1893:
2998:
1432:
1908:
1943:
2260:
2714:). In contrast to igneous and metamorphic rocks, a sedimentary rock usually contains very few different major minerals. However, the origin of the minerals in a sedimentary rock is often more complex than in an igneous rock. Minerals in a sedimentary rock may have been present in the original sediments or may formed by precipitation during diagenesis. In the second case, a mineral precipitate may have grown over an older generation of cement. A complex diagenetic history can be established by
3341:
3194:
3330:
47:
2473:
3821:
2331:
3669:
3017:
2621:
3647:
1609:
1924:
4017:
2781:
4049:
3555:
2562:
1162:
2968:
1621:
2692:
3143:
1754:
4002:. Coal is considered a type of sedimentary rock. The composition of sediments provides us with clues as to the original rock. Differences between successive layers indicate changes to the environment over time. Sedimentary rocks can contain fossils because, unlike most igneous and metamorphic rocks, they form at temperatures and pressures that do not destroy fossil remains.
2756:, and finally other less stable minerals that are only present when little weathering has occurred. The amount of weathering depends mainly on the distance to the source area, the local climate and the time it took for the sediment to be transported to the point where it is deposited. In most sedimentary rocks, mica, feldspar and less stable minerals have been weathered to
1207:
2341:. While material dissolves at places where grains are in contact, that material may recrystallize from the solution and act as cement in open pore spaces. As a result, there is a net flow of material from areas under high stress to those under low stress, producing a sedimentary rock that is harder and more compact. Loose sand can become sandstone in this way.
3909:
3278:. While the clastic bed is still fluid, diapirism can cause a denser upper layer to sink into a lower layer. Sometimes, density contrasts occur or are enhanced when one of the lithologies dehydrates. Clay can be easily compressed as a result of dehydration, while sand retains the same volume and becomes relatively less dense. On the other hand, when the
3496:. In the quiet water of swamps, lakes and lagoons, fine sediment is deposited, mingled with organic material from dead plants and animals. In rivers, the energy of the water is much greater and can transport heavier clastic material. Besides transport by water, sediment can be transported by wind or glaciers. Sediment transported by wind is called
2830:
3893:. Catastrophic processes can see the sudden deposition of a large amount of sediment at once. In some sedimentary environments, most of the total column of sedimentary rock was formed by catastrophic processes, even though the environment is usually a quiet place. Other sedimentary environments are dominated by normal, ongoing sedimentation.
3872:), which are assumed to have been caused by astronomic cycles. Climate change can influence the global sea level (and thus the amount of accommodation space in sedimentary basins) and sediment supply from a certain region. Eventually, small changes in astronomic parameters can cause large changes in sedimentary environment and sedimentation.
2411:. Points of contact between grains are under the greatest strain, and the strained mineral is more soluble than the rest of the grain. As a result, the contact points are dissolved away, allowing the grains to come into closer contact. The increased pressure and temperature stimulate further chemical reactions, such as the reactions by which
3547:(where fine clay and organic material is deposited). Every sedimentary environment has its own characteristic deposits. When sedimentary strata accumulate through time, the environment can shift, forming a change in facies in the subsurface at one location. On the other hand, when a rock layer with a certain age is followed laterally, the
3074:. Laminae are usually less than a few centimetres thick. Though bedding and lamination are often originally horizontal in nature, this is not always the case. In some environments, beds are deposited at a (usually small) angle. Sometimes multiple sets of layers with different orientations exist in the same rock, a structure called
1474:
3243:. Concretions are roughly concentric bodies with a different composition from the host rock. Their formation can be the result of localized precipitation due to small differences in composition or porosity of the host rock, such as around fossils, inside burrows or around plant roots. In carbonate rocks such as limestone or
3081:
The opposite of cross-bedding is parallel lamination, where all sedimentary layering is parallel. Differences in laminations are generally caused by cyclic changes in the sediment supply, caused, for example, by seasonal changes in rainfall, temperature or biochemical activity. Laminae that represent
2695:
Global collage of sand samples. There is one square centimeter of sand on every sample photo. Sand samples row by row from left to right: 1. Glass sand from Kauai, Hawaii 2. Dune sand from the Gobi Desert 3. Quartz sand with green glauconite from
Estonia 4. Volcanic sand with reddish weathered basalt
3904:
may cause sudden deposits of large quantities of detrital material, but in most places eolian erosion dominates. The amount of sedimentary rock that forms is not only dependent on the amount of supplied material, but also on how well the material consolidates. Erosion removes most deposited sediment
3412:
is deposited. When the continent is far away, the amount of such sediment deposited may be small, and biochemical processes dominate the type of rock that forms. Especially in warm climates, shallow marine environments far offshore mainly see deposition of carbonate rocks. The shallow, warm water is
2608:
only settles in quiet water while gravel and larger clasts are moved only by rapidly moving water. The grain size of a rock is usually expressed with the
Wentworth scale, though alternative scales are sometimes used. The grain size can be expressed as a diameter or a volume, and is always an average
1655:
The relative abundance of sand-sized framework grains determines the first word in a sandstone name. Naming depends on the dominance of the three most abundant components quartz, feldspar, or the lithic fragments that originated from other rocks. All other minerals are considered accessories and not
2552:
by oxidation or bacterial activity. Under anoxic circumstances, however, organic material cannot decay and leaves a dark sediment, rich in organic material. This can, for example, occur at the bottom of deep seas and lakes. There is little water mixing in such environments; as a result, oxygen from
1699:
Six sandstone names are possible using the descriptors for grain composition (quartz-, feldspathic-, and lithic-) and the amount of matrix (wacke or arenite). For example, a quartz arenite would be composed of mostly (>90%) quartz grains and have little or no clayey matrix between the grains, a
3123:
Ripple marks also form in flowing water. There can be symmetric or asymmetric. Asymmetric ripples form in environments where the current is in one direction, such as rivers. The longer flank of such ripples is on the upstream side of the current. Symmetric wave ripples occur in environments where
3100:
is a structure where beds with a smaller grain size occur on top of beds with larger grains. This structure forms when fast flowing water stops flowing. Larger, heavier clasts in suspension settle first, then smaller clasts. Although graded bedding can form in many different environments, it is a
3420:
In deep marine environments, the water current working the sea bottom is small. Only fine particles can be transported to such places. Typically sediments depositing on the ocean floor are fine clay or small skeletons of micro-organisms. At 4 km depth, the solubility of carbonates increases
2351:
As sediments accumulate in a depositional environment, older sediments are buried by younger sediments, and they undergo diagenesis. Diagenesis includes all the chemical, physical, and biological changes, exclusive of surface weathering, undergone by a sediment after its initial deposition. This
3189:
by sedimentologists. It can be a valuable indicator of the biological and ecological environment that existed after the sediment was deposited. On the other hand, the burrowing activity of organisms can destroy other (primary) structures in the sediment, making a reconstruction more difficult.
1736:
Most authors presently use the term "mudrock" to refer to all rocks composed dominantly of mud. Mudrocks can be divided into siltstones, composed dominantly of silt-sized particles; mudstones with subequal mixture of silt- and clay-sized particles; and claystones, composed mostly of clay-sized
3539:. Sedimentary environments usually exist alongside each other in certain natural successions. A beach, where sand and gravel is deposited, is usually bounded by a deeper marine environment a little offshore, where finer sediments are deposited at the same time. Behind the beach, there can be
3880:
The rate at which sediment is deposited differs depending on the location. A channel in a tidal flat can see the deposition of a few metres of sediment in one day, while on the deep ocean floor each year only a few millimetres of sediment accumulate. A distinction can be made between normal
3293:
Sedimentary dykes can also be formed in a cold climate where the soil is permanently frozen during a large part of the year. Frost weathering can form cracks in the soil that fill with rubble from above. Such structures can be used as climate indicators as well as way up structures.
3605:. In the subsurface, such geographic shifts of sedimentary environments of the past are recorded in shifts in sedimentary facies. This means that sedimentary facies can change either parallel or perpendicular to an imaginary layer of rock with a fixed age, a phenomenon described by
2540:
and gives the rock a reddish to brownish colour. In arid continental climates rocks are in direct contact with the atmosphere, and oxidation is an important process, giving the rock a red or orange colour. Thick sequences of red sedimentary rocks formed in arid climates are called
1454:
Sedimentary rocks can be subdivided into four groups based on the processes responsible for their formation: clastic sedimentary rocks, biochemical (biogenic) sedimentary rocks, chemical sedimentary rocks, and a fourth category for "other" sedimentary rocks formed by impacts,
3413:
an ideal habitat for many small organisms that build carbonate skeletons. When these organisms die, their skeletons sink to the bottom, forming a thick layer of calcareous mud that may lithify into limestone. Warm shallow marine environments also are ideal environments for
2801:
Among the three major types of rock, fossils are most commonly found in sedimentary rock. Unlike most igneous and metamorphic rocks, sedimentary rocks form at temperatures and pressures that do not destroy fossil remnants. Often these fossils may only be visible under
2741:) of a carbonate sedimentary rock usually consist of carbonate minerals. The mineralogy of a clastic rock is determined by the material supplied by the source area, the manner of its transport to the place of deposition and the stability of that particular mineral.
3845:
In many cases facies changes and other lithological features in sequences of sedimentary rock have a cyclic nature. This cyclic nature was caused by cyclic changes in sediment supply and the sedimentary environment. Most of these cyclic changes are caused by
5066:
Brime, Covadonga; García-López, Susana; Bastida, Fernando; Valín, M. Luz; Sanz-López, Javier; Aller, Jesús (May 2001). "Transition from
Diagenesis to Metamorphism Near the Front of the Variscan Regional Metamorphism (Cantabrian Zone, Northwestern Spain)".
3445:. Turbidity currents are sudden disturbances of the normally quiet deep marine environment and can cause the near-instantaneous deposition of large amounts of sediment, such as sand and silt. The rock sequence formed by a turbidity current is called a
2821:
and erosion, but under exceptional circumstances, these natural processes are unable to take place, leading to fossilisation. The chance of fossilisation is higher when the sedimentation rate is high (so that a carcass is quickly buried), in
1645:
Sandstone classification schemes vary widely, but most geologists have adopted the Dott scheme, which uses the relative abundance of quartz, feldspar, and lithic framework grains and the abundance of a muddy matrix between the larger grains.
3161:
Secondary sedimentary structures are those which formed after deposition. Such structures form by chemical, physical and biological processes within the sediment. They can be indicators of circumstances after deposition. Some can be used as
3120:. Sole markings, such as tool marks and flute casts, are grooves eroded on a surface that are preserved by renewed sedimentation. These are often elongated structures and can be used to establish the direction of the flow during deposition.
4036:
rocks) can be the source of sedimentary detritus. The purpose of sedimentary provenance studies is to reconstruct and interpret the history of sediment from the initial parent rocks at a source area to final detritus at a burial place.
3239:. Stylolites are irregular planes where material was dissolved into the pore fluids in the rock. This can result in the precipitation of a certain chemical species producing colouring and staining of the rock, or the formation of
1892:
3399:
diminishes with depth. This means that coarser sediment particles can be transported and the deposited sediment can be coarser than in deeper environments. When the sediment is transported from the continent, an alternation of
2871:
of plants. Soft tissue has a much smaller chance of being fossilized, and the preservation of soft tissue of animals older than 40 million years is very rare. Imprints of organisms made while they were still alive are called
3812:
At the same time, the growing weight of the mountain belt can cause isostatic subsidence in the area of the overriding plate on the other side to the mountain belt. The basin type resulting from this subsidence is called a
2696:
from Maui, Hawaii 5. Biogenic coral sand from
Molokai, Hawaii 6. Coral pink sand dunes from Utah 7. Volcanic glass sand from California 8. Garnet sand from Emerald Creek, Idaho 9. Olivine sand from Papakolea, Hawaii.
