2354:
mutagenesis experiments. An 11 nucleotide portion of this sequence 4–5 nucleotides downstream from the editing site is an important region known as the mooring sequence. A region called the spacer element is found 2–8 nucleotides between the edited nucleoside and this mooring sequence. There is also a regulatory sequence 3′ to the editing site. The active site of ApoBEC-1, the catalytic component of the editing holoenzyme is thought to bind to an AU rich region of the mooring sequence with the aid of ACF in binding the complex to the mRNA. The edited cytidine residue is located at nucleotide 6666 located in exon 26 of the gene. Editing at this site results in a codon change from a
Glutamine codon (CAA) to an inframe stop codon (UAA). Computer modelling has detected for editing to occur, the edited Cytidine is located in a loop. The selection of the edited cytidine is also highly dependent on this secondary structure of the surrounding RNA. There are also some indications that this loop region is formed between the mooring sequence and the 3′ regulatory region of the ApoB mRNA. The predicted secondary structure formed by ApoB mRNA is thought to allow for contact between the residue to be edited and the active site of APOBEC1 as well as for binding of ACF and other auxiliary factors associated with the editosome.
5229:
1706:, they are a far better predictor of it than are LDL-C concentrations. Reason: LDL-C does not reflect actual particle concentrations & cholesterol cannot dissolve or move (in water) without particles to carry it. A simple way to understand this observation is the fact that ApoB100, one per particle, reflects actual lipoprotein particle concentration (independent of their cholesterol, or other lipid content). In this way, one can understand that the number of ApoB100-containing lipoprotein particles which can carry lipids into the artery walls is a key determinant, driver of atherosclerosis and heart disease.
2385:
4500 amino acids is present in VLDL and LDL. Since many parts of ApoB100 are in an amphipathic condition, the structure of some of its domains is dependent on underlying lipid conditions. However, it is known to have the same overall folding in LDL having five main domains. Recently the first structure of LDL at human body temperature in native condition has been found using cryo-electron microscopy at a resolution of 16 Angstrom. The overall folding of ApoB-100 has been confirmed and some heterogeneity in the local structure of its domains have been mapped.
253:
230:
127:
152:
504:
259:
158:
1415:. While all the functional roles of ApoB within the LDL (and all larger) particles remain somewhat unclear, it is the primary organizing protein (of the entire complex shell enclosing/carrying fat molecules within) component of the particles and is absolutely required for the formation of these particles. What is also clear is that the ApoB on the LDL particle acts as a
2341:), and auxiliary factor (AUX)240. All these proteins have been identified using detection assays and have all been demonstrated to interact with either ApoBEC-1, A1CF, or ApoB RNA. The function of these auxiliary proteins in the editing complex are unknown. As well as editing ApoB mRNA, the ApoBEC-1 editsome also edits the mRNA of
2311:(A1CF) for editing to occur. A1CF contains 3 non identical repeats. It acts as the RNA binding subunit and directs ApoBEC-1 to the ApoB mRNA downstream of the edited cytidine. Other auxiliary factors are known to be part of the holoenzyme. Some of these proteins have been identified. these are CUG binding protein 2 (
2410:(ApoE) with lipoprotein receptors. It is the dominant ApoB protein in the small intestine of most mammals. It is a key protein in the exogenous pathway of lipoprotein metabolism. Intestinal proteins containing ApoB48 are metabolized to chylomicron remnant particles which are taken up by remnant receptors.
2275:. ApoB100 and ApoB48 are encoded by the same gene, however, the differences in the translated proteins are not due to alternative splicing but are due to the tissue-specific RNA editing event. ApoB mRNA editing was the first example of editing observed in vertebrates. Editing of ApoB mRNA occurs in all
2384:
Editing results in a codon change creating an in-frame stop codon leading to translation of a truncated protein, ApoB48. This stop codon results in the translation of a protein that lacks the carboxyl terminus which contains the protein's LDLR binding domain. The full protein ApoB100 which has nearly
1709:
One way to explain the above is to consider that large numbers of lipoprotein particles, and, in particular, large numbers of LDL particles, lead to competition at the ApoB100 receptor (i.e. LDL receptor) of peripheral cells. Since such competition will prolong the residence time of LDL particles in
1714:
and/or other chemical modifications. Such modifications may lessen the particles' ability to be cleared by the classic LDL receptor and/or increase their ability to interact with so-called "scavenger" receptors. The net result is the shunting of LDL particles to these scavenger receptors. Scavenger
2401:
expressed ApoB100 is as a ligand for activation of the LDL-R. However, editing results in a protein lacking this LDL-R binding region of the protein. This alters the function of the protein and the shorter ApoB48 protein as specific functions relative to the small intestine. ApoB48 is identical to
2353:
Despite being a 14,000 residue long transcript, a single cytidine is targeted for editing. Within the ApoB mRNA a sequence consisting of 26 nucleotides necessary for editing is found. This is known as the editing motif. These nucleotides (6662–6687) were determined to be essential by site specific
1694:
of lipoprotein particles by noting the total ApoB100 concentration in the circulation. Since there is one and only one ApoB100 per particle, the number of particles is reflected by the ApoB100 concentration. The same technique can be applied to individual lipoprotein classes (e.g. LDL) and thereby
2362:
Editing of ApoB mRNA in humans is tissue regulated, with ApoB48 being the main ApoB protein of the small intestine in humans. It occurs in lesser amounts in the colon, kidney and stomach along with the non edited version. Editing is also developmentally regulated with the non edited version only
3284:
McQueen MJ, Hawken S, Wang X, Ounpuu S, Sniderman A, Probstfield J, Steyn K, Sanderson JE, Hasani M, Volkova E, Kazmi K, Yusuf S (July 2008). "Lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins as risk markers of myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): a case-control study".
3881:
Navaratnam N, Fujino T, Bayliss J, Jarmuz A, How A, Richardson N, Somasekaram A, Bhattacharya S, Carter C, Scott J (January 1998). "Escherichia coli cytidine deaminase provides a molecular model for ApoB RNA editing and a mechanism for RNA substrate recognition".
2363:
being translated early in development but the edited form increases during development in the tissues where editing can occur. Editing levels of ApoB mRNA have been shown to vary in response to changes in diet. exposure to alcohol and hormone levels.
3557:"Multiple molecular chaperones interact with apolipoprotein B during its maturation. The network of endoplasmic reticulum-resident chaperones (ERp72, GRP94, calreticulin, and BiP) interacts with apolipoprotein b regardless of its lipidation state"
3513:"Nascent lipidated apolipoprotein B is transported to the Golgi as an incompletely folded intermediate as probed by its association with network of endoplasmic reticulum molecular chaperones, GRP94, ERp72, BiP, calreticulin, and cyclophilin B"
1602:
ApoB 48 is a unique protein to chylomicrons from the small intestine. After most of the lipids in the chylomicron have been absorbed, ApoB48 returns to the liver as part of the chylomicron remnant, where it is endocytosed and degraded.
1734:
The INTERHEART study found that the ApoB100 / ApoA1 ratio is more effective at predicting heart attack risk, in patients who had had an acute myocardial infarction, than either the ApoB100 or ApoA1 measure alone.
