365:
239:
500:
2159:
335:
617:
398:
566:
452:
416:
302:
434:
635:
284:
254:
269:
599:
350:
650:
533:
581:
2181:
470:
665:
548:
515:
485:
383:
317:
81:“A standing Appellate Body shall be established by the DSB. The Appellate Body shall hear appeals from panel cases. It shall be composed of seven persons, three of whom shall serve on any one case. Persons serving on the Appellate Body shall serve in rotation. Such rotation shall be determined in the working procedures of the Appellate Body.”
121:
and Canada reached an agreement whereby the WTOAB is replicated as closely as possible. Under this agreement, former WTO judges will hear appeals between the two entities after the Trump defect has been crystallized. The Trump administration has repeatedly pleaded for redress and is using the
138:(MPIA). This gave access to an alternative appellate mechanism (arbitration as an appellate mechanism) while the Appellate Body is not functional. Its provisions mirror the usual WTO appeal rules and can be voluntarily used between any WTO members to resolve disputes. The
145:
said: "This is a stop-gap measure to reflect the temporary paralysis of the WTO's appeal function for trade disputes ... We will continue our efforts to restore the appeal function of the WTO dispute settlement system as a matter of priority." Since being announced, the
60:
blocked appointments to the body, the
Appellate Body has been unable to enforce WTO rules and punish violators of WTO rules. Subsequently, disregard for trade rules has increased, leading to more trade protectionist measures. The
1114:
1154:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
98:
with the mandate to solve this thorny problem. A journalist said that the delay was an effort to skew arbitration in the favour of the US. On 9 April 2019, US Trade
Representative
41:
in disputes brought on by WTO members. The WTOAB can uphold, modify or reverse the legal findings and conclusions of a panel, and
Appellate Body Reports, once adopted by the
1009:
74:
1259:
1446:
1124:
1032:
714:"The (surprise) return of development policy space in the multilateral trading system: what the WTO Appellate Body blockage means for the developmental state"
2261:
153:
A pool of ten arbitrators were announced on 31 July 2020 marking the operational start of the MPIA. The arbitrators appointed were José Alfredo Graça Lima (
1821:
2256:
698:
1068:
1119:
1052:
843:"International trade dispute settlement: World Trade Organisation Appellate Body crisis and the multi-party interim appeal arbitration arrangement"
827:
2141:
1421:
752:
1129:
1104:
1002:
912:
770:
2222:
1451:
1936:
1139:
2251:
2059:
2241:
1481:
995:
2246:
1811:
1144:
139:
1911:
1321:
870:
842:
2019:
1986:
1941:
813:
1946:
1521:
1776:
982:
Crisis at the WTO: Is the
Blocking of Appointments to the WTO Appellate Body by the United States Legally Justified?
2089:
1856:
1791:
1751:
1047:
934:
57:
2215:
1646:
1546:
1109:
1018:
33:
1861:
1846:
1831:
1671:
1386:
1042:
91:
62:
42:
22:
1876:
1816:
1731:
1616:
1496:
1461:
1301:
1169:
1073:
376:
2079:
1881:
1841:
1716:
1706:
1681:
1656:
1626:
1606:
1516:
1456:
1416:
1346:
1275:
886:"EU and 15 World Trade Organization members establish contingency appeal arrangement for trade disputes"
328:
954:
592:
2266:
2074:
1956:
1866:
1851:
1736:
1686:
1581:
1566:
1536:
1336:
1326:
713:
610:
2208:
2114:
2109:
2099:
2004:
1976:
1896:
1891:
1871:
1781:
1766:
1701:
1666:
1561:
1501:
1476:
1471:
1441:
1406:
1401:
1371:
1351:
1255:
1149:
970:
699:"WTO permits U.S. to use long-outlawed policy to calculate anti-dumping tariffs on softwood lumber"
463:
409:
53:. It has been termed by at least one journalist as "effectively the supreme court of world trade".
885:
226:
for an alternative arrangement used by some WTO member nations and list of appointed arbitrators.