5555:
Wilkinson, Bruce H.; McElroy, Brandon J.; Kesler, Stephen E.; Peters, Shanan E.; Rothman, Edward D. (2008). "Global geologic maps are tectonic speedometers – Rates of rock cycling from area-age frequencies".
1300:
is extensive (73% of the Earth's current land surface), but sedimentary rock is estimated to be only 8% of the volume of the crust. Sedimentary rocks are only a thin veneer over a crust consisting mainly of
2891:
as does the host rock. For example, a shell consisting of calcite can dissolve while a cement of silica then fills the cavity. In the same way, precipitating minerals can fill cavities formerly occupied by
3476:
can form. These are large accumulations of sediment transported from the continent to places in front of the mouth of the river. Deltas are dominantly composed of clastic (rather than chemical) sediment.
3368:. Every environment has a characteristic combination of geologic processes, and circumstances. The type of sediment that is deposited is not only dependent on the sediment that is transported to a place (
3301:, even while sedimentation progresses (synchronous-sedimentary faulting). Such faulting can also occur when large masses of non-lithified sediment are deposited on a slope, such as at the front side of a
3527:. The infilled sections formed vertical inclusions in the horizontally deposited layers, and thus provided evidence of the sequence of events during deposition of the forty-one layers of the formation.
3858:: cyclic changes in the orientation and/or position of the Earth's rotational axis and orbit around the Sun. There are a number of Milankovitch cycles known, lasting between 10,000 and 200,000 years.
1285:. Biological detritus was formed by bodies and parts (mainly shells) of dead aquatic organisms, as well as their fecal mass, suspended in water and slowly piling up on the floor of water bodies (
5497:
Walker, Theodore R.; Waugh, Brian; Grone, Anthony J. (1 January 1978). "Diagenesis in first-cycle desert alluvium of
Cenozoic age, southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico".
2683:
Chemical sedimentary rocks have a non-clastic texture, consisting entirely of crystals. To describe such a texture, only the average size of the crystals and the fabric are necessary.
3789:
in front of the overriding plate – an elongated, deep asymmetric basin. Fore-arc basins are filled with deep marine deposits and thick sequences of turbidites. Such infill is called
2617:
of the rock. When all clasts are more or less of the same size, the rock is called 'well-sorted', and when there is a large spread in grain size, the rock is called 'poorly sorted'.
3387:. Often, a distinction is made between deep and shallow marine environments. Deep marine usually refers to environments more than 200 m below the water surface (including the
2867:
Fossils can be both the direct remains or imprints of organisms and their skeletons. Most commonly preserved are the harder parts of organisms such as bones, shells, and the woody
1586:
The subdivision of these three broad categories is based on differences in clast shape (conglomerates and breccias), composition (sandstones), or grain size or texture (mudrocks).
1277:
of existing rocks, or from the solidification of molten lava blobs erupted by volcanoes. The geological detritus is transported to the place of deposition by water, wind, ice or
3456:, dominantly denser sediment such as sand or gravel, often mingled with shell fragments, is deposited, while the silt and clay sized material is kept in mechanical suspension.
1907:
3766:, but sag basins can also be found in the interior of continents. In sag basins, the extra weight of the newly deposited sediments is enough to keep the subsidence going in a
3578:, for example, only lives in warm and shallow marine environments and fossils of coral are thus typical for shallow marine facies. Facies determined by lithology are called
3070:. Single beds can be a couple of centimetres to several meters thick. Finer, less pronounced layers are called laminae, and the structure a lamina forms in a rock is called
2430:, as the mineral dissolved from strained contact points is redeposited in the unstrained pore spaces. This further reduces porosity and makes the rock more compact and
2318:, are composed of material that form at the place of deposition. The nature of a sedimentary rock, therefore, not only depends on the sediment supply, but also on the
3255:
concretions are common, while terrestrial sandstones sometimes contain iron concretions. Calcite concretions in clay containing angular cavities or cracks are called
3805:
in the overriding plate, from which large amounts of material are eroded and transported to the basin. Such erosional material of a growing mountain chain is called
3624:
is the situation in which a coastline moves in the direction of the sea. With regression, shallower facies are deposited on top of deeper facies, a situation called
3282:
in a sand layer surpasses a critical point, the sand can break through overlying clay layers and flow through, forming discordant bodies of sedimentary rock called
3266:
the sediment, producing a third class of secondary structures. Density contrasts between different sedimentary layers, such as between sand and clay, can result in
2548:
The presence of organic material can colour a rock black or grey. Organic material is formed from dead organisms, mostly plants. Normally, such material eventually
574:
3425:). Calcareous sediment that sinks below the lysocline dissolves; as a result, no limestone can be formed below this depth. Skeletons of micro-organisms formed of
2826:
environments (where little bacterial activity occurs) or when the organism had a particularly hard skeleton. Larger, well-preserved fossils are relatively rare.
2553:
surface water is not brought down, and the deposited sediment is normally a fine dark clay. Dark rocks, rich in organic material, are therefore often shales.
3861:
Relatively small changes in the orientation of the Earth's axis or length of the seasons can be a major influence on the Earth's climate. An example are the
1725:
Mudrocks are sedimentary rocks composed of at least 50% silt- and clay-sized particles. These relatively fine-grained particles are commonly transported by
3472:, where the current is strong and the grain size of the deposited sediment is larger. Where rivers enter the body of water, either on a sea or lake coast,
3130:
are a bed form caused by the dehydration of sediment that occasionally comes above the water surface. Such structures are commonly found at tidal flats or
3066:
and texture. Beds form by the deposition of layers of sediment on top of each other. The sequence of beds that characterizes sedimentary rocks is called
1193:
5605:
891:
475:
1685:
When sand-sized particles are deposited, the space between the grains either remains open or is filled with mud (silt and/or clay sized particle).
3987:. These represent periods where no new sediments were laid down, or when earlier sedimentary layers were raised above sea level and eroded away.
2640:, a rock composed of clasts of broken shells, can only form in energetic water. The form of a clast can be described by using four parameters:
3881:
sedimentation and sedimentation caused by catastrophic processes. The latter category includes all kinds of sudden exceptional processes like
3736:
rises and heats the overlying rift basin. Apart from continental sediments, rift basins normally also have part of their infill consisting of
5460:
5129:
5056:
3570:
Facies can be distinguished in a number of ways: the most common are by the lithology (for example: limestone, siltstone or sandstone) or by
3646:
3961:
3043:
structures (formed after deposition). Unlike textures, structures are always large-scale features that can easily be studied in the field.
2319:
465:
4975:. Washington, D.C.: Planetary Geology Program, Office of Space Science, National Aeoronautics and Space Administration. pp. 173–177.
1772:
Biochemical sedimentary rocks are created when organisms use materials dissolved in air or water to build their tissue. Examples include:
1257:
is the collective name for processes that cause these particles to settle in place. The particles that form a sedimentary rock are called
5633:
3589:
Sedimentary environments can shift their geographical positions through time. Coastlines can shift in the direction of the sea when the
1091:
5595:
4024:
Provenance is the reconstruction of the origin of sediments. All rock exposed at Earth's surface is subjected to physical or chemical
3767:
1923:
5487:
5437:
5414:
5372:
5272:
5213:
5169:
5033:
5014:
4980:
4959:
2647:
describes the amount of small-scale relief of the surface of a grain that is too small to influence the general shape. For example,
2391:, during which most of the compaction and lithification takes place. Compaction takes place as the sediments come under increasing
5205:
5113:
3480:
A continental sedimentary environment is an environment in the interior of a continent. Examples of continental environments are
1086:
5391:
2161:
1018:
4970:
2997:
2590:
761:
569:
4846:
For an overview over facies shifts and the relations in the sedimentary rock record by which they can be recognized, see
455:
5282:
Margolis, Stanley V.; Krinsley, David H. (1971). "Submicroscopic
Frosting on Eolian and Subaqueous Quartz Sand Grains".
3235:) when a sediment is exposed above the water level. An example of a diagenetic structure common in carbonate rocks is a
1388:
1384:
5224:
5139:
Choquette, P.W.; Pray, L.C. (1970). "Geologic
Nomenclature and Classification of Porosity in Sedimentary Carbonates".
2900:
or other soft tissues. This preserves the form of the organism but changes the chemical composition, a process called
2446:
2217:
1081:
1056:
1013:
630:
443:
3900:, for example, the wind deposits siliciclastic material (sand or silt) in some spots, or catastrophic flooding of a
1186:
6630:
3929:
3516:
2785:
2745:
2610:
2395:
from overlying sediments. Sediment grains move into more compact arrangements, grains of ductile minerals (such as
1600:
Conglomerates are dominantly composed of rounded gravel, while breccias are composed of dominantly angular gravel.
1528:
655:
268:
2581:. The texture is a small-scale property of a rock, but determines many of its large-scale properties, such as the
1745:
mudrock (regardless of grain size) although some older literature uses the term "shale" as a synonym for mudrock.
5429:
5364:
3933:
2497:
2423:
1179:
2545:. However, a red colour does not necessarily mean the rock formed in a continental environment or arid climate.
5303:
3365:
3357:
3334:
1133:
766:
3616:. In the case of transgression, deeper marine facies are deposited over shallower facies, a succession called
3205:
5518:
3395:. The water movements in such environments have a generally higher energy than that in deep environments, as
5686:
5666:
5626:
5526:
Weltje, G.J.; von
Eynatten, H. (2004). "Quantitative provenance analysis of sediments: review and outlook".
3729:
3697:
3613:
3598:
3559:
2936:
2845:
2823:
2719:
2310:
from the source area to the deposition area. The type of sediment transported depends on the geology of the
2272:
1688:"Clean" sandstones with open pore space (that may later be filled with matrix material) are called arenites.
1328:
The study of sedimentary rocks and rock strata provides information about the subsurface that is useful for
1066:
1061:
660:
3695:. The amount of sediment that can be deposited in a basin depends on the depth of the basin, the so-called
6111:
5313:"Experimental diagenesis of organo-mineral structures formed by microaerophilic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria"
5230:
3635:. A sequence of maps for different ages can give an insight in the development of the regional geography.
3094:. When sedimentary rocks have no lamination at all, their structural character is called massive bedding.
3044:
3024:
2311:
2295:
1998:
1994:
1942:
1730:
1595:
1552:
1527:
Clastic sedimentary rocks are subdivided according to the dominant particle size. Most geologists use the
959:
611:
381:
373:
222:
6076:
5179:
Dott, R. H. (1964). "Wacke, graywacke and matrix – what approach to immature sandstone classification".
5048:
4074:
3862:
3794:
3263:
2477:
2427:
2259:
2222:
1972:
Alternatively, sedimentary rocks can be subdivided into compositional groups based on their mineralogy:
1624:
1481:
1408:
1250:
510:
3340:
3193:
3090:. Any sedimentary rock composed of millimeter or finer scale layers can be named with the general term
2955:. It is particularly important for plant fossils. The same process is responsible for the formation of
2947:
are expulsed. The fossil, in the end, consists of a thin layer of pure carbon or its mineralized form,
2441:, the third and final stage of diagenesis. As erosion reduces the depth of burial, renewed exposure to
1431:
2098:
are composed of minerals formed from the evaporation of water. The most common evaporite minerals are
5565:
5535:
5506:
5324:
5291:
5076:
4068:
4011:
3991:
3980:
3825:
3369:
3071:
2431:
2353:
2291:
2166:
1827:
1551:(<1/256 mm diameter). The classification of clastic sedimentary rocks parallels this scheme;
1372:
1098:
713:
687:
308:
62:
3391:). Shallow marine environments exist adjacent to coastlines and can extend to the boundaries of the
2605:
1371:
The study of the sequence of sedimentary rock strata is the main source for an understanding of the
46:
3869:
3855:
3774:
3728:. Rift basins are elongated, narrow and deep basins. Due to divergent movement, the lithosphere is
3718:
3279:
2655:
2625:
2472:
2392:
1742:
843:
97:
6361:
3820:
3329:
6635:
5907:
5619:
5092:
4100:
4094:
4071: – Geological process in which sediments, soil and rocks are added to a landform or landmass
3953:
3763:
3536:
3501:
3433:) are not as soluble and are still deposited. An example of a rock formed of silica skeletons is
2853:
2734:
2715:
2614:
2566:
2450:
2307:
2099:
1443:
1420:
1400:
1322:
1262:
1166:
1051:
813:
792:
748:
505:
359:
333:
263:
254:
102:
67:
5192:
5152:
3112:, can also be indicative of a particular sedimentary environment. Examples of bed forms include
2675:
2600:
of the rock. The size and form of clasts can be used to determine the velocity and direction of
5608:, by Bruce Perry, Department of Geological Sciences, California State University at Long Beach.
