Eastern imperial eagle - Knowledge (XXG)

572:-like blackish-brown but for a well-demarcated and highly contrasting creamy to golden buff colour about the crown, hindneck and neck sides. Furthermore, adults have bold white ”epaulettes” on their shoulder braces, which are usually fairly conspicuous on perched birds. The adult's tail is narrowly dark barred over a greyish ground colour and has a broad black subterminal band, while a white tail tip sometimes manifest in adults that are freshly molted. The undertail coverts are sometimes indistinctly paler, rust to creamy, combined with grey tail base to give the appearance of a paler rear end. At rest, the wing tips tend to reach the tail tip. The juvenile eastern imperial eagle is mostly pale tawny-buff to sandy yellow with fairly heavy dark brown streaks from the throat down to the breast, mantle, scapulars and forewing coverts. The juvenile's scapulars and forewing coverts also have sometimes noticeable white tipped feathers while the median coverts are perceptibly browner and greater coverts blackish both with broad creamy-yellow tips forming clear wing bars. The flight feathers and tail on juveniles are often blackish and tipped whitish, however the white parts on the lower back to tail coverts are only lightly streaked in the centre and often not visible when perched. Below the streaked breast, the remainder of the juvenile's underparts are plain pale buff. By the 2nd year, the brown streaking on the underside fades to a plainer sandy hue and the pale bars also start to fade on wings. Especially later into the 2nd year into the 3rd year, some young eastern imperial-eagles show an erratic blotching of blackish-brown feathers below. By about the 4th winter, as the birds enter their subadult plumage, the forefront of the eagle is often a rather patchy mix of sandy and darker adult-like feathers. During slow annual molts, the dark feathers expand initially from the throat and upper breast outward. Late into the subadult stage, the birds also start to develop a pale crown and nape but usually the rear body still more juvenile-like, such as the pale rump-band and crissum despite the otherwise darkening tail and wing feathers. The full adult plumage is attained at 5–6 years of age but some subadults are already breeding before this. 605:. The species may also hold their wings flat while engaging in a glide but as it accelerates they may arch wings back. In flight, the adult from above shows dark brown with small white braces, greyish tail with fine dark bars and a very broad, blackish subterminal band. The adult is essentially all dark colored when seen from below relieved only by some very dusky grey flight feathers on the primaries (against the black wing tips), a grey crissum and thinly barred grey tail base. However, these features may be only obvious in good light and at reasonable distances. In flight, the juvenile is largely pale buff with brown streaking. The lower back, rump, tail coverts and leg feathers are all whitish cream in colour which contrasts noticeably with their white-tipped blackish greater coverts, primary coverts and quills. On their mantle, juveniles manifest two white wing bars above and a narrow whitish lower trailing edge. Meanwhile, the juvenile's inner primaries are much paler creamy-buff hue than their other flight feathers. The dusky brown wing linings of the juvenile plumage, when compared to the darker ones of adults, show more extensive coarse patterning. Some birds by 2nd to 3rd year are so worn in their flight feathers as to appear almost unstreaked sandy while, from the 3rd year on, darker feathers start to appear below with various untidy variations. 1587: 2328:. It was found that the feeding opportunities sought were largely similar (nestling water birds were often favored) by all five eagle species and that a hierarchy was formed, though each species competed most regularly with others of their own species. The eastern imperial eagle was, by and large, dominant in correspondence to its slightly larger size than the other booted eagles and rivaled the similarly-sized Pallas's fish eagle as the top avian predator in this raptor community. The steppe eagle, despite being only scarcely smaller than an imperial eagle, was usually subordinate to imperial eagles and had a much lower estimated average daily food intake, 141 g (5.0 oz) against an average of 539 g (1.188 lb) for the imperial. However, the mean daily intake of Pallas's fish eagle was slightly higher still at 623 g (1.373 lb) and the fish eagle would perch slightly higher than the imperials as well. In one case, a flock of 9 steppe eagles was able to pirate a freshly caught 2923:. The strongest increases were in Hungary where from 10-15 pairs in the late 1970s an estimated total of 105 nesting pairs by the late 2000s. Conversions and conservation of lowland wildlands, has allowed the numbers of pairs using less ideal mountainous habitat decrease from 50% to 15% of breeding imperials, as they've shifted to more ideal lowland habitat. The nation's imperial eagle population has been continuously protected and monitored since 1975. Further efforts in Hungary were the mitigation of human-eagle conflicts through education in Hungary as poisoning (whether these eagles are the main target or not) continues, as well as general coordination with landowners and agricultural interests as the eastern imperial eagles are often required to forage in such areas. Other increases or returns to former parts of their range include have been noted in the 2678:(where it is now extirpated as a breeder) was said to extend from November to April. The pair constructs a very large nest of sticks, which may average up to 1.2 to 1.5 m (3 ft 11 in to 4 ft 11 in) across and 60 to 70 cm (24 to 28 in) in depth. However, nests for the species have been recorded to measure up to 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) or more across and 1.8 to 2 m (5 ft 11 in to 6 ft 7 in) deep. Nests can outmatch in size those even of larger species such as golden eagles. Nests are frequently lined with various materials, including twigs, grass, fur, debris and greenery. Usually eastern imperial eagles build their nest in tall trees but recorded down to as low as 2 m (6.6 ft) in low scrub or, rarely, on cliff or ground (later as recorded in the 1509: 539:, in which males are usually smaller than the females. For the eastern imperial eagle, females are up to 10% larger linearly and 40% heavier in body mass in some cases. In terms of body mass, one survey found five males to weigh from 2.45 to 2.72 kg (5.4 to 6.0 lb) and five females to weigh from 3.26 to 4.54 kg (7.2 to 10.0 lb). The average weight of this sample of imperial eagles was reportedly 2.62 kg (5.8 lb) in the males and 3.9 kg (8.6 lb) in the females. A sample of unknown size showed males to weigh an average 2.88 kg (6.3 lb) while females reportedly weighed an average of 3.38 kg (7.5 lb). A further two mature females weighed an average of 3.56 kg (7.8 lb). Among standard measurements, males may range in 2754:, the average clutch size was 2.27. 81 nests from Russia had a mean clutch size of 2.1. Exceptional clutch sizes of up to four eggs have been recorded in Kazakhstan. The eggs are a dull buffish white colour overall and are sparsely marked with grey, purplish or, occasionally, brown spots. A sample of 150 eggs were found to have measured from 63 to 82.5 mm (2.48 to 3.25 in) in height by 52.5 to 62.5 mm (2.07 to 2.46 in), with an average of 73.3 mm × 56.5 mm (2.89 in × 2.22 in). In Georgia, the average dimensions of eggs was measured in a sample of 20 as 72.3 mm × 57.5 mm (2.85 in × 2.26 in) with a mean weight of 136.8 g (4.83 oz). As was recorded in 13 cases in 2997:

1999. The Baikal imperial eagles during monitoring from 1950 to 1999 showed no overall changes in habitat or pair occupancy. In the 1998-1999 period, fledgling success was also found to drop considerably. Satellite study of migrating birds from Lake Baikal at migration stopovers and winter sites was reviewed but only 4 eagles were studied so results could not clearly determine whether depletions were mostly occurring at this time rather than during breeding. The reason for the sharp declines of the Baikal imperial eagles are not fully understood but are likely correlated with habitat destruction and human land use changes followed by pesticide use and other toxic threats through bioaccumulation. Reductions have also been reported in the lower