117:
The Trump defect crystallised on 11 December 2019. In default of an WTOAB adjudication board, the
2104:
2054:
2044:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2009:
1999:
1994:
1961:
1951:
1931:
1916:
1836:
1746:
1721:
1711:
1696:
1641:
1636:
1591:
1571:
1531:
1486:
1396:
1391:
1366:
1341:
1331:
1311:
1306:
975:
2158:
1265:
209:
The following is a list of members of the WTOAB including their nationality and term of office.
2124:
2094:
2069:
2049:
2039:
2014:
1971:
1926:
1921:
1886:
1806:
1801:
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1601:
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1316:
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729:
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427:
99:
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1966:
1906:
1826:
1796:
1741:
1726:
1651:
1611:
1596:
1576:
1556:
1526:
1511:
1491:
1436:
1431:
1361:
1078:
721:
526:
1901:
1786:
1761:
1676:
1631:
1506:
1466:
1426:
1134:
111:
103:
788:
90:
Under the mandate of the Trump administration, the US held up appointments to the WTOAB.
2148:
1280:
182:
178:
162:
131:
107:
38:
295:
37:(WTOAB) is a standing body of seven persons that hears appeals from reports issued by
2235:
571:
559:
457:
421:
307:
2163:
1159:
1088:
981:
439:
725:
45:(DSB), must be accepted by the parties to the dispute. The WTOAB has its seat in
1285:
1270:
640:
622:
445:
403:
289:
259:
198:
190:
50:
142:
828:"Canada and EU make deal to work around U.S. block on WTO judge appointments"
733:
505:
274:
194:
987:
75:
Understanding on Rules and
Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes
174:
2180:
604:
586:
340:
771:"At WTO, growing disregard for trade rules shows world is fragmenting"
475:
355:
186:
158:
154:
95:
46:
2188:
670:
655:
553:
538:
520:
490:
388:
370:
322:
244:
170:
166:
147:
2142:
Special administrative regions of the People's
Republic of China
991:
2149:
Separate
Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu
106:
that the WTOAB had been "overreaching", as the government of
118:
102:
said in reference to past adjudications over the policy of
753:"How Trump Could Deal Another Blow to Already Hobbled WTO"
222:
73:
The WTOAB was established in 1995 under
Article 17 of the
2144:, participating as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao, China".
913:"China's inclusion in new trade umpire a 'game-changer'"
2196:
217:
There are currently no
Members of the Appellate Body.
1135:
Trade-Related
Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
789:"WTO | Dispute Settlement Understanding - legal text"
150:and other WTO member nations have joined the MPIA.
2147:
Officially the Republic of China, participates as "
1985:
1294:
1248:
1168:
1097:
1061:
1025:
65:has maintained Trump's freeze on new appointments.
136:Multiparty Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement
110:was punished by the Trump administration over
2216:
1003:
935:"WTO - Singapore Ministry of Foreign Affairs"
8:
814:"The Kiwi leading the fight to fix the WTO"
2223:
2209:
1982:
1010:
996:
988:
718:Review of International Political Economy
830:. The Globe and Mail Inc. 25 July 2019.
701:. The Globe and Mail Inc. 9 April 2019.
683:
511:Arumugamangalam Venkatachalam Ganesan,
1105:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
862:
693:
691:
689:
687:
223:Multi-Party Interim Appeal Arbitration
134:and 15 other WTO members agreed to a
126:Multiparty Interim Appeal Arbitration
7:
2177:
2175:
747:
745:
743:
247:, 1 December 2016 — 30 November 2020
86:Blocking of adjudicator appointments
2262:Treaties entered into force in 1995
1115:Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
2195:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
185:), Mateo Diego-Fernandez Andrade (
14:
2257:Organizations established in 1995
2151:", and "Chinese Taipei" in short.
1125:Trade-Related Investment Measures
884:Rosario, Daniel (27 March 2020).
