622:
study is applied in the area of criminal psychology. With the knowledge obtained from applied research, studies are conducted on criminals alongside their behavior to apprehend them. Moreover, the research extends to criminal investigations. Under this category, research methods demonstrate an understanding of the scientific method and social research designs used in criminological research. These reach more branches along the procedure towards the investigations, alongside laws, policy, and criminological theory.
550:
methods that aid in explaining the processes that shape the spatial structure of physical or human environments. Instead, applied research utilizes existing geographical theories and methods to comprehend and address particular empirical issues. Applied research usually has specific commercial objectives related to products, procedures, or services. The comparison of pure research and applied research provides a basic framework and direction for businesses to follow.
834:
52:
820:
477:
1641:
578:
Industrial
Research: create new goods/services that will satisfy the demands of a target market. (Industrial development would be scaling up production of the new goods/services for mass consumption to satisfy the economic demand of the customers while maximizing the ratio of the good/service output
747:
and is classified as a professional degree. This is based on the age of the school where applied science used to include boiler making, surveying, and engineering. There are also
Bachelor of Applied Science degrees in Child Studies. The BASc tends to focus more on the application of the engineering
621:
Applied research is a method of problem-solving and is also practical in areas of science, such as its presence in applied psychology. Applied psychology uses human behavior to grab information to locate a main focus in an area that can contribute to finding a resolution. More specifically, this
549:
purpose. In contrast to engineering, applied research does not include analyses or optimization of business, economics, and costs. Applied research can be better understood in any area when contrasting it with basic or pure research. Basic geographical research strives to create new theories and
763:
Sciences. Applied
Science courses generally contain more coursework (also known as portfolio or internally assessed work) compared to their traditional counterparts. These are an evolution of the GNVQ qualifications offered up to 2005. These courses regularly come under scrutiny and are due for
807:
offers a
Bachelor of Science in applied science, an online completion Bachelor of Science in applied science, and a Master of Applied Science. Coursework is centered on science, agriculture, and natural resources with a wide range of options, including ecology, food genetics, entrepreneurship,
1614:
808:
economics, policy, animal science, and plant science. In New York City, the
Bloomberg administration awarded the consortium of Cornell-Technion $ 100 million in City capital to construct the universities' proposed Applied Sciences campus on Roosevelt Island.
579:
rate to resource input rate, the ratio of good/service revenue to material & energy costs, and the good/service quality. Industrial development would be considered engineering. Industrial development would fall outside the scope of applied research.)
1224:
1481:
1216:
1298:"A Descriptive and Exploratory Study of the Ethics Program at Austin State Hospital: The Common Elements of the Program and Managers' Beliefs About the Purpose and Usefulness of the Program
537:
Applied research is the use of empirical methods to collect data for practical purposes. It accesses and uses accumulated theories, knowledge, methods, and techniques for a specific
1173:
1447:
893:
1043:
428:
1470:
1511:
557:
methodologies. Because applied research resides in the messy real world, strict research protocols may need to be relaxed. For example, it may be impossible to use a
637:
to solve technical problems, increase efficiency and productivity, and improve systems.The discipline of engineering encompasses a broad range of more specialized
1615:"Mayor Bloomberg, Cornell President Skorton and Technion President Lavie announce historic partnership to build a new applied sciences campus on Roosevelt Island"
1088:
756:
565:
is crucial. Implications for the interpretation of results brought about by relaxing an otherwise strict canon of methodology should also be considered.
748:
sciences. In
Australia and New Zealand, this degree is awarded in various fields of study and is considered a highly specialized professional degree.
1066:
1416:
960:
946:
72:
1439:
1321:
804:
901:
1534:
1258:
1127:
792:
583:
Since applied research has a provisional close-to-the-problem and close-to-the-data orientation, it may also use a more provisional
461:
1300:
1285:
1143:
768:
606:
Due to its practical focus, applied research information will be found in the literature associated with individual disciplines.
752:
114:
436:
77:
1507:
1274:
1540:(Report). published by the Centre for Studies in Science & Mathematics Education. University of Leeds. Archived from
1360:
1666:
740:
170:
1645:
1275:"Exploring Capital Metro's Sexual Harassment Training Using Dr. Bengt-Ake Lundvall's Taxonomy of Knowledge Principles
509:
There are applied natural sciences, as well as applied formal and social sciences. Applied science examples include
800:
634:
615:
506:, which is focused on advancing scientific theories and laws that explain and predict natural or other phenomena.