4896:
Knott TJ, Pease RJ, Powell LM, Wallis SC, Rall SC, Innerarity TL, Blackhart B, Taylor WH, Marcel Y, Milne R (1986). "Complete protein sequence and identification of structural domains of human apolipoprotein B".
1723:". Foam cells characterize atherosclerotic lesions. In addition to this possible mechanism of foam cell generation, an increase in the levels of chemically modified LDL particles may also lead to an increase in
2127:
1815:
3986:"Novel role for RNA-binding protein CUGBP2 in mammalian RNA editing. CUGBP2 modulates C to U editing of apolipoprotein B mRNA by interacting with apobec-1 and A1CF, the apobec-1 complementation factor"
1564:. ApoB-100 is the largest of the apoB group of proteins, consisting of 4563 amino acids, including a 27-amino acid signal peptide and a 4536-amino acid mature protein. Both isoforms are coded by
2371:
ApoB mRNA editing also occurs in mice, and rats. In contrast to humans editing occurs in liver in mice and rats up to a frequency of 65%. It has not been observed in birds or lesser species.
2875:"Transgenic mice that overexpress mouse apolipoprotein B. Evidence that the DNA sequences controlling intestinal expression of the apolipoprotein B gene are distant from the structural gene"
2406:. These chylomicrons transport dietary lipids to tissues while the remaining chylomicrons along with associated residual lipids are in 2–3 hours taken up by the liver via the interaction of
2248:
1454:(specific for LDL-particle concentrations) are superior indicators of vascular/heart disease driving physiology than either total cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol (as long promoted by the
3235:"Physiological Bases for the Superiority of Apolipoprotein B Over Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol as a Marker of Cardiovascular Risk"
2533:"Physiological Bases for the Superiority of Apolipoprotein B Over Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol as a Marker of Cardiovascular Risk"
2631:
Lim JS, Lee DH, Park JY, Jin SH, Jacobs DR (2011). "Reliability of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B measurement".
1419:
for LDL receptors in various cells throughout the body (i.e., less formally, ApoB indicates fat-carrying particles are ready to enter any cells with ApoB receptors and deliver
5451:
5431:
3720:
Powell LM, Wallis SC, Pease RJ, Edwards YH, Knott TJ, Scott J (September 1987). "A novel form of tissue-specific RNA processing produces apolipoprotein-B48 in intestine".
3602:
2402:
the amino-terminal 48% of ApoB100. The function of this isoform is in fat absorption of the small intestine and is involved in the synthesis, assembly and secretion of
266:
165:
5135:
4027:"Identification of GRY-RBP as an apolipoprotein B RNA-binding protein that interacts with both apobec-1 and apobec-1 complementation factor to modulate C to U editing"
2921:"Knockout of the mouse apolipoprotein B gene results in embryonic lethality in homozygotes and protection against diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in heterozygotes"
5479:
3682:
Pontrelli L, Sidiropoulos KG, Adeli K (2004). "Translational control of apolipoprotein B mRNA: regulation via cis elements in the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions".
1739:
is the major HDL protein.) In the general population this remains unclear although in a recent study ApoB was the strongest risk marker for cardiovascular events.
1727:
damage. This occurs as a result of modified-LDL's toxic effect on vascular endothelium as well as its ability both to recruit immune effector cells and to promote
5228:
4066:
Greeve J, Lellek H, Rautenberg P, Greten H (1998). "Inhibition of the apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme-complex by hnRNP C1 protein and 40S hnRNP complexes".
1532:
in ApoB study as they express an equivalent protein known as mouse ApoB (mApoB). Mice overexpressing mApoB have increased levels of LDL and decreased levels of
1426:
Through mechanisms only partially understood, high levels of ApoB, especially associated with the higher LDL particle concentrations, are the primary driver of
3856:
3190:
Sniderman AD, Lamarche B, Contois JH, de Graaf J (December 2014). "Discordance analysis and the
Gordian Knot of LDL and non-HDL cholesterol versus apoB".
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3239:
1053:
88:
5341:
3767:"C→U editing of apolipoprotein B mRNA in marsupials: identification and characterisation of APOBEC-1 from the American opossum Monodelphus domestica"
2758:
Young, Stephen G.; Hubl, Susan T.; Chappell, David A.; Smith, Richard S.; Claiborne, Frederica; Snyder, Steven M.; Terdiman, Joseph F. (1989-06-15).
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and many other body wide complications after decades of progression. There is considerable evidence that concentrations of ApoB and especially the
2167:
1855:
3945:"A novel nuclear localization signal in the auxiliary domain of apobec-1 complementation factor regulates nucleocytoplasmic import and shuttling"
4389:"Characterization of the apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme: no similarity to the proposed mechanism of RNA editing in kinetoplastid protozoa"
2668:"Opening a new lipid "apo-thecary": incorporating apolipoproteins as potential risk factors and treatment targets to reduce cardiovascular risk"
2170:
1858:
2513:
2140:
1828:
1465:, remains the most commonly promoted lipid test for the risk factor of atherosclerosis. ApoB is routinely measured using immunoassays such as
3345:
5530:
5406:
5128:
3379:"Improving prediction of ischemic cardiovascular disease in the general population using apolipoprotein B: the Copenhagen City Heart Study"
2495:
2139:
1827:
2158:
1846:
1584:-acting tissue-specific splicing gene that determines which isoform is ultimately produced. Alternatively, there is some evidence that a
252:
3817:"Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing is an intranuclear event that occurs posttranscriptionally coincident with splicing and polyadenylation"
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2174:
1862:
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pheromone, preventing signaling through its receptor. Mice deficient in ApoB are more susceptible to invasive bacterial infection.
3143:"LDL Particle Number and Risk of Future Cardiovascular Disease in the Framingham Offspring Study - Implications for LDL Management"
1279:
2160:
1848:
5489:
5192:
1683:
1376:
3077:"Apolipoprotein B100 acts as a molecular link between lipid-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and hepatic insulin resistance"
2171:
1859:
5121:
3455:
Malaguarnera M, Vacante M, Russo C, Malaguarnera G, Antic T, Malaguarnera L, Bella R, Pennisi G, Galvano F, Frigiola A (2013).
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2461:
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family. ApoBEC-1 alone is not sufficient for the editing of ApoB mRNA and requires at least one of these auxiliary factors,
1595:
As a result of the RNA editing, ApoB48 and ApoB100 share a common N-terminal sequence, but ApoB48 lacks ApoB100's C-terminal
2478:
2137:
1825:
1690:). Importantly, there is one ApoB100 molecule per hepatic-derived lipoprotein. Hence, using that fact, one can quantify the
2397:. This shorter version of the protein has a function specific to the small intestine. The main function of the full length
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3641:"Subendothelial lipoprotein retention as the initiating process in atherosclerosis: update and therapeutic implications"
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4622:"Apolipoprotein B messenger RNA editing in the rat liver. Modulation by fasting and refeeding a high carbohydrate diet"
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4839:"Three-Dimensional cryoEM Reconstruction of Native LDL Particles to 16Å Resolution at Physiological Body Temperature"
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4521:"Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing. Validation of a sensitive assay and developmental biology of RNA editing in the rat"
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Peterson MM, Mack JL, Hall PR, Alsup AA, Alexander SM, Sully EK, Sawires YS, Cheung AL, Otto M, Gresham HD (2008).