3854:
every two weeks. On a larger time-scale, cyclic changes in climate and sea level are caused by
3756:
3177:(also called ichnofossils). Such traces are relatively rare. Most trace fossils are burrows of
3016:
2613:
of grain sizes is different for different rock types and is described in a property called the
5862:
5483:
5456:
5433:
5410:
5406:
5387:
5368:
5342:
5268:
5209:
5165:
5125:
5052:
5029:
5010:
4976:
4955:
3945:
3941:
3692:
3663:
3621:
3594:
3563:
3524:
3512:
3497:
3442:
3438:
3392:
3353:
3349:
3306:
3169:
Organic materials in a sediment can leave more traces than just fossils. Preserved tracks and
3102:
2979:
2901:
2578:
2408:
2407:
are expelled. In addition to this physical compaction, chemical compaction may take place via
2334:
2330:
1899:
1703:
Although the Dott classification scheme is widely used by sedimentologists, common names like
1329:
1318:
853:
729:
682:
460:
323:
294:
289:
213:
137:
5105:
4454:
For an overview of major minerals in siliciclastic rocks and their relative stabilities, see
1668:
Feldspathic sandstones have <90% quartz grains and more feldspar grains than lithic grains
6559:
6271:
5927:
5592:
5573:
5543:
5514:
5332:
5299:
5188:
5148:
5117:
5084:
4106:
4088:
4033:
3957:
3949:
3937:
3921:
3668:
3631:
The facies of all rocks of a certain age can be plotted on a map to give an overview of the
3606:
3256:
3163:
3048:
2991:
2932:
2905:
2868:
2620:
2601:
2461:
2412:
2242:
1982:
1608:
1380:
1349:
1306:
1297:
1290:
1219:
698:
675:
640:
121:
3770:. The total thickness of the sedimentary infill in a sag basin can thus exceed 10 km.
3713:), land eventually rises above sea level and the area becomes a source for new sediment as
3523:
layers. Erosional cracks were later infilled with layers of soil material, especially from
3313:, producing fissures and folding. The resulting structures in the rock are syn-sedimentary
2577:, form and orientation of clasts (the original pieces of rock) in a sediment is called its
2426:
of cement that binds the grains together. Pressure solution contributes to this process of
2422:
Lithification follows closely on compaction, as increased temperatures at depth hasten the
1711:, and quartz sandstone are still widely used by non-specialists and in popular literature.
1571:
are made mostly of mud. This tripartite subdivision is mirrored by the broad categories of
6371:
6131:
5984:
5599:
5243:
4112:
4016:
3710:
3672:
3632:
3310:
3298:
3267:
2897:
2521:
2481:
2268:
2130:
2087:
1958:
1930:
1831:
1376:
1103:
1073:
943:
867:
782:
756:
588:
517:
423:
5569:
5539:
5510:
5328:
5311:
Picard, Aude; Kappler, Andreas; Schmid, Gregor; Quaroni, Luca; Obst, Martin (May 2015).
5295:
5080:
2780:
2651:, which are covered with small-scale fractures, are characteristic of eolian sandstones.
1671:
Lithic sandstones have <90% quartz grains and more lithic grains than feldspar grains
6640:
6564:
6406:
5999:
5922:
5452:
4062:
4054:
3814:
3798:
3786:
3778:
3760:
3676:
3345:
3314:
3097:
2944:
2857:
2711:
2517:
2485:
2442:
2404:
2283:
2185:
2017:
1990:
1914:
1878:
formed by deposition and later cementation of lava fragments erupted by volcanoes, and
1361:
1242:
1234:
1140:
1028:
933:
833:
787:
777:
724:
428:
418:
401:
318:
4972:
The
Channeled Scabland: A Guide to the Geomorphology of the Columbia Basin, Washington
3928:
that makes up much of the famous prominent rock formations in protected areas such as
3417:, where the sediment consists mainly of the calcareous skeletons of larger organisms.
6624:
6609:
6524:
6489:
6336:
5897:
5802:
5479:
5096:
5006:
3802:
3737:
3733:
3684:
3680:
3388:
3376:
3078:. Cross-bedding is characteristic of deposition by a flowing medium (wind or water).
3075:
3067:
3055:
2971:
2952:
2818:
2757:
2703:
2549:
2525:
2493:
2456:
At sufficiently high temperature and pressure, the realm of diagenesis makes way for
2357:
1883:
1809:
formed from the accumulation of siliceous skeletons of microscopic organisms such as
1513:
1489:
1412:
1404:
1392:
1314:
1254:
1123:
1108:
848:
650:
635:
606:
564:
559:
539:
438:
391:
349:
249:
241:
3724:
A type of basin formed by the moving apart of two pieces of a continent is called a
3344:
The swirls of tan, green, blue, and white are sediment in the shallow waters of the
6534:
6514:
6386:
6033:
6011:
5952:
5852:
5797:
5782:
5648:
4083:
4048:
4029:
3984:
3974:
3882:
3612:
The situation in which coastlines move in the direction of the continent is called
3554:
3505:
3493:
3283:
3186:
3174:
3117:
3020:
3005:
2967:
2893:
2873:
2561:
2501:
2457:
2403:
or seawater when originally deposited, and as pore space is reduced, much of these
2365:
2364:, take place at shallow depths (a few tens of meters) and is characterized by
2338:
1977:
1789:
1620:
1468:
1416:
1302:
1278:
1145:
1128:
1113:
954:
838:
734:
544:
522:
470:
433:
413:
406:
328:
299:
3675:
diagram showing convergence of an oceanic plate and a continental plate. Note the
3317:
and faults, which can be difficult to distinguish from folds and faults formed by
2691:
2399:) are deformed, and pore space is reduced. Sediments are typically saturated with
1631:
by both mechanical weathering and chemical weathering. Wind, sand, and water from
5547:
2528:) circumstances and gives the rock a grey or greenish colour. Iron(III) oxide (Fe
2368:
and mineralogical changes in the sediments, with only slight compaction. The red
1729:
in water or air, and deposited as the flow calms and the particles settle out of
1504:) that have been cemented together. The clasts are commonly individual grains of
6423:
6314:
6294:
6284:
6211:
6161:
6086:
5932:
5867:
5837:
5792:
5750:
5723:
5718:
5708:
5671:
5384:
Sedimentary geology : an introduction to sedimentary rocks and stratigraphy
5121:
4986:
3851:
3706:
3602:
3473:
3434:
3430:
3302:
3287:
3232:
3142:
2956:
2489:
2400:
2377:
2233:
2178:
1835:
1810:
1632:
1357:
1286:
1023:
896:
883:
862:
808:
797:
670:
623:
596:
500:
450:
338:
4103: – Movement of solid particles, typically by gravity and fluid entrainment
3850:
cycles. Short astronomic cycles can be the difference between the tides or the
3535:
The kind of rock formed in a particular depositional environment is called its
3352:. The blue-green cloud in this image roughly matches the extent of the shallow
1700:
lithic wacke would have abundant lithic grains and abundant muddy matrix, etc.
6589:
6574:
6549:
6544:
6454:
6439:
6356:
6324:
6289:
6279:
6261:
6241:
6186:
6166:
6121:
6043:
6028:
6004:
5964:
5937:
5917:
5887:
5847:
5822:
5812:
5807:
5787:
5696:
5472:
4044:
4025:
3886:
3866:
3833:
3782:
3725:
3489:
3457:
3414:
3240:
3224:
3047:
can indicate something about the sedimentary environment or can serve to tell
3001:
2975:
2909:
2904:. The most common minerals involved in permineralization are various forms of
2888:
2841:
2803:
2789:
2663:
2629:
2604:
in the sedimentary environment that moved the clasts from their origin; fine,
2574:
2384:, can affect minerals in a rock and are therefore seen as part of diagenesis.
2346:
2299:
2238:
2210:
1962:
1954:
1802:
from the atmosphere and combined it with other elements to build their tissue.
1758:
1753:
1726:
1282:
1270:
1215:
1214:
marginal marine sequence of siltstones (reddish layers at the cliff base) and
1118:
708:
532:
527:
313:
279:
111:
2306:
break down a rock into loose material in a source area. The material is then
6604:
6594:
6584:
6569:
6539:
6519:
6504:
6499:
6464:
6459:
6418:
6411:
6376:
6346:
6331:
6309:
6251:
6231:
6226:
6216:
6201:
6181:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6136:
6126:
6101:
6066:
5979:
5947:
5892:
5882:
5857:
5832:
5827:
5767:
5728:
5691:
3847:
3829:
3755:
subsidence. If this subsidence continues long enough, the basin is called a
3702:
3601:) due to tectonic forces in the Earth's crust or when a river forms a large
3590:
3583:
3548:
3520:
3511:
Aeolian deposits can be quite striking. The depositional environment of the
3446:
3422:
3396:
3275:
3271:
3236:
3209:
3182:
3131:
3083:
3063:
3009:
2921:
2881:
2837:
2810:
2761:
2730:
2726:
2315:
2314:(the source area of the sediment). However, some sedimentary rocks, such as
2264:
2226:
2174:
2154:
2094:
2083:
2006:
1843:
1777:
1765:
1761:
1704:
1640:
1628:
1560:
1477:
1456:
1447:
1439:
1008:
993:
977:
938:
703:
665:
601:
354:
17:
5346:
5234:
3747:
When a piece of lithosphere that was heated and stretched cools again, its
3740:. When the basin grows due to continued stretching of the lithosphere, the
2536:) in a richer oxygen environment is often found in the form of the mineral
1206:
3437:. When the bottom of the sea has a small inclination, for example, at the
3309:. Instabilities in such sediments can result in the deposited material to
2744:
The resistance of rock-forming minerals to weathering is expressed by the
1531:
grain size scale and divide unconsolidated sediment into three fractions:
6579:
6554:
6479:
6449:
6444:
6366:
6351:
6319:
6299:
6196:
6171:
6048:
6023:
6016:
5994:
5989:
5942:
5877:
5762:
5713:
5703:
5661:
3917:
3752:
3318:
3178:
3154:
3150:
3127:
2983:
2948:
2861:
2814:
2769:
2749:
2586:
2542:
2537:
2381:
2369:
2294:
out of air, ice, wind, gravity, or water flows carrying the particles in
2287:
2115:
1986:
1509:
1266:
1258:
1211:
928:
386:
227:
38:
4115: – Geologic materials composed of broken fragments of volcanic rock
3908:
2636:
The form of the clasts can reflect the origin of the rock. For example,
2165:
have significant amounts of organic material, generally in excess of 3%
1691:
Muddy sandstones with abundant (>10%) muddy matrix are called wackes.
