133:
928:
121:
1318:, the reaction is degenerate, meaning that the free energy change is zero. Rates vary over many orders of magnitude. The main factor affecting rates is charge: highly charged metal aquo cations exchange their water more slowly than singly charged cations. Thus, the exchange rates for
2260:
Han, Yin-Feng; Li, Min; Wang, Tian-Wei; Li, Yi-Zhi; Shen, Zhen; Song, You; You, Xiao-Zeng (2008). "A Novel
Microporous Hydrogen-Bonding Framework Constructed with Tetrathiafulvalene Tetracarboxylate Ligand: Synthesis, Structure and Magnetic Properties".
1309:
1761:
The rates of electron exchange vary widely, the variations being attributable to differing reorganization energies: when the 2+ and 3+ ions differ widely in structure, the rates tend to be slow. The electron transfer reaction proceeds via an
2117:
Cotton, F. A.; Fair, C. K.; Lewis, G. E.; Mott, G. N.; Ross, F. K.; Schultz, A. J.; Williams, J. M. (1984). "Precise
Structural Characterizations of the Hexaaquovanadium(III) and Diaquohydrogen Ions. X-ray and Neutron Diffraction Studies of
1756:
967:
each bridging water molecule donates one pair of electrons to one cobalt ion and another pair to the other cobalt ion. The Co-O (bridging) bond lengths are 213 picometers, and the Co-O (terminal) bond lengths are 10 pm shorter.
2301:
Parker, David; Dickins, Rachel S.; Puschmann, Horst; Crossland, Clare; Howard, Judith A. K. (2002). "Being
Excited by Lanthanide Coordination Complexes: Aqua Species, Chirality, Excited-State Chemistry, and Exchange Dynamics".
1479:
shows the increasing stability of the lower oxidation state as atomic number increases. The very large value for the manganese couple is a consequence of the fact that octahedral manganese(II) has zero
1378:
This reaction usually applies to the interconversion of di- and trivalent metal ions, which involves the exchange of only one electron. The process is called self-exchange, meaning that the ion
1083:
2024:
Sham, T. K.; Hastings, J. B.; Perlman, M. L. (1980). "Structure and
Dynamic Behavior of Transition-Metal Ions in Aqueous Aolution: an EXAFS Study of Electron-Exchange Reactions".
1041:
is the principal species in dilute solutions. With the higher oxidation states the effective electrical charge on the cation is further reduced by the formation of oxo-complexes.
2864:
2901:
2044:
Kallies, B.; Meier, R. (2001). "Electronic
Structure of 3d Ions from Sc to Fe: A Quantum Mechanical Study Based on DFT Computations and Natural Bond Orbital Analyses".
1069:
Ligand exchange involves replacement of a water ligand ("coordinated water") with water in solution ("bulk water"). Often the process is represented using labeled water
2405:
2751:
2931:
2968:
1882:), despite the fact that Rh(III) is expected to be more electronegative. This effect is related to the stabilization of the pi-donor hydroxide ligand by the (
1781:
Solutions of metal aquo complexes are acidic owing to the ionization of protons from the water ligands. In dilute solution chromium(III) aquo complex has a
1493:
2987:
3058:
2782:
167:, donating a pair of electrons to the metal ion and forming a dative covalent bond with it. Typical examples are listed in the following table.
2923:
1049:
Lanthanide salts often or perhaps characteristically form aquo complexes. The homoleptic tricationic aquo complexes have nine water ligands.
2731:
2602:
3037:
2888:
2809:
2756:
2398:
2774:
2726:
3049:
3004:
2960:
2944:
2746:
2713:
2703:
2590:
1342:
differ by a factor of 10. Electron configuration is also a major factor, illustrated by the fact that the rates of water exchange for
3090:
2999:
2856:
2655:
2372:
2346:
2206:
2007:
1903:
The hydrolyzed species often exhibit very different properties from the precursor hexaaquo complex. For example, water exchange in
2952:
2915:
2910:
2876:
2718:
2667:
2632:
2615:
2607:
2543:
2483:
908:
1011:
Monomeric aquo complexes of Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, and Os in oxidation states +4 to +7 have not been reported. For example,
3121:
2761:
2534:
2522:
2493:
2488:
2391:
2837:
2741:
2695:
2578:
2498:
2452:
1951:
1763:
904:
2510:
160:
125:
3126:
3029:
2851:
2565:
919:
Aquo complexes of lanthanide(III) ions are eight- and nine-coordinate, reflecting the large size of the metal centres.