1661:
1014:"Genetics and Crime: Integrating New Genomic Discoveries Into Psychological Research About Antisocial Behavior"
931:
Contributions to a
Philosophy of Technology: Studies in the Structure of Thinking in the Technological Sciences
600:
305:
82:
1096:
645:, applied science, and types of application. Engineering is often characterized as having four main branches:
1592:
755:, Applied Science refers to a suite of "vocational" science qualifications that run alongside "traditional"
744:
118:
1120:
Production economics: A dual approach to theory and applications: Applications of the theory of production
796:
682:
658:
654:
270:
1510:(Report). Department for Education and Department for Business, Innovation & Skills. DFE-00031-2011.
1382:
1058:
1037:
862:
638:
454:
381:
230:
180:
175:
97:
92:
494:
and scientific knowledge to attain practical goals. It includes a broad range of disciplines, such as
1408:
780:
712:
678:
646:
584:
510:
338:
320:
255:
148:
1477:
1246:
847:
702:
642:
575:
Evaluation
Research: researchers examine available data to assist clients in making wise judgments.
160:
110:
1059:"Crime and Criminal Justice: Applied Research from Routine Monitoring to Evidence-Based Practices"
1273:
The following are examples of applied research using working hypotheses 1) Swift, James T. 2010.
952:
872:
522:
518:
87:
62:
1535:
Positioning
Applied Science In Schools: Uncertainty, Opportunity and Risk in Curriculum Reform
1254:
1198:
1123:
942:
825:
776:
720:
694:
650:
491:
396:
386:
310:
207:
129:
1328:
1188:
1025:
994:
934:
772:
708:
690:
447:
391:
260:
192:
153:
67:
1304:
1289:
670:
626:
592:
361:
356:
346:
240:
165:
1541:
1251:
A Playbook for
Research Methods: Integrating Conceptual Frameworks and Project Management
572:
Action Research: aids firms in identifying workable solutions to issues influencing them.
1297:
1282:
476:
1147:
857:
852:
839:
698:
662:
596:
538:
401:
351:
187:
143:
56:
1655:
956:
666:
568:
Moreover, this type of research method applies natural sciences to human conditions:
558:
503:
315:
202:
731:
to medicine. Pharmaceutical development would fall within the scope of engineering.
833:
784:
764:
review following the Wolf Report 2011; however, their merits are argued elsewhere.
480:
51:
783:
degrees in "applied science". Courses and research cover varied fields, including
938:
630:
562:
526:
495:
290:
17:
1354:
983:"A Historical Perspective on the Distinction Between Basic and Applied Science"
1283:"Using Geographic Information Systems to Develop and Analyze Land-Use Policies
998:
925:
819:
815:
716:
686:
514:
432:
416:
295:
285:
275:
250:
1353:
National Research Council (US) Committee to Update Science, Medicine (2004).
1202:
1193:
595:
describes applied research as one of the three forms of research, along with
553:
Applied research deals with solving practical problems and generally employs
1617:(Press release). The City of New York. Office of the Mayor. 19 December 2011
982:
867:
728:
554:
406:
197:
1029:
1640:
1013:
546:
542:
499:
411:
300:
1566:
760:
724:
674:
245:
38:
1174:"Coherence and transparency: some advice for qualitative researchers"
788:
1588:
475:
280:
235:
588:
225:
1249:; Rangarjan, N. (2013). "5: Exploration – Working Hypotheses".
265:
1386:
616:
Outline of applied science § Branches of applied science
1217:"Basic Research vs. Applied Research: What's the Difference"
641:, each with a more specific emphasis on particular areas of
1440:"Contribution of Psychology to Criminal Justice Education"
1281:, Texas State University. 2) Gillfillan, Abigail. 2008.
1253:. Stillwater, OK: New Forums Press. pp. 109–158.
661:. Some scientific subfields used by engineers include
587:, such as working hypotheses or pillar questions. The
1296:, Texas State University. 3) Thornton, Wayne 2000.
933:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 19–39,
435:. In order to explore related topics, please visit
1409:"APA Strengthens Commitment to Applied Psychology"
924:
739:In Canada, the Netherlands, and other places, the
987:Journal for General Philosophy of Science Article
1508:Review of Vocational Education – The Wolf Report
1042:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
1118:Fuss, Melvyn; McFadden, Daniel, eds. (2014).
1057:Hugh Potter, Roberto; Humiston, Gail (2015).
894:"What Can You Do With a Food Science Degree?"
455:
27:Practical application of scientific knowledge
8:
1471:"Applied Science – an invisible revolution?"
502:. Applied science is often contrasted with
757:General Certificate of Secondary Education
462:
448:
125:
29:
1192:
923:Bunge, M. (1974), Rapp, Friedrich (ed.),
1533:Bell, Jacqueline; Donnelly, Jim (2007).
884:
753:the United Kingdom's educational system
217:
128:
37:
1035:
743:(BASc) is sometimes equivalent to the
1450:from the original on 10 November 2022
1419:from the original on 10 November 2022
1227:from the original on 10 November 2022
1069:from the original on 10 November 2022
625:Engineering is the practice of using
7:
1595:from the original on 29 October 2012
1514:from the original on 21 January 2013
1591:. University of Nebraska–Lincoln.
1413:American Psychological Association
1363:from the original on 27 April 2023
1144:"a definition of applied research"
963:from the original on 31 March 2021
892:Warner, Andrew (30 October 2023).
723:, are applied sciences that apply
25:
1487:from the original on 8 March 2016
1359:. National Academies Press (US).
793:materials science and engineering
769:The College of William & Mary
1639:
832:
818:
50:
926:"Technology as Applied Science"
483:is a branch of applied science.
805:University of Nebraska–Lincoln
1:
1356:The Concept of Basic Research
1089:"Basic vs. Applied Research"
561:. Thus, transparency in the
1506:Wolf, Alison (March 2011).
939:10.1007/978-94-010-2182-1_2
741:Bachelor of Applied Science
1683:
1032:(inactive 17 August 2024).
801:nuclear magnetic resonance
635:engineering design process
613:
490:is the application of the
161:Interdisciplinary sciences
1444:US. Department of Justice
1322:"Frascati Manual Page 30"
1311:, Texas State University.
1309:Applied Research Projects
1294:Applied Research Projects
1279:Applied Research Projects
999:10.1007/s10838-017-9362-3
614:For a topical guide, see
1303:29 November 2018 at the
1288:26 February 2019 at the
1194:10.1590/0103-6513.006817
1172:Coombs, Crispin (2017).
981:Roll-Hansen, N. (2017).
601:experimental development
306:Research and development
745:Bachelor of Engineering
717:pharmaceutical research
1438:Wisdom, C S; Toch, H.
1383:"Open J-gate journals"
1030:10.1177/09567976177445
797:nondestructive testing
767:In the United States,
683:mechanics of materials
659:mechanical engineering
655:electrical engineering
484:
218:Extrascientific fields
130:Intrascientific fields
1018:Psychological Science
863:Hard and soft science
639:fields of engineering
479:
382:Science communication
231:Communication studies
1648:at Wikimedia Commons
1569:. William & Mary
1415:. 22 February 2019.
781:Doctor of Philosophy
713:medical microbiology
647:chemical engineering
585:conceptual framework
511:genetic epidemiology
339:Scientific integrity
321:Vocational education
256:Knowledge management
1667:Branches of science
1478:Nuffield Foundation
1389:on 2 September 2011
848:Applied mathematics
773:undergraduate minor
703:engineering physics
643:applied mathematics
33:Part of a series on
1099:on 7 November 2020
1012:Wertz, J. (2018).
