Aquaculture of salmonids - Knowledge (XXG)

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salmon. A follow-up benefit-risk analysis on salmon consumption balanced the cancer risks with the (n–3) fatty acid advantages of salmon consumption. For this reason, current methods for this type of analysis take into consideration the lipid content of the sample in question. PCBs specifically are lipophilic, so are found in higher concentrations in fattier fish in general, thus the higher level of PCB in the farmed fish is in relation to the higher content of beneficial n–3 and n–6 lipids they contain. They found that recommended levels of (n-3) fatty acid consumption can be achieved eating farmed salmon with acceptable carcinogenic risks, but recommended levels of (n-3)

301:. Because of the lack of floods, spawning channels must sometimes be cleaned out to remove accumulated sediment. The same floods which destroy natural redds also clean them out. Spawning channels preserve the natural selection of natural streams as no temptation exists, as in hatcheries, to use prophylactic chemicals to control diseases. However, exposing fish to wild parasites and pathogens using uncontrolled water supplies, combined with the high cost of spawning channels, makes this technology unsuitable for salmon aquaculture businesses. This type of technology is only useful for stock enhancement programs. 1030:

Scientific Evidence Fails to Support the Extinction Hypothesis " The time since these studies has shown a general increase in abundance of Pink Salmon in the Broughton Archipelago. Another comment in the scientific literature by Canadian Government Fisheries scientists Brian Riddell and Richard Beamish et al. came to the conclusion that there is no correlation between farmed salmon louse numbers and returns of pink salmon to the Broughton Archipelago. And in relation to the 2007 Krkosek extinction theory: "the data was used selectively and conclusions do not match with recent observations of returning salmon".

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rendered unconscious in water saturated in carbon dioxide, although this practice is being phased out in some countries due to ethical and product quality concerns. More advanced systems use a percussive-stun harvest system that kills the fish instantly and humanely with a blow to the head from a pneumatic piston. They are then bled by cutting the gill arches and immediately immersing them in iced water. Harvesting and killing methods are designed to minimize scale loss, and avoid the fish releasing stress hormones, which negatively affect flesh quality.

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population: although the farm sea lice population during the out-migration of juvenile pink salmon was greater in 2000 than that of 2001, there was a record salmon returning to spawn in 2001 (from the juveniles in 2000) compared with a 97% collapse in 2002 (from the juveniles in 2001). The authors also note that initial studies had not investigated bacterial and viral causes for the event despite reports of bleeding at the base of the fins, a symptom often associated with infections, but not with sea lice exposure under laboratory conditions.

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which for instance lead to a double-digit proportion (20-50%) of the Alaska's yearly ‘wild’ salmon harvest - is not void of controversy, and the Alaska salmon harvest are highly dependent on the operation of Alaska’s Regional Aquaculture Associations. Furthermore, the sustainability of enhanced/hatchery-based ‘wild’ caught salmon has long been hotly debated, both from a scientific and political/marketing perspective. Such debate and positions were central to a 'halt' in the re-certification of Alaska salmon fisheries by the

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underway to prevent escapes and the potential spread of Atlantic salmon in the Pacific and elsewhere. The risk of Atlantic Salmon becoming a legitimate invasive threat on the Pacific Coast of N. America is questionable in light of both Canadian and American governments deliberately introducing this species by the millions for a 100-year period starting in the 1900s. Despite these deliberate attempts to establish this species on the Pacific coast; no established populations have been reported.

821:, and may swim close to the water surface, gulping for air. However, the disease can also develop without the fish showing any external signs of illness, the fish maintain a normal appetite, and then they suddenly die. The disease can progress slowly throughout an infected farm, and in the worst cases, death rates may approach 100%. It is also a threat to the dwindling stocks of wild salmon. Management strategies include developing a vaccine and improving genetic resistance to the disease. 944:"...consumers should not eat farmed fish from Scotland, Norway and eastern Canada more than three times a year; farmed fish from Maine, western Canada and Washington state no more than three to six times a year; and farmed fish from Chile no more than about six times a year. Wild chum salmon can be consumed safely as often as once a week, pink salmon, Sockeye and Coho about twice a month and Chinook just under once a month." 359:(i.e., the undesirable accumulation, adhesion, and growth of microorganisms, plants, algae, tubeworms, barnacles, mollusks, and other organisms). By inhibiting microbial growth, copper alloy aquaculture cages avoid costly net changes that are necessary with other materials. The resistance of organism growth on copper alloy nets also provides a cleaner and healthier environment for farmed fish to grow and thrive. 5617: 1273: 980:—the former scientist turned activist/investigator and head of a small Global Alliance Against Industrial Aquaculture—agrees, saying that a 10-fold increase in the use of some chemicals was seen in the 2016-2017 timeframe. The use of the toxic drug emamectin is rising fast. The levels of chemicals used to kill sea lice have breached environmental safety limits more than 100 times in the last 10 years. 470:

obtain maximum quality, minimizing the level of stress is necessary in the live salmon until actually being electrically and percussively killed and the gills slit for bleeding. These improvements in processing time and freshness to the final customer are commercially significant and forcing the commercial wild fisheries to upgrade their processing to the benefit of all seafood consumers.

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infrastructure such as ports, processing plants, and logistical facilities such as airports. Logistical considerations are significant, and feed and maintenance labor must be transported to the facility and the product returned. Siting decisions are complicated by complex, politically driven permit problems in many countries that prevents optimal locations for the farms.

1336: 57: 1560:. The heart beats for a time as the animal is bled from its sliced gills. This method of relaxing the salmon when it is killed produces firm, long-keeping flesh. Lack of disease in wild populations and low stocking densities used in the cages means that New Zealand salmon farmers do not use antibiotics and chemicals that are often needed elsewhere. 1025:

exposed in river estuaries containing large numbers of open-net farms, many young wild salmon are infected, and do not survive as a result. Adult salmon may survive otherwise critical numbers of sea lice, but small, thin-skinned juvenile salmon migrating to sea are highly vulnerable. In 2007, mathematical studies of data available from the

1156:(WWF)-USA initiated the Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue, one of several Aquaculture Dialogues. The aim of the dialogues was to produce an environmental and social standard for farmed salmon and other species (12 species currently, as of 2018). Since 2012, the standards elaborated by the multi-stakeholder Dialogues were passed-on to the 1383:

Chile and Norway, the ocean-cage production of steelhead has expanded to supply export markets. Inland production of rainbow trout to supply domestic markets has increased strongly in countries such as Italy, France, Germany, Denmark, and Spain. Other significant producing countries include the United States,

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The use of forage fish for fish meal production has been almost a constant for the last 30 years and at the maximum sustainable yield, while the market for fish meal has shifted from chicken, pig, and pet food to aquaculture diets. This market shift at constant production appears an economic decision

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in 2012. The Alaska salmon fisheries subsequently re-attained MSC-certification status; however the heavily hatchery-dependent Prince William Sound (PWS) unit of certification (“one of the most valuable fishing area in the State”) was for several years excluded from the MSC-certification (it remained

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An alternative method to hatching in freshwater tanks is to use spawning channels. These are artificial streams, usually parallel to an existing stream with concrete or rip-rap sides and gravel bottoms. Water from the adjacent stream is piped into the top of the channel, sometimes via a header pond

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Juvenile farmed Chinook have been shown to have higher rates of predation due to their larger size than wild juveniles upon release into marine environments. Their size correlates with the preferred size of prey for predators like birds, seals, and fish. This may have ecological implications because

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to the ocean where they grow up. Most salmon return to the river where they were born, although some stray to other rivers. Concern exists about of the role of genetic diversity within salmon runs. The resilience of the population depends on some fish being able to survive environmental shocks, such

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indicated the louse-induced mortality of pink salmon in some regions was over 80%. Later that year, in reaction to the 2007 mathematical study mentioned above, Canadian federal fisheries scientists Kenneth Brooks and Simon Jones published a critique titled "Perspectives on Pink Salmon and Sea Lice:

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models that are effectively competing with similar models for chicken and pig feeds for the same feed ingredients, and these models show that fish meal is more useful in aquatic diets than in chicken diets, where they can make the chickens taste like fish. Unfortunately, this substitution can result

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Conventional hatchery systems operate flow-through, where spring water or other water sources flow into the hatchery. The eggs are then hatched in trays and the salmon smolts are produced in raceways. The waste products from the growing salmon fry and the feed are usually discharged into the local

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Astaxanthin (3,3'-hydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4'-dione) is a carotenoid pigment, one of a large group of organic molecules related to vitamins and widely found in plants. In addition to providing red, orange, and yellow colours to various plant parts and playing a role in photosynthesis, carotenoids are

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Farmed salmonids can, and often do, escape from sea cages. If the farmed salmonid is not native, it can compete with native wild species for food and habitat. If the farmed salmonid is native, it can interbreed with the wild native salmonids. Such interbreeding can reduce genetic diversity, disease

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Salmonid farms are typically sited in marine ecosystems with good water quality, high water exchange rates, current speeds fast enough to prevent pollution of the bottom but slow enough to prevent pen damage, protection from major storms, reasonable water depth, and a reasonable distance from major

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The US in their dietary guidelines for 2010 recommends eating 8 ounces per week of a variety of seafood and 12 ounces for lactating mothers, with no upper limits set and no restrictions on eating farmed or wild salmon. In 2018, Canadian dietary guidelines recommended eating at least two servings of

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Wild salmonids are captured from wild habitats using commercial fishing techniques. Most wild salmonids are caught in North American, Japanese, and Russian fisheries. The following table shows the changes in production of wild salmonids and farmed salmonids over a period of 25 years, as reported by

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Sea cages, also called sea pens or net pens, are usually made of mesh framed with steel or plastic. They can be square or circular, 10 to 32 m (33 to 105 ft) across and 10 m (33 ft) deep, with volumes between 1,000 and 10,000 m (35,000 and 353,000 cu ft). A large

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diversity of the species leading to lower survival rates, and lower catch rates. On the West Coast of North America, the non-native salmon could be an invasive threat, especially in Alaska and parts of Canada. This could cause them to compete with native salmon for resources. Extensive efforts are

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Fry are generally reared in large freshwater tanks for 12 to 20 months. Once the fish have reached the smolt phase, they are taken out to sea, where they are held for up to two years. During this time, the fish grow and mature in large cages off the coasts of Canada, the United States, or parts of

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in laboratories so they can grow faster. A company, Aqua Bounty Farms, has developed a modified Atlantic salmon which grows nearly twice as fast (yielding a fully grown fish at 16–18 months rather than 30), and is more disease resistant, and cold tolerant. It also requires 10% less food. This was

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in several varieties of fish. The farmed salmonids population had nearly 3 times the level of PCBs, more than 3 times the level of PDBEs, and nearly twice the level of dioxins and furans seen in the wild population. On the other hand, "Update of the monitoring of levels of dioxins and PCBs in food

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from river salmon farms to wild pink salmon in the same river. The European Commission (2002) concluded, "The reduction of wild salmonid abundance is also linked to other factors but there is more and more scientific evidence establishing a direct link between the number of lice-infested wild fish

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parasite, was introduced with live trout and salmon from Sweden (Baltic stocks are resistant to it) into government-operated hatcheries in Norway. From the hatcheries, infected eggs, smolt, and fry were implanted in many rivers with the goal to strengthen the wild salmon stocks, but caused instead

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net. The sweep net is a big net with weights along the bottom edge. It is stretched across the pen with the bottom edge extending to the bottom of the pen. Lines attached to the bottom corners are raised, herding some fish into the purse, where they are netted. Before killing, the fish are usually

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through its internal COMPASS programs in Norway, resulting in the proprietary RAPID feed blend. These methods studied macronutrient profiles of fish feed based upon geography and season. Using RAPID feed, salmon farms reduced the time to maturity of salmon to about 15 months, in a period one-fifth

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In contrast to closed or recirculating systems, the open net cages of salmonid farming lower production costs, but provide no effective barrier to the discharge of wastes, parasites, and disease into the surrounding coastal waters. Farmed salmon in open net cages can escape into wild habitats, for

