Appaloosa - Knowledge (XXG)

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mottling, this characteristic "...is a very basic and decisive indication of an Appaloosa." Appaloosas born with visible coat pattern, or mottled skin and at least one other characteristic, are registered with "regular" papers and have full show and breeding privileges. A horse that meets bloodline requirements but is born without the recognized color pattern and characteristics can still be registered with the ApHC as a "non-characteristic" Appaloosa. These solid-colored, "non-characteristic" Appaloosas may not be shown at ApHC events unless the owner verifies the parentage through DNA testing and pays a supplementary fee to enter the horse into the ApHC's Performance Permit Program (PPP).

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Appaloosa parents that had insufficient color was often denied registration, although non-characteristic Appaloosas were allowed into the registry. But breeder experience had shown that some solid Appaloosas could throw a spotted foal in a subsequent generation, at least when bred to a spotted Appaloosa. In addition, many horses with a solid coat exhibited secondary characteristics such as skin mottling, the white sclera, and striped hooves. The controversy stirred by the ApHC's decision was intense. In 1983 a number of Appaloosa breeders opposed to the registration of solid-colored horses formed the American Appaloosa Association, a breakaway organization.

1147:". All ApHC-registered Appaloosas must be the offspring of two registered Appaloosa parents or a registered Appaloosa and a horse from an approved breed registry, which includes Arabian horses, Quarter Horses, and Thoroughbreds. In all cases, one parent must always be a regular registered Appaloosa. The only exception to the bloodline requirements is in the case of Appaloosa-colored geldings or spayed mares with unknown pedigrees; owners may apply for "hardship registration" for these non-breeding horses. The ApHC does not accept horses with draft, pony, Pinto, or Paint breeding, and requires mature Appaloosas to stand, unshod, at least 14 1116: 847: 334:; although all horses show white around the eye if the eye is rolled back, to have a readily visible white sclera with the eye in a normal position is a distinctive characteristic seen more often in Appaloosas than in other breeds. Because the occasional individual is born with little or no visible spotting pattern, the ApHC allows "regular" registration of horses with mottled skin plus at least one of the other core characteristics. Horses with two ApHC parents but no "identifiable Appaloosa characteristics" are registered as "non-characteristic," a limited special registration status. 1478:(HYPP), and prevents affected animals from having seizures. Acet is only allowed for horses that test positive for HYPP and have HYPP status noted on their registration papers. The ApHC recommends that Appaloosas that trace to certain American Quarter Horse bloodlines be tested for HYPP, and owners have the option to choose to place HYPP testing results on registration papers. Foals of AQHA-registered stallions and mares born on or after January 1, 2007 that carry HYPP will be required to be HYPP tested and have their HYPP status designated on their registration papers. 1164: 338: 706: 535: 1032: 81: 1139:. Based in Missouri, it has a membership of more than 2,000 as of 2008. Other "Appaloosa" registries have been founded for horses with leopard complex genetics that are not affiliated with the ApHC. These registries tend to have different foundation bloodstock and histories than the North American Appaloosa. The ApHC is by far the largest Appaloosa horse registry, and it hosts one of the world's largest breed shows. 5651: 5679: 610: 580: 665: 436: 917:

spotted horses. As white settlers moved into traditional Nez Perce lands, a successful trade in horses enriched the Nez Perce, who in 1861 bred horses described as "elegant chargers, fit to mount a prince." At a time when ordinary horses could be purchased for $ 15, non-Indians who had purchased Appaloosa horses from the Nez Perce turned down offers of as much as $ 600.

595: 565: 550: 1131:, the ApHC is the principal body for the promotion and preservation of the Appaloosa breed and is an international organization. Affiliate Appaloosa organizations exist in many South American and European countries, as well as South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Mexico and Israel. The Appaloosa Horse Club has 33,000 members as of 2010, circulation of the 1049:, published an article describing the breed's history and urging its preservation. Haines had performed extensive research, traveling with a friend and Appaloosa aficionado named George Hatley, visiting numerous Nez Perce villages, collecting history, and taking photographs. The article generated strong interest in the horse breed, and led to the founding of the 751:(SNPs) in the TRPM1 gene have been identified as closely associated with the LP mutation, although the mechanism by which the pattern is produced remains unclear. A commercially available DNA based test is likely to be developed in the near future, which breeders can use to determine if LP is present in horses that do not have visible Appaloosa characteristics. 5707: 680: 635: 483:. Appaloosa markings have several pattern variations. It is this unique group of spotting patterns, collectively called the "leopard complex", that most people associate with the Appaloosa horse. Spots overlay darker skin, and are often surrounded by a "halo", where the skin next to the spot is also dark but the overlying hair coat is white. 650: 811:. In mid-18th-century Europe, there was a great demand for horses with the leopard complex spotting pattern among the nobility and royalty. These horses were used in the schools of horsemanship, for parade use, and other forms of display. Modern horse breeds in Europe today that have leopard complex spotting include the 1142:

The Appaloosa is "a breed defined by ApHC bloodline requirements and preferred characteristics, including coat pattern". In other words, the Appaloosa is a distinct breed from limited bloodlines with distinct physical traits and a desired color, referred to as a "color preference". Appaloosas are not

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A distinct version of the leopard complex. Intermixed dark and light hairs with lighter colored area on the forehead, jowls and frontal bones of the face, over the back, loin and hips. Darker areas may appear along the edges of the frontal bones of the face as well and also on the legs, stifle, above

1283:, with an active breed racing association promoting the sport. They are generally used for middle-distance racing at distances between 350 yards (320 m) and 0.5 miles (0.80 km); an Appaloosa holds the all-breed record for the 4.5 furlongs (3,000 ft; 910 m) distance, set in 1989. 395:

The old-type Appaloosa was later modified by the addition of draft horse blood after the 1877 defeat of the Nez Perce, when U.S. Government policy forced the Native Americans to become farmers and provided them with draft horse mares to breed to existing stallions. The original Appaloosas frequently

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In the late 1970s, the color controversy went in the opposite direction within the Appaloosa registry. The ApHC's decision in 1982 to allow solid-colored or "non-characteristic" Appaloosas to be registered resulted in substantial debate within the Appaloosa breeding community. Until then, a foal of

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Certain other characteristics are used to determine if a horse receives "regular" registration: striped hooves, white sclera visible when the eye is in a normal position, and mottled (spotted) skin around the eyes, lips, and genitalia. As the Appaloosa is one of the few horse breeds to exhibit skin

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influence used to revitalize the Appaloosa was the Arabian horse, as evidenced by early registration lists that show Arabian-Appaloosa crossbreeds as ten of the first fifteen horses registered with the ApHC. For example, one of Claude Thompson's major herd sires was Ferras, an Arabian stallion bred

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estimates that only about ten percent of the horses owned by the Nez Perce at the time were spotted. While the Nez Perce originally had many solid-colored horses and only began to emphasize color in their breeding some time after the visit of Lewis and Clark, by the late 19th century they had many

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has been linked with the leopard complex since the 1970s, and in 2007 a "significant association" between LP and CSNB was identified. CSNB is a disorder that causes an affected animal to lack night vision, although day vision is normal. It is an inherited disorder, present from birth, and does not

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that ran through the heart of what was once Nez Perce country. Gradually, the name evolved into "Apalouse", and then "Appaloosa". Other early variations of the name included "Appalucy", "Apalousey" and "Appaloosie". In one 1948 book, the breed was called the "Opelousa horse", described as a "hardy

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pattern. There is a wide range of body types within the breed, stemming from the influence of multiple breeds of horses throughout its history. Each horse's color pattern is genetically the result of various spotting patterns overlaid on top of one of several recognized base coat colors. The color

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When the U.S. 7th Cavalry accepted the surrender of Chief Joseph and the remaining Nez Perce, they immediately took more than 1,000 of the tribe's horses, sold what they could and shot many of the rest. But a significant population of horses had been left behind in the Wallowa valley when the Nez

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around 1730. They took advantage of the fact that they lived in excellent horse-breeding country, relatively safe from the raids of other tribes, and developed strict breeding selection practices for their animals, establishing breeding herds by 1750. They were one of the few tribes that actively