6599:
6529:
6494:
6469:
6401:
6236:
6176:
6116:
6081:
5974:
5902:
5817:
5777:
5745:
5740:
5656:
5337:
5312:
4028:
and broken down into finer grained sediment. All three types of rocks (
3913:
3806:
3748:
3714:
3469:
3109:
3059:
3028:
2987:
2707:
2697:
2637:
2582:
2416:
2373:
2303:
2022:
2010:
2002:
1966:
1950:
1879:
1875:
1851:
1785:
1720:
1576:
1568:
1556:
1492:. Note the very fine and flat bedding, common for deposits coming from
1485:
1396:
1310:
1289:). Sedimentation may also occur as dissolved minerals precipitate from
1274:
1238:
982:
972:
645:
618:
284:
167:
116:
2829:
1391:
that studies the properties and origin of sedimentary rocks is called
6509:
6484:
6381:
6341:
6304:
6206:
6071:
5969:
5959:
5912:
5872:
5842:
5772:
5757:
5735:
5681:
5676:
5577:
4175:
4173:
3999:
3897:
3790:
3625:
3579:
3571:
3544:
3481:
3426:
3356:
west of the peninsula. This is a perfect example of a shallow marine
3217:
3213:
3170:
3146:
2925:
2877:
2849:
2833:
2796:
2765:
2668:
2597:
2150:
2134:
1946:
1859:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1814:
1799:
1708:
1580:
1572:
1532:
1505:
1348:
or other structures. Sedimentary rocks are also important sources of
1341:
181:
132:
127:
2609:
value, since a rock is composed of clasts with different sizes. The
5088:
3519:, had intervening periods of aridity which resulted in a series of
1317:. Sedimentary rocks are often deposited in large structures called
6474:
6396:
6391:
6256:
6221:
6141:
6096:
6091:
4015:
3995:
3979:
That new rock layers are above older rock layers is stated in the
3907:
3890:
3819:
3667:
3617:
3575:
3553:
3485:
3461:
3453:
3384:
3339:
3328:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3141:
3087:
3015:
2996:
2966:
2940:
2917:
2913:
2828:
2779:
2690:
2619:
2560:
2471:
2329:
2258:
2202:
1941:
1806:
1781:
1752:
1738:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1520:. However, any type of mineral may be present. Clasts may also be
1473:
1472:
1435:
1430:
1345:
1337:
1246:
1205:
1003:
998:
554:
549:
396:
186:
5611:
2149:). Evaporite rocks commonly include abundant halite (rock salt),
6246:
6191:
6106:
6038:
5602:, by Lynn S. Fichter, James Madison University, Harrisonburg.VI;
3925:
3901:
3741:
3540:
3465:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3228:
3113:
2753:
2738:
2513:
2396:
2276:
2206:
2170:
1871:
1795:
1564:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1517:
1493:
1353:
1333:
1223:
906:
901:
495:
191:
162:
157:
152:
5615:
2376:
sandstones their color is likely formed during eogenesis. Some
3817:
and is usually filled by shallow marine deposits and molasse.
3691:
Places where large-scale sedimentation takes place are called
3421:
dramatically (the depth zone where this happens is called the
3380:
3051:
where tectonics have tilted or overturned sedimentary layers.
2512:
The color of a sedimentary rock is often mostly determined by
2237:
are composed of phosphate minerals and contain more than 6.5%
1780:
are formed from the calcareous skeletons of organisms such as
1540:
1365:
5359:
Press, F.; Siever, R.; Grotzinger, J.; Jordan, T. H. (2003).
4307:
4077: – classification system for carbonate sedimentary rocks
2445:
produces additional changes to the sedimentary rock, such as
1826:
Chemical sedimentary rock forms when mineral constituents in
5403:
Sedimentary
Environments: Processes, Facies and Stratigraphy
4192:
4190:
4188:
4137:
3793:. When the convergent movement of the two plates results in
3364:
The setting in which a sedimentary rock forms is called the
1985:. The sediment that makes up these rocks was transported as
4860:
4744:
4743:
For an overview of different sedimentary environments, see
4589:
4556:
4527:
4255:
4253:
3452:
The coast is an environment dominated by wave action. At a
2360:
of the sediments. Early stages of diagenesis, described as
5304:
10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[3395:SFOEAS]2.0.CO;2
5202:
Sedimentary Basins, Evolution, Facies, and Sediment Budget
4295:
4283:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4232:
3990:
Sedimentary rocks contain important information about the
3023:
formed by a current in a sandstone that was later tilted (
2887:
As a part of a sedimentary rock, fossils undergo the same
2480:, a type of rock that consists of alternating layers with
1500:
Clastic sedimentary rocks are composed of rock fragments (
1269:(organic matter). The geological detritus originated from
27:
Rock formed by the deposition and cementation of particles
5606:
Sedimentary Rocks Tour, introduction to sedimentary rocks
4731:
4719:
4707:
4695:
4682:
4670:
4601:
3994:. They contain fossils, the preserved remains of ancient
3809:
and has either a shallow marine or a continental facies.
3543:(where the dominant deposition is well sorted sand) or a
3062:. A bed is defined as a layer of rock that has a uniform
2935:
of a dead organism undergoes chemical reactions in which
2748:. In this series, quartz is the most stable, followed by
2659:
describes the general smoothness of the shape of a grain.
1543:(<1/16 mm diameter). Mud is further divided into
5519:
10.1130/0016-7606(1978)89<19:DIFDAO>2.0.CO;2
4916:
4914:
3717:
removes material. Where the lithosphere moves downward (
2809:
Dead organisms in nature are usually quickly removed by
2737:. Both the cement and the clasts (including fossils and
2221:
are composed of >15% iron; the most common forms are
1656:
used in the naming of the rock, regardless of abundance.
2437:
Unroofing of buried sedimentary rock is accompanied by
4318:
4316:
4091: – List of minerals with Knowledge (XXG) articles
3744:
grows and the sea can enter, forming marine deposits.
3290:
on the surface where they broke through upper layers.
1997:. Siliciclastic sedimentary rocks are subdivided into
1681:
Abundance of muddy matrix material between sand grains
4760:
For a definition of shallow marine environments, see
3983:. There are usually some gaps in the sequence called
3441:, the sedimentary cover can become unstable, causing
2667:
describes the degree to which the grain approaches a
1870:
This fourth miscellaneous category includes volcanic
1237:
that are formed by the accumulation or deposition of
4876:
For a short explanation of Milankovitch cycles, see
4649:
4613:
4568:
4552:
4418:
4394:
4179:
4079:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
3504:, while sediment transported by a glacier is called
3035:
Structures in sedimentary rocks can be divided into
2524:. Iron(II) oxide (FeO) only forms under low oxygen (
1296:
The sedimentary rock cover of the continents of the
6432:
6270:
6057:
5647:
4207:
4205:
4097: – List of rock types recognized by geologists
3652:
A regressive facies shown on a stratigraphic column
2679:
describes the three-dimensional shape of the grain.
5471:
5160:Collinson, J.; Mountney, N.; Thompson, D. (2006).
4932:
4160:
4158:
3797:, the basin becomes shallower and develops into a
3124:currents reverse directions, such as tidal flats.
2492:, when the atmosphere was not yet rich in oxygen.
1913:Steeply dipping sedimentary rock strata along the
1898:Sedimentary rocks on Mars, investigated by NASA's
1403:and overlaps partly with other disciplines in the
4785:For an overview of continental environments, see
3896:In many cases, sedimentation occurs slowly. In a
3701:. The depth, shape and size of a basin depend on
3551:(the type of rock) and facies eventually change.
3054:Sedimentary rocks are laid down in layers called
4859:For an overview of sedimentary basin types, see
4430:
4271:
3781:moves under another into the asthenosphere. The
3379:environment means that the rock was formed in a
4950:Andersen, B. G. & Borns, H. W. Jr. (1994).
3936:. From top to bottom: Rounded tan domes of the
3759:. Examples of sag basins are the regions along
2596:The 3D orientation of the clasts is called the
1309:. Sedimentary rocks are deposited in layers as
4969:Baker, Victor R.; Nummedal, Dag, eds. (1978).
4877:
4810:
4773:
4661:For a short description of trace fossils, see
4625:
4585:
4515:
4358:
4334:
4196:
3721:), a basin forms and sediments are deposited.
2702:Most sedimentary rocks contain either quartz (
1496:beds further away from the source of sediment.
5627:
5267:(3rd ed.). Saunders College Publishing.
5001:Blatt, H.; Middleton, G.; Murray, R. (1980).
4905:
4798:
4580:For an explanation about graded bedding, see
4259:
4149:
3464:are places that sometimes dry because of the
3297:Density contrasts can also cause small-scale
2070:), and other carbonate minerals based on the
1187:
8:
5470:Tarbuck, E. J. & Lutgens, F. K. (1999).
5045:Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
5026:Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
3801:. At the same time, tectonic uplift forms a
3149:crystal mold in dolomite, Paadla Formation (
3108:The surface of a particular bed, called the
3008:on the base of a vertical layer of Triassic
1838:. Common chemical sedimentary rocks include
1665:Quartz sandstones have >90% quartz grains
1321:. Sedimentary rocks have also been found on
5193:10.1306/74D71109-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D
5153:10.1306/5D25C98B-16C1-11D7-8645000102C1865D
3558:Shifting sedimentary facies in the case of
3508:and is characterized by very poor sorting.
2488:(grey). BIFs were mostly formed during the
5634:
5620:
5612:
5474:Earth, an introduction to Physical Geology
5382:Prothero, Donald R.; Schwab, Fred (2004).
3039:structures (formed during deposition) and
2784:Fossil-rich layers in a sedimentary rock,
1194:
1180:
29:
5336:
5244:"Heat, time, pressure, and coalification"
4109: – Limestone containing many fossils
3944:, cliff-forming, vertically jointed, red
3262:After deposition, physical processes can
2725:Carbonate rocks predominantly consist of
5386:(2nd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman.
5047:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:
2189:are almost entirely composed of silica (
4920:
4893:
4881:
4864:
4847:
4834:
4822:
4748:
4732:Collinson, Mountney & Thompson 2006
4720:Collinson, Mountney & Thompson 2006
4708:Collinson, Mountney & Thompson 2006
4696:Collinson, Mountney & Thompson 2006
4683:Collinson, Mountney & Thompson 2006
4671:Collinson, Mountney & Thompson 2006
4662:
4602:Collinson, Mountney & Thompson 2006
4551:For descriptions of cross-bedding, see
4491:
4467:
4130:
3642:
3372:), but also on the environment itself.
2951:. This form of fossilisation is called
2569:(left) and poorly sorted (right) grains
1888:
1798:, formed from plants that have removed
37:
5558:Geological Society of America Bulletin
5284:Geological Society of America Bulletin
4065: – Geophysical analysis technique
3863:ice ages of the past 2.6 million years
3709:. Where the lithosphere moves upward (
3223:Secondary structures can also form by
2931:At high pressure and temperature, the
5593:Basic Sedimentary Rock Classification
5104:Buchner, K. & Grapes, R. (2011).
4786:
4761:
4666:
4637:
4581:
4539:
4503:
4479:
4406:
4382:
4370:
4346:
4322:
4244:
4211:
2298:. This sediment is often formed when
2245:, bone beds, and phosphatic mudrocks.
1583:, respectively, in older literature.
1547:(1/16 to 1/256 mm diameter) and
1332:, for example in the construction of
7:
5248:Earth Resources -- Our Common Wealth
4455:
4442:
4223:
4164:
3962:Glen Canyon National Recreation Area
2516:, an element with two major oxides:
2320:sedimentary depositional environment
5242:Kentucky Geological Survey (2020).
3773:A third type of basin exists along
3582:; facies determined by fossils are
1938:Classification based on composition
1612:Sedimentary rock with sandstone in
1524:composed of more than one mineral.
5164:(3rd ed.). Terra Publishing.
4650:Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980
4614:Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980
4569:Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980
4553:Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980
4419:Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980
4395:Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980
4180:Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980
3321:forces acting on lithified rocks.
2263:Cross-bedding and scour in a fine
1635:are the primary weathering agents.
1627:was carved out of the surrounding
1539:(1/16 to 2 mm diameter), and
25:
5110:Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks
4954:. Scandinavian University Press.