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They are usually placed side by side to form a system called a seafarm or seasite, with a floating wharf and walkways along the net boundaries. Additional nets can also surround the seafarm to keep out predatory marine mammals. Stocking densities range from 8 to 18 kg (18 to 40 lb)/m for

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and other contaminants up to ten times greater in farmed salmon than wild Pacific salmon. On a positive note, further research using the same fish samples used in the previous study, showed that farmed salmon contained levels of beneficial fatty acids that were two to three times higher than wild

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Currently, much controversy exists about the ecological and health impacts of intensive salmonid aquaculture. Of particular concern are the impacts on wild salmonids and other marine life and on the incomes of commercial salmonid fishermen. However, the 'enhanced' production of salmon juveniles –

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Modern harvesting methods are shifting towards using wet-well ships to transport live salmon to the processing plant. This allows the fish to be killed, bled, and filleted before rigor has occurred. This results in superior product quality to the customer, along with more humane processing. To

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Steelhead are raised in many countries throughout the world. Since the 1950s, production has grown exponentially, particularly in Europe and recently in Chile. Worldwide, in 2007, 604,695 tonnes of farmed steelhead were harvested, with a value of $ 2.59 billion. The largest producer is Chile. In

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A 2008 meta-analysis of available data shows that salmonid farming reduces the survival of associated wild salmonid populations. This relationship has been shown to hold for Atlantic, steelhead, pink, chum, and coho salmon. The decrease in survival or abundance often exceeds 50%. However, these

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In 2005, Russia banned importing chilled fish from Norway, after samples of Norwegian farmed fish showed high levels of heavy metals. According to the Russian Minister of Agriculture Aleksey Gordeyev, levels of lead in the fish were 10 to 18 times higher than Russian safety standards and cadmium

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contaminants. They found the contaminants were higher in farmed salmon. Within the farmed salmon, European (particularly Scottish) salmon had the highest levels, and Chilean salmon the lowest. The FDA and Health Canada have established a tolerance/limit for PCBs in commercial fish of 2000 ppb A

1198:: A growing salmon farming business must control and reduce its dependency upon fishmeal and fishoil – a primary ingredient in salmon feed—so as not to put additional pressure on the world's fisheries. Fish caught to make fishmeal and oil currently represent one-third of the global fish harvest. 1024:

which feed on mucus, blood, and skin, and migrate and latch onto the skin of salmon during planktonic nauplii and copepodid larval stages, which can persist for several days. Large numbers of highly populated, open-net salmon farms can create exceptionally large concentrations of sea lice; when

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Modern commercial hatcheries for supplying salmon smolts to aquaculture net pens have been shifting to recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS)s where the water is recycled within the hatchery. This allows location of the hatchery to be independent of a significant fresh water supply and allows

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A 2010 study that made the first use of sea lice count and fish production data from all salmon farms on the Broughton Archipelago found no correlation between the farm lice counts and wild salmon survival. The authors conclude that the 2002 stock collapse was not caused by the farm sea lice

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content in the farmed product. However, when vegetable oil is used in the growing diet as an energy source and a different finishing diet containing high omega-3 content fatty acids from either fish oil, algae oils, or some vegetable oils are used a few months before harvest, this problem is

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of farmed king salmon, accounting for over half of world production (7,400 tonnes in 2005). Most of the salmon are farmed in the sea (mariculture) using a method sometimes called sea-cage ranching, which takes place in large floating net cages, about 25 m across and 15 m deep, moored to the

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Salmonids are usually farmed in two stages and in some places maybe more. First, the salmon are hatched from eggs and raised on land in freshwater tanks. Increasing the accumulated thermal units of water during incubation reduces time to hatching. When they are 12 to 18 months old, the

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were not investing in such systems beyond the hatchery stage. In the United States, a major investor in the effort was Atlantic Sapphire, which plans to bring salmon raised in Florida to market in 2021. Other companies investing in the effort include Nordic Acquafarms and Whole Oceans.

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resistance, and adaptability. In 2004, about 500,000 salmon and trout escaped from ocean net pens off Norway. Around Scotland, 600,000 salmon were released during storms. Commercial fishermen targeting wild salmon frequently catch escaped farm salmon. At one stage, in the

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In the wild, diseases and parasites are normally at low levels, and kept in check by natural predation on weakened individuals. In crowded net pens, they can become epidemics. Diseases and parasites also transfer from farmed to wild salmon populations. A recent study in

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In addition, salmon require nutritional intakes of protein, which is often supplied in the form of fish meal as the lowest-cost alternative. Consequently, farmed salmon consume more fish than they generate as a final product, though considerably more preferred as food.

785:(ISAv) was discovered in Norway in an Atlantic salmon hatchery. Eighty percent of the fish in the outbreak died. ISAv, a viral disease, is now a major threat to the viability of Atlantic salmon farming. It is now the first of the diseases classified on List One of the 1034:

studies are all correlation analysis and correlation doesn't equal causation, especially when similar salmon declines were occurring in Oregon and California, which have no salmon aquaculture or marine net pens. Independent of the predictions of the failure of

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were used in Europe and North America. From the late 1950s, enhancement programs based on hatcheries were established in the United States, Canada, Japan, and the USSR. The contemporary technique using floating sea cages originated in Norway in the late 1960s.

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An emerging wave in aquaculture is applying the same farming methods used for salmonids to other carnivorous finfish species, such as cod, bluefin tuna, halibut, and snapper. However, this is likely to have the same environmental drawbacks as salmon farming.

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On a dry-dry basis, 2–4 kg of wild-caught fish are needed to produce 1 kg of salmon. The ratio may be reduced if non-fish sources are added. Wild salmon require about 10 kg of forage fish to produce 1 kg of salmon, as part of the normal

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only in the presence of light. The modified salmon does not switch growth hormone production off. The company first submitted the salmon for FDA approval in 1996. In 2015, FDA has approved the AquAdvantage Salmon for commercial production. A concern with

243:. The percentage of the Alaska salmon harvest resulting from ocean ranching depends upon the species of salmon and location. Methods of salmonid aquaculture originated in late 18th-century fertilization trials in Europe. In the late 19th century, salmon 1210:: Salmon farming often employs a large number of workers on farms and in processing plants, potentially placing labor practices and worker rights under public scrutiny. Additionally, conflicts can arise among users of the shared coastal environment. 378:, making it a high-protein fish feed suitable for salmon. Many other substitutions for fish meal are known, and diets containing zero fish meal are possible. For example, a planned closed-containment salmon fish farm in Scotland uses 838:

by sea lice from nearby salmon farms. These predictions have been disputed by other scientists and recent harvests have indicated that the predictions were in error. In 2011, Scottish salmon farming introduced the use of farmed

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during its annual runs. At one time, the species supported an important commercial fishery and a supplemental food fishery. However, the wild Atlantic salmon fishery is commercially dead; after extensive habitat damage and

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Worldwide, in 2007, 115,376 tonnes of farmed Coho salmon were harvested with a value of $ 456 million. Chile, with about 90 percent of world production, is the primary producer with Japan and Canada producing the rest.

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Munson, A. Douglas; Elliott, Diane G.; Johnson, Keith (2010). "Management of Bacterial Kidney Disease in Chinook Salmon Hatcheries Based on Broodstock Testing by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: A Multiyear Study".

1204:: Excess food and fish waste in the water have the potential to increase the levels of nutrients in the water. This can cause the growth of algae, which consumes oxygen that is meant for other plant and animal life. 1520:

in Alaska are particularly known for their color, rich flavor, firm texture, and high omega-3 oil content. Alaska has a long-standing ban on finfish aquaculture that was enacted in 1989. (Alaska Stat. § 16.40.210)

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Atlantic salmon is, by far, the species most often chosen for farming. It is easy to handle, grows well in sea cages, commands a high market value, and adapts well to being farmed away from its native habitats.

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Norway produces 33% of the world's farmed salmonids, and Chile produces 31%. The coastlines of these countries have suitable water temperatures and many areas well protected from storms. Chile is close to large

1411:). They also eat fish eggs and adult forms of terrestrial insects (typically ants, beetles, grasshoppers, and crickets) that fall into the water. Other prey include small fish up to one-third of their length, 272:

for salmon aquaculture. Scotland and Canada are also significant producers; and it was reported in 2012 that the Norwegian government at that time controlled a significant fraction of the Canadian industry.

1293:, wild fish make up only 0.5% of the Atlantic salmon available in world fish markets. The rest are farmed, predominantly from aquaculture in Chile, Canada, Norway, Russia, the United Kingdom, and Tasmania. 1533:

in clean, fast-flowing coastal waters. Smolt (young fish) from freshwater hatcheries are transferred to cages containing several thousand salmon, and remain there for the rest of their lives. They are fed

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in smoked and cured salmon. Norway applies EU regulations on food additives, according to which nitrite is allowed as a food additive in certain types of meat, but not fish. Fresh salmon was not affected.

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salmon is what might happen if they escape into the wild. One study, in a laboratory setting, found that modified salmon mixed with their wild cohorts were aggressive in competing, but ultimately failed.

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Bell, J.G.; Pratoomyot, J.; Strachan, F.; Henderson, R.J.; Fontanillas, R.; Hebard, A.; Guy, D.R.; Hunter, D.; Tocher, D.R. (2010). "Growth, flesh adiposity and fatty acid composition of Atlantic salmon

2582: 1435:. Cultured steelhead are fed a diet formulated to closely resemble their natural diet that includes fish meal, fish oil, vitamins and minerals, and the carotenoid asthaxanthin for pigmentation. 239:

techniques. However, the concept of "wild" salmon as used by the Alaska Seafood Marketing Institute includes stock enhancement fish produced in hatcheries that have historically been considered

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In 2007, 1,433,708 tonnes of Atlantic salmon were harvested worldwide with a value of $ 7.58 billion. Ten years later, in 2017, over 2 million tonnes of farmed Atlantic salmon were harvested.

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Hamilton, M. Coreen; Hites, Ronald A.; Schwager, Steven J.; Foran, Jeffery A.; Knuth, Barbara A.; Carpenter, David O. (2005). "Lipid Composition and Contaminants in Farmed and Wild Salmon".

3232: 1164:(June 2012, and revised in 2017 after comprehensive public consultation). The WWF had originally identified what they called "seven key environmental and social impacts", characterised as: 423:

energy transfer. The difference between the two numbers is related to farmed salmon feed containing other ingredients beyond fish meal and because farmed fish do not expend energy hunting.

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Kadir Alsagoff, Syed A.; Clonts, Howard A.; Jolly, Curtis M. (1990). "An integrated poultry, multi-species aquaculture for Malaysian rice farmers: A mixed integer programming approach".

5995: 1180:: Excessive use of chemicals – such as antibiotics, anti-foulants and pesticides – or the use of banned chemicals can have unintended consequences for marine organisms and human health. 293:

river. Conventional flow-through hatcheries, for example the majority of Alaska's enhancement hatcheries, use more than 100 tonnes (16,000 st) of water to produce a kg of smolts.

1304:. Eggs and sperm are "stripped", after the fish are cleaned and cloth dried. Sperm and eggs are mixed, washed, and placed into fresh water. Adults recover in flowing, clean, well- 3030:

Bruno, D. W. (1986). "Changes in serum parameters of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, and Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., infected with Renibacterium salmoninarum".

491:. Russia, Japan and Alaska all operate major hatchery based stock enhancement programs. The resulting fish hatchery fish are defined as "wild" for FAO and marketing purposes. 181:

Much controversy exists about the ecological and health impacts of intensive salmonids aquaculture. Of particular concern are the impacts on wild salmon and other marine life.