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type markings; as pinto genes may cover or obscure Appaloosa patterns, pinto breeding is discouraged by the ApHC, which will deny registration to horses with excessive white markings. The genes that create these different patterns can be present in the same horse. The Appaloosa Project, a genetic

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It is not always easy to predict a grown Appaloosa's color at birth. Foals of any breed tend to be born with coats that darken when they shed their baby hair. In addition, Appaloosa foals do not always show classic leopard complex characteristics. Patterns sometimes change over the course of the

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Peace with the United States dated back to an alliance arranged by Lewis and Clark, but the encroachment of gold miners in the 1860s and settlers in the 1870s put pressure on the Nez Perce. Although a treaty of 1855 originally allowed them to keep most of their traditional land, another in 1863

807:, and the Han Dynasty in China; later depictions appeared in 11th-century France and 12th-century England. French paintings from the 16th and 17th centuries show horses with spotted coats being used as riding horses, and other records indicate they were also used as coach horses at the court of 1425:

in horses has many causes, including eye trauma, disease, and bacterial, parasitic and viral infections, but ERU is characterized by recurring episodes of uveitis, rather than a single incident. If not treated, ERU can lead to blindness. Eighty percent of all uveitis cases are found in

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gene located at horse chromosome 1 (ECA 1). All horses with at least one copy of LP show leopard characteristics, and it is hypothesized that LP acts together with other patterning genes (PATN) that have not yet been identified to produce the different coat patterns. Horses that are

1175:(AQHA) were in their formative years, minimally marked or roan Appaloosas were sometimes used in Quarter Horse breeding programs. At the same time, it was noted that two solid-colored registered Quarter Horse parents would sometimes produce what Quarter Horse aficionados call a " 2049:

Bellone, R.; Archer, S.; Wade, C. M.; Cuka-Lawson, C.; Haase, B.; Leeb, T.; Forsyth, G.; Sandmeyer, L.; Grahn, B. (December 2010). "Association analysis of candidate SNPs in TRPM1 with leopard complex spotting (LP) and congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) in horses".

945:. But on that day a small group of warriors staged an attack on nearby white settlers, which led to the Nez Perce War. After several small battles in Idaho, more than 800 Nez Perce, mostly non-warriors, took 2000 head of various livestock including horses and fled into 506:

gene seen in the Appaloosa breed. While the Appaloosa Horse Club (ApHC) allows gray Appaloosa horses to be registered, gray is rare in the breed. Similarly, "dapple" gray horses are also different from Appaloosa horses, in terms of both coat color genes and patterning.

1375:. Because such crossbred offspring are not eligible for ApHC registration, their owners have formed breed registries for horses with leopard complex patterns and gaited ability. In 1995 the Nez Perce tribe began a program to develop a new and distinct horse breed, the 1151:(56 inches, 142 cm). If a horse has excessive white markings not associated with the Appaloosa pattern (such as those characteristic of a pinto) it cannot be registered unless it is verified through DNA testing that both parents have ApHC registration. 1474:. Furosemide is used to prevent horses who bleed from the nose when subjected to strenuous work from having bleeding episodes when in competition, and is widely used in horse racing. Acetazolamide ("Acet") is used for treating horses with the genetic disease 420:

Red Eagle. An infusion of Thoroughbred blood was added during the 1970s to produce horses more suited for racing. Many current breeders also attempt to breed away from the sparse, "rat tail" trait, and therefore modern Appaloosas have fuller manes and tails.

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Appaloosas with physical characteristics including roan or light-colored coat patterns, little pigment around the eyelids and sparse hair in the mane and tail denoting the most at-risk individuals. Researchers may have identified a gene region containing an

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Although a remnant population of Appaloosa horses remained after 1877, they were virtually forgotten as a distinct breed for almost 60 years. A few quality horses continued to be bred, mostly those captured or purchased by settlers and used as working

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horse's life although some, such as the blanket and leopard patterns, tend to be stable. Horses with the varnish roan and snowflake patterns are especially prone to show very little color pattern at birth, developing more visible spotting as they get older.

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The ApHC also recognizes the concept of a "solid" horse, which has a base color, "but no contrasting color in the form of an Appaloosa coat pattern". Solid horses can be registered if they have mottled skin, and one other leopard complex characteristic.

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After the formation of the Appaloosa Horse Club in 1938, a more modern type of horse was developed after the addition of American Quarter Horse and Arabian bloodlines. The addition of Quarter Horse lines produced Appaloosas that performed better in

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Sandmeyer, Lynne S.; Breaux, Carrie B; Archer, Sheila; Grahn, Bruce H. (November 2007). "Clinical and electroretinographic characteristics of congenital stationary night blindness in the Appaloosa and the association with the leopard complex".

404:, but that was not a primary characteristic, as many early Appaloosas did have full manes and tails. There is a possible genetic link between the leopard complex and sparse mane and tail growth, although the precise relationship is unknown. 980:

in pursuit. On October 5, 1877, after a five-day fight, Joseph surrendered. The battle—and the war—was over. With most of the war chiefs dead, and the noncombatants cold and starving, Joseph declared that he would "fight no more forever".

838:, and additional spotted horses were mentioned by Spanish writers by 1604. Others arrived in the western hemisphere when spotted horses went out of style in late 18th-century Europe, and were shipped to Mexico, California and Oregon. 1183:. For a considerable time, until DNA testing could verify parentage, the AQHA refused to register such horses. The ApHC did accept cropout horses that exhibited proper Appaloosa traits, while cropout pintos became the core of the 1081:

of England. Ferras sired Red Eagle, a prominent Appaloosa stallion added to the Appaloosa Hall of Fame in 1988. Later, Thoroughbred and American Quarter Horse lines were added, as well as crosses from other breeds, including

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reduced the land allotted to them by 90 percent. The Nez Perce who refused to give up their land under the 1863 treaty included a band living in the Wallowa Valley of Oregon, led by Heinmot Tooyalakekt, widely known as

906:] and would make a figure in any country." Lewis did note spotting patterns, saying, "... some of these horses are pided with large spots of white irregularly scattered and intermixed with the black brown bey [ 329:

Skin mottling is usually seen around the muzzle, eyes, anus, and genitalia. Striped hooves are a common trait, quite noticeable on Appaloosas, but not unique to the breed. The sclera is the part of the eye surrounding the

4768: 912:] or some other dark colour". By "pied", Lewis may have been referring to leopard-spotted patterns seen in the modern Appaloosa, though Lewis also noted that "much the larger portion are of a uniform colour". The 4790:

considered to originate wholly or partly in Canada and the United States. Many have complex or obscure histories, so inclusion here does not necessarily imply that a breed is predominantly or exclusively from those

1135:, which is included with most types of membership, was at 32,000 in 2008. The American Appaloosa Association was founded in 1983 by members opposed to the registration of plain-colored horses, as a result of the 940:

called a council and ordered the non-treaty bands to move to the reservation. Chief Joseph considered military resistance futile, and by June 14, 1877, had gathered about 600 people at a site near present-day

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equestrian competition, ban the use of furosemide. On the other side of the controversy, several major stock horse registries that sanction their own shows, including the American Quarter Horse Association,

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Not every Appaloosa exhibits visible coat spotting, but even apparently solid-colored horses that carry at least one dominant LP allele will exhibit characteristics such as vertically striped hooves, white

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Throughout this journey of about 1,400 miles (2,300 km) the Nez Perce relied heavily on their fast, agile and hardy Appaloosa horses. The journey came to an end when they stopped to rest near the

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in an attempt to create farm horses. The Nez Perce tribe never regained its former position as breeders of Appaloosas. In the late 20th century, they began a program to develop a new horse breed, the

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tough breed of Indian and Spanish horse" used by backwoodsmen of the late 18th century to transport goods to New Orleans for sale. By the 1950s, "Appaloosa" was regarded as the correct spelling.