2319:(glycine-arginine-tyrosine-rich RNA binding protein, GRY-RBP), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP)-C1 (
1474:
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2172:
2169:
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1857:
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starting in the early 1970s). However, primarily for historic cost/complexity reasons, cholesterol, and estimated
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4439:"Secondary structure for the apolipoprotein B mRNA editing site. Au-binding proteins interact with a stem loop"
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Cromwell WC, Otvos JD, Keyes MJ, Pencina MJ, Sullivan L, Vasan RS, Wilson PW, D'Agostino RB (December 2007).
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1098:
4480:"Apolipoprotein B messenger RNA editing is developmentally regulated and widely expressed in human tissues"
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4703:
Chan L, Chang BH, Nakamuta M, Li WH, Smith LC (March 1997). "Apobec-1 and apolipoprotein B mRNA editing".
3030:
2429:
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1703:
1536:. Mice containing only one functional copy of the mApoB gene show the opposite effect, being resistant to
5389:
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Kumar V, Butcher SJ, Öörni K, Engelhardt P, Heikkonen J, Kaski K, Ala-Korpela M, Kovanen PT (May 2011).
3645:
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1498:
1416:
2345:. mRNA editing of ApoB mRNA is the best defined example of this type of C to U RNA editing in humans.
4194:"An auxiliary factor containing a 240-kDa protein complex is involved in apolipoprotein B RNA editing"
4153:"Involvement of a chaperone regulator, Bcl2-associated athanogene-4, in apolipoprotein B mRNA editing"
4025:
Blanc V, Navaratnam N, Henderson JO, Anant S, Kennedy S, Jarmuz A, Scott J, Davidson NO (March 2001).
2299:(ApoBEC-1) as well as other auxiliary factors. ApoBEC-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the
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binding region. In fact, ApoB48 is so-called because it constitutes 48% of the sequence for ApoB100.
1537:
1517:
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Anant S, Henderson JO, Mukhopadhyay D, Navaratnam N, Kennedy S, Min J, Davidson NO (December 2001).
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2760:"Familial Hypobetalipoproteinemia Associated with a Mutant Species of Apolipoprotein B (B-46)"
2740:
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2648:
2613:
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Behbodikhah J, Ahmed S, Elyasi A, Kasselman LJ, De Leon J, Glass AD, Reiss AB (October 2021).
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2419:
1736:
1439:
1412:
48:
4192:
Schock D, Kuo SR, Steinburg MF, Bolognino M, Sparks JD, Sparks CE, Smith HC (February 1996).
2531:
Glavinovic T, Thanassoulis G, de Graaf J, Couture P, Hegele RA, Sniderman AD (October 2022).
1351:. Its measurement is commonly used to detect risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Davies MS, Wallis SC, Driscoll DM, Wynne JK, Williams GW, Powell LM, Scott J (August 1989).
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Vertebrate and
Invertebrate Respiratory Proteins, Lipoproteins and other Body Fluid Proteins
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2806:"MTTP microsomal triglyceride transfer protein [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI"
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4254:"Sequence requirements for apolipoprotein B RNA editing in transfected rat hepatoma cells"
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5033:"Reliance of host cholesterol metabolic pathways for the life cycle of hepatitis C virus"
2582:"Apolipoprotein B and Cardiovascular Disease: Biomarker and Potential Therapeutic Target"
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3026:"Apolipoprotein B is an innate barrier against invasive Staphylococcus aureus infection"
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McCormick SP, Ng JK, Véniant M, Borén J, Pierotti V, Flynn LM, et al. (May 1996).
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Andersen, Lars H.; Miserez, André R.; Ahmad, Zahid; Andersen, Rolf L. (November 2016).
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4339:"Induction of RNA editing at heterologous sites by sequences in apolipoprotein B mRNA"
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in two main isoforms, ApoB48 and ApoB100. The first is synthesized exclusively by the
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Chan L (January 1993). "RNA editing: exploring one mode with apolipoprotein B mRNA".
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4112:"A DnaJ protein, apobec-1-binding protein-2, modulates apolipoprotein B mRNA editing"
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Chen SH, Yang CY, Chen PF, Setzer D, Tanimura M, Li WH, Gotto AM Jr, Chan L (1986).
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17:
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methods allow measurement distinctions between the many different ApoB particles.
80:
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4296:
Shah RR, Knott TJ, Legros JE, Navaratnam N, Greeve JC, Scott J (September 1991).
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Lau PP, Villanueva H, Kobayashi K, Nakamuta M, Chang BH, Chan L (December 2001).
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Lamantia V, Sniderman A, Faraj M (2016). "Nutritional management of hyperapoB".
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National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
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National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.
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4742:
4587:
3328:
van der Vorst EP (2020). "High-Density
Lipoproteins and Apolipoprotein A1".
3252:
2548:
1711:
1589:
1451:
1017:
481:
359:
304:
291:
203:
190:
92:
5068:
5023:
4882:
4755:
4355:
4219:
4178:
4169:
4152:
4137:
4128:
4111:
4052:
4043:
4026:
4011:
4002:
3985:
3970:
3961:
3944:
3896:
3801:
3703:
3668:
3625:
3538:
3529:
3512:
3492:
3441:
3406:
3355:
3306:
3270:
3211:
3176:
3102:
3061:
2945:
2854:
2744:
2703:
2652:
2617:
2598:
2566:
5002:
4981:
4928:
4823:
4763:
4726:
4689:
4647:
4606:
4546:
4505:
4464:
4423:
4373:
4323:
4279:
4238:
4088:
3904:
3842:
3743:
3582:
3473:
3010:
2964:
2900:
2791:
2685:
1319:
1314:
2983:"The complete cDNA and amino acid sequence of human apolipoprotein B-100"
2264:
1779:
1728:
1303:
1162:
1143:
4814:
2919:
Farese RV, Ruland SL, Flynn LM, Stokowski RP, Young SG (February 1995).
1710:
the circulation, it may lead to greater opportunity for them to undergo
3765:
Fujino T, Navaratnam N, Jarmuz A, von
Haeseler A, Scott J (July 1999).
2325:
2316:
2296:
2268:
1771:
1549:
1339:
1129:
1084:
3695:
3093:
3076:
2914:
2868:
2719:"Atherosclerosis: Evolving Vascular Biology and Clinical Implications"
5398:
5333:
4920:
3857:"APOBEC1 Gene - GeneCards | ABEC1 Protein | ABEC1 Antibody"
2320:
2312:
1447:
1287:
1039:
4337:
Driscoll DM, Lakhe-Reddy S, Oleksa LM, Martinez D (December 1993).
1540:. Mice containing no functional copies of the gene are not viable.