2814:

nesting success tends to higher in lowland areas against higher elevation nests. Post-dispersal in Bulgaria, the most significant cause of juvenile mortality per radio-tagging studies was shown to be electrocution (59% of the mortalities), followed by poisoning and shooting. The radio-tracking studies of Bulgarian juveniles showed survival rates were 59.1% in the 1st year of life, 83.3% for the 2nd year, 80% for the 3rd year. Furthermore, 50% of the mortalities of the Bulgarian juveniles occurred in Bulgaria while 43% occurred after they'd migrated to Turkey. Electrocution by collision with power lines are likely major causes of mortality almost throughout the range. Furthermore, other deadly collisions with manmade objects, including

1939: 556: 2964: 2654:

of accipitrids is likely for the purposes territorial proclamation to other eagles of their species. The display is often interspersed with mock dives and talon showing. One or both members of a pair may participate in the aerial display. If an interloper does not leave during the first part of the display, the territorial skirmish then may become physical and it sometimes leads to cartwheeling with interlocked talons, falling until they nearly hit the ground. Despite the fairly impressive display, it is generally of slightly shorter duration than the similar one done by

637:(the enlarged rear talon that accipitrids used as a killing apparatus) which is consistently larger in the golden species. Two female eastern imperial eagles measured 38 and 43 mm (1.5 and 1.7 in) in hallux claw length while a male was about 35.5 mm (1.40 in), whereas the smallest talon measured for an immature male American golden eagle was 44.9 mm (1.77 in). Nonetheless, besides its wider ranging golden cousin, this species is typically the largest, with the largest extremities (i.e. tarsal, tail and bill length) and most powerful 1610:), in Europe a non-native gamebird (although the imperial eagle also encounters and hunts the species extensively in its native range as well), in their foods. In the aforementioned large Hungarian study, pheasants were the third most frequently taken prey species, making up 12% of the diet. In the Czech Republic, the pheasant ranked third as well. In Slovakia, the pheasant was second only to the hare in frequency, comprising 17.3% of the foods, although exclusively juvenile and hen pheasants (no cocks) were reportedly taken. In Bulgarian studies, the 2229:

rolling interface between wood stands and fields at low elevations. However, in some areas, especially eastern Europe, eastern imperial eagles have been driven to higher elevations and more montane habitats that are typically the haunts of golden eagles by persecution, habitat destruction, and other interferences by humans, usually with mixed to minor success as the golden species is scarce at best locally and unlikely to produce competition. There is surprisingly little information on conflicts between these two eagle species. In the

2852: 2257: 969: 813: 1366:, the latter reportedly by waiting by the entrance of the animal's burrow. Occasionally, this species pirates foods from other eagles and other birds of prey, especially during winter, and also tandem hunts in pairs as well. The eastern Imperial eagle is, like most active predators, an opportunist who exploits any prey they are capable of overpowering. Their prey spectrum is highly varied, including somewhere between 200 and 300 prey species, a total number of prey species only a bit short of the occasionally sympatric 685:) but the latter is less contrastingly patterned, without a paler shawl and has greater covert band below (despite the rare hint of one on some imperials) and densely bared flight feathers. Adult greater spotted eagles have similar underwing contrast as juvenile eastern imperial eagles but, beyond plumage characteristics, are distinct for their much smaller head, slightly smaller overall size and more compact frame with a relatively broader and shorter wings. More similar to the juvenile eastern imperial eagle is the 711:), the juvenile eastern imperial eagle does not show a white band on underwing like the steppe. More obviously, the steppe eagle lacks the paler overall colours and contrasting brownish streaking of juvenile imperials. Feather wear can make the wing shape of the two resemble the other but the larger head and less compact frame of the imperial species render its flight profile distinctive. The only darker large booted eagle encountered by the eastern imperial eagle, in its African winter quarters, is the jet-black 1342: 6271: 1202: 760: 514: 2839:

breeding success in areas such as Naurzum reserve may be successful, in non-pristine habitats of Kazakhstan the breeding population may not necessarily be self-sustaining. In Bulgaria, estimates of adult survivorship were from 75 to 94%. Against the overall stability of Kazakhstani imperial eagles and the gradual increased success of European nesting eagles, a rapidly declining population has been noted with alarm, in nearly at the species’ eastern limits as breeder in

1004:. Migratory movements occur during fall any time from September to November and in spring anytime from February to May, shifting earlier in the fall and later in spring the farther north that the eagles breed. Differentiating the large areas use merely for passage migration or vagrancy from regular wintering grounds can be difficult. Though typically seen in very small numbers at main raptor migration sites the species may occur as a passage migrant through much of the 576: 1955:(4.4 lb), with a peak focus (at around 25%) on prey weighing 500 and 1,000 g (1.1 and 2.2 lb) and a mean estimated prey size of 565 g (1.246 lb). The prefferd sized of prey can be slightly varied throughout the region. In Hungary, staple prey size was estimated at between 250 g (8.8 oz) and 2.5 kg (5.5 lb). By contrast, in Slovakia, maximum weight of live-caught prey was estimated at 1.4 kg (3.1 lb). 109: 1358:. Imperial eagles typically still hunt, watching for prey at length from a moderately low perch (usually a tree branch but virtually any perch from rocks to bushes to power poles), then often making a short stoop or dive to the ground once prey is spotted. Alternately, they may make a longer dive onto prey from a low soaring flight, often using any vegetation available to obscure their approach. Some prey are known to be captured on foot, including 230: 40: 2900:, the eastern imperial eagle was extirpated altogether as a breeding species. While the declines further east in the species range have been less studied, more or less the same threats likely persist throughout the range. Some reserves in central Russia and Kazakhstan have retained semi-stable populations, due in no small part to their isolation. However, the eastern imperial eagle has also been extirpated as a breeding species from 2736: 674:, but the eastern species has more restricted white on the shoulder and has a slightly more brownish hue in the dark underside feathers, while juvenile Spanish imperials are richly tawny in colour rather than pale buffy and lack brownish streaking on the body. The Spanish species is similar in size and proportions to the eastern imperial but is marginally heavier on average and has an even more protruding head and neck. 2956:

Bulgarian populations were mitigating hazardous electrical poles, 608 were insulated within eagle territories, while also 483 supplemental feedings were given to 14 pairs from October to March. In Turkey, the number of imperial eagle pairs in recent estimates during the 21st century was widely placed at 35-150 pairs, probably closer to the higher number as there is evidence for there being 30-50 pairs in the

67: 2642: 614: 531:. Adult total length can range from 68 to 90 cm (27 to 35 in) with a typical wingspan of 1.76 to 2.2 m (5 ft 9 in to 7 ft 3 in). The average wingspan of a small sample showed males to average 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in) while a small sample of females averaged 2.07 m (6 ft 9 in). Although otherwise outwardly similar, the species displays 2789: 703:

narrower and squarer in shape. At closer range, the pale area on the back of the head and neck in eastern imperial eagle may be suggestive to some of the golden eagle's golden nape but is always much paler and chalkier in colour, as well as more strongly contrasted by the otherwise dark feathers and is more extensive. Against the somewhat similarly sized but more compact juvenile

2450:

species in the area, competition is probably not the driver for the imperial eagle altering its nesting habits but instead, it is likely due to the heavy human-caused depletion of the imperial eagles preferred prey of ground squirrels and hamsters in the area, with the wetland-located nests putting them close to currently reliable alternate primary foods, mainly water birds.