1836:
is typical of the trivalent ions. The influence of the electronic configuration on acidity is shown by the fact that
1057:
Some reactions considered fundamental to the behavior of metal aquo ions are ligand exchange, electron-transfer, and
2231:
1900:
are assumed to form via olation. Aquo ions of divalent metal ions are less acidic than those of trivalent cations.
1782:
1367:
3131:
3013:
2573:
2428:
1304:{\displaystyle {\ce {^{\mathit {z}}+}}+{\ce {H2O^{\star }}}\longrightarrow {\ce {^{\mathit {z}}+}}+{\ce {H2O}}}
2801:
92:
132:
2896:
2708:
2736:
436:
391:
294:
107:
aquo complexes"), but of course many complexes are known to consist of a mix of aquo and other ligands.
39:
2687:
2414:
1946:
339:
249:
100:
3077:
3095:
1941:
1382:
to exchange electrons with itself. The standard electrode potential for the following equilibrium:
3100:
2082:
Helm, Lothar; Merbach, André E. (2005). "Inorganic and
Bioinorganic Solvent Exchange Mechanisms".
1766:. Most often large reorganizational energies are associated with changes in the population of the
3082:
2433:
1892:
In concentrated solutions, some metal hydroxo complexes undergo condensation reactions, known as
696:
644:
592:
2368:
2342:
2319:
2202:
2099:
2061:
2003:
1315:
540:
2311:
2270:
2240:
2194:
2166:
2139:
2091:
2053:
2033:
1995:
1974:
1936:
797:
488:
59:
55:
51:
2846:
2560:
1751:{\displaystyle {\ce {^{2}+}}+{\ce {^{3}+}}\longrightarrow {\ce {^{3}+}}+{\ce {^{2}+}}}
3115:
2555:
2460:
2198:
1999:
1481:
75:
2157:
Grant, M.; Jordan, R. B. (1981). "Kinetics of
Solvent Water Exchange on Iron(III)".
1973:-Donor Ligands" in Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, 2006, Weinheim.
1487:
Using labels to keep track of the metals, the self-exchange process is written as:
927:
748:
96:
2274:
2620:
1822:
71:
164:
104:
2245:
2226:
1978:
883:, are also double salts. Both sets of salts contain hexa-aquo metal cations.
2227:"Hydrated Metal Ions in Aqueous Solution: How Regular are Their Structures?"
1818:
1442:
1058:
120:
31:
2323:
2103:
2065:
17:
2193:. Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II. Vol. 1. pp. 515–555.
2383:
1437:
1432:
188:
2315:
2189:
Lincoln, S. F.; Richens, D. T.; Sykes, A. G. (2003). "Metal Aqua Ions".
2170:
2143:
2037:
1897:
1893:
907:
aquo complex. Palladium(II) and platinum(II) were once thought to form
67:
63:
2095:
2057:
1990:
Lincoln, S.F.; Richens, D.T.; Sykes, A.G. (2003). "Metal Aqua Ions".
1452:
103:. This article focuses on complexes where water is the only ligand ("
47:
1484:
stabilization energy (CFSE) but manganese(III) has 3 units of CFSE.
926:
43:
2365:
Kinetics and
Mechanism of Reactions of Transition Metal Complexes
1447:
1366:
differ by a factor of 10 also. Water exchange usually follows a
861:
27:
Chemical compound composed of a metal ion bound to water ligands
2387:
1370:
pathway, so the rate constants indicate first order reactions.
