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234:. Hughes had received a license from the Commerce Department in 1993 to export the satellite temporarily to China for launch. Hughes also gave the Commerce Department a copy of the failure investigation report and received Commerce approval to export it to China. However, the Commerce Department had noted that some areas still required State Department approval, and Hughes lawyers had also questioned whether they needed a State Department license.
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The Hughes
Failure Investigation Team found that excess vibration had caused a rocket fairing to fail due to a structural deficiency. However, the Chinese blamed the rocket-satellite interface for the failure. The two sides agreed that the fairing and the satellite interface would both be improved.
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in China, but was destroyed 50 seconds after liftoff when the rocket exploded. The failed rocket also veered off course after launch and killed at least six people on the ground.
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launched a criminal investigation in 1999 of export violations by Hughes. In 2003, Boeing paid $ 32 million in fines to settle the case, having acquired Hughes in 2000.
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emphasized in 2016 that "no U.S.-origin content, regardless of significance, regardless of whether itâs incorporated into a foreign-made item, can go to China." The
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The Apstar 2 failure investigation caused great political controversy in the United States. The export of satellite technology had previously been controlled by the
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are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the â sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
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Launches are separated by dots ( âą ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
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312:"An Overreaction that Destroyed an Industry: The Past, Present, and Future of U.S. Satellite Export Controls"
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launch failure investigations. In 1998, the U.S. Congress reclassified satellite technology as a
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367:"U.S. ITAR satellite export regime's effects still strong in Europe"
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and returned it to the control of the State
Department under the
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The Long March 2E rocket would be retired at the end of 1995.
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The U.S. government launched an inquiry into the Apstar 2 and
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348:"A short history of export control policy"
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247:International Traffic in Arms Regulations
224:International Traffic in Arms Regulations
365:de Selding, Peter B. (April 14, 2016).
286:"Timeline: China's spaceflight history"
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192:Hughes Space and Communications Company
226:, but it was being transferred to the
332:from the original on 24 January 2021.
310:Zinger, Kurtis J. (26 October 2014).
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1312:Communications satellites of China
1265:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
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319:University of Colorado Law Review
232:Export Administration Regulations
1322:Satellites using the BSS-601 bus
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346:Zelnio, Ryan (January 9, 2006).
1257:This article about one or more
251:Bureau of Industry and Security
204:Xichang Satellite Launch Center
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190:spacecraft design, built by
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184:communications satellite
196:APT Satellite Holdings
109:Reference system
30:Spacecraft properties
461:Orbital launches in
186:based on the Hughes
228:Commerce Department
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396:Spaceflight portal
292:. 12 October 2005.
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104:Orbital parameters
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968:Telstar 402R
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665:Brasilsat B2
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635:Intelsat 705
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485:Intelsat 704
410:China portal
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290:NewScientist
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239:Intelsat 708
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159:52W (C band)
137:Transponders
35:Manufacturer
1143:Kosmos 2326
1128:Kosmos 2325
1124:Kosmos 2324
1120:Kosmos 2323
1033:Kosmos 2322
994:Kosmos 2321
978:Kosmos 2320
958:SPARTAN-201
946:Soyuz TM-22
920:Kosmos 2319
858:Kosmos 2318
854:Kosmos 2317
850:Kosmos 2316
810:Kosmos 2315
794:Kosmos 2314
770:Kosmos 2313
749:Kosmos 2312
689:Orbcomm FM2
685:Orbcomm FM1
640:Kosmos 2311
630:Kosmos 2310
615:Soyuz TM-21
609:Kosmos 2309
605:Kosmos 2308
601:Kosmos 2307
596:Kosmos 2306
539:SPARTAN-204
83:Launch site
58:Launch date
1306:Categories
1157:EchoStar I
1111:Télécom 2C
1049:Radarsat-1
929:FASat-Alfa
893:Koreasat 1
879:Interbol 1
669:Hot Bird 1
625:Himawari 5
563:ODERACS 2F
559:ODERACS 2E
555:ODERACS 2D
551:ODERACS 2C
547:ODERACS 2B
543:ODERACS 2A
261:References
230:under the
222:under the
161:50-120W (K
156:TWTA power
113:Geocentric
65:1995-01-26
1133:Galaxy 3R
1085:AsiaSat 2
938:September
904:GEMStar 1
815:Helios 1A
775:DirecTV-3
693:OrbView-1
659:UNAMSAT-A
573:Foton #10
497:Tsikada 1
491:Express 1
371:SpaceNews
145:32 C band
1115:INSAT-2C
1094:December
1042:November
1009:Astra 1E
915:N-STAR a
883:Maigon 4
651:Gurwin 1
526:February
511:Apstar 2
505:Astrid 1
501:Faisat 1
418:APSTARII
327:Archived
243:munition
180:Apstar 2
17:Apstar 2
1152:Skipper
1106:USA-116
1058:USA-115
1053:SURFSAT
1021:USA-114
987:October
910:JCSAT-3
863:USA-113
828:USA-112
754:USA-111
729:USA-110
645:USA-109
517:USA-108
478:January
87:Xichang
63: (
1148:IRS-1C
1080:Gals 2
1064:STS-74
1027:METEOR
1015:STS-73
1004:Luch-1
953:STS-69
925:Sich-1
872:August
839:TDRS-7
834:STS-70
823:UPMSat
819:Cerise
788:STS-71
781:STEP-3
744:GOES 9
739:Spektr
703:AMSC-1
698:Ofek-3
590:STS-67
534:STS-63
470:1996 â
455:â 1994
274:APStar
188:HS-601
182:was a
119:Regime
73:Rocket
39:Boeing
1261:is a
1204:is a
888:PAS-4
713:ERS-2
678:April
655:EKA-2
582:March
330:(PDF)
315:(PDF)
165:band)
1263:stub
1206:stub
1162:RXTE
1101:SOHO
803:July
763:June
463:1995
194:for
151:band
142:Band
90:LA-2
1075:ISO
962:WSF
722:May
621:SFU
147:8 K
1308::
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1069:SO
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369:.
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338:^
323:86
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298:^
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837:(
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