843:
positive regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation
5509:
5504:
5499:
5461:
5456:
5416:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5144:
4562:"Apolipoprotein B synthesis by human liver and intestine in vitro"
2424:
2398:
2331:
1638:
infection. The mechanism of antagonism entails binding ApoB, to a
1561:
1466:
1420:
1400:
1372:
3075:
Su Q, Tsai J, Xu E, Qiu W, Bereczki E, Santha M, Adeli K (2009).
1002:
998:
5446:
5436:
5426:
5421:
5411:
4787:"Absence of apolipoprotein B-48 in the chick, Gallus domesticus"
4298:"Sequence requirements for the editing of apolipoprotein B mRNA"
3919:"A1CF Gene - GeneCards | A1CF Protein | A1CF Antibody"
2337:
2308:
2260:
1763:
1659:
1569:
1348:
72:
5117:
1702:
It is well established that ApoB100 levels are associated with
1658:
Overproduction of apolipoprotein B can result in lipid-induced
1516:, a hereditary (autosomal dominant) form of metabolic disorder
3377:
Benn M, Nordestgaard BG, Jensen GB, Tybjaerg-Hansen A (2007).
1396:
512:
4785:
Tarugi P, Albertazzi L, Nicolini S, Calandra S (March 1990).
2297:
Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide 1
4956:"Plasma lipoproteins: apolipoprotein structure and function"
4663:"Ethanol modulates apolipoprotein B mRNA editing in the rat"
3332:. Subcellular Biochemistry. Vol. 94. pp. 399–420.
2393:
Editing is restricted to those transcripts expressed in the
2125:
1813:
1719:, with cholesterol-laden macrophages being better known as "
4519:
Wu JH, Semenkovich CF, Chen SH, Li WH, Chan L (July 1990).
2291:
C to U editing of ApoB mRNA requires an editing complex or
2216:
The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways:
3815:
Lau PP, Xiong WJ, Zhu HJ, Chen SH, Chan L (October 1991).
59:, FLDB, LDLCQ4, apoB-100, apoB-48, apolipoprotein B, FCHL2
5010:
Chumakova OS, Zateĭshchikov DA, Sidorenko BA (2006). "".
4954:
Mahley RW, Innerarity TL, Rall SC, Weisgraber KH (1985).
1572:
transcript larger than 16 kb. ApoB48 is generated when a
4478:
Teng B, Verp M, Salomon J, Davidson NO (November 1990).
1746:
328:
5083:
2329:), ABBP2, KH-type splicing regulatory binding protein (
2279:. Editing occurs post transcriptionally as the nascent
4437:
Richardson N, Navaratnam N, Scott J (November 1998).
493:
2295:(editosome) consisting of the C to U-editing enzyme
1632:
system that upregulates genes required for invasive
5488:
5388:
5360:
5331:
5236:
5156:
3233:Glavinovic T, Thanassoulis G, Sniderman AD (2022).
2831:"Familial defective apolipoprotein B-100: A review"
1493:that can be caused by a mutation in the ApoB gene,
1248:
1227:
1201:
1180:
4661:Lau PP, Cahill DJ, Zhu HJ, Chan L (October 1995).
3603:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
2474:
2472:
2470:
2453:
2451:
2449:
1485:High levels of ApoB are related to heart disease.
1501:is usually caused by a mutation in the MTP gene,
571:low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding
275:
174:
4560:Glickman RM, Rogers M, Glickman JN (July 1986).
3943:Blanc V, Kennedy S, Davidson NO (October 2003).
4620:Baum CL, Teng BB, Davidson NO (November 1990).
3506:
3504:
3502:
2129:
1817:
1592:upstream determines which isoform is produced.
1395:in general), which is responsible for carrying
963:very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance
27:Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
4291:
4289:
3715:
3713:
3550:
3548:
2976:
2974:
2479:GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000020609
948:very-low-density lipoprotein particle assembly
793:regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process
5129:
4387:Greeve J, Navaratnam N, Scott J (July 1991).
8:
3598:"Lipoprotein(a) in cardiovascular diseases"
3457:"Lipoprotein(a) in cardiovascular diseases"
2458:GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000084674
938:low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling
848:cellular response to prostaglandin stimulus
5136:
5122:
5114:
3596:Khalil MF, Wagner WD, Goldberg IJ (2004).
1013:
958:low-density lipoprotein particle clearance
863:cellular response to tumor necrosis factor
773:positive regulation of cholesterol storage
652:clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle membrane
528:
316:
215:
112:
5058:
5048:
4971:
4872:
4862:
4813:
4803:
4679:
4637:
4596:
4586:
4536:
4495:
4454:
4413:
4363:
4313:
4269:
4228:
4218:
4168:
4127:
4042:
4001:
3960:
3832:
3791:
3658:
3615:
3572:
3528:
3482:
3472:
3396:
3260:
3240:Journal of the American Heart Association
3166:
3092:
3051:
3000:
2954:
2944:
2890:
2734:
2717:Carmena R, Duriez P, Fruchart JC (2004).
2693:
2607:
2597:
2556:
2537:Journal of the American Heart Association
647:intermediate-density lipoprotein particle
1670:Role in lipoproteins and atherosclerosis
727:intracellular membrane-bounded organelle
3511:Zhang J, Herscovitz H (February 2003).
2445:
2209:
983:post-translational protein modification
3639:Tabas I, Williams KJ, Borén J (2007).
1383:particles (LDL—commonly known as "bad
878:positive regulation of gene expression
29:
687:very-low-density lipoprotein particle
406:cardiac muscle tissue of right atrium
280:
241:
236:
179:
138:
133:
7:
5090:Applied Research on Apolipoprotein-B
3555:Linnik KM, Herscovitz H (Aug 1998).
2263:encoding this protein is subject to
1576:(UAA) at residue 2153 is created by
918:toll-like receptor signaling pathway
858:positive regulation of lipid storage
4989:Itakura H, Matsumoto A (1995). "".
2879:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2323:), ApoBEC-1 binding protein ABBP1 (
2283:do not contain edited nucleosides.
468:migratory enteric neural crest cell
3617:10.1161/01.ATV.0000147163.54024.70
3398:10.1161/01.ATV.0000255580.73689.8e
2736:10.1161/01.CIR.0000131511.50734.44
2335:), Bcl-2-associated athanogene 4 (
1245:
1224:
1198:
1177:
1153:
1134:
1108:
1089:
1063:
1044:
498:
416:
354:
333:
25:
3660:10.1161/circulationaha.106.676890
1715:receptors typically are found on
1588:-acting element several thousand
1342:that in humans is encoded by the
737:high-density lipoprotein particle
5227:
5084:Database of RNA editing (DARNED)
4151:Lau PP, Chan L (December 2003).
2913:
2867:
1423:carried within into the cells).