2449:of some of the cement to produce
2393:overburden (lithostatic) pressure
2255:Sediment transport and deposition
5181:Journal of Sedimentary Petrology
4047:
3841:Influence of astronomical cycles
3645:
3138:Secondary sedimentary structures
2387:Deeper burial is accompanied by
2380:processes, like the activity of
2213:or other microcrystalline forms.
1922:
1906:
1891:
1395:. Sedimentology is part of both
1161:
1160:
45:
4296:Kentucky Geological Survey 2020
3828:and less competent beds in the
3705:, movements within the Earth's
2241:; examples include deposits of
1978:Siliciclastic sedimentary rocks
1651:Composition of framework grains
575:Microbial calcite precipitation
5449:Sedimentary Rocks in the Field
5226:Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks
4933:Weltje & von Eynatten 2004
4272:Walker, Waugh & Grone 1978
3468:. They are often cross-cut by
3049:which side originally faced up
2963:Primary sedimentary structures
2162:Organic-rich sedimentary rocks
1427:Classification based on origin
1:
3732:and thinned, so that the hot
3639:Gallery of sedimentary facies
3082:seasonal changes (similar to
2250:Deposition and transformation
2102:(calcite and others based on
2082:ion. Common examples include
1981:, are dominantly composed of
1749:Biochemical sedimentary rocks
1737:particles. Most authors use "
1459:, and other minor processes.
1313:, forming a structure called
1281:, which are called agents of
290:Aeolian (windborne) transport
5548:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2004.05.007
4943:General and cited references
4431:Margolis & Krinsley 1971
3286:. The same process can form
2234:Phosphatic sedimentary rocks
2118:(halite and others built on
5122:10.1007/978-3-540-74169-5_2
5003:Origin of Sedimentary Rocks
3775:convergent plate boundaries
3597:), when the surface rises (
3185:. This burrowing is called
2326:Transformation (Diagenesis)
2218:Iron-rich sedimentary rocks
2186:Siliceous sedimentary rocks
2095:Evaporite sedimentary rocks
2037:), aragonite (orthorhombic
2018:Carbonate sedimentary rocks
1559:are made mostly of gravel,
1082:cross-cutting relationships
631:Amorphous calcium carbonate
6657:
4878:Tarbuck & Lutgens 1999
4811:Tarbuck & Lutgens 1999
4774:Tarbuck & Lutgens 1999
4626:Tarbuck & Lutgens 1999
4586:Tarbuck & Lutgens 1999
4516:Tarbuck & Lutgens 1999
4359:Tarbuck & Lutgens 1999
4335:Tarbuck & Lutgens 1999
4197:Prothero & Schwab 2004
4009:
3981:principle of superposition
3972:
3948:, slope-forming, purplish
3930:Capitol Reef National Park
3905:shortly after deposition.
3661:
3517:Northwestern United States
2924:(especially calcite), and
2794:
2746:Goldich dissolution series
2729:minerals such as calcite,
2344:
2169:. Common examples include
1822:Chemical sedimentary rocks
1718:
1638:
1593:
1590:Conglomerates and breccias
1535:(>2 mm diameter),
1466:
656:Coastal sediment transport
5430:W. H. Freeman and Company
5365:W. H. Freeman and Company
5028:(1st ed.). Merrill.
4906:Andersen & Borns 1994
4799:Baker & Nummedal 1978
4555:, pp. 128, 135–136;
4260:Choquette & Pray 1970
4150:Buchner & Grapes 2011
3934:Canyonlands National Park
3335:depositional environments
3325:Depositional environments
2498:Barberton Greenstone Belt
2460:, the process that forms
1463:Clastic sedimentary rocks
1261:, and may be composed of
466:Soft-sediment deformation
63:Terrigenous (lithogenous)
5250:. University of Kentucky
4020:Distribution of detritus
3960:sandstone. Picture from
3785:plate bends and forms a
3366:depositional environment
3358:depositional environment
3206:Middle Lefkara Formation
2980:Middle Old Red Sandstone
2876:, examples of which are
2611:statistical distribution
2181:for oil and natural gas.
1438:(Ayers Rock) is a large
767:calcareous nannoplankton
456:Sediment–water interface
5687:Basaltic trachyandesite
5667:Alkali feldspar granite
5447:Stow, D. A. V. (2005).
5424:Stanley, S. M. (1999).
5401:Reading, H. G. (1996).
3952:, layered, lighter-red
2786:Año Nuevo State Reserve
2720:petrographic microscope
1965:) age, in limestone in
1931:Puʻu Mahana cinder cone
1866:Other sedimentary rocks
661:Coastal sediment supply
434:Paleocurrent indicators
5265:The Earth through time
5162:Sedimentary Structures
5069:The Journal of Geology
5043:Boggs, S. Jr. (2006).
5024:Boggs, S. Jr. (1987).
4669:, pp. 93–95; and
4021:
3965:
3837:
3824:Cyclic alternation of
3688:
3567:
3361:
3337:
3227:or the formation of a
3220:
3158:
3045:Sedimentary structures
3032:
3013:
2994:
2959:like lignite or coal.
2864:
2846:San Vincente Formation
2792:
2699:
2633:
2570:
2504:
2342:
2279:
2223:banded iron formations
1995:sediment gravity flows
1969:
1929:Stratified remains of
1842:and rocks composed of
1769:
1636:
1617:
1596:Conglomerate (geology)
1497:
1451:
1227:
1092:original horizontality
762:biogenic calcification
612:oolitic aragonite sand
382:Sedimentary structures
223:Oolitic aragonite sand
6077:Banded iron formation
5317:Nature Communications
5263:Levin, H. L. (1987).
5049:Pearson Prentice Hall
4694:For concretions, see
4138:Wilkinson et al. 2008
4075:Dunham classification
4019:
3956:, and white, layered
3924:area of southeastern
3911:
3823:
3795:continental collision
3671:
3557:
3500:and is almost always
3343:
3332:
3274:, formed by inverted
3257:septarian concretions
3196:
3145:
3019:
3000:
2970:
2832:
2783:
2694:
2623:
2564:
2478:banded iron formation
2475:
2333:
2275:) of Jackson County,
2262:
1945:
1756:
1625:Lower Antelope Canyon
1623:
1611:
1482:Glacial Lake Missoula
1476:
1434:
1389:scientific discipline
1218:(brown rocks above),
1209:
5426:Earth System History
5223:Folk, R. L. (1965).
5200:Einsele, G. (2000).
4880:, pp. 322–323;
4863:, pp. 187–189;
4584:, pp. 143–144;
4069:Deposition (geology)
4012:Provenance (geology)
3992:history of the Earth
3920:stratigraphy of the
2889:diagenetic processes
2624:Diagram showing the
2322:in which it formed.
2167:total organic carbon
2137:and others built on
1900:Curiosity Mars rover
5570:2009GSAB..121..760W
5540:2004SedG..171....1W
5528:Sedimentary Geology
5511:1978GSAB...89...19W
5361:Understanding Earth
5329:2015NatCo...6.6277P
5296:1971GSAB...82.3395M
5106:"Metamorphic Rocks"
5081:2001JG....109..363B
4813:, pp. 158–160.
4776:, pp. 452–453.
4734:, pp. 202–203.
4722:, pp. 193–194.
4710:, pp. 183–185.
4698:, pp. 206–215.
4673:, pp. 216–232.
4652:, pp. 136–154.
4616:, pp. 155–157.
4571:, pp. 133–135.
4559:, pp. 171–172.
4518:, pp. 160–161.
4385:, pp. 112–115.
4361:, pp. 156–157.
4337:, pp. 145–146.
4247:, pp. 147–154.
3876:Sedimentation rates
3856:Milankovitch cycles
3777:– places where one
3764:continental margins
3719:tectonic subsidence
3698:accommodation space
3280:pore fluid pressure
1768:), northern Estonia
1563:are made mostly of
1267:biological detritus
1263:geological detritus
892:Soil carbon storage
827:Sedimentary ecology
749:Biogenous sediments
33:Part of a series on
6433:Specific varieties
5598:2011-07-23 at the
5451:. Burlington, MA:
5338:10.1038/ncomms7277
5116:. pp. 21–56.
4284:Picard et al. 2015
4101:Sediment transport
4095:List of rock types
4032:, sedimentary and
4022:
3966:
3954:Moenkopi Formation
3838:
3836:, southern England
3693:sedimentary basins
3689:
3658:Sedimentary basins
3568:
3566:of the sea (below)
3537:sedimentary facies
3531:Sedimentary facies
3443:turbidity currents
3439:continental slopes
3362:
3338:
3221:
3159:
3103:turbidity currents
3101:characteristic of
3033:
3014:
2995:
2865:
2793:
2716:optical mineralogy
2700:
2634:
2571:
2505:
2451:secondary porosity
2343:
2280:
1970:
1846:minerals, such as
1834:and inorganically
1770:
1741:" as a term for a
1637:
1618:
1498:
1452:
1444:Northern Territory
1421:structural geology
1401:physical geography
1319:sedimentary basins
1228:
1134:carbonate-silicate
1104:Sedimentary record
1087:lateral continuity
884:Sedimentary carbon
814:Reverse weathering
793:diatomaceous earth
476:Vegetation-induced
360:Turbidity currents
334:ice-sheet dynamics
264:Sediment transport
255:Sedimentary budget
6631:Sedimentary rocks
6618:
6617:
5863:Nepheline syenite
5462:978-1-874545-69-9
5407:Blackwell Science
5131:978-3-540-74168-8
5058:978-0-13-154728-5
4952:The Ice Age World
4908:, pp. 29=32.
4884:, pp. 14–15.
4861:Press et al. 2003
4850:, pp. 22–33.
4837:, pp. 20–21.
4825:, pp. 19–20.
4745:Press et al. 2003
4604:, pp. 46–52.
4590:Press et al. 2003
4557:Press et al. 2003
4528:Press et al. 2003
4506:, pp. 92–93.
4470:, pp. 60–61.
4458:, pp. 62–64.
4421:, pp. 75–80.
4397:, pp. 55–58.
4308:Brime et al. 2001
3946:Wingate Sandstone
3942:Kayenta Formation
3738:volcanic deposits
3664:Sedimentary basin
3525:aeolian processes
3515:, located in the
3513:Touchet Formation
3393:continental shelf
3354:continental shelf
3350:Yucatan Peninsula
3307:continental slope
3284:sedimentary dykes
2902:permineralization
2409:pressure solution
2335:Pressure solution
2243:phosphate nodules
1983:silicate minerals
1876:volcanic breccias
1840:oolitic limestone
1616:, southern Europe
1350:natural resources
1330:civil engineering
1307:metamorphic rocks
1231:Sedimentary rocks
1204:
1203:
854:Soil biodiversity
730:Sedimentary basin
683:Marine regression
461:Sedimentary basin
324:Fluvial processes
295:Biomineralization
214:Manganese nodules
16:(Redirected from
6648:
6560:Rapakivi granite
6272:Metamorphic rock
6059:Sedimentary rock
5928:Quartz monzonite
5636:
5629:
5622:
5613:
5581:
5578:10.1130/B26457.1
5564:(5–6): 760–779.
5551:
5522:
5493:
5478:(6th ed.).
5477:
5466:
5443:
5420:
5405:(3rd ed.).
5397:
5378:
5363:(4th ed.).
5350:
5340:
5307:
5278:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5238:
5233:. Archived from
5219:
5204:(2nd ed.).