873:Secondary research
523:applied psychology
519:probability theory
485:
57:Science portal
1644:Media related to
1589:"Applied Science"
1567:"Applied Science"
1547:on 3 October 2011
1334:on 7 October 2011
1247:Shields, Patricia
1150:on 18 August 2011
948:978-94-010-2182-1
826:Technology portal
777:Master of Science
721:clinical virology
695:materials science
651:civil engineering
492:scientific method
472:
471:
397:Scientific method
387:Science education
328:
327:
311:Strategic studies
16:(Redirected from
1674:
1662:Applied sciences
1646:Applied sciences
1643:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1546:
1539:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1486:
1475:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1385:. Archived from
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1333:
1327:. Archived from
1326:
1318:
1312:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1196:
1178:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1146:. Archived from
1140:
1134:
1133:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1095:. Archived from
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1033:
1009:
1003:
1002:
978:
972:
971:
970:
968:
928:
920:
914:
913:
911:
909:
904:on 20 March 2024
900:. Archived from
889:
842:
837:
836:
828:
823:
822:
709:Medical sciences
691:electromagnetism
533:Applied research
464:
457:
450:
392:Research funding
261:Language studies
166:Natural sciences
139:Applied sciences
126:
59:
55:
54:
30:
21:
18:Applied Sciences
1682:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1652:
1651:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1473:
1469:Donnelly, Jim.
1468:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1420:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1305:Wayback Machine
1290:Wayback Machine
1272:
1268:
1261:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1153:
1151:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1034:
1011:
1010:
1006:
980:
979:
975:
966:
964:
949:
922:
921:
917:
907:
905:
891:
890:
886:
881:
838:
831:
824:
817:
814:
737:
671:fluid mechanics
627:natural science
619:
612:
593:Frascati Manual
535:
488:Applied science
468:
422:
421:
377:
376:
367:
366:
362:Research ethics
357:Logical fallacy
347:Reproducibility
342:
341:
330:
329:
188:Social sciences
144:Formal sciences
123:
122:
102:
49:
48:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1680:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1635:
1634:External links
1632:
1629:
1628:
1606:
1580:
1558:
1525:
1498:
1461:
1430:
1400:
1374:
1345:
1313:
1266:
1259:
1238:
1208:
1164:
1135:
1128:
1110:
1080:
1063:Science Direct
1049:
1024:(5): 791–803.
1004:
993:(4): 535–551.
973:
947:
915:
883:
882:
880:
877:
876:
875:
870:
865:
860:
858:Exact sciences
855:
853:Basic research
850:
844:
843:
840:Science portal
829:
813:
810:
736:
733:
699:earth sciences
663:thermodynamics
611:
608:
597:basic research
581:
580:
576:
573:
534:
531:
513:which applies
470:
469:
467:
466:
459:
452:
444:
441:
440:
424:
423:
420:
419:
414:
409:
404:
402:Science policy
399:
394:
389:
384:
378:
374:
373:
372:
369:
368:
365:
364:
359:
354:
352:Cognitive bias
349:
343:
337:
336:
335:
332:
331:
326:
325:
324:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
220:
219:
215:
214:
213:
212:
211:
210:
205:
200:
195:
185:
184:
183:
178:
173:
163:
158:
157:
156:
151:
141:
133:
132:
124:
109:
108:
107:
104:
103:
101:
100:
95:
90:
85:
83:Disambiguation
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
45:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1679:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1526:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1499:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1462:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1431:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1346:
1330:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1260:9781581072471
1256:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1165:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1129:9781483259031
1125:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
977:
974:
962:
958:
954:
950:
944:
940:
936:
932:
927:
919:
916:
903:
899:
895:
888:
885:
878:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
841:
835:
830:
827:
821:
816:
811:
809:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
765:
762:
758:
754:
749:
746:
742:
734:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
667:heat transfer
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
617:
609:
607:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
577:
574:
571:
570:
569:
566:
564:
560:
559:random sample
556:
551:
548:
547:client-driven
544:
540:
532:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
504:basic science
501:
497:
493:
489:
482:
478:
474:
465:
460:
458:
453:
451:
446:
445:
443:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
425:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
379:
371:
370:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
340:
334:
333:
322:
319:
317:
316:Urban studies
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
222:
221:
216:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
190:
189:
186:
182:
181:Environmental
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
168:
167:
164:
162:
159:
155:
152:
150:
147:
146:
145:
142:
140:
137:
136:
135:
134:
131:
127:
120:
116:
112:
106:
105:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
58:
53:
47:
46:
44:
43:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
1619:. Retrieved
1609:
1597:. Retrieved
1583:
1571:. Retrieved
1561:
1549:. Retrieved
1542:the original
1528:
1516:. Retrieved
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1464:
1452:. Retrieved
1443:
1433:
1421:. Retrieved
1412:
1403:
1391:. Retrieved
1387:the original
1377:
1365:. Retrieved
1355:
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1329:the original
1316:
1308:
1293:
1278:
1269:
1250:
1241:
1229:. Retrieved
1220:
1211:
1184:
1180:
1167:
1152:. Retrieved
1148:the original
1138:
1122:. Elsevier.