2801:, with a gradual increase of the population to 20 occupied territories, success rate was shown to be about 1 fledgling per pair. By 2014, productivity was reported as averaging similarly at 1.03 fledgling per pair in Bulgaria. In Austria, the average number of fledglings per successful pair was 1.63. Of 27 breeding Austrian breeding attempts, 22 were successful. In 2896:, which made the killing of eagles far easier and hastened their decline. Towards the end of the 19th century, 1824 nests were recorded in Bulgaria, but by 1979 only 5 to 12 pairs remained in the country. Similarly, from a population once numbering in the thousands, the Hungarian population of imperial eagles was driven down to only 10-15 pairs by 1975-1980. In 2880:

However, almost certainly the leading cause of this species' decline was the practice of felling old trees on field boundaries that were the nest sites for the eagle. Among other reasons for its decline were the depletion (both incidental and intentional) of prey species and the incidental consumption by the eagles of poison baits, left out to eliminate

791:. The eastern imperial eagle most frequently calls during their aerial displays. In extreme cases, the call may be repeated up to 13 times during an aerial display. Furthermore, they may repeat the call from a perch. Females may also call when a male arrives with prey. Alarm calls recorded for the species include a soft 1806:) were the 3rd most often regular prey at 11.79% of the diet. In general, a picture emerges of the imperial eagle's dietary preference for relatively large birds with conspicuous behaviour, relatively slow flight, who can be struck on or near the ground and/or have vulnerable nesting sites or conspicuous young, such as 2224:

eagle prey will weigh over 5 kg (11 lb). In its very extensive range, the golden eagle's distribution includes nearly all areas occupied by breeding eastern imperial eagles. Furthermore, there is considerable overlap in prey species selected by these species. There is a natural partitioning between the two

1461:, the European hare was the main prey, comprising 40.2% of 562 prey items and 41.3% of 109 prey items, respectively. The European hamster was the 4th most frequent prey in Slovakia but second most common prey species in the Czech Republic. As presented in the multi-year studies from Hungary, a seeming decline of the 992:, the eastern imperial eagle is fairly strongly migratory in most of its range, though a variable amount of residency or very local wandering during winter in the western and southern parts of its range may lend it to be described as a partial migrant. The species has been recorded overwintering as far north as 1469:) population is the cause of their reduced importance in the imperial eagle's diet, with this species being the primary prey in 1975-1991 (51% of 606 prey items from 1975 to 1985) to contributing almost nothing in 2005-2017. It is possible with reintroductions of the European ground squirrel underway in 2996:

region of Russia and the species may be on its way to local extinction there. In the 1950s, imperial eagle pairs in the Baikal area numbered 250-300 strong. A strong decline was already noted by the mid-1980s when 150-200 pairs remained. However, the reduction hastened even more to merely 70 pairs in

2879:

animal. Despite the historic reverence for the species, it was not spared the negative and hostile view of all birds of prey that arose throughout Europe and its colonies in the 17th century onwards, and the resulting persecution of essentially all birds of prey, including the eastern imperial eagle.

2779:

in which males rarely engage in direct brooding). From when the young are 40 days onward, the female eastern imperial eagle typically resumes hunting and takes to a perch nearby. Male does not appear to bring prey directly to the nest instead to nearby branch for female to dismantle. One or two large

1353:

The eastern imperial eagle is somewhat varied in hunting techniques but almost exclusively takes its prey on the ground. It is possible some prey, such as fledgling birds, are taken from low perches in ambushes but this is seemingly unverified. They are also known to capture prey in water or from the

2870:

and adjacent parts of Russia used to admire and even revere this eagle as a "sacred bird". It was widely referred to as the "cross-bearing eagle" (because of the shape of the white spots on its wings). According to folklore, the imperial eagle was able to divert the hailstorm clouds from the area it

2813:

were more productive than those in the Dervent heights (1.05 vs 0.91). Breeding success in Hungary reportedly was driven largely by the age of the nesting pair, with mature adults more likely to show adaptability to changes in habitat and prey, and secondarily to habitat composition. In particular,

2774:

are infrequent compared to the golden eagle and, when not interrupted by human interference, prey population crashes and nest collapses, nest frequently bear two fledglings. At 14 days of age, the first feathers through down, while feathers on the back starting at 21 days. Feathers cover the down by

2653:

The eastern imperial eagle is a fairly solitary bird, with rarely more than a pair occurring, although some small gatherings recorded at waterholes or food during migrant or winter. Pairs on the breeding grounds engage in aerial displays with loud calling and extensive high circling, which like most

551:

length from 91 to 98 mm (3.6 to 3.9 in). Meanwhile, females may range in wing chord length from 565 to 665 mm (22.2 to 26.2 in), in tail length from 270 to 330 mm (11 to 13 in) and in tarsus length from 97 to 107 mm (3.8 to 4.2 in). A sample of imperial eagles

2955:

has led to concern about genetic isolation. Upon review, the genetic isolation of the two Slovakian populations was determined to be "marginally significant". The number of pairs of eastern imperial eagles increased in Bulgaria from 20 in 2009 to 24 in 2013. Among the efforts untaken to restore the

2191:). In Africa, the Imperial eagle consumes mammals up to 5 kg (11 lb) as live prey, which is similar in weight to the largest avian kill in Europe. At the opposite end of the scale in vertebrate prey, imperial eagles are known to take mammals down to the size of the 7 g (0.25 oz) 702:

by being much darker with less broad wings that are held much flatter. The golden eagle, unlike imperial eagles, tends to fly with its wings pointed upwards and have a gradual tapering wing shape (somewhat narrower at the base, broader at the primaries). In golden eagles, the tail generally appears

689:

morph of the greater spotted eagle which is fairly rare (more so in the west) but is similarly or even as pale buffy. However this spotted eagle morph lacks the brownish streaks below of the juvenile imperial and further has contrasting much darker feathering on the wing coverts (heavily spotted in

665:

eagles in central Eurasia. Furthermore, all other Eurasian eagles in their range lack the white spots on the wing mantle and greyish under-tail. Given reasonable views, the juvenile imperial eagle is no less distinctive, with its unique tawny-buff covered in brownish streaking, a colour combination

563:

In general, compared to other species in their taxonomic group, the eastern imperial eagle has a relatively long and thick neck, a big head and bill (with a gape line level with middle of eye), a longish square tipped tail, somewhat long and well-feathered legs and strong feet. The species tends to

2796:

Breeding success is somewhat variable in the eastern imperial eagle. In the Czech Republic the 1-3 pairs found to be nesting in 1998-2009 had an average number of 1.53 fledglings. In the Hungarian population, it was recorded that from fewer than one fledgling per pair that average had increased to

2223:

is generally a larger, more powerful bird. It also tends to be a bolder, more aggressive predator than the imperial eagle and may be able to attack much larger prey. While the mean prey body mass relative to the eagle's weight is probably similar between the two species, an estimated 15% of golden

2682:

of Kazakhstan). Nest sites have been found anywhere from in the depth of a forest to forest edge to a solitary tree that may be visible for miles in open plains. Nesting sites in both Turkey and Georgia were consistently under 450 m (1,480 ft) elevation. In Georgia, denser mixed forests

2838:

showed during study to produce 123 males and 116 females from 1998-2004. Further study in Kazakhstan showed that adult survivorship was about 84%, which is somewhat low for long-lived raptor, but nonetheless reproductive rate shown to be sufficient to maintain a stable breeding population. While

2449:

it was found that eastern imperial eagles have begun nesting in atypical habitats and locations, namely the old nests of white-tailed eagles in isolated trees amongst open wetlands and old nests of a greater spotted eagle in densely wooded bogs. Despite the remaining presence of both other eagle

2332:

from an imperial eagle. The imperial was the most inactive forager here, having spent 36% of observed hours foraging, against 45% for steppe eagles, 46% for Pallas's fish eagle, 49% for greater spotted eagle and 65% for Indian spotted eagle. Other studies on the interactions of eastern imperial

2228:

species and that comes in the form of habitat preferences. The golden eagle takes to, usually but not always, rocky and uneven terrain, so favors mountainous areas with alpine meadows to access for prey. This is quite different from the eastern imperial eagle's preference for a flat or somewhat

1978:

taken in Kazakhstan was estimated at 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) and 1.4 kg (3.1 lb), in both cases no less than a third of the average adult weight attainable by the species, indicating that most of the marmot and hare are mainly young. However, the eastern imperial eagle is capable of

2971:

In some areas of western Russia and in Kazakhstan, the eastern imperial eagle has maintained the nearest thing to a population stronghold. In 2011, the total estimated number of pairs was estimated at 3000-3500 in Russia and 3500-4000 in Kazakhstan. Though only 1534 breeding territories found

751:), being similarly dusky overall below, have been suggested as confusion species, but are much larger than imperial eagles with differing proportions (far broader wings, proportionately smaller head and shorter tail) and lack any of the contrasting pale parts of the imperial eagle's plumage. 1954:

The size of prey taken by eastern imperial eagles can be fairly variable. Most live prey taken by eastern imperial eagles weighs less than 2 kg (4.4 lb). According to Watson (2010), the prey of imperial eagles is fairly evenly spread from 63 g (2.2 oz) up to 2,000 g

2780:

prey items last 1–2 days but small prey may require up to 5-6 daily prey deliveries. Fledgling may variously occur at anywhere from 63 to 77 days. After leaving the nest the young linger near it for 2–3 days. Breeding success was once considerable in Russia at about 1.5 young per pair.