1270:
1215:
1138:
1123:
140:
Most aquo complexes are mono-nuclear, with the general formula
1223:
1219:
1731:
1715:
1671:
1655:
1604:
1588:
1537:
1521:
1294:
1247:
1230:
1203:
1162:
1129:
1111:
1496:
1086:
3070:
2980:
2821:
2794:
2680:
2648:
2476:
2445:
2421:
800:are crystalline compounds with the generic formula
1750:
1303:
1427:Standard redox potential for the couple M, M (V)
2399:
8:
1969:Mark I. Ogden and Paul D. Beer "Water &
91:. Their behavior underpins many aspects of
2406:
2392:
2384:
1773:level, at least for octahedral complexes.
947:color code: red = O, white = H, blue = Co.
2244:
2220:
2218:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2077:
2075:
1738:
1730:
1725:
1714:
1709:
1701:
1693:
1691:
1678:
1670:
1665:
1654:
1649:
1641:
1634:
1626:
1624:
1611:
1603:
1598:
1587:
1582:
1574:
1567:
1559:
1557:
1544:
1536:
1531:
1520:
1515:
1507:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1269:
1268:
1254:
1246:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1202:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1179:
1169:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1137:
1136:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1110:
1105:
1097:
1089:
1087:
1085:
2132:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1922:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1866:
1862:
1843:
1839:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1425:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1072:
1045:Aquo complexes of the lanthanide cations
1034:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1007:Hydroxo- and oxo- complexes of aquo ions
998:
994:
990:
982:
978:
974:
962:
958:
954:
942:
938:
934:
898:
894:
879:
875:
871:
867:
826:
822:
818:
814:
807:
803:
755:
751:
703:
699:
651:
647:
599:
595:
547:
543:
495:
491:
443:
439:
398:
394:
346:
342:
301:
297:
256:
252:
212:
208:
171:
147:
143:
131:
119:
84:
80:
2191:Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II
1992:Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II
1962:
50:. These complexes are the predominant
136:Chromium(II) ion in aqueous solution.
7:
1023:is unknown: the hydrolyzed species
2263:Inorganic Chemistry Communications
1896:, to form polymeric species. Many
163:. The water molecules function as
25:
2042:. For Ti(III), V(III), Cr(III):
42:containing metal ions with only
2199:10.1016/B0-08-043748-6/01055-0
2000:10.1016/B0-08-043748-6/01055-0
1952:Metal ions in aqueous solution
1915:is 20000 times faster than in
1764:outer sphere electron transfer
1734:
1721:
1702:
1694:
1674:
1661:
1642:
1627:
1621:
1607:
1594:
1575:
1560:
1540:
1527:
1508:
1500:
1264:
1260:
1234:
1209:
1190:
1182:
1176:
1132:
1117:
1098:
1090:
915:Octa- and nona- aquo complexes
1:
2367:(2 ed.). Weinheim: VCH.
2341:. Chichester: Ellis Horwood.
2275:10.1016/j.inoche.2008.04.028
2022:For Mn(II), Fe(II), Fe(III):
1821:, of comparable strength to
1003:contain metal-metal bonds.
111:Stoichiometry and structure
3148:
2232:Pure and Applied Chemistry
2291:, (1976), Wiley, New York
2289:The Hydrolysis of Cations
2287:Baes, C.F.; Mesmer, R.E.
1368:dissociative substitution
2246:10.1351/PAC-CON-09-10-22
2225:Persson, Ingmar (2010).
1979:10.1002/0470862106.ia255
1817:Thus, the aquo ion is a
923:Binuclear-aquo complexes
74:. They have the general
2363:Wilkins, R. G. (1991).
3122:Coordination complexes
2415:Coordination complexes
2339:Metal Ions in Solution
2337:Burgess, John (1978).
1859:) is more acidic than
1832:of about 4.8). This pK
1752:
1305:
948:
903:, a rare example of a
201:rate (Ms, 25 °C)
137:
129:
40:coordination compounds
1753:
1306:
951:In the binuclear ion
930:
135:
123:
1994:. pp. 515–555.