498:, which display a similar mottling called "fleabitten gray". As they age, "fleabitten" grays may develop pigmented speckles in addition to a white coat. However, "fleabitten gray" is a different 5752: 4292: 4761: 314:

The Appaloosa is best known for its distinctive, leopard complex-spotted coat, which is preferred in the breed. Spotting occurs in several overlay patterns on one of several recognized base

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already common on the plains of America before 1700. Then, 18th-century European bloodlines were added, particularly those of the "pied" horses popular in that period and shipped

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There is a wide range of body types in the Appaloosa, in part because the leopard complex characteristics are its primary identifying factors, and also because several different

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By 1978 the ApHC was the third largest horse registry for light horse breeds. From 1938 to 2007 more than 670,000 Appaloosas were registered by the ApHC. The state of

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Base colors are overlain by various spotting patterns, which are variable and often do not fit neatly into a specific category. These patterns are described as follows:

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inferior male horses and trading away poorer stock to remove unsuitable animals from the gene pool, and thus were notable as horse breeders by the early 19th century.

5446: 953:. A small number of Nez Perce fighters, probably fewer than 200, successfully held off larger forces of the U.S. Army in several skirmishes, including the two-day 1494: 443:

The coat color of an Appaloosa is a combination of a base color with an overlaid spotting pattern. The base colors recognized by the Appaloosa Horse Club include

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signed the enabling legislation. Idaho also offers a custom license plate featuring an Appaloosa, the first state to offer a plate featuring a state horse.

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the eye, point of the hip and behind the elbow. The dark points over bony areas are called "varnish marks" and distinguish this pattern from a traditional

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The original "old time" or "old type" Appaloosa was a tall, narrow-bodied, rangy horse. The body style reflected a mix that started with the traditional

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in 1877, and the breed fell into decline for several decades. A small number of dedicated breeders preserved the Appaloosa as a distinct breed until the

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of ancient wild horse. Domesticated horses with leopard complex spotting patterns have been depicted in art dating as far back as Ancient Greece,

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Any horse that shows Appaloosa core characteristics of coat pattern, mottled skin, striped hooves, and a visible white sclera, carries at least one

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Terry, R. B.; Archer, S.; Brooks, S.; Bernoco, D.; Bailey, E. (2004). "Assignment of the appaloosa coat colour gene (LP) to equine chromosome 1".

1090:. In 1983 the ApHC reduced the number of allowable outcrosses to three main breeds: the Arabian, the American Quarter Horse and the Thoroughbred. 1061:, under the leadership of George Hatley. The Appaloosa Museum foundation was formed in 1975 to preserve the history of the Appaloosa horse. The 3699:"The debate over Indian mascots: does the NCAA's ban on Indian mascots and nicknames go too far, or not far enough? Fans—and tribes—are divided" 5218: 5695: 1065:

magazine, and particularly its longtime publisher, Dick Spencer, continued to support and promote the breed through many subsequent articles.

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The Spanish probably obtained spotted horses through trade with southern Austria and Hungary, where the color pattern was known to exist. The

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competition. Many cutting and reining horses resulted from old-type Appaloosas crossed on Arabian bloodlines, particularly via the Appaloosa

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Recent research has suggested that Eurasian prehistoric cave paintings depicting leopard-spotted horses may have accurately reflected a

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Horse Breeders of America, allow acetazolamide and furosemide to be used within 24 hours of showing under certain circumstances.

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wrote in his February 15, 1806, journal entry: "Their horses appear to be of an excellent race; they are lofty, eligantly [

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Perce began their retreat, and additional animals escaped or were abandoned along the way. The Nez Perce were ultimately settled on

721:. The use of the word "complex" is used to refer to the large group of visible patterns that may occur when LP is present. LP is an 2308: 4672: 349:

influenced its development. The weight range varies from 950 to 1,250 pounds (430 to 570 kg), and heights from 14 to 16

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Two genetically-linked conditions are linked to blindness in Appaloosas, both associated with the Leopard complex color pattern.

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A white horse with dark spots that flow out over the entire body. Considered an extension of a blanket to cover the whole body.

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Few spot leopard Appaloosa with wet coat, showing a "halo" effect of dark skin under the white coat, especially around spots.

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that can make it difficult to detect the presence of other drugs in the horse's system. On one side, it is argued that the

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A horse with white spots, flecks, on a dark body. Typically the white spots increase in number and size as the horse ages.

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Witzel, C.A.; Joyce, J.R.; Smith, E.L. (1977). "Electroretinography of congenital night blindness in an Appaloosa filly".

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to the Americas once the color had become unfashionable in Europe. These horses were similar to a tall, slim Thoroughbred-

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progress over time. Studies in 2008 and 2010 indicate that both CSNB and leopard complex spotting patterns are linked to

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A white blanket which has dark spots within the white. The spots are usually the same color as the horse's base color.

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Horses with roaning over the croup and hips. The blanket normally occurs over, but is not limited to, the hip area.

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Mottling on the skin is particularly visible around the eyes and muzzle. The sclera of an Appaloosa's eye is white.

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in the early 16th century. One horse with snowflake patterning was listed with the 16 horses brought to Mexico by

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Based on these data, we conclude that a susceptibility allele for ERU in Appaloosas exists in the MHC region.

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The PHBA does not allow Lasix within 24 hours of show and only allows Acetazolamide for HYPP horses.

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There are several American horse breeds with leopard coloring and Appaloosa ancestry. These include the

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study group, researchers the interactions of Appaloosa and pinto genes, and how they affect each other.

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Mare and foal. The ApHC encourages early foal registration, even though coat patterns may change later.

1006:, with the intent to resurrect their horse culture, tradition of selective breeding, and horsemanship. 266:

Today, the Appaloosa is one of the most popular breeds in the United States; it was named the official

4868: 4727: 4709: 3594: 1421:(ERU) than all other breeds combined. Up to 25 percent of all horses with ERU may be Appaloosas. 5508: 5186: 5118: 5098: 5088: 5063: 5023: 5008: 4943: 4933: 4928: 4888: 4843: 4818: 4399: 4379: 1976: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1490: 1368: 1341: 1110: 1078: 1050: 913: 346: 295: 287: 236: 4953: 4923: 1950: 5258: 5138: 5038: 4853: 4828: 2798: 2796: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 965: 867: 808: 413: 201: 3569: 1900: 1898: 900:] formed, active and durable: in short many of them look like fine English coarsers [ 835: 545:

A solid white area normally over, but not limited to, the hip area with a contrasting base color.

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Most representatives have colorful spotted coat patterns, striped hooves, mottled skin, and white

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West, Elliott (Autumn 2010). "The Nez Perce and Their Trials: Rethinking America's Indian Wars".

2920: 2492: 2168:. Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis. 2067: 1087: 1074: 942: 937: 859: 3078: 1187:. Famous Appaloosas who were cropouts included Colida, Joker B, Bright Eyes Brother and Wapiti. 759:

of the eye, and mottled skin around the eyes, lips, and genitalia. Appaloosas may also exhibit

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disciplines, but is also a versatile breed with representatives seen in many other types of

213: 205: 2251:"Genotypes of prehistoric horses match phenotypes painted in Paleolithic works of cave art" 380:. The original Appaloosa tended to have a convex facial profile that resembled that of the 5654: 5628: 5623: 5363: 5293: 5288: 5169: 5108: 5048: 4973: 4731: 4161: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 1450: 1438: 1409: 1376: 1345: 1228: 1098: 1046: 1003: 991: 973: 694: 503: 452: 299: 170: 161: 3237: 1097:

adopted the Appaloosa as its official state horse on March 25, 1975, when Idaho Governor

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in southwestern Montana. They then moved northeast and attempted to seek refuge with the

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In 2007 the ApHC implemented new drug rules allowing Appaloosas to show with the drugs

1224: 1220: 1199: 871: 846: 804: 331: 279: 248: 240: 193: 3532: 3131: 1662: 1018:. The horses were originally called "Palouse horses" by settlers, a reference to the 5726: 5683: 5633: 5566: 5558: 5348: 5303: 5083: 4998: 4963: 4578: 4128: 4046: 3969: 3952: 3772: 3317: 3102: 2780: 2778: 2198: 2098: 2063: 1614: 1578: 1471: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1244: 1128: 1058: 1019: 926: 816: 792: 448: 365: 283: 260: 232: 224:, which ran through the heart of Nez Perce country. Gradually, the name evolved into 221: 185: 4098: 4069: 3926: 3675: 3155: 2413: 2411: 2165: 2071: 2001: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1714: 1712: 1710: 590:

A mostly white horse with a bit of color remaining around the flank, neck and head.