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to settle out sediment. Spawning success is often much better in channels than in adjacent streams due to the control of floods which in some years can wash out the natural

1966: 972:, argues that the scale of fish farming in Norway is unsustainable. Huge volumes of uneaten feed and fish excrement pollute the seabed, while chemicals designed to fight 6742: 4111: 1545:, using techniques similar to those used for sea-farmed salmon. A unique form of freshwater salmon farming occurs in some hydroelectric canals in New Zealand. A site in 1427:, and the eggs of other rainbow trout. Rainbows also consume decomposing flesh from carcasses of other fish. Adult steelhead in the ocean feed primarily on other fish, 256:(juvenile salmon) are transferred to floating sea cages or net pens anchored in sheltered bays or fjords along a coast. This farming in a marine environment is known as 1897: 1316:

Europe. Generally, cages are made of two nets; inner nets, which wrap around the cages, hold the salmon while outer nets, which are held by floats, keep predators out.

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Globally, salmon production fell around 9% in 2015, in large part due to acute outbreaks of sea lice in Scotland and Norway. Lasers are used to reduce lice infections.

4156: 3627: 1481:(spawners) are needed, alternating each year. Broodfish are selected from the salmon in the seasites and transferred to freshwater tanks for maturation and spawning. 5883: 2526: 162:$ 10.7 billion globally. Salmonid aquaculture production grew over ten-fold during the 25 years from 1982 to 2007. In 2012, the leading producers of salmonids were 3128:

Hites, R. A.; Foran, J. A.; Carpenter, D. O.; Hamilton, M. C.; Knuth, B. A.; Schwager, S. J. (2004). "Global Assessment of Organic Contaminants in Farmed Salmon".

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Work continues on developing salmonid diet made from concentrated plant protein. As of 2014, an enzymatic process can be used to lower the carbohydrate content of

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Riddell, B. E.; Beamish, R. J.; Richards, L. J.; Candy, J. R. (2008). "Comment on "Declining Wild Salmon Populations in Relation to Parasites from Farm Salmon"".

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Krkosek, M.; Ford, J. S.; Morton, A.; Lele, S.; Myers, R. A.; Lewis, M. A. (2007). "Declining Wild Salmon Populations in Relation to Parasites from Farm Salmon".

1379:). Steelhead are an anadromous form of rainbow trout that migrate between lakes and rivers and the ocean, and are also known as steelhead salmon or ocean trout. 280:

corporations, operating mechanized assembly lines on an industrial scale. In 2003, nearly half of the world’s farmed salmon was produced by just five companies.

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feeders. In rivers and streams populated with other salmonid species, rainbow trout eat varied fish eggs, including those of salmon, brown and cutthroat trout,

1192:: Escaped farmed salmon can compete with wild fish and interbreed with local wild stocks of the same population, altering the overall pool of genetic diversity. 998: 976:

find their way into the food chain. He says: "If people knew this, they wouldn’t eat salmon", describing the farmed fish as "the most toxic food in the world".

4484: 4460: 4436: 4364: 4340: 3805:"Sea Louse Infestation in Wild Juvenile Salmon and Pacific Herring Associated with Fish Farms off the East-Central Coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia" 2727: 2405: 1442:. Considerable research has been conducted on redmouth disease, as its implications for steelhead farmers are significant. The disease does not affect humans. 5988: 1231:

make it possible to farm salmon entirely on land, which as of 2019 is an ongoing initiative in the industry. However, large farmed salmon companies such as

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Brooks, Kenneth M.; Jones, Simon R. M. (2008). "Perspectives on Pink Salmon and Sea Lice: Scientific Evidence Fails to Support the Extinction Hypothesis".

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intake cannot be achieved solely from farmed (or wild) salmon without unacceptable carcinogenic risks. The conclusions of this paper from 2005 were that

1343: 3643: 2699: 2060: 3804: 2600: 1493: 4580: 2899: 2746: 5981: 3224: 1450: 4877: 2164: 5395: 4509: 1174:: Chemicals and excess nutrients from food and feces associated with salmon farms can disturb the flora and fauna on the ocean bottom (benthos). 911:, stated that farmed salmon and trout contained on average a many times lesser fraction of dioxins and PCBs than wild-caught salmon and trout." 4856: 1524:

Worldwide, in 2007, 11,542 tonnes (1,817,600 st) of farmed Chinook salmon were harvested with a value of $ 83 million. New Zealand is the

993:, 20 to 40 percent of all fish caught were escaped farm salmon. In 2017, about 263,000 farmed non-native Atlantic salmon escaped from a net in 4604: 2357: 5417: 5385: 5349: 5331: 5310: 5293: 5232: 5162: 5137: 5112: 5087: 4105: 3310: 2683: 1908: 1095:

Sea cages can attract a variety of wild predators which can sometimes become entangled in associated netting, leading to injury or death. In

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parasite, spreads from Norwegian hatcheries to wild salmon, probably by means of fishing gear, and devastates some wild salmon populations.

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alloys as netting materials. Copper alloys have become important netting materials because they are antimicrobial (i.e., they destroy

2035: 371:, much of the fish meal market has shifted from chicken and pig feed to fish and shrimp feeds as aquaculture has grown in this time. 6822: 6469: 6328: 5367: 5279: 924: 171: 4631:"Growth and nephrocalcinosis for Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) post-smolt exposed to elevated carbon dioxide partial pressures" 4197:"Population effects of growth hormone transgenic coho salmon depend on food availability and genotype by environment interactions" 2249: 6509: 6459: 5778: 5653: 5509: 5049: 1973: 1252: 1228: 762: 3435: 834:

and the presence of cages in the same estuary." It is reported that wild salmon on the west coast of Canada are being driven to

6787: 3225:"Risk-based consumption advice for farmed Atlantic and wild Pacific Salmon contaminated with dioxins and dioxin-like compounds" 2515:

powerful antioxidants, and some (notably various forms of carotene) are essential precursors to vitamin A synthesis in animals.

4092: 2925: 5809: 5359: 1914: 1681: 908: 782: 4148: 1580:

1763: Fertilization trials for Atlantic salmon take place in Germany. Later biologists refined these in Scotland and France.

1419:. As rainbow trout grow, the proportion of fish consumed increases in most populations. Some lake-dwelling forms may become 2178: 2148: 35: 6587: 6489: 5856: 5589: 5427: 2707: 2498: 2472: 817:. Unlike mammals, the red blood cells of fish have ribosomes, and can become infected with viruses. The fish develop pale 461:, so their flesh colour matches wild salmon, which also contain the same carotenoid pigments from their diet in the wild. 135: 4908: 4556: 2586: 1801:"Conserving America's Fisheries-An Assessment of Economic Contributions from Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Conservation" 142:

are the most commonly reared fish for recreational restocking. Commonly farmed non-salmonid fish groups include tilapia,

6835: 6691: 6464: 4820: 1368: 1161: 1103:. This has prompted one company, Huon Aquaculture, to sponsor a bird rehabilitation centre and try more robust netting. 1054:

as unusual temperature extremes. The effect of hatchery production on the genetic diversity of salmon is also unclear.

326: 5457: 3083: 2429: 6802: 6646: 6542: 5947: 5768: 5606: 2734: 1550: 1063: 4419: 4395: 2970: 4491: 4467: 4443: 4371: 4347: 2724: 6891: 6807: 6777: 6615: 5873: 5658: 4321: 2881: 1845: 1525: 1153: 860: 855: 749: 1942: 1140:

like salmon. To satisfy this requirement, more than 50% of the world fish oil production is fed to farmed salmon.

1020:, can cause deadly infestations of both farm-grown and wild salmon. Sea lice are naturally occurring and abundant 289:

economical temperature control to both speed up and slow down the growth rate to match the needs of the net pens.

6886: 6762: 6737: 6605: 6474: 5888: 4629:

Fivelstad, Sveinung; Hosfeld, Camilla Diesen; Medhus, Reidunn Agathe; Olsen, Anne Berit; Kvamme, Kristin (2018).

3725: 3069:"Stick to wild salmon unless heart disease is a risk factor, risk/benefit analysis of farmed and wild fish shows" 368: 3640: 3409: 3180: 6752: 6717: 6656: 6402: 6356: 6346: 2094: 2090: 2013: 1656: 1591: 1439: 969: 928: 850: 367:

With the amount of worldwide fish meal production being almost a constant amount for the last 30+ years and at

6110: 4939: 2311:) families with contrasting flesh adiposity: Effects of replacement of dietary fish oil with vegetable oils". 5022: 3510:"Evidence of Natural Reproduction of Aquaculture-Escaped Atlantic Salmon in a Coastal British Columbia River" 6757: 6449: 5849: 2711: 1513: 1100: 1026: 5441: 3835: 1516:

of Oregon, and are known as "king salmon" because of their large size and flavourful flesh. Those from the

6847: 6696: 6577: 6532: 5827: 5601: 3195: 1574: 1073:

achieved using a chinook salmon gene sequence affecting growth hormones, and a promoter sequence from the

189: 1684:, a viral disease, is discovered in a Norwegian salmon hatchery. Eighty percent of the involved fish die. 6876: 6830: 6817: 6722: 6671: 6572: 6504: 6387: 5638: 3756:"Effects of host migration, diversity and aquaculture on sea lice threats to Pacific salmon populations" 1800: 1542: 1517: 1376: 933: 387: 175: 83:

fish under controlled conditions for both commercial and recreational purposes. Salmonids (particularly

5355: 4742:

Nash, Colin E.; Waknitz, F.William (2003). "Interactions of Atlantic salmon in the Pacific Northwest".

4884: 4279:

Nelson, Benjamin W.; Shelton, Andrew O.; Anderson, Joseph H.; Ford, Michael J.; Ward, Eric J. (2019).

1744:

includes a description of a visit to the "McSalmon Aqua Farms" where salmon are raised caged in a sea

6840: 6812: 6792: 6782: 6772: 6732: 6727: 6552: 6537: 6494: 5820: 5796: 5783: 5630: 5502: 4642: 4292: 4208: 4040: 3919: 3819: 3591: 3521: 3255: 3137: 3039: 3004: 2825: 2771: 2651: 2320: 2280: 2132: 1556:

Before they are killed, cage salmon are sometimes anaesthetised with a herbal extract. They are then

1387:, Germany, and the UK. Rainbow trout, including juvenile steelhead in fresh water, routinely feed on 1069: 937: 391: 167: 127: 4840: 3326:

Foran, J. A.; Good, D. H.; Carpenter, D. O.; Hamilton, M. C.; Knuth, B. A.; Schwager, S. J. (2005).

3200: 1583:

1854: Salmon spawing beds and rearing ponds built along the bank of a river by the Dohulla Fishery,

1160:

which was created in 2010 to administer and developed them further. The first such standard was the

1124:

Fish do not actually produce omega-3 fatty acids, but instead accumulate them from either consuming

6747: 6686: 6676: 6661: 6499: 6371: 6240: 6100: 5941: 5803: 5688: 5461: 2388: 977: 793:

should an outbreak of the disease be confirmed on any farm. ISAv seriously affects salmon farms in

786: 5006: 1319:

Many Atlantic salmon escape from cages at sea. Those salmon that further breed tend to lessen the

789:’s fish health regimen. Amongst other measures, this requires the total eradication of the entire 276:

Modern salmonid farming systems are intensive. Their ownership is often under the control of huge

6392: 6351: 6085: 6035: 5898: 5673: 5663: 5569: 4959: 4630: 4122: 3935: 3539: 3161: 2849: 2795: 2380: 1660: 1424: 994: 406: 395: 236: 201: 1121:

implying that the development of salmon aquaculture had no impact on forage fish harvest rates.

1717:

2019: The first salmon fish farm in the Middle East is established in the United Arab Emirates.

744:

fish each week and choosing fish such as char, herring, mackerel, salmon, sardines, and trout.

6651: 6137: 6060: 5789: 5413: 5381: 5375: 5363: 5345: 5327: 5306: 5289: 5275: 5158: 5133: 5108: 5083: 4759: 4709: 4236: 4101: 4068: 3986: 3892: 3785: 3490: 3349: 3306: 3290: 3271: 3153: 2841: 2787: 2679: 2673: 1904: 1707: 1630: 5448:– Trade association representing the salmon aquaculture industry in British Columbia, Canada. 5407: 5321: 5300: 5248:"Argentina becomes first country to ban open-net salmon farming due to impact on environment" 4281:"Ecological implications of changing hatchery practices for Chinook salmon in the Salish Sea" 1870: 1824: 1690:

1987: First reports of escaped Atlantic salmon being caught in wild Pacific salmon fisheries.

