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activity would consider it to be an outcome failure if the core issue has not been resolved or a core need is not met. A process failure occurs, by contrast, when, although the activity is completed successfully, the customer still perceives the way in which the activity is conducted to be below an expected standard or benchmark.
353:
explains that a great deal can be learned from things going wrong unexpectedly, and that part of science's success comes from keeping blunders "small, manageable, constant, and trackable". He uses the example of engineers and programmers who push systems to their limits, breaking them to learn about
186:
researchers have distinguished between outcome and process failures. An outcome failure is a failure to obtain a good or service at all; a process failure is a failure to receive the good or service in an appropriate or preferable way. Thus, a person who is only interested in the final outcome of an
190:
Wan and Chan note that outcome and process failures are associated with different kinds of detrimental effects to the consumer. They observe that "n outcome failure involves a loss of economic resources (i.e., money, time) and a process failure involves a loss of social resources (i.e., social
140:
Most of the items listed below had high expectations, significant financial investments, and/or widespread publicity, but fell far short of success. Due to the subjective nature of "success" and "meeting expectations", there can be disagreement about what constitutes a "major flop".
81:. Similarly, the degree of success or failure in a situation may be differently viewed by distinct observers or participants, such that a situation that one considers to be a failure, another might consider to be a success, a qualified success or a neutral situation.
292:, but is not intentional. Accordingly, Smith suggests, we ought to understand failure as involving a situation in which it is reasonable to expect a person to do something, but they do not do it—regardless of whether they intend to do it or not.
608:, p. 17: This 'American sense' looked upon failure as 'a moral sieve' that trapped the loafer and passed the true man through. Such ideologies fixed blame squarely on individual faults, not extenuating circumstances …
73:. The criteria for failure depends on context, and may be relative to a particular observer or belief system. One person might consider a failure what another person considers a success, particularly in cases of direct
84:
It may also be difficult or impossible to ascertain whether a situation meets criteria for failure or success due to ambiguous or ill-defined definition of those criteria. Finding useful and effective criteria or
358:). Failure can also be used productively, for instance to find identify ambiguous cases that warrant further interpretation. When studying biases in machine learning, for instance, failure can be seen as a "
354:
them. Kelly also warns against creating a culture that punishes failure harshly, because this inhibits a creative process, and risks teaching people not to communicate important failures with others (e.g.,
277:
Both actions and omissions may be morally significant. The classic example of a morally significant omission is one's failure to rescue someone in dire need of assistance. It may seem that one is morally
325:. Alternatively, experiments can be regarded as failures when they do not provide helpful information about nature. However, the standards of what constitutes failure are not clear-cut. For example, the
244:
grade for failing (and adjusting the ranges corresponding to the other letters). The practice of letter grades spread more broadly in the first decades of the 20th century. By the 1930s, the letter
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146:
205:
A failing grade is a mark or grade given to a student to indicate that they did not pass an assignment or a class. Grades may be given as numbers, letters or other symbols.
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101:
argues that the concept of failure underwent a metamorphosis in the United States over the course of the 19th century. Initially, Sandage notes, financial failure, or
288:
notes that there are two ways one can not do something: consciously or unconsciously. A conscious omission is intentional, whereas an unconscious omission may be
672:
Smith, Amy K.; Bolton, Ruth N.; Wagner, Janet (August 1999). "A Model of
Customer Satisfaction with Service Encounters Involving Failure and Recovery".
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to indicate contempt or displeasure, and the image that formerly accompanied the message that the site was overloaded is referred to as the "
216:
scale and then summarizing those numerical grades by assigning letter grades to numerical ranges. Mount
Holyoke assigned letter grades
1173:
1363:
312:
299:". In other words, a failure to act becomes morally significant when a norm demands that some action be taken, and it is not taken.
274:, omissions are distinguished from acts: acts involve an agent doing something; omissions involve an agent's not doing something.