1918:, 53.7% of the dietary intake of the species was made up of carrion. However, in some breeding populations, apparently the eagles can come to rely on dead or already injured prey inadvertently provided by humans, largely due to intensive agricultural practices, as was the case in the 719:) which is more suggestive in size and proportions of the golden eagle. An unlikely source of confusion, the Verreaux's differs in almost all plumage characteristics and has far more tapered wings that pinch in at the base and, like the golden eagle, tends to fly in a fairly strong 596:

eagles. Their flight style is relatively heavy but steady with deep powerful beats but they are not uncommonly clumsy at first takeoff. They tend to soar with forward pressed but rather flat wings, the outer wing feathers may sometimes curve up but as a rule they do not fly with a

698:) tend to show paler lesser under-wing coverts like juvenile eastern imperial eagles but are considerably smaller and differ in all other proportions and plumage features. Although at times described as “very similar”, the eastern imperial eagles are fairly easily told from the 2071:), though the female is possibly taken as she is about as large as a crane or large goose, it is unlikely that the eagle can take the much larger adult males of this huge ground bird since imperial eagles apparently even avoid adult male birds of much smaller species such as 1618:) seems to take the place of pheasants in their diet, making up 10.8% and 20.8% at Saker mountain and Dervent heights and second most frequently taken prey at both, respectively. The largest study of the eastern imperial eagle's dietary habits known occurred in the vast 2245:, were recorded nesting with fairly close proximity to each other. The eagle species here would even use nests built by the other species and seemed to have similar or broadly overlapping food habits, but no interspecies conflicts were detected. On the contrary, in the 2775:

35–40 days but sometimes the down persists about head and neck for up to 45 days. Feathering is complete at 55 days and first flight attempts by 60 days onward. Mostly the female broods the young and male captures prey in this species (as is often the case in

1586: 6290: 2299:

as eastern imperials, greater spotted eagles are similarly as rare as imperial eagles in Africa but spread farther in Asia than either the steppe or imperial species. In all three species, by winter they are attracted to more open habitats ranging from

1642:) being nearby and at least three other species of eagles with nearby nesting sites presenting possible resource competition. Without presenting the metrics, apparently birds were the highest volume prey for the imperial eagles, especially 1402:. Furthermore, various birds are taken, at times as much as or more so than mammals, especially the young or fledglings of various medium-sized to larger birds. Birds may locally become the primary foods in some parts of the winter range. 2834:. Studies to determine if there's a skewered sex ratio of offspring for eastern imperial eagles in Kazakhstan and secondarily in Serbia determined that the ratio of males to females was nearly equal and stable. For example pairs in the 3891: 2674:, the mean distance of the central area of nests (each pair had more than one nest on territory) was 17 km (11 mi). The breeding season lasts from late March to September throughout the range but in their former range in 2424:

were all robbed of their catches with a remarkable degree of success by imperial eagles. The eagles so heavily depleted the falcons' catches that the falcons’ nesting attempts failed. A still swifter falcon than the saker, the

2441:(although in one case, a juvenile peregrine was killed by the golden eagle it was attempting to rob). Interestingly, many of the imperial eagle kills that were robbed by the peregrines were other species of bird of prey. In 3330:

Lerner, H., Christidis, L., Gamauf, A., Griffiths, C., Haring, E., Huddleston, C.J., Kabra, S., Kocum, A., Krosby, M., Kvaloy, K., Mindell, D., Rasmussen, P., Rov, N., Wadleigh, R., Wink, M. & Gjershaug, J.O. (2017).

371:. Normally, nests are located in large, mature trees and the parents raise around one or two fledglings. The global population is small and declining due to persecution, loss of habitat and prey. It has therefore been 735:) and the two can potentially be mistaken in strongly backlit conditions which obscure their obviously distinct plumages. The large headed and flat winged shape of the imperial eagle may too suggest in silhouette the 633:). In some parts of the range, the female imperial eagle probably averages similar size and body mass to the smaller male golden eagle. However, apparently the species can be reliably distinguished by the size of its 6456: 2727:

and another next to a busy road. The eastern imperial eagle has also been recorded as nesting on electric poles and towers in Russia and Kazakhstan. In several cases they aggressively took over the nests from

1970:), which were the second most often taken mammalian prey species in Kazakhstan, but generally, these eagles take juvenile specimens of both hares and marmots rather than prime adults. The suggested weight of 1825:

European studies of the eastern imperial eagle's diet rarely reflect prey outside of the main preferred classes of mammals and birds, however studies from somewhat outside Europe show respectable numbers of

4966:

Collar, N. J., A. V. Andreev, S. Chan, M. J. Crosby, S. Subramanya, and J. A. Tobias, Editors (2001). Threatened Birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book. BirdLife International, Cambridge,

5883:

Avian wound myiasis caused by Calliphora vicina robineau–desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in an immature migrating eastern imperial eagle (Aquila Heliaca Savigny)(Aves: Accipitridae) in Southwestern Iran

1930:

while nesting, regularly robbing other species of raptorial bird of their fresh catches. Almost any mammal or bird will be readily eaten when dead or dying by imperial eagles, with at least 10 species of

1539:). Both of these small rodents probably average only about 35 to 60 g (1.2 to 2.1 oz) in body mass. Numerous other small mammals may also be occasionally taken including several species each of 2919:). After a couple of decades of recovery efforts, by 2000-2010, the number of breeding pairs in Europe was estimated at up to 1800-2200, a significant increase. Peak numbers in Europe may fall along the 1048:

in a single case, with a range of ground covered in spring migration of 3,900 to 5,000 km (2,400 to 3,100 mi). The eastern imperial eagle winters locally and in quite small numbers in Africa's

591:

a very projecting neck and "huge" head and bill. The long wings may appear fairly broad when compared to other, smaller raptors, but are relatively narrow with even parallel edges when compared to other

5931:

Using naturally shed feathers for individual identification, genetic parentage analyses, and population monitoring in an endangered Eastern imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca) population from Kazakhstan

5918:

Using naturally shed feathers for individual identification, genetic parentage analyses, and population monitoring in an endangered Eastern imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca) population from Kazakhstan

1602:

Assorted bird species may factor heavily into the diet of eastern imperial eagles. More than 120 bird species are known to be taken by this eagle. European studies reflect the high importance of

2766:, it is in first half of April shifting late April further north. The incubation starts with the 1st egg, with males only infrequently taking a shift. The incubation stage lasts for 43 days. In 1333:. The species resides mainly from sea level to 1,300 m (4,300 ft), locally to 1,800 m (5,900 ft), and has been recorded on passage at 3,900 m (12,800 ft) in Asia. 2719:

when compared with Kazakhstan where deciduous trees are more prevalent, however in the latter country conifers are still used where they are found. Unusual nest sites in agricultural land of

2453:

The eastern imperial eagle may be characterized as an occasional and opportunistic predator of other birds of prey. The following raptorial birds have been known to fall prey this eagle: the

1914:

were found amongst the foods of imperial eagles. Carrion is eaten through the year by eastern imperial eagles, but most heavily during winter. For example, in the wintering population of

1626:, where 11,079 prey items were reviewed. The prey spectrum was exceptionally diverse here, with no one prey reliably being favored by the imperial eagle pairs, despite an ample colony of 2770:, two females were recorded to do 90.8-94.1% of the incubating. The eaglets hatch at intervals of several days, with one usually being distinctly larger than the rest. However, cases of 1583:. Thus, eastern imperial eagles appear to prefer rodents and similar small mammals that are burrow-dwelling and/or partial to ground dwelling in open grass or fields along wooded edges. 816:

A juvenile photographed from helicopter. Eastern imperial eagles prefer the interface of woods and open areas and can tolerate agriculture and development so long as prey sources remain.