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Both drugs are controversial, in part because they are considered drug maskers and

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A horse with a roan blanket that has white and/or dark spots within the roan area.

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in north central Idaho, were allowed few horses, and were required by the Army to

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horses. Others were used in circuses and related forms of entertainment, such as

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Artwork depicting prehistoric horses with leopard spotting exists in prehistoric

5538: 5533: 5518: 5513: 5499: 5333: 5133: 4787: 4224:. United States Equestrian Federation. August 1, 2007. p. 1. Archived from 3488: 1372: 1360: 1268: 1236: 1180: 1148: 1144: 1120: 999: 958: 764: 664: 444: 358: 350: 275: 197: 157: 5713: 3614: 3372: 435: 17: 5581: 5548: 5400: 5395: 5328: 5273: 3853: 2911:

Meredith, Mamie J. (May 1952). "'Opelousas,' Another Spelling of 'Appalucy'".

1467: 1446: 1434: 1384: 1380: 1364: 1349: 1311: 1301: 1171:

During the 1940s and 1950s, when both the Appaloosa Horse Club (ApHC) and the

1069: 995: 977: 741: 495: 464: 3746: 1039:

The Appaloosa came to the attention of the general public in January 1937 in

353:(56 to 64 inches, 142 to 163 cm). However, the ApHC does not allow 5543: 2267: 800: 784: 722: 381: 4530: 4456: 4411: 4391: 4330: 4054: 3425: 2286: 2106: 705: 645:

A fewspot leopard that is completely white with only mottled skin showing.

594: 564: 549: 4704: 4070:"Researchers Pinpoint Link Between Appaloosa Coloring and Night Blindness" 3346: 679: 1544: 1507: 1482: 1260: 875: 827: 728: 476: 456: 294:. Appaloosa bloodlines have influenced other horse breeds, including the 3724: 2738: 2726: 2709: 2671: 2637: 2509: 1387:

breed from Central Asia. Appaloosa stallions have also been exported to

1035:

The state of Idaho offers a license plate featuring the Appaloosa horse.

530:

A horse that has white or dark spots over all or a portion of its body.

5606: 5591: 5033: 4352: 3064:

Thorson, Juli S. (June 1997). "Claude Thompson: Appaloosa Forefather".

2483:

Meredith, Mamie J. (December 1950). "Appalucy; Appaloosa; Appaloosie".

1422: 1388: 1357: 1232: 1176: 946: 880: 217: 4263:. Federation Equestre Internationale. 2011. p. 26. Archived from 3033: 2940: 2924: 2652: 2496: 1320:. An Appaloosa horse is part of the controversial mascot team for the 1031: 634: 80: 5343: 5338: 5143: 5073: 3797: 3553: 3394: 1427: 863: 756: 714: 480: 385: 323: 319: 169:, as it and several other physical characteristics are linked to the 108: 4127:. Appaloosa Horse Club. 2012. p. Rule 40C, note. Archived from 3189: 1526:

Chief Joseph and his band were settled in central Washington on the

826:

and Spanish settlers then brought some vividly marked horses to the

649: 3212:"Personalized Plates for Your Vehicle & Souvenir Sample Plates" 1179:", a foal with white coloration similar to that of an Appaloosa or 5227: 5013: 2364:

Peckinpah, Robert L. (January 1953). "Appaloosa Ancient History".

1925:

International Museum of the Horse – Horse Breeds of the World

1455: 1198: 1162: 1114: 1094: 1030: 1011: 845: 775: 732: 704: 434: 336: 271: 139: 4557:

Malone, Michael P.; Roeder, Richard B.; Lang, William L. (1991).

4355:. Palomino Horse Breeders Association. pp. 77–78, Rule 2528A 3008: 1442: 781: 718: 499: 388:

crosses first developed in the 16th century during the reign of

354: 5200: 4750: 3771:. Appaloosa Horse Club. pp. Rules 204, 205. Archived from 3234:"Everything you need to know about the Appaloosa License Plate" 4466:

Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America

3597:

Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America

1259:

at breed shows). English disciplines they are used in include

1123:(left) has different markings than a Leopard Appaloosa (right) 908: 902: 896: 886:

Early Nez Perce horses were considered to be of high quality.

243:

in 1938. The modern breed maintains bloodlines tracing to the

5689: 3827: 2802: 2694: 2592: 2521: 2149: 2026: 1977:"Flea Bitten Horse Color – Basic Grey Horse Colors Explained" 1904: 1818: 318:. There are three other distinctive, "core" characteristics: 111:

visible around the iris when the eye is in a normal position.

4699: 1848: 124: 4724: 4714: 4155:"Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis (HYPP) Testing Procedures" 4035:

Journal of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmology

2197:. Appaloosa Horse Club. pp. Rule 205.C. Archived from 1489:(USEF), which sponsors show competition for many different 1290:

and television series. Examples include "Cojo Rojo" in the

165:

pattern of the Appaloosa is of interest to those who study

1045:

magazine when Francis D. Haines, a history professor from

5196: 4741: 4423:(1st ed.). Solvang, California: Amigo Publications. 3397:(in Dutch). Vereniging het Nederlandse Appaloosa Stamboek 1613:. Appaloosa Horse Club. pp. Rule 128. Archived from 4719: 4438:

Ciarloni, Diane (January 2011). "Shaping Stock Horses".

3676:"Horsey Hollywood: Meet the Equine Stars of "True Grit"" 1951:"A Guide To Understanding Appaloosa Horse Coat Genetics" 1417:

Appaloosas have an eightfold greater risk of developing

192:

with leopard spotting patterns appeared in artwork from

4561:. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press. 3635: 42: 4192:. Appaloosa Horse Club. pp. 21–24. Archived from 3826:. TIGRE The Tiger Horse Breed Registry. Archived from 1430:

that makes the breed more susceptible to the disease.

5667: 2261:(46). National Academy of Sciences USA: 18626–18630. 181:; the latter has been linked to the leopard complex. 4160:. Appaloosa Horse Club. pp. 1–2. Archived from 3769:"2012 Official Handbook of the Appaloosa Horse Club" 2555: 2553: 2551: 1332:

were not directly associated with Appaloosa horses.

286:

activity. Appaloosas have been used in many movies;

59:

American horse breed noted for spotted color pattern

5557: 5498: 5460: 5414: 5302: 5234: 5152: 4796: 4584:. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. 2249:Pruvost, Bellone; et al. (November 15, 2011). 1877:"The Appaloosa Project: Studies Currently Underway" 494:Solid Appaloosa horses are not to be confused with 115: 103: 98: 90: 5753:Horse breeds originating from Indigenous Americans 4577: 4097: 4068: 3925: 3154: 231:The Nez Perce lost most of their horses after the 4643:. (No location listed): Double Arrow Appaloosas. 4468:. North Adams, Massachusetts: Storey Publishing. 4099:"Shedding Light on Night Blindness in Appaloosas" 3512: 3291:. Appaloosa Horse Club. p. 4. Archived from 2832: 2817: 2540:Spencer III, Dick (December 1958). "Appaloosas". 2432: 2378: 1788: 4624:(Second ed.). Ames, Iowa: Wiley Blackwell. 4485:Horses: A Guide to Selection, Care and Enjoyment 3260:"Appaloosa Horse Club: International Affiliates" 2121:"Applications of Genome Study – Coat Color" 4504:Appaloosa: The Spotted Horse in Art and History 4421:Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship 4404:Appaloosa Horse Club Stud Book Volume 2 & 3 3985: 3983: 3395:"Vereniging het Nederlandse Appaloosa Stamboek" 3371:. The British Appaloosa Society. Archived from 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2622: 2607: 2462: 2447: 2255:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1833: 1770: 1755: 1740: 1718: 1547:, which is illegal in all forms of competition. 1356:breeds in an attempt to create leopard-spotted 874:. The Nez Perce first obtained horses from the 870:, where they engaged in agriculture as well as 850:Two Nez Perce men with an Appaloosa, about 1895 173:mutation (LP). Appaloosas are prone to develop 4187:"July 2007 Appaloosa Horse Club Board Motions" 3852:. Spanish Jennet Horse Society. Archived from 3081:Appaloosa Horse Club Stud Book, Vol. 2 & 3 2895: 2417: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 1495:International Federation for Equestrian Sports 1203:A leopard Appaloosa is part of the mascot for 961:; rebuffed, they headed for safety in Canada. 216:once referred to these spotted horses as the " 5738:Horse breeds originating in the United States 5212: 4762: 4329:. pp. 78–79, Rule CS–085. Archived from 2992: 2877: 2784: 8: 4778:Horse breeds of Canada and the United States 4677:. (No location listed): Running Free Press. 4506:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. 3531:. The Appaloosa Museum. 2007. Archived from 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1691:. American Appaloosa Association Worldwide. 322:skin, striped hooves, and eyes with a white 73: 4599:Richardson, Bill; Richardson, Dona (1968). 3725:"A Brief History of the POA Breed and POAC" 3059: 3057: 2478: 2476: 2474: 1657: 1655: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1136: 968:in Montana, 40 miles (64 km) from the 26: 5219: 5205: 5197: 4769: 4755: 4747: 4742:Appaloosa Horse Club of the United Kingdom 4737:Appaloosa Horse Association of New Zealand 3878:. Knabstrupperforeningen for Danmark. 2005 3613:. The Appaloosa Horse Club. Archived from 2535: 2533: 2301:"Prehistoric Horses Came In Leopard Print" 2189: 2187: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 936:. Tensions rose, and in May 1877, General 709:Striped hooves are a characteristic trait. 512: 208:people of what today is the United States 72: 3992:"Night Blindness in the Appaloosa (CSNB)" 3968: 3927:"Uveitis: Medical and Surgical Treatment" 3446: 3286:"Appaloosa Horse Club Sponsorship Levels" 2853:"Nez Perce Launch Horse Breeding Program" 2846: 2844: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2276: 2266: 1605: 1603: 1539:Acetazolamide is not to be confused with 1219:Appaloosas are used extensively for both 5379:Equestrian events at the Summer Olympics 4660:Montana: The Magazine of Western History 4487:. New York: W. H. Freeman. p. 132. 3876:"Some History about The Knabstrup Horse" 3341: 3339: 2394:Bennett, Deb (March 1997). "Hot Spots". 1470:, known by the trade name of Lasix, and 1057:; but in 1947 the organization moved to 976:had led an infantry-cavalry column from 972:. Unbeknownst to the Nez Perce, Colonel 949:, then traveled southeast, dipping into 32:This is an accepted version of this page 5702: 5674: 4406:. Moscow, Idaho: Appaloosa Horse Club. 4386:. Moscow, Idaho: Appaloosa Horse Club. 4384:Appaloosa Horse Club Stud Book Volume 1 3994:. The Appaloosa Project. Archived from 3901:. The Appaloosa Project. Archived from 2763:. The West Film Project/WETA/PBS/. 2001 2226:. The Appaloosa Project. Archived from 1879:. The Appaloosa Project. Archived from 1559: 1519: 1497:(FEI), which governs international and 717:of the dominant "leopard complex" (LP) 212:developed the original American breed. 28: 4019:Journal of Equine Medicine and Surgery 3465:. Appaloosa Horse Club. Archived from 3236:. Appaloosa Horse Club. Archived from 3130:. Appaloosa Horse Club. Archived from 3101:. Appaloosa Horse Club. Archived from 3048:Appaloosa Horse Club Stud Book, Vol. 1 3015:from the original on February 28, 2008 2967:. The Appaloosa Museum. Archived from 2751: 2749: 2747: 2341:. The Appaloosa Museum. Archived from 4725:American Appaloosa Horse Club Holland 4542:. Abilene, Kansas: Loft Enterprises. 3576:from the original on 13 February 2008 3570:"Tips for Registering Your Appaloosa" 3324:from the original on 21 February 2008 3266:from the original on 15 February 2008 2567:from the original on 19 February 2008 2166:"Introduction to Coat Color Genetics" 1927:. Kentucky Horse Park. Archived from 1669:from the original on 11 December 2010 1447:congenital stationary night blindness 179:congenital stationary night blindness 7: 4281:Note: Specifically lists Furosemide. 4242:Note: Specifically lists Furosemide. 4125:"2012 Appaloosa Horse Club Handbook" 3095:"2012 Appaloosa Horse Club Handbook" 2195:"2012 Appaloosa Horse Club Handbook" 2172:from the original on 20 January 2008 1695:from the original on 25 October 2010 1611:"2012 Appaloosa Horse Club Handbook" 1579:"2012 Appaloosa Horse Club Handbook" 1410:Leopard complex § Vision issues 744:horses, but this is not consistent. 4559:Montana: A History of Two Centuries 4293:"Therapeutic Medication Fact Sheet" 3749:. Colorado Ranger Horse Association 3674:Hayes, Marsha (December 23, 2010). 1663:"Guide to Identifying an Appaloosa" 1487:United States Equestrian Federation 1275:competitions, as well as in casual 1251:in Appaloosa-only competition) and 1211:team, the Seminoles, named for the 4297:American Quarter Horse Association 3897:Sandmeyer, Lynne (July 28, 2008). 3655:. Independent News & Media Plc 3651:Murphy, Caitriona (May 20, 2008). 3153:Sellnow, Les (September 1, 2008). 2739:West, "Nez Perce and Their Trials" 2727:West, "Nez Perce and Their Trials" 2710:West, "Nez Perce and Their Trials" 2672:West, "Nez Perce and Their Trials" 2638:West, "Nez Perce and Their Trials" 2510:West, "Nez Perce and Their Trials" 1689:"Characteristics of the Appaloosa" 1588:from the original on 22 April 2011 1173:American Quarter Horse Association 57: 5529:Mountain and moorland pony breeds 4525:. Houston, Texas: Cordovan Corp. 4254:"2011 Prohibited Substances List" 4219:"Drugs and Medication Guidelines" 3820:"Introduction to the Tiger Horse" 3494:. Appaloosa Horse Club. p. 1 3214:. Idaho Transportation Department 3128:"Appaloosa Horse Club Fact Sheet" 2851:Murphy, Michael (November 1995). 2491:(4). Duke University Press: 310. 2131:from the original on 24 July 2008 617:Appaloosa roan, marble 5705: 5677: 5650: 5649: 4641:Fifty Years of Appaloosa History 4618:Sponenberg, Dan Phillip (2003). 4327:American Paint Horse Association 4047:10.1111/j.1463-5224.2007.00572.x 3970:10.1111/j.1463-5224.2005.00442.x 3924:Loving, Nancy (April 19, 2008). 3899:"Equine Recurrent Uveitis (ERU)" 3611:"Milestones in Appaloosa racing" 3556:Fifty Years of Appaloosa History 3349:. American Appaloosa Association 3347:"American Appaloosa Association" 3034:Ciarloni, "Shaping Stock Horses" 2941:Ciarloni, "Shaping Stock Horses" 2653:Ciarloni, "Shaping Stock Horses" 2224:"What is the Appaloosa Project?" 2099:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2004.01113.x 2064:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02119.x 1504:American Paint Horse Association 1404:Genetically linked vision issues 1185:American Paint Horse Association 678: 663: 648: 633: 608: 593: 578: 563: 548: 533: 79: 4720:Appaloosa Horse Club of Germany 4715:Appaloosa Horse Club of Denmark 4096:Oke, Stacey (August 31, 2008). 