935:"Algorithmic failure as a humanities methodology: Machine learning's mispredictions identify rich cases for qualitative analysis"
20:
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became the "most famous failed experiment in history" because it did not detect the motion of the Earth through the
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Randolph Clarke, commenting on Smith's work, suggests that "hat makes failure to act an omission is the applicable
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Scientific hypotheses can be said to fail when they lead to predictions that do not match the results found in
35:
105:, was understood as an event in a person's life: an occurrence, not a character trait. The notion of a person
1206:
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24:
436:, launched in January 2008, featured photos and videos captioned with "fail" and its variations. The #fail
333:
as had been expected. This failure to confirm the presence of the aether would later provide support for
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719:"Failure is Not Fatal: Actionable Insights on Service Failure and Recovery for the Hospitality Industry"
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1046:"Digital failure: Unbecoming the "good" data subject through entropic, fugitive, and queer data"
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expressed derision and ridicule for mistakes deemed "eminently mockable". According to linguist
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Smith, Patricia G. (1990). "Contemplating
Failure: The Importance of Unconscious Omission".
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connotations. By the late 19th century, to be a failure was to have a deficient character.
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a failure, Sandage argues, is a relative historical novelty: "ot until the eve of the
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544: – Ability of a structure to support a designed structural load without breaking
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tradition have suggested that failure is connected to the notion of an omission. In
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171:, with the initial lack of commercial success even lending a cachet of subcultural
19:
This article is about the social concept. For structural and systems failures, see
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to judge the success or failure of a situation may itself be a significant task.
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994:"The Thick Machine: Anthropological AI between explanation and explication"
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553: – Unanticipated interaction of multiple failures in a complex system
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message was translated into
English as "You fail it". The comedy website
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where pre-existing biases and structural flaws make themselves known".
240:
by 1890. In 1898, Mount
Holyoke adjusted the grading system, adding an
70:
271:
56:
1393:
992:
Munk, Anders
Kristian; Olesen, Asger Gehrt; Jacomy, Mathieu (2022).
503: – Frequency with which an engineered system or component fails
1354:. New York: Basic Books, 1983. Paperback reprint, Princeton, N.J.:
1196:
228:
indicating lower than 75% performance and designating failure. The
121:". Accordingly, the notion of failure acquired both moralistic and
476:
461: – Sudden and total failure from which recovery is impossible
52:
42:
66:
621:
Cult Film as a Guide to Life: Fandom, Adaptation, and
Identity
48:
473: – Event resulting in major damage, destruction or death
65:
is the social concept of not meeting a desirable or intended
538: – A part whose failure will disrupt the entire system
1093:
Mikkelson, Barbara; Mikkelson, David P. (13 August 2007).
47:"Failing is not a crime but lack of effort is" – sign on
147:
list of commercial failures in computer and video gaming
137:
or company that does not reach expectations of success.
546:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
532: – Form of workplace bullying and no-win situation
212:
was evaluating students' performance on a 100-point or
382:
for the term to turn up the White House biography of
1352:
Normal
Accidents: Living with High-Risk Technologies
573:"Failure - Definition of failure by Merriam-Webster"
1230:"Joy in the failure of others has gone competitive"
645:Mathijs, Ernest; Sexton, Jamie (22 November 2019).
844:Omissions: Agency, Metaphysics, and Responsibility
248:was dropped from the system, for unclear reasons.
374:" was popularized as a result of a widely known "
750:"Teaching More by Grading Less (or Differently)"
497: – Specific way in which a failure occurs
151:For company failures related to the 1997–2001
880:Blum, Edward K.; Lototsky, Sergey V. (2006).
167:Sometimes, commercial failures can receive a
8:
1264:Born Losers: A History of Failure in America
748:Schinske, Jeffrey; Tanner, Kimberly (2014).
420:, the most probable origin of this usage is
145:For flops in computer and video gaming, see
1121:
1119:
1117:
69:, and is usually viewed as the opposite of
30:"Fail" redirects here. For other uses, see
16:Not meeting a desired or intended objective
1381:"How Fail Went From Verb to Interjection"
1131:"How Fail Went From Verb to Interjection"
1061:
1012:
960:
950:
908:"THE WORLD QUESTION CENTER 2011 — Page 6"
857:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199347520.001.0001
781:
514: – Concept in public goods economics
717:Wan, Lisa; Chan, Elisa (20 March 2019).