5196:
5175:
5156:
5135:
5100:
5062:
5039:
5020:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4985:. Archived from
4965:
4936:
4930:
4924:
4918:
4909:
4903:
4897:
4891:
4885:
4874:
4868:
4857:
4851:
4844:
4838:
4832:
4826:
4820:
4814:
4808:
4802:
4796:
4790:
4789:, pp. 67–68
4783:
4777:
4771:
4765:
4758:
4752:
4741:
4735:
4729:
4723:
4717:
4711:
4705:
4699:
4692:
4686:
4680:
4674:
4659:
4653:
4647:
4641:
4635:
4629:
4623:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4599:
4593:
4578:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4549:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4519:
4513:
4507:
4501:
4495:
4489:
4483:
4477:
4471:
4465:
4459:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4422:
4416:
4410:
4404:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4311:
4305:
4299:
4293:
4287:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4248:
4242:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4200:
4194:
4183:
4177:
4168:
4162:
4153:
4147:
4141:
4135:
4107:Shelly limestone
4089:List of minerals
4080:
4057:
4052:
4051:
3958:Cutler Formation
3950:Chinle Formation
3938:Navajo Sandstone
3922:Colorado Plateau
3649:
3502:very well sorted
3333:Common types of
3268:flame structures
3173:are examples of
2992:Shetland Islands
2933:organic material
2906:amorphous silica
2565:Diagram showing
2462:metamorphic rock
2413:organic material
2286:are formed when
2201:), typically as
2200:
2199:
2198:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2059:
2058:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2021:are composed of
1926:
1917:in northern Iran
1910:
1895:
1522:lithic fragments
1381:paleoclimatology
1220:Virgin Formation
1196:
1189:
1182:
1169:
1164:
1163:
921:Sedimentary rock
676:pelagic red clay
641:Continental rise
49:
30:
21:
6656:
6655:
6651:
6650:
6649:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6621:
6620:
6619:
6614:
6428:
6372:Pseudotachylite
6266:
6053:
5985:Tephriphonolite
5643:
5640:
5600:Wayback Machine
5589:
5584:
5554:
5525:
5496:
5490:
5469:
5463:
5446:
5440:
5423:
5417:
5400:
5394:
5381:
5375:
5358:
5310:
5281:
5275:
5262:
5253:
5251:
5241:
5222:
5216:
5199:
5178:
5172:
5159:
5138:
5132:
5103:
5065:
5059:
5042:
5036:
5023:
5017:
5000:
4992:
4990:
4983:
4968:
4962:
4949:
4945:
4940:
4939:
4931:
4927:
4919:
4912:
4904:
4900:
4892:
4888:
4875:
4871:
4867:, pp. 3–9.
4858:
4854:
4845:
4841:
4833:
4829:
4821:
4817:
4809:
4805:
4797:
4793:
4784:
4780:
4772:
4768:
4759:
4755:
4742:
4738:
4730:
4726:
4718:
4714:
4706:
4702:
4693:
4689:
4681:
4677:
4660:
4656:
4648:
4644:
4636:
4632:
4624:
4620:
4612:
4608:
4600:
4596:
4588:, p. 161;
4579:
4575:
4567:
4563:
4550:
4546:
4538:
4534:
4526:
4522:
4514:
4510:
4502:
4498:
4490:
4486:
4478:
4474:
4466:
4462:
4453:
4449:
4441:
4437:
4429:
4425:
4417:
4413:
4405:
4401:
4393:
4389:
4381:
4377:
4369:
4365:
4357:
4353:
4345:
4341:
4333:
4329:
4321:
4314:
4306:
4302:
4294:
4290:
4282:
4278:
4270:
4266:
4258:
4251:
4243:
4230:
4222:
4218:
4210:
4203:
4195:
4186:
4178:
4171:
4163:
4156:
4148:
4144:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4113:Volcaniclastics
4078:
4053:
4046:
4043:
4014:
4008:
3977:
3971:
3878:
3843:
3751:rises, causing
3711:tectonic uplift
3673:Plate tectonics
3666:
3660:
3653:
3650:
3641:
3633:palaeogeography
3533:
3327:
3200:concretions in
3164:way up criteria
3140:
2965:
2898:vascular tissue
2799:
2778:
2712:carbonate rocks
2689:
2645:Surface texture
2559:
2535:
2531:
2522:iron(III) oxide
2510:
2482:iron(III) oxide
2470:
2349:
2328:
2269:Logan Formation
2257:
2252:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2026:
1959:Late Cretaceous
1940:
1933:
1927:
1918:
1911:
1902:
1896:
1880:impact breccias
1868:
1824:
1751:
1723:
1717:
1643:
1606:
1598:
1592:
1529:Udden-Wentworth
1471:
1465:
1429:
1385:history of life
1377:palaeogeography
1373:Earth's history
1247:Earth's surface
1222:, southwestern
1200:
1159:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1074:Legacy sediment
1043:
1035:
1034:
1033:
989:
966:
950:
923:
913:
912:
911:
886:
876:
875:
874:
868:root microbiome
858:
828:
820:
819:
818:
804:
783:biogenic silica
773:
757:Calcareous ooze
751:
741:
740:
739:
720:
694:
591:
589:Marine sediment
581:
580:
579:
490:
482:
481:
480:
376:
366:
365:
364:
345:
304:
275:
259:
244:
234:
233:
232:
218:
208:
200:
199:
198:
174:
146:
124:
107:
92:
84:
83:
82:
72:
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6654:
6652:
6644:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6623:
6622:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6565:Rhomb porphyry
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6436:
6434:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6415:
6414:
6407:Talc carbonate
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6276:
6274:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6063:
6061:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6020:
6019:
6009:
6008:
6007:
6000:Trachyandesite
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5923:Quartz diorite
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5700:
5699:
5694:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5653:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5642:Types of rocks
5641:
5639:
5638:
5631:
5624:
5616:
5610:
5609:
5603:
5588:
5587:External links
5585:
5583:
5582:
5552:
5523:
5494:
5488:
5467:
5461:
5453:Academic Press
5444:
5438:
5421:
5415:
5398:
5392:
5379:
5373:
5352:
5351:
5308:
5279:
5273:
5260:
5239:
5237:on 2011-03-25.
5220:
5214:
5197:
5187:(3): 625–632.
5176:
5170:
5157:
5136:
5130:
5101:
5089:10.1086/319978
5075:(3): 363–379.
5063:
5057:
5040:
5034:
5021:
5015:
4998:
4981:
4966:
4960:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4925:
4910:
4898:
4896:, p. 536.
4886:
4869:
4852:
4839:
4827:
4815:
4803:
4791:
4778:
4766:
4753:
4736:
4724:
4712:
4700:
4687:
4685:, p. 215.
4675:
4665:, p. 62;
4654:
4642:
4630:
4628:, p. 162.
4618:
4606:
4594:
4592:, p. 172.
4573:
4561:
4544:
4542:, p. 138.
4532:
4530:, p. 171.
4520:
4508:
4496:
4484:
4472:
4460:
4447:
4435:
4423:
4411:
4399:
4387:
4375:
4363:
4351:
4349:, p. 105.
4339:
4327:
4312:
4300:
4288:
4276:
4264:
4249:
4228:
4216:
4201:
4184:
4182:, p. 782.
4169:
4154:
4142:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4081:
4072:
4066:
4063:Back-stripping
4059:
4058:
4055:Geology portal
4042:
4039:
4010:Main article:
4007:
4004:
3985:unconformities
3973:Main article:
3970:
3967:
3940:, layered red
3883:mass movements
3877:
3874:
3842:
3839:
3815:back-arc basin
3799:foreland basin
3787:fore-arc basin
3779:tectonic plate
3768:vicious circle
3677:back-arc basin
3662:Main article:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3532:
3529:
3346:Gulf of Mexico
3326:
3323:
3139:
3136:
3134:along rivers.
3098:Graded bedding
2964:
2961:
2945:carbon dioxide
2795:Main article:
2777:
2774:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2672:
2660:
2652:
2649:frosted grains
2606:calcareous mud
2558:
2555:
2533:
2529:
2518:iron(II) oxide
2509:
2506:
2486:iron(II) oxide
2469:
2466:
2443:meteoric water
2405:connate fluids
2345:Main article:
2327:
2324:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2230:
2214:
2195:
2182:
2158:
2143:
2124:
2108:
2091:
2076:
2064:
2055:
2043:
2031:
2025:(rhombohedral
2014:
1991:suspended load
1939:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1928:
1921:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1903:
1897:
1890:
1867:
1864:
1832:supersaturated
1823:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1803:
1793:
1776:Most types of
1750:
1747:
1727:turbulent flow
1719:Main article:
1716:
1713:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1639:Main article:
1633:flash flooding
1605:
1602:
1594:Main article:
1591:
1588:
1467:Main article:
1464:
1461:
1428:
1425:
1405:Earth sciences
1362:drinking water
1291:water solution
1265:(minerals) or
1249:, followed by
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1141:Paleolimnology
1138:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
990:
988:
987:
986:
985:
980:
975:
967:
965:
964:
963:
962:
951:
949:
948:
947:
946:
941:
931:
925:
924:
919:
918:
915:
914:
910:
909:
904:
899:
894:
888:
887:
882:
881:
878:
877:
873:
872:
871:
870:
859:
857:
856:
851:
846:
844:soil pathogens
841:
836:
834:Soil biomantle
830:
829:
826:
825:
822:
821:
817:
816:
811:
805:
803:
802:
801:
800:
795:
790:
788:silicification
785:
778:Siliceous ooze
774:
772:
771:
770:
769:
764:
753:
752:
747:
746:
743:
742:
738:
737:
732:
727:
725:Salt tectonics
721:
719:
718:
717:
716:
711:
706:
695:
693:
692:
691:
690:
680:
679:
678:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
627:
626:
616:
615:
614:
609:
599:
593:
592:
587:
586:
583:
582:
578:
577:
572:
570:Mineralization
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
536:
535:
530:
525:
515:
514:
513:
508:
503:
492:
491:
488:
487:
484:
483:
479:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
447:
446:
441:
431:
426:
421:
419:Alluvial river
416:
411:
410:
409:
404:
402:graded bedding
399:
394:
384:
378:
377:
372:
371:
368:
367:
363:
362:
357:
352:
346:
344:
343:
342:
341:
336:
326:
321:
319:Exner equation
316:
311:
305:
303:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
276:
274:
273:
272:
271:
260:
258:
257:
252:
246:
245:
240:
239:
236:
235:
231:
230:
225:
219:
217:
216:
210:
209:
207:By composition
206:
205:
202:
201:
197:
196:
195:
194:
189:
184:
175:
173:
172:
171:
170:
165:
160:
155:
147:
145:
144:
143:
142:
141:
140:
135:
125:
119:
108:
106:
105:
100:
94:
93:
90:
89:
86:
85:
81:
80:
77:
73:
71:
70:
65:
59:
58:
55:
54:
51:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6653:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6525:Litchfieldite
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6490:Hyaloclastite
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6431:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6337:Litchfieldite
6335:
6333:
6330:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6269:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6060:
6056:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6013:
6010:
6006:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5898:Phonotephrite
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5803:Hyaloclastite
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5637:
5632:
5630:
5625:
5623:
5618:
5617:
5614:
5607:
5604:
5601:
5597:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5534:(1–4): 1–11.
5533:
5529:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5495:
5491:
5489:0-13-011201-1
5485:
5481:
5480:Prentice Hall
5476:
5475:
5468:
5464:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5445:
5441:
5439:0-7167-2882-6
5435:
5431:
5427:
5422:
5418:
5416:0-632-03627-3
5412:
5408:
5404:
5399:
5395:
5389:
5385:
5380:
5376:
5374:0-7167-9617-1
5370:
5366:
5362:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5354:</ref>
5348:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5280:
5276:
5274:0-03-008912-3
5270:
5266:
5261:
5249:
5245:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5227:
5221:
5217:
5215:3-540-66193-X
5211:
5207:
5203:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5177:
5173:
5171:1-903544-19-X
5167:
5163:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5141:AAPG Bulletin
5137:
5133:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5064:
5060:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5041:
5037:
5035:0-675-20487-9
5031:
5027:
5022:
5018:
5016:0-13-642710-3
5012:
5008:
5007:Prentice-Hall
5004:
4999:
4989:on 2016-08-18
4988:
4984:
4982:0-88192-590-X
4978:
4974:
4973:
4967:
4963:
4961:82-00-37683-4
4957:
4953:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4934:
4929:
4926:
4923:, p. 17.