1476:hyperkalemic periodic paralysis 1279:. Appaloosas are also bred for 1227:. Western competitions include 858:lived in what today is eastern 749:single-nucleotide polymorphisms 274:in 1975. It is best known as a 247:of the registry; its partially 4994:Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse 4710:Appaloosa Horse Club of Canada 4705:American Appaloosa Association 4576:Moulton, Gary E., ed. (2003). 3800:. Walkaloosa Horse Association 3798:"Walkaloosa Horse Association" 3697:Powell, Robert Andrew (2005). 3262:. Appaloosa Horse Club. 2008. 2002:"What Is A Grey Dapple Horse?" 1077:from horses imported from the 985:Aftermath of the Nez Perce War 740:for LP tend to be darker than 1: 5647:Lists of horse-related topics 3963:(6): 437–450. November 2005. 3653:"Ride 'em like a real cowboy" 1286:Appaloosas are often used in 1016:Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show 5314:Glossary of equestrian terms 4671:Wilson, Staci Layne (2007). 4580:The Lewis and Clark Journals 4449:Cavalcade of American Horses 3463:"Performance Permit Program" 2761:New Perspectives on the West 251:allows the addition of some 160:best known for its colorful 4521:Harris, Freddie S. (1973). 3727:. Pony of the Americas Club 1528:Colville Indian Reservation 1310:and "Cowboy", the mount of 425:Color and spotting patterns 220:horse", possibly after the 5769: 5437:Ancient and Imperial China 4639:Stanger, Edith M. (1997). 4603:. New York: A. S. Barnes. 3703:The New York Times Upfront 3678:. Blood Horse Publications 2859:. Nez Perce Horse Registry 2803:Malone Roeder & Lang, 2695:Malone Roeder & Lang, 2522:Malone Roeder & Lang, 2339:"History of the Appaloosa" 2127:. University of Kentucky. 1407: 1326:Chief Osceola and Renegade 1300:, "Zip Cochise" ridden by 1108: 924: 892:Lewis and Clark Expedition 701:Equine coat color genetics 698: 692: 502:, and is unrelated to the 428: 167:equine coat color genetics 64:Appaloosa (disambiguation) 61: 5642: 5324:List of equestrian sports 5183: 4784: 4502:Haines, Francis (1975) . 4483:Evans, J. Warren (2000). 4451:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 3850:"Atigrado Spanish Jennet" 2542:Western Livestock Journal 1330:Seminole Tribe of Florida 1213:Seminole Tribe of Florida 951:Yellowstone National Park 671: 656: 641: 616: 601: 586: 571: 556: 541: 526: 521: 518: 515: 376:type of horse popular in 239:(ApHC) was formed as the 133: 120: 78: 5059:North American Sportpony 5004:Lac La Croix Indian Pony 4864:American Sorraia Mustang 4839:American Miniature Horse 4700:The Appaloosa Horse Club 4523:Horse Breeds of the West 3957:Veterinary Ophthalmology 3572:. Appaloosa Horse Club. 3489:"2011 ApHC Fee Schedule" 3320:. Appaloosa Horse Club. 3186:Idaho Secretary Of State 3011:. The Appaloosa Museum. 2595:Lewis and Clark Journals 2563:. Appaloosa Horse Club. 1851:Horse Breeds of the West 1665:. Appaloosa Horse Club. 1584:. Appaloosa Horse Club. 1419:Equine Recurrent Uveitis 1391:to add new blood to the 1249:Camas Prairie Stump Race 1205:Florida State University 672:Roan blanket with spots 204:. In North America, the 175:equine recurrent uveitis 39:latest accepted revision 5748:Native American culture 5129:Tennessee Walking Horse 5029:Mountain Pleasure Horse 4464:Dutson, Judith (2005). 4153:Nelson, Shonda (2008). 2268:10.1073/pnas.1108982108 1383:the Appaloosa with the 1348:. Appaloosas were also 292:Florida State Seminoles 104:Distinguishing features 5069:Pryor Mountain mustang 4859:American Shetland Pony 4849:American Quarter Horse 4814:American Belgian Draft 4809:American Bashkir Curly 4538:Holmes, Frank (2003). 4447:Crowell, Pers (1951). 4261:Veterinary Regulations 3079:Appaloosa Horse Club, 3046:Appaloosa Horse Club, 2366:Horse Lover's Magazine 2058:(Supplement s2): 207. 1449:(CSNB). This form of 1216: 1168: 1159:Color rule controversy 1137:color rule controversy 1124: 1036: 955:Battle of the Big Hole 851: 796: 710: 657:Roan blanket or Frost 440: 342: 257:American Quarter Horse 5694:at Knowledge (XXG)'s 4984:Florida Cracker Horse 4914:Camarillo White Horse 4879:American Walking Pony 4874:American Spotted Paso 4834:American Indian Horse 4621:Equine Color Genetics 4419:Bennett, Deb (1998). 3182:"Idaho State Emblems" 2965:"History of the ApHC" 2152:Equine Color Genetics 2029:Equine Color Genetics 2025:Based on images from 1931:on September 17, 2013 1907:Equine Color Genetics 1821:Equine Color Genetics 1445:are also at risk for 1271:. They are common in 1202: 1166: 1118: 1034: 879:used the practice of 849: 779: 708: 438: 340: 310:Breed characteristics 245:foundation bloodstock 188:in Europe. Images of 5187:List of horse breeds 5119:Spotted Saddle Horse 5099:Spanish Jennet Horse 5089:Rocky Mountain Horse 5064:Pony of the Americas 5009:Missouri Fox Trotter 4944:Carolina Marsh Tacky 4934:Canadian Sport Horse 4929:Canadian Rustic Pony 4889:American White Horse 4844:American Paint Horse 4824:American Crème Horse 4819:American Cream Draft 4400:Appaloosa Horse Club 4380:Appaloosa Horse Club 4231:on 11 September 2008 3240:on November 19, 2007 2628:, pp. 390, 392. 2125:Horse Genome Project 1433:Appaloosas that are 1369:Spanish Jennet Horse 1342:Pony of the Americas 1257:Nez Percé Stake Race 1111:Appaloosa Horse Club 1079:Crabbet Arabian Stud 1051:Appaloosa Horse Club 914:Appaloosa Horse Club 815:and the Pinzgau, or 296:Pony of the Americas 290:is a mascot for the 278:used in a number of 237:Appaloosa Horse Club 140:Equus ferus caballus 125:Appaloosa Horse Club 62:For other uses, see 5447:Indian subcontinent 5139:Virginia Highlander 5039:National Show Horse 4854:American Saddlebred 4829:American Drum Horse 4674:Animal Movies Guide 4333:on 31 December 2007 4270:on December 3, 2011 4199:on December 2, 2007 4077:. November 21, 2007 3638:Animal Movies Guide 3134:on October 23, 2006 2901:, pp. 296–297. 2700:, pp. 135–136. 2561:"Appaloosa History" 2032:, pp. 153–156. 966:Bears Paw Mountains 868:north central Idaho 809:Louis XIV of France 780:A 1674 painting of 726:incomplete dominant 557:Blanket with spots 542:Blanket or snowcap 465:cremello or perlino 418:foundation stallion 202:early modern period 190:domesticated horses 75: 29:Page version status 5480:American Civil War 5235:Equine science and 5175:Narragansett Pacer 4939:Canadian Warmblood 4884:American Warmblood 4804:Alberta Wild Horse 4730:2013-01-19 at the 4303:on October 5, 2012 3469:on January 4, 2010 3099:Rule 204 A 1, 2, 3 3009:"Appaloosa Museum" 2971:on 6 February 2008 2345:on 18 January 2008 2230:on August 24, 2008 1328:; even though the 1217: 1169: 1125: 1037: 943:Grangeville, Idaho 938:Oliver Otis Howard 852: 832:they first arrived 797: 711: 441: 343: 200:China through the 35: 5743:Horse coat colors 5663: 5662: 5194: 5193: 4979:Cumberland Island 4959:Chincoteague Pony 4684:978-0-9675185-3-4 4650:978-0-9661160-4-5 4631:978-0-8138-0759-1 4610:978-0-498-06787-7 4591:978-0-8032-8039-7 4568:978-0-295-97129-2 4549:978-0-9714998-3-6 4513:978-0-912830-21-6 4494:978-0-7167-4255-5 4475:978-1-58017-612-5 4430:978-0-9658533-0-9 4134:on April 22, 2011 3905:on April 26, 2009 3778:on April 22, 2011 3705:. Scholastic, Inc 3617:on March 14, 2018 3600:, pp. 74–78. 3535:on 7 January 2009 3428:on August 1, 2010 3318:"ApHC Membership" 3298:on April 11, 2008 3108:on April 22, 2011 3066:Appaloosa Journal 3036:, pp. 83–84. 2883:, pp. 96–98. 2790:, pp. 92–95. 2741:, pp. 14–15. 2438:, pp. 17–18. 2384:, pp. 12–16. 2204:on April 22, 2011 1921:"Appaloosa Horse" 1824:, pp. 90–91. 1794:, pp. 27–28. 1620:on April 22, 2011 1304:in the 1966 film 1133:Appaloosa Journal 992:reservation lands 686: 685: 587:Few spot leopard 431:Equine coat color 378:Bourbon-era Spain 210:Pacific Northwest 150: 149: 91:Country of origin 16:(Redirected from 5760: 5718: 5710: 5709: 5708: 5698: 5682: 5681: 5673: 5653: 5652: 5221: 5214: 5207: 5198: 4969:Colonial Spanish 4869:American Spotted 4771: 4764: 4757: 4748: 4688: 4667: 4654: 4635: 4614: 4595: 4583: 4572: 4553: 4534: 4517: 4498: 4479: 4460: 4443: 4440:Western Horseman 4434: 4415: 4395: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4353:"PHBA Rule Book" 4349: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4299:. 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Archived from 3413: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3375:on March 8, 2012 3365: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3343: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3297: 3290: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3192:on July 20, 2016 3188:. Archived from 3178: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3158: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3107: 3091: 3085: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3061: 3052: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3005: 2999: 2990: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2961: 2944: 2938: 2929: 2928: 2908: 2902: 2893: 2884: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2848: 2839: 2838:, p. 24–25. 