6308: 6230: 6080: 6027: 5843: 5733: 5544: 4751: 4650: 4300: 4226: 4216: 4058: 4048: 4009: 3976: 3966: 3927: 3882: 3872: 3827: 3775: 3767: 3707: 3599: 3529: 3480: 3472: 3339: 3298: 3263: 3205: 3145: 3108: 3068: 3047: 3012: 2833: 2779: 2372: 2336: 2328: 2288: 1711: 1620: 1467: 1309: 1248: 826: 216: 3391: 3367: 957:

In 2006, eight Norwegian salmon producers were caught in unauthorized and unlabeled use of

6881: 6630: 6620: 6303: 6119: 6065: 5683: 5539: 5495: 5445: 4946: 4728: 4134: 3647: 2885: 2731: 2257: 2061:"B.C. Supreme Court upholds right of anti-salmon farm activist to make defamatory remarks" 1281: 1186:: Viruses and parasites can transfer between farmed and wild fish, as well as among farms. 528: 253: 131: 104: 6313: 6285: 2039: 809:, causing major economic losses to infected farms. As the name implies, it causes severe 260:. There they are fed pelleted feed for another 12 to 24 months, when they are harvested. 5036: 4646: 4296: 4212: 4044: 3923: 3823: 3595: 3525: 3459:

Fleming, I. A.; Hindar, K; Mjølnerød, I. B.; Jonsson, B; Balstad, T; Lamberg, A (2000).

3259: 3141: 3043: 3008: 2866: 2829: 2775: 2324: 2284: 1038:

in Canada indicated by these studies, the wild salmon run in 2010 was a record harvest.

6701: 6681: 6361: 6295: 6162: 6095: 6090: 6040: 6015: 5954: 5936: 5924: 5753: 5710: 5584: 5559: 4063: 4028: 3981: 3954: 3887: 3860: 3780: 3755: 3754:

Krkošek, M.; A. Gottesfeld; B. Proctor; D. Rolston; C. Carr-Harris; M.A. Lewis (2007).

3485: 3460: 3051: 1602: 1553:, is the highest salmon farm in the world, 677 m (2,221 ft) above sea level. 1509: 1137: 1078: 1050: 919: 638: 586: 232: 147: 119: 5057: 4755: 4654: 4231: 4196: 3302: 2952:"Salmon farming has done 'enormous harm' to fish and environment, warns Jeremy Paxman" 2332: 6870: 6666: 6562: 6557: 6366: 6220: 6210: 6187: 6152: 6070: 6055: 5930: 5758: 5748: 3664: 3534: 3509: 3328:"Quantitative analysis of the benefits and risks of consuming farmed and wild salmon" 3209: 2384: 2292: 1644: 1613: 1584: 1356: 1352: 990: 965: 887: 840: 550: 458: 420: 244: 123: 115: 88: 17: 5268: 5178: 3939: 3543: 3165: 2799: 6625: 6567: 6547: 6519: 6429: 6397: 6275: 6132: 6127: 5961: 5833: 5814: 5718: 5616: 5549: 5183: 2879:

Integrated Sea Lice Management Strategies – Scottish Salmon Producers' Organisation

2853: 2502: 1697: 1667: 1652: 1634: 1606: 1570: 1463: 1272: 1021: 876: 769: 277: 76: 5477: 5474:

Independent association which promotes salmon farming in British Columbia, Canada.

3084:

Fish and Seafood Survey – Environmental Contaminants – Food Safety – Health Canada

3971: 3557: 2376: 2208: 2186: 473:

An older method of harvesting is to use a sweep net, which operates a bit like a

6597: 6484: 6441: 6425: 6338: 6200: 6172: 6167: 6075: 5574: 5564: 5554: 3621:

2017 Cypress Island Atlantic Salmon Net Pen Failure: An Investigation and Review

1777: 1735: 1546: 1459: 1290: 1285: 790: 621: 604: 567: 474: 454: 265: 257: 240: 197: 155: 139: 100: 3461:"Lifetime success and interactions of farm salmon invading a native population" 2542: 2163:

Shepherd, Jonathan; Jackson, Andrew and Mittaine, Jean-Francois (July 4, 2007)

1765: 314:

Atlantic salmon and 5 to 10 kilograms (11 to 22 lb)/m for Chinook salmon.

6527: 6454: 6318: 6245: 6147: 6142: 5728: 5693: 5534: 3931: 3508:

Volpe, John P.; Taylor, Eric B.; Rimmer, David W.; Glickman, Barry W. (2000).

1700:, a bacterial disease, spreads through Norwegian salmon farms and wild salmon. 1478: 1416: 1400: 1301: 1125: 1083: 1074: 1046: 1035: 835: 451: 383: 379: 356: 223: 5396:"Bioeconomic modelling and salmon aquaculture: an overview of the literature" 4924: 4811: 4763: 3344: 3327: 3291:"Ch. 4 Interactions between lipids and persistent organic pollutants in fish" 3113: 3096: 2558: 1967:"Sea Lice and Salmon: Elevating the dialogue on the farmed-wild salmon story" 1629:

1970: Hatchery raised Atlantic salmon fry were released in the rivers of the

1619:

1961: Hatchery raised Atlantic salmon fry were released in the rivers of the

6582: 6225: 5838: 5698: 5625: 5579: 5269:

Cage and Pen fish farming: Carrying capacity models and environmental impact

5181:["Trout" first cultivated in Thailand at “Inthanon Royal Project”]. 4221: 4053: 3877: 3436:"Salmon farming in crisis: 'We are seeing a chemical arms race in the seas'" 3149: 2837: 2783: 2747:

Scientific Evidence of Sea Lice from Fishfarms Seriously Harming Wild Stocks

2633: 2614: 2569: 1671: 1530: 1432: 1396: 774: 399: 269: 207: 6255: 5460:– Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue, a "multi-stakeholder roundtable" led by the 5374:

Lustig, B. Andrew; Brody, Baruch A.; McKenny, Gerald P. (1 November 2008).

4240: 4072: 3990: 3896: 3789: 3771: 3744:. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. 3698:) salmon in the nearshore marine environment of British Columbia, Canada". 3641:

Sea Lice and Salmon: Elevating the dialogue on the farmed-wild salmon story

3604: 3575: 3494: 3476: 3353: 3275: 3157: 2845: 2791: 1693:

1988: A storm hits the Faroe Islands releasing millions of Atlantic salmon.

1541:

Chinook salmon are also farmed in net cages placed in freshwater rivers or

1335: 227:

Salmon egg hatching: In about 24 hr, it will be a fry without the yolk sac.

5973: 5205: 4986: 4795: 4013: 6323: 6265: 6235: 6050: 3097:"Update of the monitoring of levels of dioxins and PCBs in food and feed" 1648: 1616:

are used in Europe, North America, and Japan to enhance wild populations.

1595: 1557: 1535: 1420: 1412: 1404: 1320: 1305: 1133: 1096: 973: 830: 802: 444: 352: 336: 231:

The aquaculture or farming of salmonids can be contrasted with capturing

80: 2878: 886:

Contaminants are commonly found in the flesh of farmed and wild salmon.

6270: 6250: 6195: 6157: 5723: 5678: 4581:"Nordic Aquafarms pursues US market before Maine salmon plant complete" 2652:"2015 Alaska Preliminary Commercial Salmon Harvest and Exvessel Values" 1938: 1129: 958: 895: 880: 427: 411: 405:

However, commercial economic animal diets are determined by least-cost

340: 143: 96: 56: 5377:

Altering Nature: Volume II: Religion, Biotechnology, and Public Policy

4510:"Growing pains as companies try to move fish farms from ocean to land" 4305: 4280: 3831: 3267: 3016: 2499:"Pigments in Salmon Aquaculture: How to Grow a Salmon-coloured Salmon" 6280: 6205: 6177: 5743: 5596: 5518: 5078:

Newton, Chris (2013). "The Strange Case of the Disappearing Salmon".

3955:"A Global Assessment of Salmon Aquaculture Impacts on Wild Salmonids" 2341: 1255:. One key driver of nephrocalcinosis is exposure to high levels of CO 1251:

is an emerging issue in salmon aquaculture with the increased use of

1236: 1128:

that produce these fatty acids, as is the case with forage fish like

899: 810: 806: 798: 375: 332: 193: 163: 84: 5050:"History of Ballyconneely from earliest settlers to the present day" 4909:

LSC – Fish Disease Leaflet 82. Enteric Redmouth Disease of Salmonids

4029:"Relationship of farm salmon, sea lice, and wild salmon populations" 3859:

Krkošek, M.; M.A. Lewis; A. Morton; L.N. Frazer; J.P. Volpe (2006).

3711: 3181:"Balancing the risks and benefits of fish for sensitive populations" 2900:"Salmon retail prices set to leap owing to infestations of sea lice" 2473:"Farmed fish: a major provider or a major consumer of omega-3 oils?" 1998: 1896:

Knapp, Gunnar; Roheim, Cathy A.; Anderson, James L. (January 2007).

1623:

in a failed attempt to establish a population in the South Atlantic.

5027:

Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 21 September 2007

3580:

L., in the Faroese fishery and estimates of catches of wild salmon"

2926:"The gross reason you'll be paying a lot more for salmon this year" 2406:"Cargill, an intensely private firm, sheds light on the food chain" 1477:

Coho salmon mature after only one year in the sea, so two separate

5919: 5471: 5466: 5394:

Pomeroy R., Bravo-Ureta B. E., Solis D. and Johnston R. J. (2008)

5009: 4960:"Alaska Statutes - Section 16.40.210.: Finfish farming prohibited" 4004:

Larkin, Kate (3 September 2010). "Canada sees shock salmon glut".

1626:

Late 1960s: First salmon farms established in Norway and Scotland.

1500: 1492: 1471: 1449: 1428: 1388: 1342: 1334: 1271: 794: 348: 344: 298: 222: 206: 188: 151: 5302:

Modern Aquaculture in the Coastal Zone: Lessons and Opportunities

4557:"Will Your Next Salmon Come from a Massive Land Tank in Florida?" 1703:

1996: World farmed salmon production exceeds wild salmon harvest.

859:

heavily impacted Chinook hatcheries in Idaho. The disease causes

5438: 5356:

The Great Salmon Run: Competition between Wild and Farmed Salmon

4848: 3686:

Morton, A.; R. Routledge; C. Peet; A. Ladwig (2004). "Sea lice (

2005: 1898:

The Great Salmon Run: Competition Between Wild And Farmed Salmon

1745: 1392: 1384: 1232: 903: 891: 883:(seafloor) near the salmon farms, particularly copper and zinc. 818: 814: 431: 92: 6423: 6013: 5977: 5491: 5233:"Desert salmon farming becomes reality for Dubai-based company" 3410:"As wild salmon decline, Norway pressures its giant fish farms" 2250:"Gir Hardanger-laksen omega-3 fra alger importert fra Nebraska" 1601:

1892: Hatchery raised Atlantic salmon fry were released in the

1590:

1864: Hatchery raised Atlantic salmon fry were released in the

6260: 6215: 5738: 5271: 4982: 4920: 4852: 4791: 4533:"Report: Does 'big salmon' know something RAS startups don't?" 2554: 2538: 2128: 2009: 1677:

Late 1970s: Salmon farms established in Chile and New Zealand.

1569:

1527: The life history of the Atlantic salmon is described by

1408: 863:

that can lead to abscesses in the liver, spleen, and kidneys.

488: 212: 159: 45: 5454:

Canadian association representing all salmon farms in Canada.

5451: 5179:""ปลาเทราต์" เพาะเลี้ยงแห่งแรกในไทยที่ "โครงการหลวงอินทนนท์"" 4911:. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 3289:

Elskus, Adria A.; Collier, Tracy K.; Monosson, Emily (2005).