265:Shree Baboo Chekitan Servansing,
2179:
2157:
1447:Democratic Republic of the Congo
663:
648:
633:
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333:
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267:
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673:, 1995 — 1999 & 1999 — 2000
658:, 1995 — 1999 & 1999 — 2000
643:, 1995 — 1999 & 1999 — 2000
625:, 1995 — 1997 & 1997 — 2001
607:, 1995 — 1997 & 1997 — 2001
589:, 1995 — 1997 & 1997 — 2001
574:, 1995 — 1999 & 1999 — 2003
556:, 2000 — 2003 & 2003 — 2007
541:, 2000 — 2004 & 2004 — 2008
523:, 2000 — 2004 & 2004 — 2008
508:, 2001 — 2005 & 2005 — 2006
493:, 2001 — 2005 & 2005 — 2009
478:, 2001 — 2005 & 2005 — 2009
442:, 2006 — 2009 & 2009 — 2013
373:, 2008 — 2012 & 2012 — 2016
358:, 2009 — 2013 & 2013 — 2017
343:, 2009 — 2013 & 2013 — 2017
325:, 2011 — 2015 & 2015 — 2019
310:, 2011 — 2015 & 2015 — 2019
140:European Commissioner for Trade
1822:St. Vincent and the Grenadines
812:Sachdeva, Sam (8 March 2019).
1:
971:Appellate Body on WTO website
915:. Australian Financial Review
911:Tillet, Andrew (4 May 2020).
726:10.1080/09692290.2024.2303681
16:Geneva Federal Way Washington
976:How dispute settlement works
1120:Technical Barriers to Trade
346:Ricardo Ramírez-Hernández,
94:was appointed to chair the
58:Donald Trump administration
2283:
2174:
1048:International Trade Centre
869:: CS1 maint: url-status (
712:Hopewell, Kristen (2024).
148:People's Republic of China
122:leverage at its disposal.
20:
2252:Foreign direct investment
2137:
2242:World Trade Organization
1422:Central African Republic
1053:Chronology of key events
1033:Accession and membership
1019:World Trade Organization
577:Claus-Dieter Ehlermann,
496:John Lockhart (lawyer),
63:Joe Biden administration
34:World Trade Organization
2247:International trade law
1043:Dispute Settlement Body
527:Georges Michel Abi-Saab
197:), and Thomas Cottier (
43:Dispute Settlement Body
23:Dispute Settlement Body
2191:-related article is a
1145:Information Technology
1140:Government Procurement
1074:Doha Development Round
955:Appellate Body Members
83:
1452:Republic of the Congo
1276:Supachai Panitchpakdi
892:. European Commission
329:Peter Van den Bossche
189:), Penelope Ridings (
79:
56:Since 2019, when the
1937:United Arab Emirates
611:Florentino Feliciano
235:Hong Zhao (lawyer),
1912:Trinidad and Tobago
1812:St. Kitts and Nevis
1322:Antigua and Barbuda
1256:Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala
1150:Marrakesh Agreement
890:European Commission
850:European Parliament
661:Mitsuo Matsushita,
544:Yasuhei Taniguchi,
481:Giorgio Sacerdoti,
464:Luiz Olavo Baptista
410:Jennifer A. Hillman
313:Ujal Singh Bhatia,
173:), Claudia Orozco (
130:In March 2020, the
1482:Dominican Republic
984:, Berlin/Bern 2019
593:Julio Lacarte Muró
394:Lilia R Bautista,
157:) Valerie Hughes (
2204:
2203:
2172:
2171:
2133:
2132:
1130:Trade in Services
1084:Quota Elimination
629:Christopher Beeby
428:David Unterhalter
280:Seung Wha Chang,
100:Robert Lighthizer
2274:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2183:
2176:
2164:World portal
2162:
2161:
1983:
1777:Papua New Guinea
1260:Director-General
1155:Doha Declaration
1079:Singapore issues
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306:
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296:Thomas R. Graham
288:
286:
285:
273:
271:
270:
258:
256:
255:
250:Hyun Chong Kim,
243:
241:
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169:), Guohua Yang (
2282:
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2276:
2275:
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2032:
2027:
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2020:Czech Republic
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1987:European Union
1980:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1942:United Kingdom
1939:
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1832:Saudi Arabia
1387:Burkina Faso
1160:Bali Package
1089:Peace Clause
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1462:Ivory Coast
1302:Afghanistan
1286:Rufus Yerxa
1271:Pascal Lamy
1240:13th (2024)
1235:12th (2022)
1230:11th (2017)
1225:10th (2015)
1172:Conferences
1170:Ministerial
1110:Agriculture
940:27 December
919:27 December
896:27 December
816:. newsroom.