605:
593:
564:
883:Mathematics of Physics and Engineering
648:The Routledge Companion to Cult Cinema
479: – Incorrect or inaccurate action
282:for failing to rescue in such a case.
1195:Beam, Christopher (15 October 2008).
828:
816:
804:
7:
1394:Association for the Study of Failure
1176:from the original on 4 December 2013
426:(1998), a Japanese video game whose
1209:from the original on 25 August 2009
1162:Schofield, Jack (17 October 2008).
1095:"Someone Set Us Up The Google Bomb"
526: – 1984 book by Charles Perrow
1143:from the original on 27 April 2017
618:Hunter, I. Q. (8 September 2016).
583:from the original on 16 July 2015.
485: – Design feature or practice
440:is used on the microblogging site
14:
394:During the early 2000s, the term
313:Sociology of scientific knowledge
1164:"All your FAIL are belong to us"
841:Clarke, Randolph (2 June 2014).
467: – Systemic risk of failure
113:did Americans commonly label an
21:Structural integrity and failure
1228:Malik, Asmaa (24 April 2010).
933:Rettberg, Jill Walker (2022).
309:Superseded theories in science
1:
675:Journal of Marketing Research
624:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
1267:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
754:CBE: Life Sciences Education
339:special theory of relativity
1386:The New York Times Magazine
327:Michelson–Morley experiment
1431:
1356:Princeton University Press
1044:Bridges, Lauren E (2021).
910:. Edge.org. Archived from
766:10.1187/cbe.CBE-14-03-0054
688:10.1177/002224379903600305
306:
255:
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133:A commercial failure is a
29:
18:
1014:10.1177/20539517211069891
952:10.1177/20539517221131290
723:Boston Hospitality Review
410:and the superlative form
390:Internet memes and "fail"
1269:Harvard University Press
1063:10.1177/2053951720977882
36:Failure (disambiguation)
849:Oxford University Press
536:Single point of failure
398:began to be used as an
25:Reliability engineering
1056:(1): 205395172097788.
1050:Big Data & Society
1007:(1): 205395172110698.
1001:Big Data & Society
945:(2): 205395172211312.
939:Big Data & Society
59:
1297:Philosophical Studies
682:(3): 356–372 at 358.
317:Philosophy of science
210:Mount Holyoke College
46:
32:Fail (disambiguation)
886:. World Scientific.
459:Catastrophic failure
266:Philosophers in the
201:Grading in education
577:merriam-webster.com
406:. The interjection
331:luminiferous aether
258:Criminal negligence
97:Cultural historian
1310:10.1007/BF00368204
1136:The New York Times
914:on 5 December 2013
831:, p. 162–163.
542:Structural failure
530:Setting up to fail
507:Governance failure
402:in the context of
360:cybernetic rupture
238:Harvard University
208:By the year 1884,
60:
1379:(7 August 2009),
1278:978-0-674-04305-3
1259:Sandage, Scott A.
1129:(7 August 2009).
893:978-981-256-621-8
866:978-0-19-934752-0
658:978-1-317-36223-4
631:978-1-62356-897-9
465:Cascading failure
372:miserable failure
286:Patricia G. Smith
236:system spread to
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1169:The Guardian
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518:Murphy's law
501:Failure rate
495:Failure mode
431:
423:Blazing Star
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195:In education
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179:In marketing
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1377:Zimmer, Ben
1127:Zimmer, Ben
366:Linguistics
351:Kevin Kelly
323:experiments
280:blameworthy
129:In business
75:competition
1404:Categories
1396:from Japan
1197:"Epic Win"
1100:Snopes.com
847:. Oxford:
829:Smith 1990
817:Smith 1990
805:Smith 1990
559:References
446:fail whale
418:Ben Zimmer
370:The term "
307:See also:
303:In science
256:See also:
214:percentage
199:See also:
191:esteem)".
103:bankruptcy
87:heuristics
1334:170763594
1318:0031-8116
1287:436295765
1213:21 August
1080:233890960
1072:2053-9517
1031:250180452
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