1119:
1113:
1101:. Retrieved
1097:the original
1093:www.utep.edu
1092:
1083:
1071:. Retrieved
1062:
1052:
1038:cite journal
1021:
1017:
1007:
990:
986:
976:
965:, retrieved
930:
918:
906:. Retrieved
902:the original
897:
887:
785:neuroscience
766:
750:
738:
735:In education
707:
624:
620:
605:
582:
567:
552:
536:
525:, including
508:
487:
486:
481:Food science
473:
271:Liberal arts
149:Mathematical
138:
1367:10 February
775:as well as
631:mathematics
563:methodology
527:criminology
496:engineering
375:Instruments
296:Professions
1656:Categories
1621:16 October
1573:16 October
1551:16 October
1518:16 October
1491:16 October
1454:1 November
1423:6 November
1231:30 October
1181:Production
1103:31 October
1073:6 November
967:7 February
879:References
771:offers an
711:, such as
687:kinematics
633:, and the
515:statistics
437:navigation
433:philosophy
427:This is a
417:Technology
291:Polemology
286:Philosophy
276:Literature
251:Humanities
241:Futurology
198:Economical
98:Philosophy
93:Literature
1599:1 January
1393:17 August
1338:17 August
1203:0103-6513
1154:17 August
957:110332727
898:U.S. News
868:Invention
729:chemistry
555:empirical
429:subseries
407:Scientist
208:Political
1593:Archived
1512:Archived
1482:Archived
1448:Archived
1417:Archived
1361:Archived
1301:Archived
1286:Archived
1225:Archived
1067:Archived
961:archived
812:See also
679:dynamics
610:Branches
543:business
500:medicine
412:Research
301:Religion
193:Cultural
171:Physical
154:Computer
78:Glossary
68:Category
908:11 July
761:A-Level
725:biology
675:statics
246:History
115:Outline
88:History
63:Outline
39:Science
1257:
1221:Indeed
1201:
1126:
955:
945:
799:, and
789:optics
719:, and
701:, and
657:, and
599:&
521:, and
111:Fields
1545:(PDF)
1538:(PDF)
1485:(PDF)
1474:(PDF)
1332:(PDF)
1325:(PDF)
1177:(PDF)
953:S2CID
545:, or
539:state
281:Music
236:Craft
203:Human
73:Index
1623:2015
1601:2013
1575:2015
1553:2015
1520:2015
1493:2015
1456:2022
1425:2022
1395:2011
1369:2019
1340:2011
1255:ISBN
1233:2022
1199:ISSN
1156:2011
1124:ISBN
1105:2020
1075:2022
1044:link
969:2023
943:ISBN
910:2024
779:and
727:and
589:OECD
517:and
498:and
226:Arts
176:Life
119:List
1307:".
1292:".
1277:".
1189:doi
1026:doi
995:doi
935:doi
759:or
751:In
591:'s
431:on
266:Law
1658::
1480:.
1476:.
1446:.
1442:.
1411:.
1223:.
1219:.
1197:.
1187:.
1185:27
1183:.
1179:.
1161:()
1091:.
1065:.
1061:.
1040:}}
1036:{{
1022:29
1020:.
1016:.
991:48
989:.
985:.
959:,
951:,
941:,
929:,
896:.
803:.
795:,
791:,
787:,
715:,
705:.
697:,
693:,
689:,
685:,
681:,
677:,
673:,
669:,
665:,
653:,
649:,
629:,
603:.
541:,
529:.
117:/
1625:.
1603:.
1577:.
1555:.
1522:.
1495:.
1458:.
1427:.
1397:.
1371:.
1342:.
1263:.
1235:.
1205:.
1191::
1158:.
1132:.
1107:.
1077:.
1046:)
1028::
1001:.
997::
937::
912:.
618:.
463:e
456:t
449:v
439:.
121:)
113:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