2219:

The eastern imperial eagle is a powerful bird of prey but frequently overlaps in range with multiple other eagle species and that may require them to share both habitats and prey. The

2063:). These avian prey can possibly weigh up to 5 kg (11 lb) in case of common cranes or large geese. Additionally, it is known that eastern imperial eagles will also prey upon 787:, somewhat incongruously also being more resonant and commanding. Sometimes when extending to a prolonged version, its call is sometimes considered reminiscent of the croak of a large 2253:

in abutting areas and do compete for nesting sites. In some cases in Europe, golden and eastern imperial eagles will engage in a territorial display if prompted against one another.

1995:). They have taken adults of numerous larger water birds averaging over the expected prey weight of 2 kg (4.4 lb), although nestlings are most often preyed upon, including 477:

with this species, the name imperial eagle having been previously used in both circumstances. However, the two are now regarded as separate species due to significant differences in

1281:

is used during winter so long as foods are available. Largely where golden eagles are absent, the species has been reported to range into secondary habitats such as forested lower

2758:, if eggs are lost early into incubation, around March or April, a replacement clutch may be laid, though always the parent eagles used an alternate nest when this occurred. In 2337:, similarly as in the Indian subcontinent, wintering eastern imperial eagles (though rare) can reportedly be seen more than singly concentrated where there are ample numbers of 625:

The eastern imperial eagle is typically smaller, being more slender and less bulky and powerful in appearance despite its proportionately larger head and longer neck, than the

1979:

taking large prey as well. In some cases, they are capable of taking large sized marmots and adult European hares. Imperial eagles also known to prey on other species such as

395:

subfamily of the accipitrid family. At least 38 species are currently housed in the subfamily, all with signature well-feathered tarsi. This species is a member of the genus

2992:

alone nearly 300 imperial eagles may congregate in winter, making it a “critical refugium” for this species. On the other hand, precipitous decline has been detected in the

2732:

that were previously nesting on the electric towers. Often one nest is used but sometimes a 2nd or 3rd is constructed by the imperial eagle pair may exist on a home range.

5473:

Kleptoparasitism-One of Hunting Technique of the Peregrine Falcon that Became Common under Condition of the Increase in its Number in the Southern Ural Mountains, Russia

661:

as the largest and most dominant eagle species. Usually, the plumage of the adult eastern imperial eagle is very distinctive. It is considerably darker than other adult

1710:) at 9.78% of the diet in the Saker mountain area, while white stork made up 10.42% of the diet at Dervent heights. A study of wintering eastern imperial eagles in the 1508: 1382:

alone, the total recorded prey spectrum is 154 and 126 species, respectively. Small to medium-sized mammals are the most regularly selected prey, with a preference for

4095: 6210:

A non-invasive genetic evaluation of population size, natal philopatry, and roosting behavior of non-breeding eastern imperial eagles (Aquila heliaca) in central Asia

2911:

Today, dedicated conservationists and biologists are working extensively to remediate and reverse the decline of eastern imperial eagle. The species was uplisted to

771:

The eastern imperial eagle is quite vocal on their breeding ground but tends to be silent or nearly so elsewhere. The main call of the species is a deep, harsh bark

6573: 4645: 5857:

Survey for hemoparasites in imperial eagles (Aquila heliaca), steppe eagles (Aquila nipalensis), and white-tailed sea eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) from Kazakhstan

1531:) were the primary food, comprising about 15% of 341 prey items. For wintering imperial eagles, the most frequent live prey (though carrion was mainly eaten) was 666:

not seen in other species. From a distance, the juvenile may give the impression of a dark mantle and chest band with very pale rear body and a blackish tail and

690:

juvenile greater spotteds) and mantle as well as sometimes the facial feathers, and can further be distinguished by the same aforementioned differences in form.

6625: 6743: 5135:

Riesch, R.; Martin, R.A.; Lerp, H.; Plath, M. & Wronski, T. (2013). "Size and sex matter: reproductive biology and determinants of offspring survival in

4076:

Gradev, G.; Matarranz, V.; Dobreva, E.; Popov, D.; Marin, S.; Ivanov, I. & Zhelev, P. (2011). "First results of the tracking of Eastern Imperial Eagles (

3512: 4992:Барбазюк, Е. В. "К распространению орла-могильника и филина на северо-западе Оренбургской области, Россия." Пернатые хищники и их охрана 37 (2018): 252-255. 2352:, the eastern imperial eagle is usually the top avian predator in its breeding grounds. In particular, smaller raptors with largely overlapping diets (i.e. 2915:

in 1994 and global protection initiatives were begun around this time. By 1996, it was estimated that there were 363-604 pairs in all of Europe (including

5100:

Karyakin, I. V., Kovalenko, A. V., Levin, A. S., & Pazhenkov, A. S. (2011). Eagles of the Aral-Caspian Region, Kazakhstan. Raptors Conservation, (22).

2341:

along with other large eagles. Next to nothing is known about the ecology of the rare, seldom-observed wintering population of eastern imperial eagles in

4636:

Spatial variation in prey composition and its possible effect on reproductive success in an expanding eastern imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca) population

2433:) was observed successfully robbing imperial eagles and a few other raptorial birds several times when the species nested near each other in the lower 2268:

Of a similar distribution to eastern imperial eagles, both in their mid-Eurasian breeding ground and southerly Indo-African wintering grounds, are the

6718: 2333:

eagles also support that it is dominant during winter over similar species such as steppe and the spotted eagles at competitive feeding spots. In the

6534: 6586: 2276:. There is a fair amount of habitat partitioning between the three species, however, with the steppe eagle preferring flat, often almost treeless 820:

The eastern imperial eagle is found as far west as east-central and southeastern Europe. The European part of its breeding range includes eastern

2287:. Diet however can overlap considerably, especially with steppe eagles as both it and the imperial species are largely attracted to colonies of 1938: 6651: 5070: 3694: 3369: 641:

species in the majority of its range (apart from its rare African winter range) when compared to similar eagles such as others in the genera

4814:

Distribution, abundance, breeding parameters, threats and prey preferences of the eastern imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca) in European Turkey

2621:, eastern imperial eagles have fallen prey to other birds of prey on rare occasions. An instance of predation was reportedly committed by a 3921:. En: Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Salvador, A., Morales, M. B. (Eds.). Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. 5818:

Survival rate and mortality of juvenile and immature eastern imperial eagles (Aquila heliaca) from Bulgaria studied by satellite telemetry

1878:

do not seem to be typically quantitatively important, eastern imperial eagles have no problem occasionally subduing large snakes, such as

4283:

Migration of Steppe Eagles Aquila nipalensis and other raptors along the Himalayas past Dharamsala, India, in autumn 2001 and spring 2002