1359:Apolipoprotein B is the primary
973:lipoprotein biosynthetic process
692:low-density lipoprotein particle
502:
264:
257:
251:
228:
163:
156:
150:
125:
2988:Journal of Biological Chemistry
2764:New England Journal of Medicine
697:endoplasmic reticulum exit site
4081:10.1515/bchm.1998.379.8-9.1063
3147:Journal of Clinical Lipidology
2835:Journal of Clinical Lipidology
2633:Journal of Clinical Lipidology
2309:APOBEC1 complementation factor
898:triglyceride catabolic process
838:response to lipopolysaccharide
758:in utero embryonic development
657:endoplasmic reticulum membrane
513:More reference expression data
482:More reference expression data
1:
4973:10.1016/S0022-2275(20)34443-6
4805:10.1016/S0022-2275(20)43164-5
4719:10.1016/S0005-2760(96)00156-7
4681:10.1016/S0022-2275(20)39192-6
4639:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)30653-1
4567:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
4538:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)38347-4
4497:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)30547-1
4315:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)55296-0
4271:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)80008-4
4199:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
3834:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)54960-7
3461:BioMed Research International
3384:Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol
3299:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61076-4
3192:Current Opinion in Lipidology
3002:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)69248-8
1622:Very low-density lipoproteins
1514:familial hypercholesterolemia
978:lipoprotein catabolic process
968:lipoprotein metabolic process
953:chylomicron remnant clearance
883:response to organic substance
783:cholesterol metabolic process
768:receptor-mediated endocytosis
561:cholesterol transfer activity
249:
148:
5050:10.1371/journal.ppat.0030108
4864:10.1371/journal.pone.0018841
3736:10.1016/0092-8674(87)90510-1
3338:10.1007/978-3-030-41769-7_16
3204:10.1097/MOL.0000000000000127
1678:originating from the liver (
1660:endoplasmic reticulum stress
1617:Role in innate immune system
1387:" when in reference to both
707:smooth endoplasmic reticulum
5531:Genes on human chromosome 2
2776:10.1056/NEJM198906153202407
2303:gene.It is a member of the
1774:. Interaction of ApoB with
1438:), commonly first becoming
632:endoplasmic reticulum lumen
5552:
5106:gene details page in the
3422:Nutrition Research Reviews
3159:10.1016/j.jacl.2007.10.001
3044:10.1016/j.chom.2008.10.001
2847:10.1016/j.jacl.2016.09.009
2645:10.1016/j.jacl.2011.05.004
1654:Role in insulin resistance
908:post-embryonic development
873:flagellated sperm motility
818:retinoid metabolic process
803:nervous system development
586:signaling receptor binding
556:lipid transporter activity
5225:
3434:10.1017/S0954422416000147
2514:"Mouse PubMed Reference:"
2496:"Human PubMed Reference:"
1407:, around the body to all
1318:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1286:
1267:
1252:
1231:
1220:
1205:
1184:
1173:
1160:
1156:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1115:
1111:
1096:
1092:
1083:
1070:
1066:
1051:
1047:
1038:
1023:
1016:
1012:
996:
828:triglyceride mobilization
823:steroid metabolic process
531:
527:
510:
501:
492:
479:
428:
419:
366:
357:
327:
319:
315:
298:
285:
248:
227:
218:
214:
197:
184:
147:
124:
115:
111:
66:
63:
53:
46:
41:
37:
32:
4456:10.1074/jbc.273.48.31707
3574:10.1074/jbc.273.33.21368
3125:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
2892:10.1074/jbc.271.20.11963
1626:low-density lipoproteins
1580:. There appears to be a
1473:. Refined and automated
868:response to selenium ion
813:response to carbohydrate
5362:Lipid transfer proteins
4588:10.1073/pnas.83.14.5296
3253:10.1161/JAHA.122.025858
3031:Cell Host & Microbe
2673:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
2549:10.1161/JAHA.122.025858
2271:(C to U) site-specific
2245:cis-regulatory elements
1794:Interactive pathway map
1754:ApoB has been shown to
1528:Mice have been used as
1487:Hypobetalipoproteinemia
888:cholesterol homeostasis
833:lipid catabolic process
667:endocytic vesicle lumen
282:12 A1.1|12 3.53 cM
5390:Cell surface receptors
4756:10.1002/bies.950150106
4706:Biochim. Biophys. Acta
4406:10.1093/nar/19.13.3569
4356:10.1128/MCB.13.12.7288
4220:10.1073/pnas.93.3.1097
4170:10.1074/jbc.M310153200
4129:10.1074/jbc.M109215200
4044:10.1074/jbc.M006435200
4003:10.1074/jbc.M104911200
3962:10.1074/jbc.M302951200
3897:10.1006/jmbi.1997.1506
3784:10.1093/nar/27.13.2662
3530:10.1074/jbc.M207976200
2946:10.1073/pnas.92.5.1774
2599:10.3390/metabo11100690
2430:Cardiovascular disease
2219:"Statin_Pathway_WP430"
2181:
1869:
1704:coronary heart disease
1280:Chr 12: 8.03 – 8.07 Mb
933:chylomicron remodeling
2686:10.4065/mcp.2011.0128
2180:
1868:
1786:is believed to cause
1635:Staphylococcus aureus
1607:Clinical significance
1499:Abetalipoproteinaemia
1440:obviously symptomatic
928:membrane organization
923:response to estradiol
913:lipoprotein transport
788:cholesterol transport
662:extracellular exosome
617:endoplasmic reticulum
460:intestinal epithelium
243:Chromosome 12 (mouse)
5492:cassette transporter
5100:genome location and
2810:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
2666:Jacobson TA (2011).
2187:|alt=Statin pathway
1674:ApoB100 is found in
1560:, the second by the
1538:hypercholesterolemia
1518:hypercholesterolemia
1273:Chr 2: 21 – 21.04 Mb
943:chylomicron assembly
753:artery morphogenesis
732:extracellular region
576:phospholipid binding
141:Chromosome 2 (human)
5219:Remnant cholesterol
5151:particle metabolism
5108:UCSC Genome Browser
4913:1986Natur.323..734K
4855:2011PLoSO...618841K
4632:(31): 19263–19270.
4579:1986PNAS...83.5296G
4531:(21): 12312–12316.
4490:(33): 20616–20620.
4449:(48): 31707–31717.
4308:(25): 16301–16304.
4264:(23): 13395–13398.
4211:1996PNAS...93.1097S
4163:(52): 52988–52996.
4122:(49): 46445–46452.
4037:(13): 10272–10283.
3996:(50): 47338–47351.
3955:(42): 41198–41204.
3827:(30): 20550–20554.
3567:(33): 21368–21373.
3474:10.1155/2013/650989
3130:Apolipoprotein B100
2995:(28): 12918–12921.
2937:1995PNAS...92.1774F
2885:(20): 11963–11970.
1768:Calcitonin receptor
1628:interfere with the
808:leukocyte migration
702:extracellular space
607:chylomicron remnant
382:right lobe of liver
18:Apolipoprotein B100
4394:Nucleic Acids Res.
4075:(8–9): 1063–1073.
3772:Nucleic Acids Res.
2305:cytidine deaminase
2182:
1870:
1744:Mediterranean diet
1664:insulin resistance
1508:Mutations in gene
1118:ENSMUSG00000020609
903:cholesterol efflux
746:Biological process
672:neuronal cell body
627:mature chylomicron
595:Cellular component
539:Molecular function
432:left lobe of liver
5518:
5517:
4997:(12): 3113–3118.
4966:(12): 1277–1294.
