325:
2316:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2270:Ovavesiculidae
2267:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2178:Facilisporidae
2175:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2158:Amblyosporidae
2155:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2028:Chytridiopsida
2021:
2012:
2009:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1969:Nucleophagales
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1938:
1933:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1897:
1896:Rozellomycetes
1890:
1881:
1878:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1761:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1741:Mesomycetozoea
1738:
1733:
1723:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1677:Diaphoretickes
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1606:
1598:
1597:
1576:(1): 135–159.
1556:
1515:
1456:
1407:
1378:(3): 487–593.
1358:
1299:
1246:
1192:
1171:(1): 446–473.
1145:
1081:
1005:Andrew H Knoll
991:
990:
988:
985:
981:
980:
979:1300 mya
976:
975:
971:
970:
969:1100 mya
966:
965:
961:
960:
957:
956:
952:
951:
948:
947:
943:
942:
938:
937:
933:
932:
929:
928:
916:
913:
912:
909:
908:
896:
891:
889:
883:
882:
879:
878:
866:
861:
859:
853:
852:
849:
848:
844:
843:
840:
839:
827:
824:
823:
820:
819:
814:
809:
807:
799:
797:
794:
793:
790:
789:
777:
772:
770:
764:
763:
760:
759:
755:
754:
748:
747:
743:
742:
739:
738:
734:
733:
730:
729:
725:
724:
718:
717:
713:
712:
709:
708:
704:
703:
700:
699:
687:
684:
683:
680:
679:
672:
667:
665:
662:
661:
658:
657:
645:
640:
638:
631:
630:
627:
626:
619:
614:
612:
609:
608:
605:
604:
600:
599:
596:
595:
588:
585:
584:
581:
580:
568:
563:
561:
556:
554:
551:
550:
547:
546:
539:
534:
532:
525:
524:
521:
520:
516:
515:
512:
511:
499:
496:
495:
492:
491:
484:
479:
477:
469:
467:
459:
457:
449:
428:
425:
398:
397:
396:
395:
380:
317:
314:
269:
266:
226:
225:
224:
223:
217:
208:
207:
201:
200:
199:
198:
193:
185:
184:
180:
179:
170:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
127:
120:
119:
114:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
83:
82:
74:
73:
65:
64:
54:
47:
40:
33:
32:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3055:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2836:
2829:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2731:Acanthoecidae
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2674:
2673:Txikisporidae
2671:
2669:
2668:Ministeriidae
2666:
2664:
2663:Capsasporidae
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:Creolimacidae
2513:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:Ichthyosporea
2470:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2432:Basidiomycota
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2422:Glomeromycota
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2341:
2340:Aphelidiaceae
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:Ovavesiculida
2262:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2222:Neopereziidae
2221:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2202:Unikaryonidae
2201:
2198:
2196:Thelohaniidae
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2161:Caudosporidae
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:Amblyosporida
2150:
2144:Toxoglugeidae
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2108:Burenelloidea
2107:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2036:Buxtehudeidae
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2010:Microsporidia
2007:
2003:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1888:Rozellomycota
1885:
1882:
1879:Rozellomyceta
1876:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1845:
1844:Parvulariidae
1842:
1840:
1839:Fonticulaceae
1837:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1704:Stramenopiles
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1667:(major groups
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
996:
993:
986:
978:
977:
968:
967:
959:
958:
950:
949:
941:950 mya
940:
939:
931:
930:
927:
925:
921:
915:
914:
911:
910:
907:
905:
901:
895:
894:
888:
885:
884:
881:
880:
877:
875:
871:
865:
864:
858:
855:
854:
851:
850:
842:
841:
838:
836:
832:
826:
825:
822:
821:
818:
813:
812:
806:
803:
802:
796:
795:
792:
791:
788:
786:
782:
781:Ichthyosporea
776:
775:
769:
766:
765:
762:
761:
753:
750:
749:
741:
740:
732:
731:
723:
720:
719:
711:
710:
702:
701:
698:
696:
692:
691:Microsporidia
686:
685:
682:
681:
678:
677:
671:
670:
664:
663:
660:
659:
656:
654:
650:
644:
643:
636:
635:Rozellomyceta
633:
632:
629:
628:
625:
624:
618:
617:
611:
610:
607:
606:
598:
597:
594:
593:
587:
586:
583:
582:
579:
577:
573:
567:
566:
560:
559:
553:
552:
549:
548:
545:
544:
538:
537:
530:
527:
526:
523:
522:
514:
513:
510:
508:
504:
498:
497:
494:
493:
490:
489:
483:
482:
476:
473:
472:
466:
463:
462:
456:
453:
452:
448:
446:
445:
439:
435:
426:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
407:
403:
393:
389:
385:
381:
378:
374:
373:Ichthyosporea
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:
355:
354:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
315:
313:
311:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
267:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
240:
236:
232:
218:
212:
211:
209:
206:
202:
197:
194:
192:
189:
188:
186:
183:Subdivisions
181:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
93:
88:
84:
81:
80:
75:
71:
66:
59:
52:
45:
38:
30:665–0 Ma
22:
19:
2859:
2800:Ambulacraria
2718:Acanthoecida
2690:
2655:Ministeriida
2638:Filasterozoa
2541:Amoebidiidae
2534:Trichomycina
2482:Dermocystida
2417:Mucoromycota
2365:(True Fungi)
2332:Aphelidiales
2256:Ordosporidae
2219:Janacekiidae
2210:Neopereziida
2126:Microfilidae
2123:Golbergiidae
2120:Duboscqiidae
2105:Abelsporidae
1799:Nucleariidae
1726:Opisthokonta
1633:Opisthokonta
1573:
1569:
1559:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1473:
1469:
1459:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1316:
1312:
1302:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1249:
1217:(1): 4–119.