1858:), with tortoises altogether comprising 11.1% of the diet by number and 13.7% of the prey biomass. Tortoises, along with lizards such as 1301:

and river-fringed forests for forested, precipitous uplands. A slow repopulation of their preferred lowlands reported since the 1990s in

5354:

The geological origine and an observation of mutual display of the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) and Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca)

564:

perch in a fairly upright position often on rather exposed tree branch or low mound, rock, haystack or similar convenient site. For an

6547: 5947:

Severe declines of Eastern Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca populations in the Baikal region, Russia: a modern and historical perspective

3655: 743:) but that species is usually rather larger bodied and even larger headed with much broader wings and a proportionately shorter tail. 1718:

showed that this species was generally more inactive but also more likely to capture its own food (rather than through scavenging or

6733: 3577: 3315: 3237: 2159:

at times, reportedly neonatal and mildly older calves and lambs of similar size to the eagles themselves, including species such as

1694:), which comprised more than 12% of the diet by number and 13.8% of the prey biomass. Additionally in East Thrace, a high volume of 1842:) or other unidentified smallish lizards. A larger class of reptiles were regular secondary prey in East Thrace in Turkey, namely 1790:, forcing them to dive as they circled over the water and capturing them as they came to the water's surface to breathe. Numerous 6748: 3708:

A new species of eagle (Aves: Accipitridae) close to the Steppe Eagle, from Pleistocene of Corsica and Sardinia, France and Italy

1490: 873: 5639:

The First Find of the Imperial Eagle's Nest at the Pole of High-Voltage Power Transmission Line in the Republic of Altai, Russia

6495: 4654: 3449:

Padilla, J.A.; Martinez-Trancón, M.; Rabasco, A.; Fernández-García, J.L. (1999). "The karyotype of the Iberian imperial eagle (

3001:

region of Russia with largely similar threats but it is not known what the exact rate of reduction is here. Although gone from

6236:

Peculiarities of the ecology of the Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca and problems of its conservation in the Trans-Uralia steppes

3398:

Sangster, George; Knox, Alan G.; Helbig, Andreas J.; Parkin, David T. (2002). "Taxonomic recommendations for European birds".

2963: 1445:) were the primary foods, making up 27.4% of a total of 8,543 prey items. The second best represented prey in Hungary was the 1433:

appear to take the primary position in recent studies. The largest European dietary study to date, a multi-year analysis from

5486:

On Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) breeding in atypical habitat under competitive conditions with other eagle species

5328:

Modelling populations of long-lived birds of prey for conservation: a study of imperial eagles (Aquila heliaca) in Kazakhstan

6591: 559:

An eastern imperial eagle, probably an older subadult, in flight showing their characteristic flat, relatively narrow wings.

799:

call by the mother. A rising and falling trill has been additionally recorded in captivity is also probably an alarm call.

6738: 6612: 4357:

Sanchez-Zapata, J. A., Carrete, M., Gravilov, A., Sklyarenko, S., Ceballos, O., Donazar, J. A., & Hiraldo, F. (2003).

6005:

The systematic persecution: A review of historical and more recent examples of the destruction of birds of prey in Europe

3498:"Genetic differentiation and molecular phylogeny of European Aquila eagles (Aves: Falconiformes) according to cytochrome- 3005:

as a breeding species, it continues to be a key wintering site as around 150 eagles are estimated to winter in Pakistan.

1722:) than 4 assorted other eagle species in the area. Like other eagles here, the imperial eagles most often fed on various 670:

against strikingly pale primary wedges. Adults do however strongly resemble their considerably extralimital cousins, the

5753:

Conservation measures undertaken to improve the population status of eastern imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca) in Bulgaria

5523:

Zuberogoitia, I., Arroyo, B., O’Donoghue, B., Zabala, J., Martínez, J. A., Martínez, J. E., & Murphy, S. G. (2012).

5056:

Heptner, Vladimir G., ed. Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume 2 Part 2 Carnivora (Hyenas and Cats). Vol. 2. Brill, 1989.

1485:) still dominates the food of imperial eagles, making up 60.1% of 168 prey items. In studies of two different areas of 783:. The call tends to be repeated rapidly up to 8-10 times. Their call is perceptibly deeper and harsher than that of the 219: 2280:

while the greater spotted eagle prefers more densely wooded and wetter habitats generally than imperial eagles such as

2260:

Eastern imperial eagles may be attracted to carrion quite often especially in winter. Here with another scavenger, the

6420: 5393:

The greater spotted eagle Aquila clanga and the lesser spotted eagle A. pomarina: taxonomy, phylogeography and ecology

4473:

Horváth, M.; Solti, B.; Fatér, I.; Juhász, T; Haraszthy, L.; Szitta, T.; Bállok, Z. & Pásztory-Kovács, S. (2018).

2004: 1478: 555: 5694:

Some Aspects of the Nest Etology of the Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca)(Aves: Accipitridae) in Sakar Mountain

4717:

Horal, D. (2011). Eastern imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca) in the Czech Republic. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 63, 55-59.

4584:

Katzner, T.E.; Bragin, E.A.; Knick, S.T. & Smith, A.T. (2006). "Spatial structure in the diet of Imperial Eagles

3672:

Variation in offspring sex ratio of a long‐lived sexually dimorphic raptor, the Eastern Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca

1505:, the same hedgehog was the most important prey, comprising 23.1% of 582 prey items and 21.2% of the prey biomass. 6513: 4871:

Walker, E. P., Warnick, F., Hamlet, S. E., Lange, K. I., Davis, M. A., Uible, H. E., & Paradiso, J. L. (1975).

4296:

Prioritization of areas in China for the conservation of endangered birds using modelled geographical distributions

3497: 343:

but it is usually the darkest species in its range. This is an opportunistic predator that mostly selects smallish

6630: 4385:

Observations on the nesting of Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca in the Kuitun-Zima steppe area, Baikal region, Russia

2972:

firsthand, only some parts of the range were surveyed. According to Russian and Kazakh studies, cattle grazing in

1754:. However, the imperial eagle in particularly here took to regularly hunting various adult water birds especially 6526: 6260: 5870:

New data on helminth fauna of birds of prey (Falconiformes, Accipitriformes, Strigiformes) in the Slovak Republic

2822:, are also a persistent threat. Like other birds of prey, eastern imperial eagles are occasionally vulnerable to 6552: 3496:

Seibold, I.; Helbig, A.J.; Meyburg, B.U.; Negro, J.J.; Wink, M. (1996). Meyburg, B.U.; Chancellor, R.D. (eds.).

568:

eagle, it is seemingly relatively less shy and bolder in the presence of humans. The adult plumage is largely a

6282: 5525:

Standing out from the crowd: are patagial wing tags a potential predator attraction for harriers (Circus spp.)?