1947:Metal ammine complex
1494:
1084:
887:Tetra-aquo complexes
196:rate (s, 25 °C)
161:octahedral structure
101:industrial chemistry
36:metal aquo complexes
3127:Inorganic chemistry
2171:10.1021/ic50215a014
2159:Inorganic Chemistry
2144:10.1021/ja00330a047
2038:10.1021/ja00538a033
1942:Ligand field theory
1777:Acid–base reactions
1733:
1717:
1673:
1657:
1606:
1590:
1539:
1523:
1428:
1296:
1249:
1232:
1205:
1164:
1131:
1113:
159:or 3; they have an
128:metal aquo complex.
116:Hexa-aquo complexes
1889:) Ru(III) centre.
1748:
1705:
1700:
1645:
1640:
1578:
1573:
1511:
1506:
1426:
1314:In the absence of
1301:
1284:
1237:
1193:
1188:
1152:
1101:
1096:
949:
138:
130:
3109:
3108:
2316:10.1021/cr010452+
2239:(10): 1901–1917.
2138:(18): 5319–5323.
2096:10.1021/cr030726o
2058:10.1021/ic001258t
2052:(13): 3101–3112.
2032:(18): 5904–5906.
1720:
1708:
1699:
1660:
1648:
1633:
1593:
1581:
1566:
1526:
1514:
1505:
1475:
1474:
1374:Electron exchange
1316:isotopic labeling
1299:
1287:
1272:
1253:
1240:
1217:
1208:
1196:
1187:
1168:
1155:
1140:
1125:
1116:
1104:
1095:
793:
792:
56:aqueous solutions
16:(Redirected from
3139:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2310:(6): 1977–2010.
2304:Chemical Reviews
2298:
2292:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2222:
2213:
2212:
2186:
2175:
2174:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2090:(6): 1923–1959.
2084:Chemical Reviews
2079:
2070:
2069:
2041:
2026:J. Am. Chem. Soc
2020:
2014:
2013:
1987:
1981:
1967:
1937:Hydration number
1926:
1914:
1881:
1870:
1858:
1847:
1813:
1804:] ⇌ [Cr(H
1757:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1706:
1697:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1610:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1512:
1503:
1429:
1420:
1365:
1353:
1341:
1329:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1194:
1185:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1102:
1093:
1076:
1040:
1022:
1002:
986:
966:
946:
911:aquo complexes.
902:
891:Silver(I) forms
882:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
838:
829:
759:
740:
738:
707:
688:
686:
655:
636:
634:
603:
584:
582:
551:
532:
530:
503:pale blue-green
499:
480:
478:
447:
428:
426:
402:
383:
381:
350:
331:
329:
305:
286:
284:
260:
241:
239:
216:
186:
181:electron config.
172:
158:
151:
124:Structure of an
90:
62:, such as metal
21:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3132:Water chemistry
3112:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3086:
3066:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3033:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3008:
2995:
2991:
2976:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2939:
2935:
2927:
2919:
2905:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2872:
2868:
2860:
2841:
2832:
2817:
2813:
2805:
2790:
2778:
2769:
2765:
2722:
2699:
2691:
2676:
2671:
2663:
2659:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2611:
2598:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2569:
2551:
2547:
2538:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2441:
2437:
2417:
2412:
2382:
2375:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2349:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2286:
2282:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2188:
2187:
2178:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2043:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2010:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1933:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1888:
1879:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1779:
1772:
1692:
1630:
1625:
1563:
1558:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1418:
1414:
1411:] + [M'(H
1410:
1406:
1403:] ⇌ [M(H
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1250:
1180:
1165:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1055:
1047:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
964:
960:
956:
952:
944:
940:
936:
932:
925:
917:
900:
896:
892:
889:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
831:
828:
824:
820:
816:
809:
805:
801:
779:
772:
757:
753:
749:
736:
734:
727:
720:
705:
701:
697:
684:
682:
675:
668:
653:
649:
645:
632:
630:
623:
616:
601:
597:
593:
580:
578:
571:
564:
549:
545:
541:
528:
526:
519:
512:
497:
493:
489:
476:
474:
467:
460:
445:
441:
437:
424:
422:
415:
400:
396:
392:
379:
377:
370:
363:
348:
344:
340:
327:
325:
318:
303:
299:
295:
282:
280:
273:
258:
254:
250:
237:
235:
228:
214:
210:
206:
200:
199:M self-exchange
195:
184:
153:
149:
145:
141:
118:
113:
88:
82:
78:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3145:
3143:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3114:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3071:Halide donors:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2388:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2355:
2347:
2329:
2293:
2280:
2269:(9): 945–947.