4922:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4902:
4899:
4895:
4890:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4856:
4853:
4849:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4831:
4828:
4824:
4819:
4816:
4812:
4807:
4804:
4800:
4795:
4792:
4788:
4782:
4779:
4775:
4770:
4767:
4763:
4757:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4740:
4737:
4733:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4716:
4713:
4709:
4704:
4701:
4697:
4691:
4688:
4684:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4658:
4655:
4651:
4646:
4643:
4640:, p. 62.
4639:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4622:
4619:
4615:
4610:
4607:
4603:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4574:
4570:
4565:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4548:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4533:
4529:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4500:
4497:
4494:, p. 61.
4493:
4488:
4485:
4482:, p. 92.
4481:
4476:
4473:
4469:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4451:
4448:
4445:, p. 62.
4444:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4415:
4412:
4409:, p. 60.
4408:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4391:
4388:
4384:
4379:
4376:
4373:, p. 58.
4372:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4328:
4325:, p. 57.
4324:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4304:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4220:
4217:
4213:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4152:, p. 24.
4151:
4146:
4143:
4139:
4134:
4131:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4018:
4013:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3968:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3840:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3803:mountain belt
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3734:asthenosphere
3731:
3727:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3686:
3685:oceanic basin
3682:
3681:forearc basin
3678:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3657:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3614:transgression
3610:
3608:
3607:Walther's Law
3604:
3600:
3599:transgression
3596:
3592:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3565:
3561:
3560:transgression
3556:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3494:alluvial fans
3491:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3397:wave activity
3394:
3390:
3389:abyssal plain
3386:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3331:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3289:
3288:mud volcanoes
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3175:trace fossils
3172:
3167:
3165:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3086:) are called
3085:
3079:
3077:
3076:cross-bedding
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2972:Cross-bedding
2969:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2953:carbonisation
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2894:blood vessels
2890:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2874:trace fossils
2870:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2804:magnification
2798:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2758:clay minerals
2755:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2704:siliciclastic
2698:
2693:
2686:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2568:
2563:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2539:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2494:Moodies Group
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2476:A piece of a
2474:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2424:precipitation
2420:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2358:lithification
2355:
2348:
2340:
2337:at work in a
2336:
2332:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2274:
2273:Mississippian
2270:
2266:
2261:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2136:
2132:
2117:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2086:and the rock
2085:
2049:), dolomite (
2024:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1999:conglomerates
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1904:
1901:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1884:impact events
1882:formed after
1881:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1850:(rock salt),
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1610:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1553:conglomerates
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1514:clay minerals
1511:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1490:United States
1487:
1483:
1480:deposited in
1479:
1475:
1470:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1449:
1445:
1442:formation in
1441:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1413:geomorphology
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:sedimentology
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1298:Earth's crust
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1279:mass movement
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1255:Sedimentation
1252:
1248:
1245:particles at
1244:
1240:
1236:
1233:are types of
1232:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1168:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1109:Sedimentology
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1039:
1038:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
991:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
970:
969:
968:
961:
958:
957:
956:
953:
952:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
922:
917:
916:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
889:
885:
880:
879:
869:
866:
865:
864:
861:
860:
855:
852:
850:
849:Pedodiversity
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
831:
824:
823:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
779:
776:
775:
768:
765:
763:
760:
759:
758:
755:
754:
750:
745:
744:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
722:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
701:
700:
697:
696:
689:
688:transgression
686:
685:
684:
681:
677:
674:
673:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
651:Bioirrigation
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
636:Calcification
634:
632:
629:
625:
622:
621:
620:
617:
613:
610:
608:
607:aragonite sea
605:
604:
603:
600:
598:
595:
594:
590:
585:
584:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
565:Hydropedology
563:
561:
560:Soil salinity
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
519:
516:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
498:
497:
494:
493:
489:Soil sediment
486:
485:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
445:
442:
440:
439:sole markings
437:
436:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
392:cross-bedding
390:
389:
388:
385:
383:
380:
379:
375:
370:
369:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
350:Lithification
348:
347:
340:
337:
335:
332:
331:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
306:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
270:
267:
266:
265:
262:
261:
256:
253:
251:
250:Sedimentation
248:
247:
243:
238:
237:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
215:
212:
211:
204:
203:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
179:
177:
176:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
150:
149:
148:
139:
136:
134:
131:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
118:
115:
114:
113:
110:
109:
104:
101:
99:
96:
95:
88:
87:
78:
75:
74:
69:
66:
64:
61:
60:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
6535:Luxullianite
6515:Lapis lazuli
6460:Blue Granite
6387:Serpentinite
6362:Metapsammite
6112:Conglomerate
6058:
6034:Trondhjemite
6012:Trachybasalt
5953:Pantellerite
5853:Monzogranite
5798:Hornblendite
5783:Granodiorite
5649:Igneous rock
5561:
5557:
5531:
5527:
5505:(1): 19–32.
5502:
5499:GSA Bulletin
5498:
5473:
5448:
5425:
5402:
5383:
5360:
5353:
5320:
5316:
5290:(12): 3395.
5287:
5283:
5264:
5252:. Retrieved
5247:
5235:the original
5225:
5201:
5184:
5180:
5161:
5144:
5140:
5109:
5072:
5068:
5044:
5025:
5002:
4991:. Retrieved
4987:the original
4971:
4951:
4928:
4921:Reading 1996
4901:
4894:Stanley 1999
4889:
4882:Reading 1996
4872:
4865:Einsele 2000
4855:
4848:Reading 1996
4842:
4835:Reading 1996
4830:
4823:Reading 1996
4818:
4806:
4794:
4781:
4769:
4764:, p. 63
4756:
4749:Einsele 2000
4739:
4727:
4715:
4703:
4690:
4678:
4663:Stanley 1999
4657:
4645:
4633:
4621:
4609:
4597:
4576:
4564:
4547:
4535:
4523:
4511:
4499:
4492:Stanley 1999
4487:
4475:
4468:Stanley 1999
4463:
4450:
4438:
4426:
4414:
4402:
4390:
4378:
4366:
4354:
4342:
4330:
4303:
4291:
4279:
4267:
4219:
4145:
4133:
4084:Growth fault
4023:
3989:
3978:
3975:Stratigraphy
3969:Stratigraphy
3895:
3879:
3860:
3844:
3811:
3772:
3746:
3723:
3696:
3690:
3630:
3611:
3588:
3569:
3562:(above) and
3534:
3510:
3506:glacial till
3479:
3451:
3431:radiolarians
3419:
3374:
3363:
3296:
3292:
3261:
3222:
3187:bioturbation
3168:
3160:
3126:
3122:
3118:ripple marks
3107:
3096:
3091:
3080:
3053:
3040:
3036:
3034:
3021:Ripple marks
3006:sole marking
3004:, a type of
2957:fossil fuels
2930:
2886:
2866:
2808:
2800:
2743:
2724:
2701:
2682:
2674:
2662:
2654:
2648:
2644:
2635:
2595:
2591:permeability
2572:
2547:
2511:
2502:South Africa
2458:metamorphism
2455:
2438:
2436:
2421:
2388:
2386:
2366:bioturbation
2361:
2350:
2339:clastic rock
2282:Sedimentary
2281:
2232:
2216:
2184:
2179:source rocks
2160:
2093:
2016:
1976:
1971:
1915:Chalous Road
1869:
1825:
1805:Deposits of
1790:foraminifera
1771:
1735:
1724:
1702:
1698:
1680:
1650:
1644:
1599:
1585:
1526:
1521:
1501:
1499:
1469:Clastic rock
1453:
1417:geochemistry
1375:, including
1370:
1358:fossil fuels
1327:
1295:
1230:
1229:
1146:Biosignature
1114:Stratigraphy
1067:soil science
1062:paleontology
1019:Organic-rich
960:conglomerate
920:
839:Soil zoology
735:Tidal bundle
714:hemipelagite
545:Soil horizon
511:permeability
471:Unconformity
414:Alluvial fan
407:ripple marks
374:By structure
329:Glacier flow
300:Bioturbation
18:Aqueous rock
6424:Whiteschist
6315:Greenschist
6295:Cataclasite
6285:Amphibolite
6212:Phosphorite
6162:Itacolumite
6087:Calcarenite
5933:Quartzolite
5868:Nephelinite
5838:Lamprophyre
5793:Harzburgite
5751:Napoleonite
5724:Charnockite
5719:Carbonatite
5709:Blairmorite
5672:Anorthosite
5323:(1): 6277.
5254:28 November
4034:metamorphic
3887:rock slides
3852:spring tide
3707:lithosphere
3580:lithofacies
3490:floodplains
3458:Tidal flats
3435:radiolarite
3415:coral reefs
3241:concretions
3233:pedogenesis
3002:Flute casts
2978:sandstone,
2856:, southern
2854:Ainsa Basin
2842:crustaceans
2567:well-sorted
2490:Precambrian
2439:telogenesis
2428:cementation
2401:groundwater
2389:mesogenesis
2378:biochemical
2372:that gives
2308:transported
2177:as well as
1836:precipitate
1757:Outcrop of
1287:marine snow
1251:cementation
1078:Principles
1024:Phosphorite
897:Soil carbon
863:Rhizosphere
809:Microfossil
798:radiolarite
671:Marine clay
624:calcite sea
597:Abyssal fan
451:River delta
444:imbrication
339:ice rafting
79:Hydrogenous
76:Cosmogenous
6625:Categories
6590:Teschenite
6575:Shonkinite
6550:Pietersite
6545:Novaculite
6455:Borolanite
6440:Adamellite
6357:Metapelite
6325:Calcflinta
6290:Blueschist
6280:Anthracite
6262:Wackestone
6242:Travertine
6187:Lumachelle
6167:Jaspillite
6122:Diamictite
6044:Websterite
6029:Troctolite
6005:Benmoreite
5965:Shonkinite
5938:Rhyodacite
5918:Pyroxenite
5888:Peridotite
5848:Lherzolite
5823:Kimberlite
5813:Ignimbrite
5808:Icelandite
5788:Granophyre
5697:Shoshonite
5393:0716739054
4993:2014-05-02
4787:Levin 1987
4762:Levin 1987
4751:, part II.
4667:Levin 1987
4638:Levin 1987
4582:Boggs 1987
4540:Boggs 1987
4504:Levin 1987
4480:Levin 1987
4407:Levin 1987
4383:Boggs 1987
4371:Levin 1987
4347:Boggs 1987
4323:Levin 1987
4245:Boggs 2006
4212:Boggs 2006
4120:References
4026:weathering
4006:Provenance
3867:Quaternary
3848:astronomic
3834:Lyme Regis
3783:subducting
3726:rift basin
3622:Regression
3595:regression
3564:regression
3370:provenance
3272:load casts
3225:diagenesis
3212:to middle
3183:arthropods
3132:point bars
3084:tree rings
3072:lamination
2976:fluviatile
2922:carbonates
2910:chalcedony
2882:footprints
2840:, made by
2811:scavengers
2790:California
2718:, using a
2706:rocks) or
2687:Mineralogy
2676:Grain form
2664:Sphericity
2630:sphericity
2484:(red) and
2468:Properties
2354:compaction
2347:Diagenesis
2316:evaporites
2312:hinterland
2300:weathering
2296:suspension
2239:phosphorus
2227:ironstones
2211:chalcedony
2100:carbonates
1963:Cenomanian
1955:gastropods
1811:radiolaria
1759:Ordovician
1731:suspension
1604:Sandstones
1561:sandstones
1407:, such as
1352:including
1283:denudation
1271:weathering
1216:limestones
1119:Rock cycle
1099:Provenance
1057:geological
934:Carbonates
709:contourite
666:Evaporites
518:morphology
506:pore space
314:Concretion
309:Compaction
280:Weathering
242:By process
112:Grain size
91:By texture
6636:Petrology
6605:Variolite
6595:Theralite
6585:Tachylite
6570:Rodingite
6540:Mangerite
6520:Larvikite
6505:Jasperoid
6500:Jadeitite
6465:Epidosite
6419:Tectonite
6412:Soapstone
6377:Quartzite
6347:Migmatite
6332:Itabirite
6310:Granulite
6252:Turbidite
6232:Sylvinite
6227:Siltstone
6217:Sandstone
6202:Oil shale
6182:Limestone
6157:Gritstone
6152:Greywacke
6147:Geyserite
6137:Evaporite
6127:Diatomite
6102:Claystone
6067:Argillite
5980:Tachylyte
5948:Comendite
5893:Phonolite
5883:Pegmatite
5858:Monzonite
5833:Lamproite
5828:Komatiite
5768:Foidolite
5729:Enderbite
5692:Mugearite
5097:129514579
4456:Folk 1965
4443:Folk 1965
4224:Stow 2005
4165:Dott 1964
4125:Citations
3830:Blue Lias
3826:competent
3757:sag basin
3753:isostatic
3730:stretched
3703:tectonics
3591:sea level
3584:biofacies
3574:content.