5267:

First documented predation of Sika deer (Cervus nippon) by Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) in Russian far east

4746:

Reintroductions of the European Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus citellus) in Central Europe (Rodentia: Sciuridae)

4138:

Wintering of greater spotted eagle Aquila clanga and eastern imperial eagle A. heliaca in the Arabian Peninsula

1512: 1473:, that this prey species may again become more significant in the eastern imperial eagle's diet again here. In 1462: 1417:

The prey type historically most often associated with the eastern imperial eagle, at least in Europe, has been

1000:, of three post dispersal juveniles, two wandering within the country and only one migrated a long distance to 869: 108: 5846:. In International Scientific Conference on Sustainable Development & Ecological Footprint, Sopron (p. 4). 2746:

The mother eastern imperial eagle lays 2 to 3 eggs at intervals of 2 or more days. The average clutch size in

812: 5800:

Simultaneous effect of habitat and age on reproductive success of Imperial Eagles (Aquila heliaca) in Hungary

1241:

in order to executive hunting. The central part of their range as a breeding species occurs in vast areas of

6723: 6109:

Status and population trend of the eastern imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca) in Europe in the period 2000–2010

3734:

Birds of prey of the world: a colored guide to identification of all the diurnal species order Falconiformes

1702:) was taken, making up 11.3% of the biomass. In Bulgaria, similar prey were important secondary foods, i.e. 1209:

The eastern imperial eagle is distributed as a breeding species largely along the southern edge of the vast

968: 2295:. While steppe eagles occur much more broadly in Africa during winter and a similarly narrow extent in the 1341: 417:). Studies on DNA have indicated that the imperial eagle is part of a subgroup with other moderately sized 401:, which are mostly large, fairly dark colored eagles distributed largely through the more open habitats of 6407: 6324: 2989: 2985: 2851: 2835: 2666:, the mean nearest nest distance between actively breeding pairs was 10.44 km (6.49 mi). In the 2462: 2325: 2256: 2230: 2192: 1635: 1627: 1619: 989: 877: 845: 728: 720: 671: 658: 598: 462: 6425: 6223:

Migration routes of four juvenile Imperial Eagles Aquila heliaca from the Baikal region of eastern Russia

5965:

Petrov, T., Iankov, P., Darakchiev, A., Nikolov, K., Michev, T., Profirov, L., & Milchev, B. (1996).

6277: 5016:

Diet of Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) and Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) from Central Kazakhstan

4089: 2948: 2885: 2494: 2397: 2273: 2200: 900:. Out of Russia, their breeding extends south to mostly the northern portions of the following nations: 881: 678: 474: 203: 5903:

Marija, S. P., Milos, V., Jasna, B., Jevrosima, S., Vladimir, D., Radmila, R., & Zoran, S. (2013).

5600:

Conservation perspectives of the Imperial Aquila heliaca and Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis in Pakistan

4414:

Horváth, M., Szitta, T., Fatér, I., Kovács, A., Demeter, I., Firmánszky, G., & Bagyura, J. (2011).

3723:. Holarctic Birds of Prey. Merida and Berlin: ADENEX and World Working Group on Birds of Prey, 339-348. 3069: 1851: 5191:

Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palearctic

4923:

Relationship between demographics and diet specificity of Imperial Eagles Aquila heliaca in Kazakhstan

4886:

Data on the Trophic Spectrum of Young Imperial Eagles (Aquila heliaca Savigny, 1809) in South Bulgaria

6389: 6371: 2944: 2522: 2498: 2486: 2454: 2413: 2321: 2176: 1346: 973: 691: 618: 540: 478: 48: 1201: 759: 513: 6362: 5868:

Komorová, P., Sitko, J., Špakulová, M., Hurníková, Z., Sałamatin, R., & Chovancová, G. (2017).

5206:"Repeatability and consistency of individual behaviour in juvenile and adult Eurasian harvest mice" 4416:

Population dynamics of the Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in Hungary between 2001 and 2009

2920: 2518: 2377: 2296: 1859: 1767: 1532: 1090: 712: 302: 56: 6122:

First breeding of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in the" Borská nížina" lowland (SW Slovakia)

2976:

forest edge appeared to benefit imperial eagles since they encourage habitat for prey, especially

868:. The species distribution continues across central Russia, where it is found through most of the 5156: 5066: 4545: 4500: 3478: 2912: 2626: 2622: 2349: 2313: 2238: 1874:

spp.) can be significant in the diet elsewhere as well, especially in more arid climes. Although

1787: 1711: 1687: 1286: 1266: 1073:. Most migrants to Africa apparently originate in the western part of the breeding range such as 849: 736: 446: 376: 270: 103: 71: 6145:

Vili, N., Chavko, J., Szabó, K., Kovács, S., Hornung, E., Kalmár, L., & Horváth, M. (2009).

4899:

Danger underground and in the open–predation on blind mole rats (Rodentia: Spalacinae) revisited

4786:

On the food of the imperial eagle Aquila heliaca on Sakar Mountain and Dervent Heights, Bulgaria

3307: 3301: 1887: 454: 441:

subgroup appear to be rather more closely related to the dissimilarly smallish and pale-bellied

6578: 5929:

Rudnick, J. A., Katzner, T. E., Bragin, E. A., Rhodes Jr., O. E., & Dewoody, J. A. (2005).

5432:

Results of the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) conservation programme in Hungary between 1980–2010

1774:, imperial eagles were observed to show a preference for hunting diving water birds, including 6664: 6604: 6443: 5235: 3690: 3651: 3573: 3470: 3365: 3311: 3233: 2831: 2815: 2747: 2646: 2602: 2405: 2249:, it appears that golden and eastern imperial eagles are considered to fill a largely similar 1879: 1831: 1735: 1520: 1314: 1274: 1258: 1246: 1234: 1225:. The imperial eagle often forages mainly in open areas, extending to beyond typical assorted 901: 744: 575: 532: 490: 364: 5430:

Bagyura, J., Szitta, T., Haraszthy, L., Viszló, L., Fidlóczky, J., & Prommer, M. (2012).

1145:

where wildlands still occur. Occasionally, wintering birds are known to occur in the central

6669: 5312:

Some Features of the Ecological Niches of Raptors in the Russian Part of the Altai Foothills

5225: 5217: 5148: 4597: 4535: 4490: 3462: 3409: 3064: 2952: 2951:, and were isolated from other populations. In Slovakia, the gap in the distribution in the 2759: 2740: 2614: 2502: 2426: 2389: 2334: 2261: 2250: 2184: 2116: 2028: 2020: 1927: 1766:

and had a mean daily food intake (not mean prey size) of 539 g (1.188 lb). In the

1719: 1667: 1595: 1591: 1446: 1158: 1085:. Moderate to quite low numbers are usually noted of this species at migration sites in the 949: 897: 893: 229: 6412: 5967:

Status of the Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca in Bulgaria in the period between 1890 and 1993

5916:

Rudnick, J. A., Katzner, T. E., Bragin, E. A., Rhodes, O. E., & Dewoody, J. A. (2005).

5769:

Demerdzhiev, D., Gradev, G., Stoychev, S., Ivanov, I., Petrov, T., & Marin, S. (2011).

5111:

Maternal habitat use of Juniperus excelsa woodland by Pallas's cat Otocolobus manul in Iran

4812:

Demerdzhiev, D., Dobrev, D., Stoychev, S., Terziev, N., Spasov, S., & Boev, Z. (2014).

39: 6728: 6638: 6251: 5798:

Horváth, M., Szitta, T., Bagyura, J., Fatér, I., Firmánszky, G., & Moskát, C. (2014).

2977: 2916: 2872: 2735: 2679: 2562: 2353: 2288: 2072: 2044: 1835: 1743: 1655: 1603: 1418: 1363: 494: 442: 160: 3046: 2988:

and 2nd growth trees which both are likely to have caused a localized increase there. In

2148: 1958:

Many of the prey species taken by imperial eagles are relatively large as adults such as

6270: 5602:. Eagle Studies World Walking Group on Birds of Prey (WWGBP) Berlin, London & Paris. 4897:

Németh, A., Hegyeli, Z., Sendula, T., Horváth, M., Czabán, D., & Csorba, G. (2016).

2866:

The eastern imperial eagle has declined greatly through history. At one time, people of

2625:. Furthermore, imperial eagles may be vulnerable at their nest to nighttime ambushes by 2155:) may too be vulnerable to this eagle. Eastern imperial eagles also attack the young of 1309:. Often, eastern imperial eagles winter in more open habitats such as nearly continuous 1293:. In Europe at least, this is due to human pressures, which caused them to abandon open 6521: 6508: 6376: 5598:

Khan, A. A., Khan, R., Ullah, A., Ali, M., Mahmood, J. A., & Sheikh, K. M. (1996).

