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The first small dosage would produce cold-like symptoms. The victim was very ill by the third dose; symptoms included vomiting, dehydration, diarrhea, and a burning sensation in the digestive system. The fourth dose would kill the victim. As it was slow acting, it allowed victims time to prepare for their death, including writing a will and repenting. The antidote often given were vinegar and lemon juice.
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Poisoning by Aqua Tofana could go unnoticed, as the substance is clear and has no taste. It is slow acting, with symptoms resembling progressive disease or other natural causes. The symptoms seen are similar to the effects of arsenic poisoning. Those poisoned by Aqua Tofana reported several symptoms.
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The first recorded mention of Aqua Tofana is from 1632–33 when it was used by two women, Francesca la Sarda and
Teofania di Adamo, to poison their victims. It may have been invented by, and named after, Teofania. She was executed for her crimes, but several women associated with her including
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70:, or Tofania, a woman from Palermo, purportedly the leader of a ring of six poisoners in Rome, who sold Aqua Tofana to would-be widows.
98:") may have been a marketing device intended to divert the authorities, given that the poison was openly sold both as a cosmetic and a
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150:(1756–1791) was poisoned using Aqua Tofana is completely unsubstantiated, even though it was Mozart himself who started this rumor.
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in vials that included a picture of St. Nicholas. Over 600 victims are alleged to have died from this poison, mostly husbands.
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The active ingredients of the mixture are known, but not how they were blended. Aqua Tofana contained mostly
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Philip Wexler, Toxicology in the Middle Ages and
Renaissance, Elsevier Science - 2017, pages 63-64
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poisoned her father and two brothers, amongst others, and she was executed on July 16, 1676.
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moved on to Rome and continued manufacturing and distributing the poison.
283:"Aqua Tofana: slow-poisoning and husband-killing in 17th century Italy"
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Dash, Mike (2017). "Chapter 6 - Aqua Tofana". In Wexler, Philip (ed.).
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created in Sicily around 1630 that was reputedly widely used in
301:Modern German Music: Recollections and Criticisms
90:The 'tradename' "Manna di San Nicola" ("Manna of
23:Poison "Manna di San Nicola" (Aqua Tofana), by
316:, Schirmer Books, New York (1988), pp. 148 ff.
258:Toxicology in the Middle Ages and Renaissance
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303:. London: Smith, Elder & Co., p. 193.
190:. Harvard University Press. p. 118.
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83:(who may have been her daughter) and
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261:. Academic Press. pp. 63–69.
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299:Chorley, Henry Fothergill. 1854.
244:. London: Edward Moxon & Co.
66:. It has been associated with
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107:Marchioness de Brinvilliers
105:Between 1666 and 1676, the
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240:Vincent, Benjamin (1863).
202:La Toffana....aqua Toffana
186:Stuart, David C. (2004).
332:at thefreedictionary.com
314:1791: Mozart's Last Year
312:Robbins Landon, H. C.,
148:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
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287:A Blast From The Past
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242:Dictionary of Dates
142:Legend about Mozart
44:Manna di San Nicola
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338:at infoplease.com
100:devotional object
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223:. Retrieved
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92:St. Nicholas
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113:Ingredients
64:Rome, Italy
32:Aqua Tofana
346:Categories
336:Definition
330:Definition
154:References
127:belladonna
133:Symptoms
357:Arsenic
352:Poisons
119:arsenic
60:Perugia
52:Palermo
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62:, and
56:Naples
48:poison
16:Poison
263:ISBN
227:2017
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123:lead
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