2888:. Scottishsalmon.co.uk (2013-11-23). Retrieved on 2016-10-26. 1825:"Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme Salmo trutta" 778:

devastation to some of the wild salmon populations affected.

5426:

British Columbia Salmon Farming Association, "Did you Know"

1157: 843:

for the purpose of cleaning farmed salmon of ectoparasites.

331:

A second emerging wave in aquaculture is the development of

4813:

Integrated Annual Report 2017 - Leading the Blue Revolution

4195:

Devlin, R. H.; d'Andrade, M.; Uh, M.; Biagi, C. A. (2004).

2971:"Lice-Hunting Underwater Drone Protects Salmon With Lasers" 2529:. The Fishery and Aquaculture Industry Research Fund (2010) 1284:

are considered a prized recreational fish, pursued by avid

430:

has been researching and developing alternative feeds with

2063:. Postmedia Network Inc. VANCOUVER SUN. 28 September 2012. 1598:

in a failed attempt to establish a population in Australia

1077:

affecting antifreeze production. Normally, salmon produce

5487: 5358:

Report of the Institute of Social and Economic Research,

4605:"Land-based salmon farmer Whole Oceans eyeing west coast" 2479:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 1827:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 1799:

Joseph John Charbonneau; James Caudill (September 2010).

211:

Very young fertilised salmon eggs, notice the developing

5380:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 321–. 4883:. British Columbia Ministry of Fisheries. Archived from 2975:

IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News

2678:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 348–. 2179:"Alternative Fish Feeds Use Less Fishmeal and Fish Oils" 2149:"Search for Sustainable Solutions in Salmon Aquaculture" 1609:

in a failed attempt to establish a population in Africa.

103:. The most commonly commercially farmed salmonid is the 5082:. Ellesmere, Shropshire: Medlar Press. pp. 57–66. 3760:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

3465:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2658:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game. October 16, 2015. 1640:

Early 1970s: Salmon farms established in North America.

27:

Fish farming and harvesting under controlled conditions

4171:"Genetically Engineered Animals - AquAdvantage Salmon" 3619:

Lee, Kessina; Windrope, Amy; Murphy, Kyle (Jan 2018).

1972:. Watershed Watch Salmon Society. 2004. Archived from 1136:, or consuming forage fish, as is the case with fatty 4341:"Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue: Benthic impacts report" 1633:

in a failed attempt to establish a population in the

1099:, Australian salmon-farming sea cages have entangled 5409:

The Behavior and Ecology of Pacific Salmon and Trout

5157:. Ellesmere, Shropshire: Medlar Press. p. 163. 5155:

The Trout's Tale – The Fish That Conquered an Empire

5132:. Ellesmere, Shropshire: Medlar Press. p. 153. 5130:

The Trout's Tale – The Fish That Conquered an Empire

5107:. Ellesmere, Shropshire: Medlar Press. p. 106. 5105:

The Trout's Tale – The Fish That Conquered an Empire

5080:

The Trout's Tale – The Fish That Conquered an Empire

4255:"Fish farmer sponsors new aviary for injured eagles" 3574:

Hansen L. P., J. A. Jacobsen and R. A. Lund (1999).

3086:. Hc-sc.gc.ca (2007-03-26). Retrieved on 2016-10-26. 2869:. Bbc.com (14 August 2015). Retrieved on 2016-10-26. 2672:

Stead, Selina M.; Laird, Lindsay (14 January 2002).

1846:"Responsible Sourcing Guide: Farmed Atlantic Salmon" 923:

follow-up study confirmed this, and found levels of

6710: 6639: 6596: 6518: 6440: 6380: 6337: 6294: 6186: 6118: 6026: 5912: 5866: 5767: 5709: 5624: 5525: 5398:International Journal of Environment and Pollution 5153:Newton, Chris (2013). "The Monsters of Kerguelen". 4027:Marty, G. D.; Saksida, S. M.; Quinn, T. J. (2010). 2430:"CARGILL AQUA NUTRITION SUSTAINABILITY REPORT 2016" 2167:. International Fishmeal and Fish Oil Organisation. 1999:"The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2008" 1655:, the highest mountain in Thailand, as part of the 1148:

Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue and ASC Salmon Standard

4949:. Seattlest (2006-05-16). Retrieved on 2016-10-26. 4779:World Distribution of Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar 4149:"Fast Growing GM Salmon Swims Close to US Markets" 3700:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 3576:"The incidence of escaped farmed Atlantic salmon, 2209:"Process Turns Barley into High-protein Fish Food" 2131:: Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme: 1710:jellyfish wipes out a 100,000 fish salmon farm in 1049:. They spawn inland in fresh water and when young 953:Pollutants or toxins introduced by pisciculturists 426:In 2017 it was reported that the American company 402:, reducing the harvest of wild fish as fish meal. 5354:Knapp G., Roheim C. A. and Anderson J. A. (2007) 4086: 4084: 4082: 3373:. USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. 2005-12-29. 2725:Fact Sheet – Atlantic Salmon Aquaculture Research 2358:"Nature's Subsidies to Shrimp and Salmon Farming" 2159: 2157: 5458:Creating Standards for Responsibly Farmed Salmon 5452:CAIA – Canadian Industry Aquaculture Association 4706:Broodstock Management and Egg and Larval Quality 3628:Washington State Department of Natural Resources 2615:"Of Fairness… Seafood Watch & Farmed Salmon" 1395:, and adult forms of aquatic insects (typically 5884:North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization 5323:Sea Trout: Biology, Conservation and Management 5320:Harris, Graeme; Milner, Nigel (12 March 2007). 4485:"Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue: Nutrient loading" 4320:Aquaculture Stewardship Council, (ASC) (2017). 4201:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4033:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3865:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3562:Pacific Fisheries Resource Conservation Council 2867:Cleaner-fish keep salmon healthy by eating lice 1167: 4365:"Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue: Chemical report" 3861:"Epizootics of wild fish induced by farm fish" 3812:North American Journal of Fisheries Management 2997:North American Journal of Fisheries Management 753:‘under assessment’ pending further analysis). 99:, are the three most important fish groups in 5989: 5503: 5103:Newton, Chris (2013). "Scotland with Lions". 4437:"Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue: Escapes report" 4413:"Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue: Sealice report" 4389:"Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue: Disease report" 3803:Morton, A.; R. Routledge; M. Krkošek (2008). 2583:"Meat and Alternatives - Canada's Food Guide" 2455: 2453: 1706:2007: A 10-square-mile (26 km) swarm of 999:2017 Cypress Island Atlantic salmon pen break 42:Aquaculture production of salmonids in tonnes 8: 5412:. American Fisheries Society. pp. 18–. 5206:"Billions of jellyfish wipe out salmon farm" 4684: 4682: 4490:. World Wide Fund for Nature. Archived from 4466:. World Wide Fund for Nature. Archived from 4442:. World Wide Fund for Nature. Archived from 4418:. World Wide Fund for Nature. Archived from 4394:. World Wide Fund for Nature. Archived from 4370:. World Wide Fund for Nature. Archived from 4346:. World Wide Fund for Nature. Archived from 4177:. United States Food and Drug Administration 4094:Chapter 5: The World Salmon Farming Industry 1891: 1889: 1887: 1687:1985: Salmon farms established in Australia. 6046:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight 5340:Heen K., Monahan R. L. and Utter F. (1993) 5128:Newton, Chris (2013). "Falklands' Silver". 4940:Foodies...FREAK! Copper River Salmon Arrive 4091:Knapp, G; Roheim, CA; Anderson, JA (2007). 2585:. Health Canada. 2012-11-19. Archived from 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 1720:2021: Open-net salmon farming is banned in 1438:The steelhead is especially susceptible to 398:may be replaced by land-based (non-marine) 126:are the most commonly farmed salmonids for 6437: 6420: 6023: 6010: 5996: 5982: 5974: 5894:Welsh Salmon and Trout Angling Association 5510: 5496: 5488: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4907:Bullock, G. L. and Cipriano, R. C. (1990) 4835: 4833: 4777:MacCrimmon, Hugh R; Gots, Barra L (1979). 4461:"Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue: Feed report" 3953:Ford, Jennifer S; Myers, Ransom A (2008). 2811: 2809: 2757: 2755: 2700:"New Brunswick to help Chile beat disease" 2084:"It's all about salmon-Salmon Aquaculture" 1961: 1959: 1806:. US Fish and Wildlife Service. p. 20 4725:Ecology and Management of Atlantic Salmon 4304: 4230: 4220: 4062: 4052: 3980: 3970: 3886: 3876: 3779: 3603: 3533: 3484: 3368:"GAIN Report: Russia Bans Norwegian Fish" 3343: 3199: 3112: 2340: 495:Salmonid production in tonnes by species 63:Salmon farm in the archipelago of Finland 4666: 4664: 3392:"Hard Times for Norwegian Salmon (2006)" 2667: 2665: 2243: 2241: 1778:"Fish Farming Information and Resources" 1764:Based on data sourced from the relevant 655: 493: 310:sea cage can contain up to 90,000 fish. 3293:. In Moon, T.W.; Mommsen, T.P. (eds.). 3063: 3061: 2235:The Scotsman, Retrieved 22 January 2013 1757: 450:Farm raised salmonids are also fed the 447:production is fed to farmed salmonids. 4130: 4120: 3742:) and salmon farms in British Columbia 3248:Environmental Science & Technology 2572:. health.gov. Retrieved on 2016-10-26. 2030: 2028: 2026: 1202:Nutrient loading and carrying capacity 949:levels were almost four times higher. 918:, analysed farmed and wild salmon for 5274:Fisheries technical paper 255, Rome. 4819:. Marine Harvest. 2018. p. 246. 4527: 4525: 3556:Gardner J. and D. L. Peterson (2003) 2233:Sea-change as farm grows fish on land 2038:. World Wildlife Fund. Archived from 1308:water. Some researchers have studied 1158:Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) 410:in lower levels of the highly valued 7: 3690:) infection rates on juvenile pink ( 3408:Castle, Stephen (November 6, 2017). 2501:. seafoodmonitor.com. Archived from 1873:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game 1549:, fed by fast, cold waters from the 875:In sites without adequate currents, 5286:The Economics of Salmon Aquaculture 4843:Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) 2603:, Aquaculture North America, vol 16 2459: 5904:Yakima Klickitat Fisheries Project 5879:Cook Inlet Aquaculture Association 5669:Pre-spawn mortality in coho salmon 4100:. University of Alaska Anchorage. 3665:"Sea lice in Chilean salmon farms" 3052:10.1111/j.1365-2761.1986.tb01005.x 2213:USDA Agricultural Research Service 2183:USDA Agricultural Research Service 890:in 2002 published measurements of 25: 6470:Geothermal energy and aquaculture 6329:Worshipful Company of Fishmongers 4655:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.09.012 3229:Environmental Health Perspectives 2333:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.05.021 2248:von Münchow, Otto (5 June 2019). 1538:pellets high in protein and oil. 1347:Male ocean phase steelhead salmon 1253:recirculating aquaculture systems 1229:Recirculating aquaculture systems 907:and feed", a 2012 study from the 6109: 5779:Diseases and parasites in salmon 5654:Environmental issues with salmon 5615: 5299:Coimbra, João (1 January 2001). 4826:from the original on 2019-05-22. 4159:from the original on 2010-02-01. 4117:from the original on 2019-05-22. 3535:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99194.x 3380:from the original on 2017-02-01. 3235:from the original on 2017-11-07. 3210:10.1111/j.1748-0159.2008.00111.x 2950:Sarah Knapton (12 August 2017). 2613:Charron, Bertrand (April 2014). 2559:Species Fact Sheets, Salmo salar 2019:from the original on 2018-03-12. 1091:Impact on wild predatory species 763:Diseases and parasites in salmon 750:Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) 443:As of 2008, 50-80% of the world 55: 34: 5246:Cockburn, Harry (8 July 2021). 4859:from the original on 2018-07-01 3726:Interactions between sea lice ( 2599:Pirquet, K. T. (May/June 2010) 2231:Merrit, Mike (13 January 2013) 1945:from the original on 2018-08-16 1903:(Report). World Wildlife Fund. 1300:Adult male and female fish are 849:In the mid 1980s to the 1990s, 6743:Federated States of Micronesia 5810:Infectious salmon anemia virus 5472:Positive Aquaculture Awareness 5467:Watershed Watch Salmon Society 5360:University of Alaska Anchorage 5231:The National (29 March 2019). 3651:Watershed Watch Salmon Society 3584:ICES Journal of Marine Science 2924:Gwynn Guilford (22 Jan 2017). 2675:The Handbook of Salmon Farming 2634:"Alaska salmon: ASMI vs. MSC?" 2632:Charron, Bertrand (May 2012). 1363:from the former binominals of 909:European Food Safety Authority 829:links the spread of parasitic 1: 5857:Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae 5439:BC Salmon Farmers Association 4756:10.1016/S0165-7836(03)00063-8 3669:Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol 3303:10.1016/S1873-0140(05)80007-4 3179:Santerre, Charles R. (2008). 2708:Fish Information and Services 2177:Durham, Sharon (2010-10-13). 2093:. Spring 2005. Archived from 1505:Male freshwater-phase Chinook 136:National Fish Hatchery System 44:1950–2010 as reported by the 3972:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060033 3912:Reviews in Fisheries Science 2710:. 2008-12-12. Archived from 2377:10.1126/science.282.5390.883 2356:Naylor, Rosamond L. (1998). 2293:10.1016/0308-521X(90)90002-8 2207:Avant, Sandra (2014-07-14). 1454:Male ocean phase Coho salmon 1369:Columbia River redband trout 1217:World Wide Fund for Nature, 327:Copper alloys in aquaculture 6543:Fish diseases and parasites 5948:Salmon Fishing in the Yemen 5607:Genetically modified salmon 5305:. IOS Press. pp. 32–. 5012:. Updated 16 November 2007. 4508:Shore, Randy (2018-10-20). 3297:. Elsevier. pp. 119–. 3223:Schwager, SJ (2005-05-01). 2898:Sarah Butler (2017-01-13). 2735:Fisheries and Oceans Canada 2619:www.seafoodintelligence.com 2138:Rome. Retrieved 8 May 2009. 1741:Salmon Fishing in the Yemen 1355:were reclassified into the 1064:Genetically modified salmon 6908: 6616:Microalgal bacterial flocs 5874:Atlantic Salmon Federation 5659:Old McKenzie Fish Hatchery 5267:Beveridge, Malcolm (1984) 5037:Aquaculture in New Zealand 4992:Rome. Accessed 9 May 2009. 4930:Rome. Accessed 9 May 2009. 4801:Rome. Accessed 9 May 2009. 4323:ASC Salmon Standard (V1.1) 3434:Vidal, John (2017-01-01). 2165:Fishmeal industry overview 1612:Late 19th century: Salmon 1172:Benthic impacts and siting 1154:World Wide Fund for Nature 1112:of the effect on feeding. 1061: 927:, chlorinated pesticides, 914:A 2004 study, reported in 867:Pollution and contaminants 861:granulomatous inflammation 856:Renibacterium salmoninarum 760: 657:Total salmonid production 324: 6436: 6419: 6107: 6022: 6009: 5889:Pacific Salmon Commission 5613: 5406:Quinn, Thomas P. (2005). 4878:"BC Fish Facts-Steelhead" 4693:. Fishing News Books LTD. 3932:10.1080/10641260801937131 2749:. saveourskeenasalmon.org 666: 663: 508: 505: 502: 499: 369:maximum sustainable yield 6480:Integrated multi-trophic 5649:Fly fishing bibliography 4988:Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 3332:The Journal of Nutrition 3295:Environmental Toxicology 3114:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2832 3032:Journal of Fish Diseases 2737:. Retrieved 12 May 2009. 2091:Seafood Choices Alliance 1682:Infectious salmon anemia 1659:, an initiative of King 1497:Male ocean-phase Chinook 1440:enteric redmouth disease 1280:In their natal streams, 1101:white-bellied sea eagles 984:Impact on wild salmonids 970:Green Warriors of Norway 851:bacterial kidney disease 783:infectious salmon anemia 318:example, during storms. 73:aquaculture of salmonids 6450:Aquaculture engineering 6004:Fishing industry topics 5850:Sphaerothecum destruens 5326:. Wiley. pp. 18–. 5284:Bjorndal, Trond (1990) 4985:: Species Fact Sheets: 4923:: Species Fact Sheets: 4794:: Species Fact Sheets: 4691:Salmon Farming Handbook 4222:10.1073/pnas.0400023101 4054:10.1073/pnas.1009573108 3878:10.1073/pnas.0603525103 3728:Lepeophtheirus salmonis 3688:Lepeophtheirus salmonis 3150:10.1126/science.1091447 2838:10.1126/science.1156341 2784:10.1126/science.1148744 1766:FAO Species Fact Sheets 1027:Pacific coast of Canada 1006:Lepeophtheirus salmonis 1004:Sea lice, particularly 158:of salmonids was worth 5828:Nanophyetus salmincola 4841:"Species Fact Sheets: 3772:10.1098/rspb.2007.1122 3740:Oncorhynchus gorbuscha 3692:Oncorhynchus gorbuscha 3605:10.1006/jmsc.1998.0437 3477:10.1098/rspb.2000.1173 3345:10.1093/jn/135.11.2639 3188:Journal of Foodservice 1941:. METRO EAST ANGLERS. 1871:"Commercial Fisheries" 1575:University of Aberdeen 1506: 1498: 1455: 1348: 1340: 1277: 1259:in the rearing water. 1221: 1220: 946: 879:can accumulate on the 228: 220: 204: 196:salmon hatchery, near 6388:World fish production 5644:Aquaculture of salmon 5639:Alaska salmon fishery 5480:– Video extract from 5478:What about this fish? 5187:(in Thai). 2017-10-26 4781:. NRC Research Press. 4689:Sedgwick, S. (1988). 4014:10.1038/news.2010.449 3074:, Cornell University. 2527:Modern Salmon Harvest 1504: 1496: 1453: 1377:coastal rainbow trout 1346: 1338: 1275: 1166: 1116:Impact on forage fish 942: 757:Disease and parasites 388:eicosapentaenoic acid 386:as feed. Some of the 226: 210: 192: 18:Aquaculture of salmon 5821:Myxobolus cerebralis 5797:Gyrodactylus salaris 5784:Amoebic gill disease 5602:Spike-toothed salmon 4926:Oncorhynchus kisutch 4704:Bromage, N. (1995). 3734:), juvenile salmon ( 3724:Peet, C. R. (2007). 3514:Conservation Biology 2638:Seafood Intelligence 2273:Agricultural Systems 2151:Stanford University. 2147:Naylor R. L. (2005) 2134:Oncorhynchus kisutch 1939:"Incubation Biology" 1415:, shrimp, and other 1070:genetically modified 1058:Genetic modification 439:Other feed additives 392:docosahexaenoic acid 6241:Fish protein powder 5942:Salmon of Knowledge 5804:Henneguya zschokkei 5689:Salmon conservation 5462:World Wildlife Fund 5344:, Wiley-Blackwell. 5288:. Wiley-Blackwell. 5212:. November 21, 2007 5039:aquaculture.govt.nz 5024:Aquaculture: Salmon 4647:2018Aquac.482...83F 4297:2019Ecosp..10E2922N 4213:2004PNAS..101.9303D 4045:2010PNAS..10722599M 3924:2008RvFS...16..403B 3824:2008NAJFM..28..523M 3596:1999ICJMS..56..200H 3526:2000ConBi..14..899V 3471:(1452): 1517–1523. 3260:2005EnST...39.8622H 3142:2004Sci...303..226H 3044:1986JFDis...9..205B 3009:2010NAJFM..30..940M 2830:2008Sci...322.1790R 2776:2007Sci...318.1772K 2543:Species fact sheets 2325:2010Aquac.306..225B 2285:1990AgSys..32..207K 1558:spiked in the brain 1361:Oncorhynchus mykiss 1162:ASC Salmon Standard 1012:species, including 787:European Commission 658: 496: 435:faster than usual. 396:Omega-3 fatty acids 355:), so they prevent 132:subsistence fishing 6393:Fishing by country 6036:Commercial fishing 5899:Wild Salmon Center 5674:Puget Sound salmon 5664:Pacific Salmon War 5444:2011-04-23 at the 5342:Salmon Aquaculture 5021:Wassilieff, Maggy 5007:Marine Aquaculture 4945:2010-02-14 at the 4744:Fisheries Research 4673:Salmon Aquaculture 3663:Bravo, S. (2003). 3646:2010-12-14 at the 3067:Lang S. S. (2005) 2884:2018-06-23 at the 2730:2010-12-29 at the 2601:"Follow the Money" 2570:Dietary Guidelines 1729:In popular culture 1661:Bhumibol Adulyadej 1647:was first bred in 1507: 1499: 1456: 1425:mountain whitefish 1349: 1341: 1278: 1224:Land-raised salmon 656: 494: 482:Wild versus farmed 407:linear programming 237:commercial fishing 229: 221: 205: 202:Scottish Highlands 79:and harvesting of 6892:Fishing in Norway 6864: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6657:Freshwater prawns 6415: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6138:Fish preservation 6061:Midwater trawling 5971: 5970: 5790:Ceratomyxa shasta 5419:978-0-295-98457-5 5387:978-1-4020-6923-9 5350:978-0-85238-204-2 5333:978-1-4051-2991-6 5312:978-0-9673355-6-8 5294:978-0-632-02704-0 5164:978-1-907110-44-3 5139:978-1-907110-44-3 5114:978-1-907110-44-3 5089:978-1-907110-44-3 4723:Mills D. (1989). 