793:www.wto.org
641:New Zealand
623:Philippines
404:Philippines
290:South Korea
260:South Korea
199:Switzerland
191:New Zealand
51:Switzerland
2236:Categories
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1882:Tajikistan
1842:Seychelles
1717:Mozambique
1707:Montenegro
1682:Mauritania
1657:Madagascar
1627:Kyrgyzstan
1607:Kazakhstan
1517:The Gambia
1457:Costa Rica
1417:Cape Verde
1347:Bangladesh
1220:9th (2013)
1215:8th (2011)
1210:7th (2009)
1205:6th (2005)
1200:5th (2003)
1195:4th (2001)
1190:3rd (1999)
1185:2nd (1998)
1180:1st (1996)
1098:Agreements
798:2024-03-31
678:References
143:Phil Hogan
21:See also:
2075:Lithuania
1957:Venezuela
1867:Sri Lanka
1852:Singapore
1817:St. Lucia
1737:Nicaragua
1687:Mauritius
1582:Indonesia
1567:Hong Kong
1537:Guatemala
1337:Australia
1327:Argentina
1069:Criticism
734:0969-2290
506:Australia
275:Mauritius
195:Singapore
2115:Slovenia
2110:Slovakia
2100:Portugal
2005:Bulgaria
1977:Zimbabwe
1897:Thailand
1892:Tanzania
1872:Suriname
1782:Paraguay
1767:Pakistan
1702:Mongolia
1672:Maldives
1667:Malaysia
1562:Honduras
1502:Eswatini
1477:Dominica
1472:Djibouti
1442:Colombia
1407:Cameroon
1402:Cambodia
1372:Botswana
1352:Barbados
865:cite web
230:Previous
175:Colombia
2105:Romania
2060:Ireland
2055:Hungary
2045:Germany
2035:Finland
2030:Estonia
2025:Denmark
2010:Croatia
2000:Belgium
1995:Austria
1962:Vietnam
1952:Uruguay
1932:Ukraine
1917:Tunisia
1837:Senegal
1747:Nigeria
1722:Namibia
1712:Morocco
1697:Moldova
1642:Liberia
1637:Lesotho
1592:Jamaica
1572:Iceland
1532:Grenada
1522:Georgia
1487:Ecuador
1397:Burundi
1392:Myanmar
1367:Bolivia
1342:Bahrain
1332:Armenia
1312:Algeria
1307:Albania
1295:Members
777:. 2023.
775:Reuters
605:Uruguay
587:Germany
341:Belgium
213:Current
205:Members
104:zeroing
69:History
31:of the
2125:Sweden
2095:Poland
2070:Latvia
2050:Greece
2040:France
2015:Cyprus
1972:Zambia
1927:Uganda
1922:Turkey
1887:Taiwan
1807:Rwanda
1802:Russia
1772:Panama
1757:Norway
1692:Mexico
1662:Malawi
1622:Kuwait
1602:Jordan
1587:Israel
1552:Guyana
1542:Guinea
1412:Canada
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159:Canada
155:Brazil
96:WTODSB
77:(DSU).
47:Geneva
39:panels
2189:trade
2187:This
2120:Spain
2085:Malta
2065:Italy
1967:Yemen
1907:Tonga
1827:Samoa
1797:Qatar
1742:Niger
1727:Nepal
1652:Macau
1612:Kenya
1597:Japan
1577:India
1557:Haiti
1527:Ghana
1512:Gabon
1492:Egypt
1437:China
1432:Chile
1362:Benin
957:, WTO
846:(PDF)
671:Japan
656:Egypt
554:Japan
539:Egypt
521:India
491:Italy
389:Japan
371:China
323:India
245:China
171:China
167:Chile
2193:stub
1902:Togo
1787:Peru
1762:Oman
1677:Mali
1632:Laos
1507:Fiji
1467:Cuba
1427:Chad
942:2020
921:2020
898:2020
871:link
857:2024
730:ISSN
220:See
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