2252:
2214:
2207:
2176:
2149:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2071:
2015:
2008:
1982:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1932:
1929:
1886:
1877:
1854:
1833:
1829:
1815:
1814:
1791:of about 4.3:
1787:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1759:
1758:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1728:
1723:
1712:
1704:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1668:
1663:
1652:
1644:
1637:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1601:
1596:
1585:
1577:
1570:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1542:
1534:
1529:
1518:
1510:
1502:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1422:
1421:
1375:
1372:
1312:
1311:
1291:
1282:
1276:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1244:
1236:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1200:
1192:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1159:
1150:
1144:
1134:
1119:
1108:
1100:
1092:
1066:
1065:Water exchange
1063:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1008:
1005:
971:The complexes
924:
921:
916:
913:
888:
885:
798:Tutton's salts
795:
794:
791:
790:
787:
784:
781:
777:
770:
764:
761:
745:
744:
741:
732:
731:1.97 and 2.30
729:
725:
718:
712:
709:
693:
692:
689:
680:
677:
673:
666:
660:
657:
641:
640:
637:
628:
625:
621:
614:
608:
605:
589:
588:
585:
576:
573:
569:
562:
556:
553:
537:
536:
533:
524:
521:
517:
510:
504:
501:
485:
484:
481:
472:
469:
465:
458:
452:
449:
433:
432:
429:
420:
417:
413:
407:
404:
388:
387:
384:
375:
374:2.06 and 2.33
372:
368:
361:
355:
352:
336:
335:
332:
323:
320:
316:
310:
307:
291:
290:
287:
278:
275:
271:
265:
262:
246:
245:
242:
233:
230:
226:
220:
217:
203:
202:
197:
194:water exchange
192:
182:
179:
176:
117:
114:
112:
109:
58:of many metal
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3144:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3055:
3048:
3046:
3036:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3012:
3010:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2930:
2928:
2922:
2920:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2875:
2873:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2836:
2834:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2666:
2664:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2631:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2542:
2540:
2533:
2531:
2521:
2519:
2509:
2507:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2397:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2376:
2374:1-56081-125-0
2370:
2366:
2359:
2356:
2350:
2348:0-85312-027-7
2344:
2340:
2333:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2256:
2253:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2208:9780080437484
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2009:9780080437484
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1876:
1853:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1742:
1739:
1726:
1710:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1666:
1650:
1635:
1615:
1612:
1599:
1583:
1568:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1532:
1516:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1482:crystal field
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1395:] + [M'(H
1385:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1317:
1289:
1280:
1274:
1255:
1242:
1198:
1170:
1157:
1148:
1142:
1106:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1052:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1037:
1006:
1004:
969:
931:Structure of
929:
922:
920:
914:
912:
910:
909:square planar
906:
886:
884:
863:
834:
812:
799:
788:
785:
782:
776:
769:
765:
762:
760:
747:
746:
742:
733:
730:
724:
717:
713:
710:
708:
695:
694:
690:
681:
678:
672:
665:
661:
658:
656:
643:
642:
638:
629:
626:
620:
613:
609:
606:
604:
591:
590:
586:
577:
574:
568:
561:
557:
554:
552:
539:
538:
534:
525:
522:
516:
509:
505:
502:
500:
487:
486:
482:
473:
470:
464:
457:
453:
450:
448:
435:
434:
430:
421:
418:
412:
408:
405:
403:
390:
389:
385:
376:
373:
367:
360:
356:
353:
351:
338:
337:
333:
324:
321:
315:
311:
308:
306:
293:
292:
288:
279:
276:
270:
266:
263:
261:
248:
247:
243:
234:
231:
225:
221:
218:
205:
204:
198:
193:
190:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:
168:
166:
162:
156:
134:
127:
122:
115:
110:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
93:environmental
87:
77:
76:stoichiometry
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3060:
2828:
2783:
2364:
2358:
2338:
2332:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2288:
2283:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2236:
2230:
2190:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2135:
2131:
2112:
2087:
2083:
2049:
2045:
2029:
2025:
2018:
1991:
1985:
1970:
1965:
1902:
1891:
1883:
1874:
1851:
1826:
1816:
1784:
1780:
1767:
1760:
1486:
1478:
1379:
1377:
1313:
1068:
1056:
1048:
1035:
1010:
970:
950:
918:
890:
832:
810:
796:
774:
767:
722:
715:
670:
663:
618:
611:
566:
559:
555:pale violet
514:
507:
462:
455:
410:
365:
358:
313:
268:
223:
154:
139:
85:
72:perchlorates
35:
29:
2046:Inorg. Chem
1823:acetic acid
1061:reactions.