4710:Blackwell Science 4675:. Halstead Press. 4585:Undercurrent News 4537:Undercurrent News 4306:10.1002/ecs2.2922 4107:978-0-89164-175-9 4039:(52): 22599–604. 3832:10.1577/M07-042.1 3736:Oncorhynchus keta 3732:Caligus clemensii 3696:Oncorhynchus keta 3630:. pp. 1–120. 3312:978-0-08-045873-1 3268:10.1021/es050898y 3254:(22): 8622–8629. 3107:(7): 2832. 2012. 3017:10.1577/M09-044.1 2969:Dumiak, Michael. 2685:978-1-85233-119-1 2462:, Fish oil, p. 58 2371:(5390): 883–884. 1910:978-0-89164-175-9 1708:Pelagia noctiluca 1631:Kerguelen Islands 1184:Disease/parasites 1068:Salmon have been 736: 735: 654: 653: 16:(Redirected from 6899: 6887:Fishing in Chile 6788:Papua New Guinea 6768:Marshall Islands 6438: 6430:farmed fisheries 6421: 6309:Shrimp marketing 6231:Fish hydrolysate 6113: 6028:Fishing industry 6024: 6011: 5998: 5991: 5984: 5975: 5619: 5590:Taiwanese salmon 5545:Black Sea salmon 5512: 5505: 5498: 5489: 5423: 5391: 5337: 5316: 5256: 5255: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5192: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5125: 5119: 5118: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5065: 5056:. 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(1993). 4668: 4659: 4658: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4616: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4591: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4567: 4561:www.politico.com 4553: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4543: 4529: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4489: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4465: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4441: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4417: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4393: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4369: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4345: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4266: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4234: 4224: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4182: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4132: 4128: 4126: 4118: 4116: 4099: 4088: 4077: 4076: 4066: 4056: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3984: 3974: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3890: 3880: 3871:(42): 15506–10. 3856: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3846: 3840: 3834:. Archived from 3809: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3783: 3766:(1629): 3141–9. 3751: 3745: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3660: 3654: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3625: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3607: 3571: 3565: 3564:, Vancouver, BC. 3554: 3548: 3547: 3537: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3488: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3446: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3372: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3347: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3203: 3185: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3072:Chronicle Online 3065: 3056: 3055: 3027: 3021: 3020: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2981: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2895: 2889: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2813: 2804: 2803: 2770:(5857): 1772–5. 2759: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2669: 2660: 2659: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2610: 2604: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2552: 2546: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2444: 2434: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2417: 2416: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2393: 2387:. 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Archived from 1902: 1893: 1882: 1881: 1879: 1878: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1850: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1833: 1832: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1812: 1811: 1805: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1722:Tierra del Fuego 1712:Northern Ireland 1621:Falkland Islands 1526:largest producer 1310:cryopreservation 1249:Nephrocalcinosis 1218: 1045:Wild salmon are 1018:C. rogercresseyi 968:, leader of the 853:(BKD) caused by 827:British Columbia 659: 497: 266:forage fisheries 235:salmonids using 217:vertebral column 59: 38: 21: 6907: 6906: 6902: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6897: 6896: 6867: 6866: 6865: 6852: 6798:Solomon Islands 6706: 6635: 6621:Photobioreactor 6592: 6514: 6432: 6407: 6376: 6333: 6304:Live fish trade 6290: 6182: 6120:Fish processing 6114: 6105: 6096:Fishing vessels 6066:Bottom trawling 6018: 6005: 6002: 5972: 5967: 5908: 5862: 5844:Salmon tapeworm 5770: 5763: 5705: 5684:Putcher fishing 5629: 5620: 5611: 5540:Atlantic salmon 5527: 5521: 5516: 5482:Harvest of Fear 5446:Wayback Machine 5435: 5420: 5405: 5388: 5373: 5334: 5319: 5313: 5298: 5264: 5262:Further reading 5259: 5252:The Independent 5245: 5244: 5240: 5230: 5229: 5225: 5215: 5213: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5190: 5188: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5165: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5140: 5127: 5126: 5122: 5115: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5090: 5077: 5076: 5072: 5063: 5061: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5035: 5031: 5020: 5016: 5005: 4996: 4990:(Walbaum, 1792) 4981: 4977: 4968: 4966: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4947:Wayback Machine 4938: 4934: 4928:(Walbaum, 1792) 4919: 4915: 4906: 4902: 4893: 4891: 4887: 4880: 4876: 4875: 4871: 4862: 4860: 4839: 4838: 4831: 4823: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4790: 4786: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4729:Springer-Verlag 4722: 4721: 4717: 4703: 4702: 4698: 4688: 4687: 4680: 4670: 4669: 4662: 4628: 4627: 4623: 4614: 4612: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4589: 4587: 4579: 4578: 4574: 4565: 4563: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4541: 4539: 4531: 4530: 4523: 4514: 4512: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4494: 4487: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4470: 4463: 4459: 4458: 4454: 4446: 4439: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4422: 4415: 4411: 4410: 4406: 4398: 4391: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4374: 4367: 4363: 4362: 4358: 4350: 4343: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4326: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4264: 4262: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4180: 4178: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4129: 4119: 4114: 4108: 4097: 4090: 4089: 4080: 4026: 4025: 4021: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3844: 3842: 3838: 3807: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3753: 3752: 3748: 3723: 3719: 3712:10.1139/f04-016 3685: 3684: 3680: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3648:Wayback Machine 3639: 3635: 3623: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3555: 3551: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3444: 3442: 3433: 3432: 3428: 3418: 3416: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3394: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3377: 3370: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3338:(11): 2639–43. 3325: 3324: 3320: 3313: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3201:10.1.1.570.4751 3183: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3136:(5655): 226–9. 3127: 3126: 3122: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3066: 3059: 3029: 3028: 3024: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2979: 2977: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2934: 2932: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2908: 2906: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2886:Wayback Machine 2877: 2873: 2865: 2861: 2815: 2814: 2807: 2761: 2760: 2753: 2745: 2741: 2732:Wayback Machine 2723: 2719: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2686: 2671: 2670: 2663: 2656:adfg.alaska.gov 2650: 2649: 2645: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2598: 2594: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2568: 2564: 2553: 2549: 2537: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2508: 2506: 2497: 2496: 2492: 2482: 2480: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2458: 2451: 2442: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2414: 2412: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2391: 2360: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2305: 2304: 2300: 2270: 2269: 2265: 2258:Teknisk Ukeblad 2247: 2246: 2239: 2230: 2226: 2217: 2215: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2192: 2190: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2162: 2155: 2146: 2142: 2136:(Walbaum, 1792) 2127: 2112: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2086: 2082: 2081: 2068: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2045: 2043: 2034: 2033: 2024: 2016: 2001: 1996: 1995: 1991: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1969: 1965: 1964: 1957: 1948: 1946: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1911: 1900: 1895: 1894: 1885: 1876: 1874: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1854: 1852: 1851:. Seafish. 2015 1848: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1830: 1828: 1823: 1822: 1818: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1797: 1793: 1783: 1781: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1731: 1566: 1491: 1448: 1365:Salmo gairdneri 1333: 1282:Atlantic salmon 1276:Atlantic salmon 1270: 1268:Atlantic salmon 1265: 1258: 1246: 1226: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1178:Chemical inputs 1150: 1118: 1109: 1093: 1079:growth hormones 1066: 1060: 986: 955: 869: 765: 759: 741: 529:Atlantic salmon 484: 467: 441: 365: 329: 307: 286: 187: 154:. In 2007, the 105:Atlantic salmon 69: 68: 67: 66: 65: 64: 60: 51: 50: 49: 48: 43: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6905: 6903: 6895: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6869: 6868: 6862: 6861: 6858: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6850: 6845: 6844: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6827:United States 6825: 6823:United Kingdom 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6714: 6712: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6643: 6641: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6602: 6600: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6524: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6490:Antimicrobials 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6460:Best practices 6457: 6452: 6446: 6444: 6434: 6433: 6424: 6417: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6384: 6382: 6381:Area fisheries 6378: 6377: 6375: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6362:English Market 6359: 6354: 6349: 6343: 6341: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6300: 6298: 6296:Fish marketing 6292: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6192: 6190: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6163:Salmon cannery 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6124: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6041:Fish slaughter 6038: 6032: 6030: 6020: 6019: 6016:Wild fisheries 6014: 6007: 6006: 6003: 6001: 6000: 5993: 5986: 5978: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5958: 5955:The Salmon Fly 5951: 5944: 5939: 5937:Salmon (color) 5934: 5927: 5925:Salmon cannery 5922: 5916: 5914: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5853: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5824: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5800: 5793: 5786: 5781: 5775: 5773: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5754:Salmon tartare 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5715: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5635: 5633: 5622: 5621: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5587: 5585:Sockeye salmon 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5560:Chinook salmon 5557: 5550:Pacific salmon 5547: 5542: 5537: 5531: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5515: 5514: 5507: 5500: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5475: 5469: 5464: 5455: 5449: 5434: 5433:External links 5431: 5430: 5429: 5424: 5418: 5403: 5392: 5386: 5371: 5352: 5338: 5332: 5317: 5311: 5296: 5282: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5238: 5223: 5197: 5170: 5163: 5145: 5138: 5120: 5113: 5095: 5088: 5070: 5041: 5029: 5014: 4994: 4975: 4951: 4932: 4913: 4900: 4869: 4829: 4803: 4784: 4769: 4750:(3): 237–254. 4734: 4715: 4696: 4678: 4660: 4621: 4596: 4572: 4548: 4521: 4500: 4497:on 2008-08-29. 4476: 4473:on 2011-06-05. 4452: 4449:on 2008-11-20. 4428: 4425:on 2011-06-05. 4404: 4401:on 2011-06-05. 4380: 4377:on 2008-08-29. 4356: 4353:on 2011-06-05. 4332: 4312: 4271: 4246: 4207:(25): 9303–8. 4187: 4162: 4155:. 2009-02-11. 4140: 4106: 4078: 4019: 3996: 3945: 3918:(4): 403–412. 3902: 3851: 3818:(2): 523–532. 3795: 3746: 3717: 3706:(2): 147–157. 3678: 3655: 3633: 3611: 3590:(2): 200–206. 3566: 3549: 3520:(3): 899–903. 3500: 3451: 3426: 3414:New York Times 3400: 3383: 3359: 3318: 3311: 3281: 3238: 3215: 3194:(4): 205–212. 3171: 3120: 3088: 3076: 3057: 3038:(3): 205–211. 3022: 3003:(4): 940–955. 2986: 2961: 2942: 2916: 2890: 2871: 2859: 2824:(5909): 1790. 2805: 2751: 2739: 2717: 2714:on 2011-07-11. 2691: 2684: 2661: 2643: 2624: 2605: 2592: 2589:on 2018-10-28. 2574: 2562: 2547: 2531: 2519: 2490: 2464: 2449: 2421: 2397: 2394:on 2009-03-26. 2348: 2298: 2279:(3): 207–231. 