2830: 2824: 2815: 2809: 2800: 2791: 2782: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2753: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2692: 2675: 2669: 2656: 2650: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2620: 2614: 2605: 2599: 2590: 2577: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2557: 2546: 2545: 2537: 2528: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2480: 2469: 2460: 2454: 2445: 2439: 2430: 2424: 2415: 2406: 2405: 2391: 2385: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2361: 2355: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2335: 2320: 2319: 2317: 2316: 2307:. Archived from 2297: 2291: 2290: 2280: 2270: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2203: 2191: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2162: 2156: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2046: 2033: 2023: 2017: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2006:Best Horse Rider 1998: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1981:Best Horse Rider 1973: 1967: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1955:ihearthorses.com 1947: 1941: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1917: 1911: 1902: 1893: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1875:Archer, Sheila. 1872: 1855: 1846: 1840: 1831: 1825: 1816: 1795: 1786: 1777: 1768: 1762: 1753: 1747: 1738: 1725: 1716: 1705: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1685: 1679: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1659: 1630: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1619: 1607: 1598: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1583: 1575: 1548: 1537: 1531: 1524: 1363:, including the 1273:endurance riding 1063:Western Horseman 1042:Western Horseman 970:Canada–US border 888:Meriwether Lewis 856:Nez Perce people 842:Nez Perce people 682: 667: 652: 637: 612: 597: 582: 567: 552: 537: 513: 142: 83: 76: 21: 5768: 5767: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5723: 5722: 5721: 5711: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5697:sister projects 5696: 5688: 5676: 5668: 5664: 5659: 5638: 5553: 5494: 5475:Napoleonic Wars 5456: 5410: 5306: 5298: 5236: 5230: 5225: 5195: 5190: 5179: 5170:Conestoga Horse 5148: 5109:Spanish Mustang 5049:Nez Perce Horse 5024:Morocco Spotted 4974:Colorado Ranger 4899:Assateague Pony 4792: 4780: 4775: 4732:Wayback Machine 4696: 4691: 4685: 4670: 4657: 4651: 4638: 4632: 4617: 4611: 4598: 4592: 4575: 4569: 4556: 4550: 4537: 4520: 4514: 4501: 4495: 4482: 4476: 4463: 4446: 4437: 4431: 4418: 4398: 4378: 4374: 4369: 4358: 4356: 4351: 4350: 4346: 4336: 4334: 4323:"APHA Rulebook" 4321: 4320: 4316: 4306: 4304: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4256: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4189: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4170: 4168: 4167:on May 23, 2011 4164: 4157: 4152: 4151: 4147: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4123: 4122: 4118: 4108: 4106: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4080: 4078: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4016: 4015: 4011: 4001: 3999: 3998:on July 7, 2011 3989: 3988: 3981: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3936: 3934: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3908: 3906: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3881: 3879: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3859: 3857: 3856:on May 15, 2011 3848: 3847: 3843: 3833: 3831: 3824:The Tiger Horse 3818: 3817: 3813: 3803: 3801: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3752: 3750: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3681: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3658: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3634: 3630: 3620: 3618: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3593: 3589: 3579: 3577: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3552: 3548: 3538: 3536: 3529:"Famous horses" 3527: 3526: 3522: 3511: 3507: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3472: 3470: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3418:"Mr. Appaloosa" 3416:Roberts, Honi. 3415: 3414: 3410: 3400: 3398: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3378: 3376: 3369:"Breed History" 3367: 3366: 3362: 3352: 3350: 3345: 3344: 3337: 3327: 3325: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3288: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3269: 3267: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3243: 3241: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3217: 3215: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3195: 3193: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3165: 3163: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3137: 3135: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3077: 3073: 3063: 3062: 3055: 3044: 3040: 3032: 3028: 3018: 3016: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2991: 2984: 2974: 2972: 2963: 2962: 2947: 2939: 2932: 2913:American Speech 2910: 2909: 2905: 2894: 2887: 2876: 2872: 2862: 2860: 2850: 2849: 2842: 2831: 2827: 2816: 2812: 2801: 2794: 2783: 2776: 2766: 2764: 2755: 2754: 2745: 2737: 2733: 2725: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2693: 2678: 2674:, pp. 5–6. 2670: 2659: 2651: 2644: 2636: 2632: 2621: 2617: 2606: 2602: 2591: 2580: 2570: 2568: 2559: 2558: 2549: 2539: 2538: 2531: 2520: 2516: 2508: 2504: 2485:American Speech 2482: 2481: 2472: 2461: 2457: 2446: 2442: 2431: 2427: 2416: 2409: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2377: 2373: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2348: 2346: 2337: 2336: 2323: 2314: 2312: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2233: 2231: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2193: 2192: 2185: 2175: 2173: 2164: 2163: 2159: 2148: 2144: 2134: 2132: 2119: 2118: 2114: 2087:Animal Genetics 2084: 2083: 2079: 2052:Animal Genetics 2048: 2047: 2036: 2024: 2020: 2010: 2008: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1985: 1983: 1975: 1974: 1970: 1960: 1958: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1934: 1932: 1919: 1918: 1914: 1903: 1896: 1886: 1884: 1883:on July 7, 2011 1874: 1873: 1858: 1847: 1843: 1832: 1828: 1817: 1798: 1787: 1780: 1769: 1765: 1754: 1750: 1739: 1728: 1717: 1708: 1698: 1696: 1687: 1686: 1682: 1672: 1670: 1661: 1660: 1633: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1609: 1608: 1601: 1591: 1589: 1581: 1577: 1576: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1551: 1538: 1534: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1464: 1451:night blindness 1439:leopard complex 1412: 1406: 1401: 1377:Nez Perce Horse 1346:Colorado Ranger 1338: 1243:sports such as 1197: 1161: 1113: 1107: 1047:Lewiston, Idaho 1029: 1004:Nez Perce horse 987: 974:Nelson A. Miles 929: 923: 844: 774: 703: 697: 695:Leopard complex 691: 619: or 618: 504:leopard complex 433: 427: 312: 300:Nez Perce Horse 171:leopard complex 156:is an American 146: 138: 129: 116:Breed standards 86: 85:Appaloosa horse 67: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 18:Appaloosa horse 15: 12: 11: 5: 5766: 5764: 5756: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5725: 5724: 5720: 5719: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5657: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5620: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5563: 5561: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5505: 5503: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5466: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5418: 5416: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5376: 5371: 5369:Horse training 5366: 5361: 5359:Western riding 5356: 5354:English riding 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5319:Horse industry 5316: 5310: 5308: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5240: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5226: 5224: 5223: 5216: 5209: 5201: 5192: 5191: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5160:Canadian Pacer 5156: 5154: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5114:Spanish Norman 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4954:Cherokee Horse 4951: 4949:Cerbat mustang 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4924:Canadian Pinto 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4800: 4798: 4794: 4793: 4786:These are the 4785: 4782: 4781: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4766: 4759: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4695: 4694:External links 4692: 4690: 4689: 4683: 4668: 4655: 4649: 4636: 4630: 4615: 4609: 4596: 4590: 4573: 4567: 4554: 4548: 4535: 4518: 4512: 4499: 4493: 4480: 4474: 4461: 4444: 4435: 4429: 4416: 4396: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4367: 4344: 4314: 4284: 4245: 4210: 4178: 4145: 4116: 4088: 4060: 4041:(6): 368–375. 