1214:
1210:
1168:
1164:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1084:
1025:
1019:
1009:Laura A Katz
995:
918:
898:
886:
868:
829:
816:
779:
722:Cryptomycota
689:
674:
647:
621:
590:
570:
541:
501:
486:
455:Opisthokonta
442:
430:
416:
413:synapomorphy
408:
401:
399:
350:paraphyletic
319:
316:Nomenclature
302:
282:collar cells
271:
268:Introduction
261:
254:sister-group
230:
229:
172:
166:
156:(unranked):
146:(unranked):
140:Opisthokonta
136:(unranked):
123:
110:
77:
18:
2948:iNaturalist
2884:Wikispecies
2835:Wikispecies
2810:Protostomia
2583:Pluriformea
2546:Eccrinaceae
2252:Nosematidae
2248:Mrazekiidae
2193:Spragueidae
2184:Myosporidae
2141:Telomyxidae
2094:Microsporea
1832:Fonticulida
1817:Fonticulida
1791:Nucleariida
1783:Nuclearidea
1372:Protoplasma
1157:Budd, G. E.
817:Syssomonas
805:Pluriformea
503:Nucleariida
488:Fonticulida
438:"Ediacaran"
388:holomycotan
359:Subphylum "
338:opisthokont
294:ctenophores
258:Graham Budd
239:opisthokont
43:Proterozoic
3032:Categories
2780:Ctenophora
2741:Craspedida
2646:Filasterea
2437:Ascomycota
2233:Nosematida
2199:Tuzetiidae
2187:Pereziidae
2164:Gurleyidae
1912:Rozellidae
1825:Fonticulea
1776:Nuclearida
1758:Holomycota
987:References
870:Filasterea
572:True Fungi
465:Holomycota
444:Kimberella
382:Subphylum
377:Filasterea
361:Choanofila
274:recognised
242:eukaryotes
219:Choanimal
213:Apoikozoa
79:Codonosiga
2899:AlgaeBase
2890:Choanozoa
2860:Choanozoa
2691:Choanozoa
2323:Aphelidea
2181:Glugeidae
2111:Burkeidae
2041:Hesseidae
1904:Rozellida
1721:Amoebozoa
1699:Alveolata
1687:Cryptista
1662:Eukaryota
1592:1560-2745
1076:Q24614721
1050:0027-8424
887:Choanozoa
676:Namako-37
417:Apoikozoa
402:Choanozoa
384:Paramycia
262:Apoikozoa
231:Choanozoa
173:Choanozoa
104:Eukaryota
24:Choanozoa
2922:Fungorum
2911:BioLib:
2875:Q1205126
2869:Wikidata
2805:Chordata
2790:Cnidaria
2785:Placozoa
2775:Porifera
2362:Eumycota
2172:Glugeida
1716:Amorphea
1694:Rhizaria
1682:Hacrobia
1672:Excavata
1657:Bacteria
1551:28648822
1510:21810989
1451:18192191
1402:34940909
1353:26621703
1294:24337300
1241:30257078
1187:26588818
1140:18273011
1090:King, N.
1072:Wikidata
1068:21810989
920:Animalia
592:Aphelida
421:colonies
365:holozoan
326:protists
290:homology
205:Synonyms
196:Animalia
117:Amorphea
100:Domain:
3043:Holozoa
2989:5923995
2630:Filozoa
2520:Piridae
2456:Holozoa
1731:Animals
1652:Archaea
1501:3158185
1478:Bibcode
1442:2614224
1393:9010356
1344:4687580
1321:Bibcode
1285:3920664
1264:Science
1232:6492006
1131:2562698
1110:Bibcode
1059:3158185
1030:Bibcode
857:Filozoa
768:Holozoa
649:Rozella
346:animals
305:synonym
286:sponges
250:animals
160:Filozoa
150:Holozoa
50:Archean
3015:562870
2973:NZOR:
2953:151874
2904:101920
1709:Plants
1646:Domain
1590:
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1439:
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1390:
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1138:
1128:
1102:Nature
1074:
1066:
1056:
1048:
409:choanē
334:phylum
130:Obazoa
3010:WoRMS
3002:67092
2961:IRMNG
2927:90831
2914:14805
1866:Fungi
1736:Fungi
1016:(PDF)
529:Fungi
406:Greek
342:fungi
330:clade
310:clade
235:clade
233:is a
167:Clade
124:Clade
111:Clade
2935:GBIF
1588:ISSN
1547:PMID
1506:PMID
1447:PMID
1398:PMID
1349:PMID
1290:PMID
1237:PMID
1183:PMID
1136:PMID
1064:PMID
1046:ISSN
623:BCG1
543:BCG2
375:and
344:and
57:Had.
36:Pha.
2966:147
1578:doi
1537:doi
1496:PMC
1486:doi
1474:108
1437:PMC
1429:doi
1425:363
1388:PMC
1380:doi
1376:259
1339:PMC
1329:doi
1317:112
1280:PMC
1272:doi
1268:342
1227:PMC
1219:doi
1173:doi
1126:PMC
1118:doi
1106:451
1054:PMC
1038:doi
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