4907:(6090): 734–738.
4674:(10): 2069–2078.
4573:(14): 5296–5300.
4400:(13): 3569–3576.
4350:(12): 7288–7294.
3778:(13): 2662–2671.
3696:10.1021/bi049887s
3690:(21): 6734–6744.
3653:(16): 1832–1844.
3610:(12): 2211–2218.
3347:978-3-030-41768-0
3293:(9634): 224–233.
3094:10.1002/hep.22960
2770:(24): 1604–1610.
2420:Apolipoprotein A1
2277:placental mammals
1544:Molecular biology
1481:Genetic disorders
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1298:
1297:
1263:
1262:
1242:
1241:
1216:
1215:
1195:
1194:
1169:
1168:
1150:
1149:
1124:
1123:
1105:
1104:
1079:
1078:
1060:
1059:
1008:
1007:
853:response to virus
622:endosome membrane
523:
522:
519:
518:
488:
487:
475:
474:
464:intestinal villus
413:
412:
311:
310:
210:
209:
16:(Redirected from
5543:
5231:
5160:particle classes
5138:
5131:
5124:
5115:
5072:
5062:
5052:
5027:
5006:
4985:
4975:
4941:
4940:
4921:10.1038/323734a0
4893:
4887:
4886:
4876:
4866:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4817:
4807:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4683:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4641:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4600:
4590:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4540:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4499:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4458:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4417:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4367:
4344:Mol. Cell. Biol.
4334:
4328:
4327:
4317:
4293:
4284:
4283:
4273:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4232:
4222:
4205:(3): 1097–1102.
4189:
4183:
4182:
4172:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4131:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4046:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4005:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3964:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3921:. Archived from
3915:
3909:
3908:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3859:. Archived from
3853:
3847:
3846:
3836:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3795:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3717:
3708:
3707:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3662:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3619:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3576:
3552:
3543:
3542:
3532:
3523:(9): 7459–7468.
3508:
3497:
3496:
3486:
3476:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3400:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3264:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3170:
3138:
3132:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3096:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3055:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3004:
2978:
2969:
2968:
2958:
2948:
2931:(5): 1774–1778.
2917:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2894:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2841:(6): 1297–1302.
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2738:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2697:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2611:
2601:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2560:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2492:
2486:
2476:
2465:
2455:
2435:Lipid metabolism
2408:apolipoprotein E
2243:is regulated by
2223:
2222:
2214:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1568:and by a single
1491:genetic disorder
1432:vascular disease
1393:vascular disease
1332:Apolipoprotein B
1311:
1310:
1282:
1275:
1258:
1246:
1237:
1225:
1221:RefSeq (protein)
1211:
1199:
1190:
1178:
1154:
1135:
1109:
1090:
1064:
1045:
1014:
778:lipid metabolism
637:vesicle membrane
529:
515:
506:
499:
484:
456:primitive streak
424:
422:Top expressed in
417:
362:
360:Top expressed in
355:
334:
317:
307:
294:
283:
268:
261:
255:
244:
232:
216:
206:
193:
182:
167:
160:
154:
143:
129:
113:
107:
105:APOB - orthologs
58:
51:
30:
21:
5551:
5550:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5540:
5536:Apolipoproteins
5521:
5520:
5519:
5514:
5491:
5484:
5384:
5356:
5327:
5238:Apolipoproteins
5232:
5223:
5161:
5152:
5142:
5080:
5075:
5030:
5009:
4988:
4953:
4949:
4947:Further reading
4944:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4295:
4294:
4287:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4024:
4023:
4019:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3928:
3926:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3866:
3864:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3719:
3718:
3711:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3554:
3553:
3546:
3510:
3509:
3500:
3467:(650989): 1–9.
3454:
3453:
3449:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3348:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3247:(20): e025858.
3232:
3231:
3227:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3122:
3118:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3023:
3022:
3018:
2980:
2979:
2972:
2918:
2912:
2908:
2872:
2866:
2862:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2814:
2812:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2543:(20): e025858.
2530:
2529:
2525:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2477:
2468:
2456:
2447:
2443:
2416:
2395:small intestine
2391:
2382:
2377:
2369:
2360:
2351:
2289:
2281:polynucleotides
2257:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2200:Statin pathway
2199:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1796:
1788:atherosclerosis
1752:
1672:
1656:
1651:
1649:Adverse effects
1619:
1614:
1609:
1558:small intestine
1546:
1530:model organisms
1526:
1512:can also cause
1483:
1460:LDL-cholesterol
1436:atherosclerosis
1357:
1320:View/Edit Mouse
1315:View/Edit Human
1278:
1271:
1268:Location (UCSC)
1254:
1233:
1207:
1186:
1099:ENSG00000084674
992:
893:spermatogenesis
798:lipid transport
741:
722:lysosomal lumen
717:plasma membrane
590:
581:heparin binding
546:protein binding
511:
480:
471:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
420:
409:
404:
400:
396:
392:
390:right ventricle
388:
384:
380:
378:mucosa of ileum
376:
372:
358:
302:
289:
281:
271:
270:
269:
262:
242:
219:Gene location (
201:
188:
180:
170:
169:
168:
161:
139:
116:Gene location (
67:
54:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5549:
5547:
5539:
5538:
5533:
5523:
5522:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5496:
5494:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5402:
5401:
5394:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5366:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5338:
5336:
5332:Extracellular
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5273:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5242:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5203:
5200:
5195:
5181:
5176:
5165:
5163:
5162:and subclasses
5154:
5153:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5133:
5126:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5092:
5087:
5079:
5078:External links
5076:
5074:
5073:
5028:
5007:
4986:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4888:
4829:
4798:(3): 417–427.
4777:
4732:
4695:
4653:
4612:
4552:
4511:
4470:
4429:
4379:
4329:
4285:
4244:
4184:
4143:
4102:
4058:
4017:
3976:
3935:
3910:
3891:(4): 695–714.
3873:
3848:
3807:
3757:
3730:(6): 831–840.
3709:
3674:
3631:
3588:
3544:
3498:
3447:
3428:(2): 202–233.
3412:
3391:(3): 661–670.
3369:
3346:
3320:
3276:
3225:
3198:(6): 461–467.
3182:
3153:(6): 583–592.
3133:
3116:
3067:
3038:(6): 507–509.
3016:
2970:
2906:
2860:
2821:
2797:
2750:
2709:
2680:(8): 762–780.
2658:
2639:(4): 264–272.
2623:
2572:
2523:
2505:
2487:
2466:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2415:
2412:
2390:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2368:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2288:
2285:
2256:
2253:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2208:
2207:
2196:
2195:
2124:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1795:
1792:
1751:
1748:
1699:them as well.
1695:enable one to
1671:
1668:
1666:in the liver.