4024: 4009: 3979: 3944: 3916: 3889: 3867: 3841: 3811: 3789: 3760: 3747:"CRHA History" 3738: 3716: 3689: 3666: 3643: 3641:, p. 161. 3628: 3602: 3587: 3561: 3559:, p. 163. 3546: 3520: 3518:, p. 165. 3505: 3480: 3454: 3452:, p. 132. 3439: 3408: 3386: 3360: 3335: 3309: 3277: 3251: 3225: 3203: 3173: 3156:"Overbreeding" 3145: 3119: 3086: 3071: 3053: 3038: 3026: 3000: 2982: 2945: 2930: 2903: 2885: 2870: 2840: 2825: 2810: 2808:, p. 138. 2792: 2774: 2757:"Chief Joseph" 2743: 2731: 2714: 2702: 2676: 2657: 2642: 2630: 2615: 2613:, p. 390. 2600: 2598:, p. 333. 2578: 2547: 2529: 2527:, p. 134. 2514: 2502: 2470: 2468:, p. 207. 2455: 2453:, p. 196. 2440: 2425: 2423:, p. 299. 2407: 2386: 2371: 2356: 2321: 2292: 2241: 2215: 2183: 2157: 2142: 2112: 2093:(2): 134–137. 2077: 2034: 2018: 1993: 1968: 1942: 1912: 1894: 1856: 1841: 1839:, p. 393. 1826: 1796: 1778: 1776:, p. 308. 1763: 1761:, p. 170. 1748: 1746:, p. 391. 1726: 1724:, p. 392. 1706: 1680: 1631: 1599: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1532: 1518: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1463: 1460: 1408:Main article: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1337: 1334: 1288:Western movies 1247:(known as the 1225:English riding 1196: 1193: 1160: 1157: 1109:Main article: 1106: 1103: 1068:A significant 1028: 1027:Revitalization 1025: 986: 983: 922: 919: 872:horse breeding 843: 840: 805:Ancient Persia 773: 770: 693:Main article: 690: 689:Color genetics 687: 684: 683: 676: 673: 669: 668: 661: 658: 654: 653: 646: 643: 639: 638: 631: 623: 614: 613: 606: 603: 599: 598: 591: 588: 584: 583: 576: 573: 569: 568: 561: 558: 554: 553: 546: 543: 539: 538: 531: 528: 524: 523: 520: 517: 426: 423: 366:Spanish horses 311: 308: 302:, and several 280:western riding 249:open stud book 241:breed registry 194:Ancient Greece 186:cave paintings 148: 147: 145: 144: 134: 131: 130: 128: 127: 121: 118: 117: 113: 112: 105: 101: 100: 96: 95: 92: 88: 87: 84: 58: 56: 36: 30: 27: 25: 24: 23: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5765: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5716: 5715: 5703: 5699: 5693: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5671: 5666: 5656: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5641: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5556: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5524:Gaited horses 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5497: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5452:North America 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5427:Domestication 5425: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5304:Equestrianism 5301: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5233: 5229: 5222: 5217: 5215: 5210: 5208: 5203: 5202: 5199: 5189: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5084:Racking Horse 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4999:Kiger mustang 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4964:Choctaw Horse 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4783: 4779: 4772: 4767: 4765: 4760: 4758: 4753: 4752: 4749: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4693: 4686: 4680: 4676: 4675: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4633: 4627: 4623: 4622: 4616: 4612: 4606: 4602: 4601:The Appaloosa 4597: 4593: 4587: 4582: 4581: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4541: 4540:Spotted Pride 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4509: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4477: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4445: 4441: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4371: 4354: 4348: 4345: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4315: 4307:September 25, 4302: 4298: 4294: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4227: 4220: 4214: 4211: 4195: 4188: 4182: 4179: 4163: 4156: 4149: 4146: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4117: 4105: 4100: 4092: 4089: 4076: 4071: 4064: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4028: 4025: 4021:(1): 226–229. 4020: 4013: 4010: 3997: 3993: 3986: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3933: 3928: 3920: 3917: 3904: 3900: 3893: 3890: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3855: 3851: 3845: 3842: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3812: 3799: 3793: 3790: 3774: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3748: 3742: 3739: 3731:September 25, 3726: 3720: 3717: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3690: 3677: 3670: 3667: 3654: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3639: 3632: 3629: 3621:September 25, 3616: 3612: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3598: 3591: 3588: 3575: 3571: 3565: 3562: 3558: 3557: 3550: 3547: 3534: 3530: 3524: 3521: 3517: 3516: 3515:Spotted Pride 3509: 3506: 3490: 3484: 3481: 3468: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3443: 3440: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3412: 3409: 3396: 3390: 3387: 3374: 3370: 3364: 3361: 3348: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3294: 3287: 3281: 3278: 3265: 3261: 3255: 3252: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3226: 3213: 3207: 3204: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3177: 3174: 3162: 3157: 3149: 3146: 3133: 3129: 3123: 3120: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3075: 3072: 3067: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3049: 3042: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3027: 3014: 3010: 3004: 3001: 2998:, p. 98. 2997: 2996: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2970: 2966: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2943:, p. 83. 2942: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2899: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2881: 2874: 2871: 2858: 2854: 2847: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2836: 2829: 2826: 2823:, p. 23. 2822: 2821: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2806: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2762: 2758: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2703: 2699: 2698: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2655:, p. 82. 2654: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2640:, p. 14. 2639: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2611: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2596: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2525: 2518: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2466: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2451: 2444: 2441: 2437: 2436: 2429: 2426: 2422: 2421: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2382: 2375: 2372: 2367: 2360: 2357: 2344: 2340: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2311:on 2012-10-04 2310: 2306: 2302: 2296: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2245: 2242: 2229: 2225: 2219: 2216: 2200: 2196: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2171: 2167: 2161: 2158: 2155:, p. 93. 2154: 2153: 2146: 2143: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2116: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2081: 2078: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2022: 2019: 2007: 2003: 1997: 1994: 1982: 1978: 1972: 1969: 1957:. 5 June 2016 1956: 1952: 1946: 1943: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1916: 1913: 1910:, p. 92. 1909: 1908: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1882: 1878: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1854:, p. 12. 1853: 1852: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1830: 1827: 1823: 1822: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1792: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1759: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1744: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1694: 1690: 1684: 1681: 1668: 1664: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1616: 1612: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1587: 1580: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1554: 1546: 1542: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1523: 1520: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1472:acetazolamide 1469: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1403: 1399:Health issues 1398: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1381:crossbreeding 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1335: 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