2263: 2237: 2224: 2199: 2169: 2153: 2140: 2110: 2066: 2052: 2022: 1989: 1955: 1930: 1909: 1883: 1862: 1837: 1816: 1791: 1769: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1738:'s 2007 novel 1734:Chapter 14 of 1730: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1718: 1715: 1704: 1701: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1678: 1675: 1664: 1641: 1638: 1627: 1624: 1617: 1610: 1603:Umkomass river 1599: 1588: 1581: 1578: 1565: 1562: 1510:Chinook salmon 1490: 1489:Chinook salmon 1487: 1447: 1444: 1407:, and aquatic 1332: 1329: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1256: 1245: 1242: 1225: 1222: 1214: 1212: 1211: 1205: 1199: 1193: 1187: 1181: 1175: 1168: 1149: 1146: 1138:predatory fish 1117: 1114: 1108: 1105: 1092: 1089: 1062:Main article: 1059: 1056: 997:waters in the 985: 982: 954: 951: 920:organochlorine 868: 865: 758: 755: 740: 737: 734: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 719: 718: 715: 712: 709: 706: 702: 701: 698: 695: 692: 689: 685: 684: 681: 678: 675: 672: 669: 668: 665: 662: 652: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639:Sockeye salmon 635: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 618: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 601: 600: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587:Chinook salmon 583: 582: 579: 576: 573: 570: 564: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 547: 546: 543: 540: 537: 534: 531: 525: 524: 521: 518: 515: 511: 510: 507: 504: 501: 483: 480: 466: 463: 440: 437: 364: 361: 306: 303: 285: 282: 241:ocean ranching 186: 183: 148:black sea bass 138:. In Europe, 120:Chinook salmon 91:), along with 62: 61: 54: 53: 52: 41: 40: 33: 32: 31: 30: 29: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6904: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6849: 6846: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6709: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6672:Marine shrimp 6670: 6668: 6667:Hirudiculture 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6640:Other species 6638: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6595: 6589: 6588:US hatcheries 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6563:Fish stocking 6561: 6559: 6558:Fish hatchery 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6517: 6511: 6510:Recirculating 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6475:Inland saline 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6465:Copper alloys 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6422: 6418: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6398:Fishing banks 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6379: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6336: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6293: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6221:Fish emulsion 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6211:Cod liver oil 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6188:Fish products 6185: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6153:Filleted fish 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6117: 6112: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6056:Pair trawling 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6012: 6008: 5999: 5994: 5992: 5987: 5985: 5980: 5979: 5976: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5952: 5950: 5949: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5932: 5931:Salmon (book) 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5911: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5867:Organisations 5865: 5859: 5858: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5823: 5822: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5801: 5799: 5798: 5794: 5792: 5791: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5766: 5760: 5759:Smoked salmon 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5749:Salmon burger 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5627: 5623: 5618: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5597:Danube salmon 5595: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5524: 5520: 5513: 5508: 5506: 5501: 5499: 5494: 5493: 5490: 5483: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5453: 5450: 5447: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5425: 5421: 5415: 5411: 5410: 5404: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5379: 5378: 5372: 5369: 5368:0-89164-175-0 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5329: 5325: 5324: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5281: 5280:92-5-102163-5 5277: 5273: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5261: 5253: 5249: 5242: 5239: 5234: 5227: 5224: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5198: 5186: 5185: 5180: 5174: 5171: 5166: 5160: 5156: 5149: 5146: 5141: 5135: 5131: 5124: 5121: 5116: 5110: 5106: 5099: 5096: 5091: 5085: 5081: 5074: 5071: 5060:on 2012-02-24 5059: 5055: 5054:connemara.net 5051: 5045: 5042: 5038: 5033: 5030: 5026: 5025: 5018: 5015: 5011: 5008: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4976: 4965: 4961: 4955: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4941: 4936: 4933: 4929: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4901: 4890:on 2013-07-18 4886: 4879: 4873: 4870: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4844: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4822: 4815: 4814: 4807: 4804: 4800: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4785: 4780: 4773: 4770: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4719: 4716: 4711: 4707: 4700: 4697: 4692: 4685: 4683: 4679: 4674: 4667: 4665: 4661: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4625: 4622: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4597: 4586: 4582: 4576: 4573: 4562: 4558: 4552: 4549: 4538: 4534: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4511: 4504: 4501: 4493: 4486: 4480: 4477: 4469: 4462: 4456: 4453: 4445: 4438: 4432: 4429: 4421: 4414: 4408: 4405: 4397: 4390: 4384: 4381: 4373: 4366: 4360: 4357: 4349: 4342: 4336: 4333: 4325: 4324: 4316: 4313: 4307: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4272: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4188: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4153:The Fish Site 4150: 4144: 4141: 4136: 4124: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4096: 4095: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4023: 4020: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4000: 3997: 3992: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3949: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3906: 3903: 3898: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3852: 3841:on 2013-08-29 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3799: 3796: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3721: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3682: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3649: 3645: 3642: 3637: 3634: 3629: 3622: 3615: 3612: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3579: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3504: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3455: 3452: 3441: 3437: 3430: 3427: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3401: 3393: 3387: 3384: 3376: 3369: 3363: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3322: 3319: 3314: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3182: 3175: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3121: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3092: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3077: 3073: 3070: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3026: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2990: 2987: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2962: 2957: 2956:The Telegraph 2953: 2946: 2943: 2931: 2927: 2920: 2917: 2905: 2901: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2880: 2875: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2860: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2740: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2726: 2721: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2687: 2681: 2677: 2676: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2647: 2644: 2639: 2635: 2628: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2596: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2578: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2520: 2516: 2505:on 2004-09-02 2504: 2500: 2494: 2491: 2478: 2474: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2438: 2431: 2425: 2422: 2411: 2410:The Economist 2407: 2401: 2398: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2359: 2352: 2349: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2302: 2299: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2267: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2228: 2225: 2214: 2210: 2203: 2200: 2189:on 2016-03-25 2188: 2184: 2180: 2173: 2170: 2166: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2144: 2141: 2137: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2100:on 2015-09-24 2096: 2092: 2085: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2056: 2053: 2042:on 2015-01-23 2041: 2037: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2015: 2012:. p. 6. 2011: 2007: 2000: 1993: 1990: 1979:on 2012-07-13 1975: 1968: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1944: 1940: 1934: 1931: 1920:on 2017-11-07 1916: 1912: 1906: 1899: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1872: 1866: 1863: 1847: 1841: 1838: 1826: 1820: 1817: 1802: 1795: 1792: 1779: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1761: 1758: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1657:Royal Project 1654: 1650: 1646: 1645:Rainbow trout 1642: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1585:Ballyconneely 1582: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1554: 1552: 1551:Southern Alps 1548: 1544: 1539: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1503: 1495: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1452: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1357:Pacific trout 1354: 1345: 1339:Rainbow trout 1337: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1317: 1313: 1312:of the eggs. 1311: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1294: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1274: 1267: 1262: 1260: 1254: 1250: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1223: 1209: 1208:Social issues 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1152:In 2004, the 1147: 1145: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1115: 1113: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1065: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1037: 1031: 1028: 1023: 1022:ectoparasites 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1002: 1000: 996: 992: 991:Faroe Islands 983: 981: 979: 978:Don Staniford 975: 971: 967: 966:Kurt Oddekalv 963: 960: 952: 950: 945: 941: 939: 935: 930: 926: 921: 917: 912: 910: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 888:Health Canada 884: 882: 878: 873: 866: 864: 862: 858: 857: 852: 847: 844: 842: 841:ballan wrasse 837: 832: 828: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 779: 776: 772: 771: 764: 756: 754: 751: 745: 738: 732: 729: 727: 724: 721: 720: 716: 713: 710: 707: 704: 703: 699: 696: 693: 690: 687: 686: 682: 679: 676: 673: 671: 670: 661: 660: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 636: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 619: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 602: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 584: 580: 577: 574: 571: 569: 566: 565: 561: 559: 556: 554: 552: 549: 548: 544: 541: 538: 535: 532: 530: 527: 526: 522: 519: 516: 513: 512: 498: 492: 490: 481: 479: 476: 471: 464: 462: 460: 459:canthaxanthin 456: 453: 448: 446: 438: 436: 433: 429: 424: 422: 421:trophic level 416: 413: 408: 403: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 382:, algae, and 381: 377: 372: 370: 362: 360: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 328: 323: 319: 315: 311: 304: 302: 300: 294: 290: 283: 281: 279: 274: 271: 268:which supply 267: 261: 259: 255: 249: 246: 242: 238: 234: 225: 218: 214: 209: 203: 199: 195: 191: 184: 182: 179: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 124:rainbow trout 121: 117: 116:United States 112: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 89:rainbow trout 86: 82: 78: 74: 58: 47: 37: 19: 6877:Fish farming 6803:South Africa 6692:Sea cucumber 6647:Brine shrimp 6626:Raceway pond 6568:Spawning bed 6548:Fish farming 6520:Fish farming 6357:Maine Avenue 6347:Billingsgate 6339:Fish markets 6314:Chasse-marée 6286:Surströmming 6276:Shrimp paste 6201:Fish as food 6133:Factory ship 6128:Fish factory 5962:The Big Fish 5960: 5953: 5946: 5929: 5855: 5848: 5834:Salmon louse 5826: 5819: 5815:M74 syndrome 5802: 5795: 5788: 5769:Diseases and 5719:Cured salmon 5643: 5481: 5408: 5402:(4) 485–500. 5399: 5376: 5341: 5322: 5301: 5285: 5251: 5241: 5226: 5214:. 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Retrieved 1772: 1760: 1748:in Scotland. 1739: 1724:, Argentina. 1698:Furunculosis 1668:Gyrodactylus 1653:Doi Inthanon 1635:Indian Ocean 1607:South Africa 1592:River Plenty 1571:Hector Boece 1555: 1540: 1523: 1518:Copper River 1508: 1483: 1476: 1464:state animal 1457: 1437: 1381: 1372: 1364: 1360: 1350: 1326: 1318: 1314: 1302:anesthetized 1299: 1295: 1279: 1247: 1227: 1207: 1201: 1195: 1189: 1183: 1177: 1171: 1151: 1142: 1123: 1119: 1110: 1094: 1067: 1044: 1040: 1032: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1008:and various 1005: 1003: 987: 964: 956: 947: 943: 915: 913: 885: 877:heavy metals 874: 870: 854: 848: 845: 823: 813:of infected 780: 770:Gyrodactylus 768: 766: 746: 742: 485: 472: 468: 449: 442: 425: 417: 415:eliminated. 404: 373: 366: 351:, and other 330: 320: 316: 312: 308: 295: 291: 287: 278:agribusiness 275: 262: 250: 230: 180: 134:through the 128:recreational 113: 108: 72: 70: 6808:South Korea 6778:New Zealand 6697:Sea sponges 6598:Algaculture 6485:Mariculture 6442:Aquaculture 6426:Aquaculture 6403:Other areas 6173:Smoked fish 6168:Salted fish 6101:Power block 6076:Gillnetting 5734:Lomi salmon 5575:Pink salmon 5570:Masu salmon 5565:Coho salmon 5555:Chum salmon 4797:Salmo salar 4635:Aquaculture 4175:www.fda.gov 4131:|work= 4006:Nature News 3578:Salmo salar 3419:February 9, 2935:January 25, 2909:January 25, 2437:cargill.com 2313:Aquaculture 2309:Salmo salar 1780:. farms.com 1736:Paul Torday 1577:, Scotland. 1479:broodstocks 1460:Coho salmon 1446:Coho salmon 1417:crustaceans 1397:caddisflies 1291:overfishing 1286:fly anglers 1036:salmon runs 1014:C. clemensi 622:Chum salmon 605:Pink salmon 568:Coho salmon 475:purse seine 455:astaxanthin 452:carotenoids 384:amino acids 258:mariculture 198:Inchnadamph 156:aquaculture 140:brown trout 109:Salmo salar 101:aquaculture 6871:Categories 6763:Madagascar 6738:East Timor 6711:By country 6611:Microalgae 6606:Giant kelp 6528:Broodstock 6455:Aquaponics 6319:Fishmonger 6246:Fish sauce 6148:Dried fish 6143:Slurry ice 6081:Longlining 5729:Lohikeitto 5694:Salmon run 5631:management 5535:Salmonidae 5526:Groups and 5216:28 January 5191:2024-07-29 5064:2009-05-26 4969:2015-01-21 4894:2013-11-28 4863:2009-05-09 4615:2019-05-11 4590:2019-05-11 4566:2020-07-16 4542:2019-05-11 4515:2019-05-11 4265:2015-11-09 4181:2017-06-19 3965:(2): e33. 3845:2016-10-26 3675:: 197–200. 3626:(Report). 3445:2018-02-09 2980:2017-06-05 2509:2007-08-26 2460:FAO (2008) 2443:2017-09-11 2415:2017-09-11 2218:2014-09-09 2193:2014-09-09 2104:2015-01-21 2046:2015-01-21 1983:2015-01-22 1949:2016-03-27 1924:2015-01-22 1877:2015-01-12 1831:2015-01-21 1810:2015-01-21 1753:References 1672:monogenean 1670:, a small 1663:(Rama IX). 1614:hatcheries 1587:, Ireland. 1514:state fish 1421:planktonic 1401:stoneflies 1373:S. irideus 1244:Challenges 1126:microalgae 1107:Ecological 1084:transgenic 1075:ocean pout 1047:anadromous 995:Washington 836:extinction 791:fish stock 775:monogenean 761:See also: 730:3,157,831 714:2,165,321 545:2,087,110 542:1,433,708 465:Harvesting 390:(EPA) and 357:biofouling 325:See also: 284:Hatcheries 245:hatcheries 6753:Indonesia 6718:Australia 6583:Tailwater 6553:Fish feed 6226:Fish meal 5839:Sea louse 5771:parasites 5699:June hogs 5626:Fisheries 5580:Steelhead 4764:0165-7836 4641:: 83–89. 4609:IntraFish 4285:Ecosphere 4133:ignored ( 4123:cite book 3196:CiteSeerX 2483:30 August 2477:GLOBEFISH 2385:129814837 2342:1893/2421 1531:sea floor 1433:amphipods 1409:dipterana 1353:steelhead 1351:In 1989, 1331:Steelhead 781:In 1984, 767:In 1972, 551:Steelhead 400:algae oil 394:(DHA) in 305:Sea cages 270:fish meal 6758:Kiribati 6687:Scallops 6495:Offshore 6324:Fishwife 6266:Lutefisk 6236:Fish oil 6216:Fish roe 6091:Dredging 6086:Trolling 6051:Trawling 5442:Archived 5210:NBC News 4943:Archived 4857:Archived 4821:Archived 4259:ABC News 4241:15192145 4157:Archived 4112:Archived 4073:21149706 3991:18271629 3940:55689510 3897:17021017 3790:17939989 3644:Archived 3544:86641677 3495:11007327 3375:Archived 3354:16251623 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