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1630:quorum sensing
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1552:occurs in the
1545:
1542:
1525:
1522:
1482:
1479:
1463:by calculation
1361:apolipoprotein
1356:
1353:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1250:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1182:
1181:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:
994:
993:
991:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
749:
747:
743:
742:
740:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
642:endosome lumen
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
602:early endosome
598:
596:
592:
591:
589:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
566:lipase binding
563:
558:
553:
548:
542:
540:
536:
535:
525:
524:
521:
520:
517:
516:
508:
507:
496:
490:
489:
486:
485:
477:
476:
473:
472:
470:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
426:
425:
414:
411:
410:
408:
407:
403:
402:left ventricle
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:jejunal mucosa
367:
364:
363:
351:
350:
342:
331:
325:
324:
321:RNA expression
313:
312:
309:
308:
300:
296:
295:
287:
284:
279:
273:
272:
263:
256:
250:
246:
245:
240:
234:
233:
225:
224:
212:
211:
208:
207:
199:
195:
194:
186:
183:
178:
172:
171:
162:
155:
149:
145:
144:
137:
131:
130:
122:
121:
109:
108:
65:
61:
60:
52:
44:
43:
39:
38:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5548:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5487:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5408:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5391:
5387:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5359:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5330:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5230:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5159:
5155:
5150:
5146:
5139:
5134:
5132:
5127:
5125:
5120:
5119:
5116:
5109:
5105:
5104:
5099:
5098:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5070:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5031:Ye J (2007).
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4991:Nippon Rinsho
4987:
4983:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4952:
4951:
4946:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4901:
4892:
4889:
4884:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4849:(5): e18841.
4848:
4844:
4840:
4833:
4830:
4825:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4792:J. Lipid Res.
4788:
4781:
4778:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4736:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4707:
4699:
4696:
4691:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4668:J. Lipid Res.
4664:
4657:
4654:
4649:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4626:J. Biol. Chem
4623:
4616:
4613:
4608:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4556:
4553:
4548:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4525:J. Biol. Chem
4522:
4515:
4512:
4507:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4484:J. Biol. Chem
4481:
4474:
4471:
4466:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4443:J. Biol. Chem
4440:
4433:
4430:
4425:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4383:
4380:
4375:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4333:
4330:
4325:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4302:J. Biol. Chem
4299:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4258:J. Biol. Chem
4255:
4248:
4245:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4188:
4185:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4157:J. Biol. Chem
4154:
4147:
4144:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4116:J. Biol. Chem
4113:
4106:
4103:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4062:
4059:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4031:J. Biol. Chem
4028:
4021:
4018:
4013:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3990:J. Biol. Chem
3987:
3980:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3949:J. Biol. Chem
3946:
3939:
3936:
3925:on 2011-07-26
3924:
3920:
3914:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3885:J. Mol. Biol.
3877:
3874:
3863:on 2011-07-26
3862:
3858:
3852:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3821:J. Biol. Chem
3818:
3811:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3761:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3678:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3635:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3592:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3561:J. Biol. Chem
3558:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3517:J. Biol. Chem
3514:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3462:
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3451:
3448:
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3439:
3435:
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3399:
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3365:
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3335:
3331:
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3321:
3316:
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3300:
3296:
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3280:
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3263:
3258:
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3250:
3246:
3242:
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3236:
3229:
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3221:
3217:
3213:
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3201:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3183:
3178:
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3164:
3160:
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3152:
3148:
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3131:
3127:
3126:
3120:
3117:
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3008:
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2998:
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2807:
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2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
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2751:
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2742:
2737:
2732:
2729:(23): III–2.
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2669:
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2659:
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2475:
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2388:
2386:
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2366:
2364:
2357:
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2333:
2328:
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2318:
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2294:
2286:
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2282:
2278:
2274:
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2266:
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2254:
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2246:
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2238:
2230:
2220:
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2198:
2190:
2128:
1816:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:proteoglycans
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1726:
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1718:
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1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1541:
1539:
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1524:Mouse studies
1523:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1478:
1476:
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1468:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1453:
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1445:
1444:heart disease
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1403:), including
1402:
1398:
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1390:
1389:heart disease
1386:
1382:
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1350:
1347:
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1223:
1219:
1212:
1210:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1189:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1174:RefSeq (mRNA)
1172:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1046:
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1041:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1004:
1000:
995:
989:
986:
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979:
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974:
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969:
966:
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904:
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899:
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884:
881:
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876:
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869:
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849:
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839:
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829:
826:
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821:
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816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
763:fertilization
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
750:
748:
745:
744:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
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700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
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685:
683:
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673:
670:
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663:
660:
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648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
612:vesicle lumen
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
599:
597:
594:
593:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
551:lipid binding
549:
547:
544:
543:
541:
538:
537:
534:
533:Gene ontology
530:
526:
514:
509:
505:
500:
497:
495:
491:
483:
478:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
430:
427:
423:
418:
415:
405:
401:
397:
394:right auricle
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
368:
365:
361:
356:
353:
352:
349:
347:
343:
341:
340:
336:
335:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
306:
301:
297:
293:
288:
278:
274:
267:
260:
254:
247:
239:
235:
231:
226:
222:
217:
213:
205:
200:
196:
192:
187:
177:
173:
166:
159:
153:
146:
142:
136:
132:
128:
123:
119:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
62:
57:
50:
45:
40:
36:
31:
19:
5490:ATP-binding
5270:
5183:delivery of
5168:delivery of
5102:
5096:
5040:
5036:
5018:(6): 43–55.
5015:
5012:Kardiologiia
5011:
4994:
4990:
4963:
4960:J. Lipid Res
4959:
4904:
4898:
4891:
4846:
4842:
4832:
4815:11380/742118
4795:
4790:
4780:
4750:(1): 33–41.
4747:
4741:
4735:
4713:(1): 11–26.
4710:
4704:
4698:
4671:
4666:
4656:
4629:
4625:
4615:
4570:
4565:
4555:
4528:
4524:
4514:
4487:
4483:
4473:
4446:
4442:
4432:
4397:
4392:
4382:
4347:
4342:
4332:
4305:
4301:
4261:
4257:
4247:
4202:
4197:
4187:
4160:
4156:
4146:
4119:
4115:
4105:
4072:
4067:
4061:
4034:
4030:
4020:
3993:
3989:
3979:
3952:
3948:
3938:
3927:. Retrieved
3923:the original
3913:
3888:
3883:
3876:
3865:. Retrieved
3861:the original
3851:
3824:
3820:
3810:
3775:
3770:
3760:
3727:
3721:
3687:
3684:Biochemistry
3683:
3677:
3650:
3644:
3634:
3607:
3601:
3591:
3564:
3560:
3520:
3516:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3388:
3382:
3372:
3329:
3323:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3244:
3238:
3228:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3150:
3146:
3136:
3123:
3119:
3087:(1): 77–84.
3084:
3080:
3070:
3035:
3029:
3019:
2992:
2986:
2928:
2924:
2909:
2882:
2878:
2863:
2838:
2834:
2824:
2813:. Retrieved
2809:
2800:
2767:
2763:
2753:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2677:
2671:
2661:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2540:
2536:
2526:
2517:
2508:
2499:
2490:
2404:chylomicrons
2392:
2383:
2375:Consequences
2370:
2367:Conservation
2361:
2352:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2300:
2290:
2258:
2251:and 3′ UTR.
2240:
2234:
2212:
1798:
1797:
1753:
1750:Interactions
1741:
1733:
1731:activation.