1025:[Ti(OH)
905:tetrahedral
165:Lewis bases
18:Aquo ligand
3116:Categories
2732:amino acid
2649:Si donors:
1958:References
783:2.03-2.10
763:colorless
451:pale pink
187:distance (
126:octahedral
105:homoleptic
97:biological
2981:S donors:
2822:O donors:
2795:P donors:
2757:porphyrin
2704:imidazole
2681:N donors:
2477:C donors:
2446:B donors:
2422:H donors:
2165:: 55–60.
1917:[Al(H
1905:[Al(H
1861:[Rh(H
1838:[Ru(H
1819:weak acid
1812:(OH)] + H
1796:[Cr(H
1636:⋆
1622:⟶
1569:⋆
1356:[Ir(H
1344:[Al(H
1332:[Al(H
1320:[Na(H
1256:⋆
1220:−
1177:⟶
1171:⋆
1059:acid-base
1053:Reactions
1013:[Ti(H
893:[Ag(H
750:[Zn(H
698:[Cu(H
646:[Ni(H
594:[Co(H
542:[Fe(H
490:[Fe(H
438:[Mn(H
393:[Cr(H
341:[Cr(H
207:[Ti(H
32:chemistry
2324:12059260
2104:15941206
2066:11399179
1931:See also
1898:minerals
1387:[M(H
821:·(H
296:[V(H
251:[V(H
142:[M(H
79:[M(H
68:sulfates
64:nitrates
2595:& C
2353:p. 236.
1894:olation
1380:appears
1075:O·
989:[Rh
973:[Mo
953:[Co
933:[Co
830:(where
406:violet
264:violet
219:violet
175:Complex
152:, with
52:species
2503:＝CH-CH
2371:
2345:
2322:
2205:
2102:
2064:
2006:
1471:+1.82
866:MM′(SO
659:green
575:1.990
523:2.095
471:2.177
419:1.961
322:1.991
309:green
232:2.025
178:colour
99:, and
70:, and
48:ligand
2494:HC(O)
2489:RC(O)
1857:= 2.7
1468:+0.77
1465:+1.51
1462:−0.41
1459:−0.26
862:Alums
856:, or
786:fast
711:blue
679:2.05
627:2.08
607:pink
587:fast
535:fast
431:slow
386:slow
354:blue
334:fast
289:fast
277:2.12
60:salts
46:as a
44:water
2897:acac
2869:/HCO
2752:bipy
2511:C(CH
2369:ISBN
2343:ISBN
2320:PMID
2203:ISBN
2100:PMID
2062:PMID
2004:ISBN
1354:and
1330:and
987:and
38:are
2992:NCS
2969:OPR
2945:OSR
2924:ClO
2911:ONO
2889:RCO
2766:Si)
2762:(Me
2747:RCN
2714:RNO
2662:4−n
2660:SiR
2616:≡CR
2608:=CR
2603:RNC
2527:＝CH
2312:doi
2308:102
2271:doi
2241:doi
2195:doi
2167:doi
2140:doi
2136:106
2130:".