3549:lithology
3521:rhythmite
3484:, lakes,
3447:turbidite
3429:(such as
3423:lysocline
3276:diapirism
3237:stylolite
3210:Paleocene
3157:, Estonia
3128:Mudcracks
3064:lithology
3041:secondary
3010:sandstone
2937:volatiles
2852:) of the
2838:turbidite
2762:kaolinite
2731:aragonite
2727:carbonate
2632:of grains
2432:competent
2419:or coal.
2362:eogenesis
2352:includes
2292:deposited
2265:sandstone
2175:oil shale
2155:anhydrite
2116:chlorides
2084:limestone
2007:sandstone
1844:evaporite
1778:limestone
1766:kukersite
1762:oil shale
1705:greywacke
1641:Sandstone
1629:sandstone
1478:Claystone
1457:volcanism
1448:Australia
1440:sandstone
1029:Siliceous
1014:Iron-rich
1009:Greywacke
994:Evaporite
978:sandstone
939:limestone
704:turbidite
602:Aragonite
355:Siltation
98:Roundness
68:Biogenous
56:By origin
39:Sediments
6580:Taconite
6555:Pyrolite
6480:Ganister
6450:Aphanite
6445:Appinite
6367:Phyllite
6352:Mylonite
6320:Hornfels
6300:Eclogite
6197:Mudstone
6172:Laterite
6132:Dolomite
6049:Wehrlite
6024:Trachyte
6017:Hawaiite
5995:Tonalite
5990:Tephrite
5943:Rhyolite
5908:Porphyry
5878:Obsidian
5763:Essexite
5714:Boninite
5704:Basanite
5662:Andesite
5596:Archived
5347:25692888
5231:Hemphill
5206:Springer
5114:Springer
4041:See also
3918:Jurassic
3916:through
3891:flooding
3348:off the
3319:tectonic
3299:faulting
3179:molluscs
3155:Saaremaa
3151:Silurian
3092:laminite
3025:Haßberge
3012:in Spain
2984:Devonian
2949:graphite
2939:such as
2862:Pyrenees
2858:foreland
2815:bacteria
2770:smectite
2750:feldspar
2735:dolomite
2656:Rounding
2626:rounding
2587:porosity
2543:red beds
2538:hematite
2447:leaching
2415:becomes
2382:bacteria
2370:hematite
2288:sediment
2131:sulfates
2088:dolomite
2011:mudrocks
2003:breccias
1993:, or by
1987:bed load
1828:solution
1786:mollusks
1715:Mudrocks
1577:arenites
1569:mudrocks
1557:breccias
1510:feldspar
1409:pedology
1383:and the
1259:sediment
1212:Triassic
1167:Category
1048:History
944:dolomite
929:Badlands
387:Bedforms
228:Tektites
6600:Unakite
6530:Llanite
6495:Ijolite
6470:Felsite
6402:Suevite
6237:Tillite
6177:Lignite
6117:Coquina
6082:Breccia
5975:Syenite
5903:Picrite
5818:Ijolite
5778:Granite
5746:Diorite
5741:Diabase
5657:Adakite
5566:Bibcode
5536:Bibcode
5507:Bibcode
5325:Bibcode
5292:Bibcode
5077:Bibcode
4030:igneous
4000:animals
3964:, Utah.
3914:Permian
3807:molasse
3761:passive
3749:density
3715:erosion
3593:drops (
3498:aeolian
3482:lagoons
3470:gullies
3305:or the
3208:(upper
3171:burrows
3110:bedform
3068:bedding
3037:primary
3029:Bavaria
2988:Bressay
2884:, etc.
2878:burrows
2860:of the
2848:(early
2834:Burrows
2819:rotting
2776:Fossils
2708:calcite
2638:coquina
2615:sorting
2602:current
2583:density
2579:texture
2557:Texture
2417:lignite
2374:red bed
2304:erosion
2129:), and
2051:CaMg(CO
2023:calcite
1967:Lebanon
1953:marine
1951:Nerinea
1947:Fossils
1852:sylvite
1830:become
1815:diatoms
1743:fissile
1721:Mudrock
1581:lutites
1573:rudites
1486:Montana
1397:geology
1342:tunnels
1315:bedding
1303:igneous
1275:erosion
1243:organic
1239:mineral
1210:Middle
1124:calcium
1052:geology
1042:Related
983:mudrock
973:breccia
955:Clastic
699:Pelagic
646:Bay mud
619:Calcite
523:texture
285:Erosion
269:coastal
168:colloid
138:granule
117:boulder
103:Sorting
6510:Kenyte
6485:Gossan
6382:Schist
6342:Marble
6305:Gneiss
6207:Oolite
6072:Arkose
5970:Sovite
5960:Scoria
5913:Pumice
5873:Norite
5843:Latite
5773:Gabbro
5758:Dunite
5736:Dacite
5682:Basalt
5677:Aplite
5486:
5459:
5436:
5413:
5390:
5371:
5345:
5271:
5212:
5168:
5128:
5095:
5055:
5032:
5013:
4979:
4958:
3996:plants
3898:desert
3870:period
3791:flysch
3683:, and
3626:offlap
3572:fossil
3545:lagoon
3486:swamps
3474:deltas
3462:shoals
3427:silica
3377:marine
3264:deform
3218:Cyprus
3214:Eocene
3147:Halite
3088:varves
3060:strata
2926:pyrite
2869:tissue
2850:Eocene
2824:anoxic
2797:Fossil
2766:illite
2669:sphere
2598:fabric
2550:decays
2526:anoxic
2267:; the
2153:, and
2151:gypsum
2135:gypsum
2009:, and
1860:gypsum
1856:baryte
1848:halite
1800:carbon
1788:, and
1782:corals
1709:arkose
1579:, and
1567:, and
1533:gravel
1506:quartz
1502:clasts
1387:. The
1346:canals
1338:houses
1311:strata
1226:, U.S.
1165:
1129:silica
540:Catena
501:matrix
397:duness
182:oolite
178:Other
133:pebble
128:gravel
122:cobble
6641:Rocks
6475:Flint
6397:Slate
6392:Skarn
6257:Varve
6222:Shale
6142:Flint
6097:Chert
6092:Chalk
5093:S2CID
3865:(the
3618:onlap
3603:delta
3576:Coral
3541:dunes
3454:beach
3385:ocean
3315:folds
3311:slump
3303:delta
3253:flint
3249:chert
3245:chalk
3202:chalk
3198:Chert
3114:dunes
2986:) on
2974:in a
2941:water
2918:chert
2914:flint
2836:in a
2760:like
2754:micas
2739:ooids
2508:Color
2284:rocks
2203:chert
1807:chert
1739:shale
1614:Malta
1516:, or
1436:Uluru
1334:roads
1004:Chert
999:Chalk
555:Humin
550:Humus
533:color
528:value
424:Fault
187:scree
6247:Tufa
6192:Marl
6107:Coal
6039:Tuff
5484:ISBN
5457:ISBN
5434:ISBN
5411:ISBN
5388:ISBN
5369:ISBN
5343:PMID
5269:ISBN
5256:2020
5210:ISBN
5166:ISBN
5126:ISBN
5053:ISBN
5030:ISBN
5011:ISBN
4977:ISBN
4956:ISBN
3998:and
3932:and
3926:Utah
3912:The
3902:wadi
3742:rift
3492:and
3466:tide
3460:and
3410:silt
3408:and
3406:clay
3402:sand
3229:soil
3116:and
3056:beds
2943:and
2628:and
2575:size
2573:The
2520:and
2514:iron
2397:mica
2356:and
2302:and
2277:Ohio
2225:and
2207:opal
2171:coal
2039:CaCO
2027:CaCO
2001:and
1874:and
1872:tuff
1858:and
1813:and
1796:Coal
1565:sand
1555:and
1549:clay
1545:silt
1537:sand
1518:mica
1494:lake
1419:and
1399:and
1366:ores
1364:and
1354:coal
1323:Mars
1305:and
1273:and
1235:rock
1224:Utah
907:Peat
902:Coal
496:Soil
429:Fold
192:till
163:clay
158:silt
153:sand
6610:Wad
5574:doi
5562:121
5544:doi
5532:171
5515:doi
5333:doi
5300:doi
5189:doi
5149:doi
5118:doi
5085:doi
5073:109
4747:or
3889:or
3832:at
3383:or
3381:sea
3270:or
3251:or
3216:),
3181:or
3153:),
3058:or
2920:),
2768:or
2733:or
2589:or
2290:is
2191:SiO
2114:),
1957:of
1949:of
1541:mud
1241:or
6627::
5572:.
5560:.
5542:.
5530:.
5513:.
5503:89
5501:.
5482:.
5455:.
5432:.
5428:.
5409:.
5367:.
5341:.
5331:.
5319:.
5315:.
5298:.
5288:82
5286:.
5246:.
5229:.
5208:.
5185:34
5183:.
5147:.
5145:54
5143:.
5124:.
5112:.
5108:.
5091:.
5083:.
5071:.
5051:.
5009:.
5005:.
4913:^
4315:^
4252:^
4231:^
4204:^
4187:^
4172:^
4157:^
3885:,
3687:.
3679:,
3628:.
3620:.
3609:.
3586:.
3488:,
3449:.
3404:,
3375:A
3259:.
3247:,
3204:,
3166:.
3105:.
3027:,
2990:,
2928:.
2916:,
2912:,
2896:,
2880:,
2844:,
2817:,
2813:,
2806:.
2788:,
2772:.
2764:,
2752:,
2722:.
2593:.
2585:,
2500:,
2496:,
2464:.
2453:.
2434:.
2209:,
2205:,
2173:,
2139:SO
2120:Cl
2104:CO
2072:CO
2005:,
1989:,
1886:.
1862:.
1854:,
1784:,
1733:.
1707:,
1575:,
1512:,
1508:,
1488:,
1484:,
1446:,
1423:.
1415:,
1411:,
1379:,
1368:.
1360:,
1356:,
1344:,
1340:,
1336:,
1325:.
1293:.
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5580:.
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5550:.
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5492:.
5465:.
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5419:.
5396:.
5377:.
5349:.
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5327::
5321:6
5306:.
5302::
5294::
5277:.
5258:.
5218:.
5195:.
5191::
5174:.
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5134:.
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5099:.
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5061:.
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4964:.
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4226:.
4214:.
4199:.
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3360:.
3231:(
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2710:(
2671:.
2534:3
2532:O
2530:2
2271:(
2229:.
2196:2
2157:.
2144:4
2133:(
2109:3
2090:.
2077:3
2065:2
2060:)
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