1708:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1676:lipoproteins
1673:
1657:
1639:
1633:
1620:
1601:
1597:LDL receptor
1594:
1585:
1581:
1565:
1547:
1527:
1509:
1507:
1502:
1494:
1484:
1471:nephelometry
1425:
1365:chylomicrons
1358:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1253:
1232:
1206:
1185:
1161:
1142:
1116:
1097:
1071:
1052:
1032:
1027:
344:
337:
64:External IDs
5174:Chylomicron
5158:Lipoprotein
5149:lipoprotein
5043:(8): e108.
5037:PLOS Pathog
4069:Biol. Chem.
3646:Circulation
2723:Circulation
2592:(10): 690.
2586:Metabolites
2273:RNA editing
2255:RNA editing
2249:APOB 5′ UTR
1784:fibronectin
1725:endothelial
1717:macrophages
1643:autoinducer
1578:RNA editing
1430:that cause
1411:within all
1405:cholesterol
1399:molecules (
1385:cholesterol
682:chylomicron
452:gallbladder
202:21,044,073
189:21,001,429
42:Identifiers
5525:Categories
3929:2011-02-24
3867:2011-02-24
3081:Hepatology
2815:2024-03-28
2485:, May 2017
2464:, May 2017
2441:References
2358:Regulation
2293:holoenzyme
2237:expression
2231:Regulation
1721:foam cells
1574:stop codon
398:myocardium
348:(ortholog)
303:8,066,835
290:8,027,648
85:HomoloGene
4743:BioEssays
3364:213180689
3111:205869807
2784:0028-4793
2380:Structure
1712:oxidation
1640:S. aureus
1452:NMR assay
1256:NP_033823
1235:NP_000375
1209:NM_009693
1188:NM_000384
1018:Orthologs
988:transport
677:cytoplasm
93:GeneCards
5069:17784784
5024:16007035
4883:21573056
4843:PLOS ONE
4179:14559896
4138:11584023
4097:25911416
4053:11134005
4012:11577082
3971:12896982
3802:10373583
3752:37938313
3704:15157107
3669:17938300
3626:15472124
3539:12397072
3493:23484137
3442:27821191
3407:17170368
3356:32189309
3315:26567691
3307:18640459
3271:36216435
3220:23464159
3212:25340478
3177:19657464
3103:19434737
3062:19064256
2855:27919345
2745:15198959
2704:21803958
2653:21784371
2618:34677405
2567:36216435
2481:–
2460:–
2414:See also
2389:Function
2349:Location
2265:cytidine
1780:collagen
1756:interact
1729:platelet
1612:Benefits
1355:Function
1304:Wikidata
997:Sources:
444:duodenum
440:yolk sac
386:duodenum
5334:enzymes
5060:1959368
5003:7853698
4982:6099394
4929:3773997
4909:Bibcode
4874:3090388
4851:Bibcode
4824:2341807
4764:8466474
4727:9084497
4690:8576634
4648:2229075
4607:3460091
4575:Bibcode
4547:2373694
4506:2243107
4465:9822632
4424:1649450
4374:8246950
4324:1885564
4280:2760026
4239:8577721
4207:Bibcode
4089:9792439
3905:9466941
3843:1939106
3744:3621347
3583:9694898
3484:3591100
3262:9673669
3168:2720529
3053:2639768
3011:3759943
2965:7878058
2933:Bibcode
2901:8662599
2792:2725600
2695:3146376
2609:8540246
2558:9673669
2483:Ensembl
2462:Ensembl
2326:HNRNPAB
2317:SYNCRIP
2301:APOBEC1
2269:uridine
2247:in the
1808:[[File:
1772:HSP90B1
1550:protein
1510:APOB100
1428:plaques
1413:tissues
1340:protein
1338:) is a
1130:UniProt
1085:Ensembl
1024:Species
1003:QuickGO
712:cytosol
436:jejunum
323:pattern
49:Aliases
5480:LRPAP1
5399:SCARB1
5205:sd LDL
5202:lb LDL
5145:Lipids
5094:Human
5067:
5057:
5022:
5001:
4980:
4937:536926
4935:
4927:
4900:Nature
4881:
4871:
4822:
4772:314984
4770:
4762:
4725:
4688:
4646:
4605:
4598:323938
4595:
4545:
4504:
4463:
4422:
4415:328381
4412:
4372:
4365:364799
4362:
4322:
4278:
4237:
4227:
4177:
4136:
4095:
4087:
4051:
4010:
3969:
3903:
3841:
3800:
3793:148475
3790:
3750:
3742:
3702:
3667:
3624:
3581:
3537:
3491:
3481:
3440:
3405:
3362:
3354:
3344:
3313:
3305:
3287:Lancet
3269:
3259:
3218:
3210:
3175:
3165:
3109:
3101:
3060:
3050:
3009:
2963:
2953:
2899:
2853:
2790:
2782:
2743:
2702:
2692:
2651:
2616:
2606:
2565:
2555:
2321:HNRNPC
2313:CUGBP2
1782:, and
1760:apo(a)
1692:number
1554:plasma
1448:stroke
1417:ligand
1401:lipids
1379:, and
1290:search
1288:PubMed
1163:E9Q414
1144:P04114
1073:238055
1040:Entrez
494:BioGPS
181:2p24.1
73:107730
5510:ABCG8
5505:ABCG5
5500:ABCA1
5473:LDL:
5467:LRP12
5462:LRP11
5457:LRP10
5442:LRP5L
5417:LRP1B
5405:IDL:
5397:HDL:
5275:APOC
5245:APOA
5209:Lp(a)
4933:S2CID
4768:S2CID
4230:40037
4093:S2CID
3748:S2CID
3360:S2CID
3311:S2CID
3216:S2CID
3107:S2CID
2956:42602
2425:ACAT2
2399:liver
2332:KHSRP
2120:]
1758:with
1737:ApoA1
1697:count
1582:trans
1562:liver
1489:is a
1467:ELISA
1409:cells
1373:Lp(a)
1033:Mouse
1028:Human
999:Amigo
448:ileum
374:liver
346:Mouse
339:Human
286:Start
221:Mouse
185:Start
118:Human
81:88052
5475:LDLR
5452:LRP8
5447:LRP6
5437:LRP5
5432:LRP4
5427:LRP3
5422:LRP2
5412:LRP1
5380:PLTP
5375:MTTP
5370:CETP
5347:LIPC
5342:LCAT
5321:SAA1
5311:APOH
5306:APOE
5301:APOD
5271:APOB
5187:and
5179:VLDL
5103:APOB
5097:APOB
5065:PMID
5020:PMID
4999:PMID
4978:PMID
4925:PMID
4879:PMID
4820:PMID
4760:PMID
4723:PMID
4711:1345
4686:PMID
4644:PMID
4603:PMID
4543:PMID
4502:PMID
4461:PMID
4420:PMID
4370:PMID
4320:PMID
4276:PMID
4235:PMID
4175:PMID
4134:PMID
4085:PMID
4049:PMID
4008:PMID
3967:PMID
3901:PMID
3839:PMID
3798:PMID
3740:PMID
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