2118:(CF
2092:doi
2088:105
2054:doi
2034:doi
2030:102
1996:doi
1975:doi
1913:OH]
1880:= 4
957:(OH
937:(OH
860:).
813:(SO
802:(NH
735:5.7
683:3.2
631:3.2
579:1.6
527:4.4
475:2.1
423:2.4
378:1.2
326:5.0
281:8.7
236:1.8
185:M−O
157:= 2
54:in
30:In
3118::
3096:Br
3091:Cl
3059:NC
3050:SR
3030:SO
3000:RS
2961:PO
2953:SO
2940:NO
2916:NO
2906:CO
2865:CO
2847:RO
2810:PR
2802:PR
2786:CS
2742:RN
2727:py
2719:NO
2709:NO
2688:NH
2672:Si
2597:70
2593:60
2566:CO
2561:CO
2556:CN
2535:RC
2523:CH
2499:CH
2453:BR
2318:.
2306:.
2267:11
2265:.
2237:82
2235:.
2229:.
2217:^
2201:.
2179:^
2163:20
2161:.
2134:.
2122:SO
2098:.
2086:.
2074:^
2060:.
2050:40
2048:.
2028:.
2002:.
1927:.
1921:O)
1909:O)
1887:2g
1865:O)
1842:O)
1825:(p
1808:O)
1800:O)
1453:Co
1448:Fe
1443:Mn
1438:Cr
1415:O)
1407:O)
1399:O)
1391:O)
1360:O)
1348:O)
1336:O)
1324:O)
1077::
1033:O)
1029:(H
1017:O)
999:10
997:O)
993:(H
981:O)
977:(H
963:10
943:10
897:O)
880:12
878:O)
874:(H
864:,
858:Cu
854:Ni
852:,
850:Co
848:,
846:Mn
844:,
842:Cr
840:,
835:=
825:O)
789:—
780:)
773:)(
771:2g
754:O)
743:—
739:10
728:)
721:)(
719:2g
702:O)
691:—
687:10
676:)
669:)(
667:2g
650:O)
639:—
635:10
624:)
617:)(
615:2g
598:O)
583:10
572:)
565:)(
563:2g
546:O)
531:10
520:)
513:)(
511:2g
494:O)
483:—
479:10
468:)
461:)(
459:2g
442:O)
427:10
416:)
414:2g
397:O)
382:10
371:)
364:)(
362:2g
345:O)
330:10
319:)
317:2g
300:O)
285:10
274:)
272:2g
255:O)
244:—
240:10
229:)
227:2g
211:O)
146:O)
95:,
83:O)
66:,
34:,
3101:I
3085:2
3083:F
3078:F
3061:S
3054:O
3052:2
3044:3
3042:O
3040:2
3038:S
3032:2
3024:2
3022:S
3020:2
3018:C
3016:2
3014:R
3009:S
3007:2
3005:R
2994:2
2990:2
2988:R
2971:3
2963:4
2955:4
2947:2
2938:5
2936:H
2934:5
2932:C
2926:4
2918:3
2904:2
2902:R
2891:2
2883:4
2881:O
2879:2
2877:C
2871:3
2867:3
2859:2
2857:O
2852:O
2842:O
2840:2
2838:R
2833:O
2831:2
2829:H
2812:2
2804:3
2784:N
2777:2
2775:N
2770:N
2768:2
2764:3
2737:N
2721:2
2698:3
2696:N
2690:3
2670:3
2668:R
2658:n
2656:H
2639:7
2637:H
2635:9
2633:C
2627:5
2625:H
2623:5
2621:C
2610:2
2591:C
2585:6
2583:R
2581:6
2579:C
2574:C
2568:2
2550:4
2548:H
2546:6
2544:C
2539:R
2537:2
2529:2
2525:2
2517:3
2515:)
2513:2
2505:2
2501:2
2484:R
2467:n
2465:H
2463:m
2461:B
2455:2
2436:2
2434:H
2429:H
2407:e
2400:t
2393:v
2377:.
2351:.
2326:.
2314::
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