5230: 5205: 4858:

Al Hasani, I. K., Azar, J. F., Nishimura, K., Amr, Z. S., & Katzner, T. E. (2012).

3400: 2998: 2981: 2932: 2924: 2867: 2810: 2751: 2667: 2586: 2578: 2570: 2554: 2510: 2246: 2124: 1919: 1867: 1843: 1675: 1470: 1458: 1367: 1214: 1114: 825: 795:, uttered in response to a distant intruder, a closer approach also may cause a harder 667: 649: 643: 527: 502: 397: 339: 2809:, the breeding success was estimated at 1.01 fledglings per pair. Pairs living in the 2348:

As its preferred habitat seldom overlaps with larger eagles such as golden eagles and

1519:

In warmer, southerly areas, the primary prey species seem to generally be smaller. In

337:. It is a large, dark-colored eagle, with a resemblance to other members of the genus 6712: 6599: 6173:

Development of agriculture and raptors in the steppe landscape of northern Kazakhstan

5771:

Increase of the population of the eastern imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca) in Bulgaria

4633: 4601: 3593: 3413: 3055: 2618: 2594: 2434: 2329: 2064: 1996: 1980: 1971: 1959: 1907: 1775: 1759: 1727: 1548: 1438: 1406:

are taken secondarily in most of the range but can be locally somewhat important and

1254: 1250: 536: 410: 372: 180: 76: 5816:

Stoychev, S., Demerdzhiev, D., Spasov, S., Dobrev, D., & Meyburg, B. U. (2014).

5582:

Status of the Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in the European part of Turkey

5160: 4860:

Distribution, diet and winter ecology of the Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca in Jordan

4504: 3482: 617:

A captive adult eastern imperial eagle sharing an aviary with a smaller cousin, the

6448: 6308: 6296: 6196:

Smelansky, J.E., Barashkova, A.N., Tomilenko, A.A. & Berezovikov, N.N. (2006).

6107:

Demerdzhiev, D., Horváth, M., Kovács, A., Stoychev, S., & Karyakin, I. (2011).

5613:

Unusual cases of nesting by the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in Eastern Slovakia

5408:. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions, Washington, D.C. and Barcelona, Spain. 4744:

MATĚJŮ, J., ŘÍČANOVÁ, Š., AMBROS, M., KALA, B., HAPL, E., & MATĚJŮ, K. (2010).

4549: 2871:

inhabited, and it was thus able to save farmers' crops. Therefore, the monarchy of

2819: 2763: 2729: 2655: 2641: 2610: 2393: 2369: 2292: 2269: 2242: 2220: 2132: 2036: 1975: 1963: 1899: 1703: 1411: 1399: 1017: 913: 784: 704: 699: 626: 485:

and molecular characteristics. It is likely that the eastern imperial eagle is the

438: 422: 330: 306: 298: 170: 6435: 6098:. Globally Threatened Birds of Europe: Action Plans. Council of Europe Publishing. 5905:

Molecular sex determination of 20 bird species protected in the Republic of Serbia

3670:

Katzner, T. E., Jackson, D. S., Ivy, J., Bragin, E. A., & DeWoody, A. (2014).

2083:

are widely known in the foods of imperial eagles but at times visited as carrion.

6500: 6081:

Concepcion, C. B., Bildstein, K. L., Collar, N. J., & Katzner, T. E. (2018).

5751:

Demerdzhiev, D., Stoychev, S., Dobrev, D., Spasov, S., & Terziev, N. (2014).

4359:

Land use changes and raptor conservation in steppe habitats of Eastern Kazakhstan

3357: 1173:). Vagrants have been reported in over 20 countries, mainly in Europe, including 6695: 6682: 6617: 6560: 6461: 6356: 5003:

Ecology and conservation of Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in Pre-Baikal region

4733:

Biology, status and conservation of the Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca in Hungary

4731:

Haraszthy, L., Bagyura, J., Szitta, T., Petrovics, Z., & Viszló, L. (1996).

4030:

Karyakin, I. V., Nikolenko, E. N., Levin, A. S., & Kovalenko, A. V. (2011).

2993: 2957: 2905: 2840: 2802: 2788: 2671: 2659: 2478: 2342: 2056: 2052: 1783: 1763: 1695: 1683: 1647: 1590:

An eastern imperial eagle in the upper right side can be seen hunting flocks of

1524: 1498: 1318: 1230: 1213:

forests. The habitat preferred by the species is often rather open country with

1205:

When wintering, eastern imperial eagles are partial to relatively open habitats.

1078: 1005: 953: 889: 548: 486: 437:). Despite the outward resemblance to the imperial eagle, the 4 species in the 430: 414: 314: 6147:

Genetic structure of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) population in Slovakia

5499:

The Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) is a natural symbol of the Ulyanovsk region

2947:

region that forms the bulk of the land in eastern Europe was restricted to the

2384:) are often at a disadvantage in direct competition with the eagle species. In 489:

for the Spanish imperial eagle and that the imperial eagle complex reached the

6690: 6312: 5221: 5076: 5032:

Imperial Eagle in the Altai Mountains: Results of the Research in 2009, Russia

4518:

Ramos-Lara, N.; Koprowski, J. L.; Kryštufek, B. & Hoffmann, I. E. (2014).

2823: 2546: 2470: 2338: 2234: 2100: 2092: 2012: 1988: 1815: 1791: 1723: 1623: 1572: 1560: 1489:, one showed European hares as the main prey (25%) in the Dervent heights and 1375: 1355: 1142: 1102: 1082: 1041: 921: 917: 909: 654: 552:

ranged in total bill length from 65.7 to 76.5 mm (2.59 to 3.01 in).

367:

and other open, relatively flat habitats, including the wooded mosaics of the

318: 17: 6347: 5733:

Parental care, nestling growth and diet in a Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga nest

5380:

A field guide to birds of the USSR: including Eastern Europe and Central Asia

4032:

Eastern Imperial Eagle in Russia and Kazakhstan: population status and trends

3267:

The raptors of Europe and the Middle East: a handbook of field identification

2345:

but it is claimed to usually be seen in the company of “other brown eagles”.

1926:, although imperial eagles also hunted, the adult eagles routinely practiced 1354:

edge of waterways and may even become waterlogged, especially when capturing

6482: 6208:

Rudnick, J. A., Katzner, T. E., Bragin, E. A., & DeWoody, J. A. (2008).

6175:. in Yosef R; Miller ML; Pepler D. Raptors in the new millennium. Pages 196. 6162:. in Yosef R; Miller ML; Pepler D. Raptors in the new millennium. Pages 205. 6046:. in Yosef R; Miller ML; Pepler D. Raptors in the new millennium. Pages 200. 4981:

Kleptoparasitism by raptors, focusing on the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca)

3892:

Flight Identification of Raptors of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East

3333:

Phylogeny and new taxonomy of the Booted Eagles (Accipitriformes: Aquilinae)

2881: 2856: 2776: 2771: 2692: 2538: 2442: 2365: 2320:

in contrast to the steppe and greater spotted eagle as well as the resident

2076: 1946:

eastern imperial eagle, of subadult age, shows its impressive dive toward a

1811: 1799: 1751: 1552: 1310: 1270: 1226: 1134: 1122: 1086: 638: 613: 580: 392: 388: 334: 322: 120: 5894:

Keymer, I. F. (1972). Diseases of birds of prey. Vet. Rec, 90(21), 579-594.

5239: 5109:

Dibadj, P., Jafari, B., Nejat, F., Qashqaei, A. T., & Ross, S. (2018).

4884:

Zhelev, P. V., Gradev, G. Z., Ivanov, I. I., & Georgiev, D. G. (2009).

4495: 4474: 3721:

Morphometric features characterizing flight properties of palearctic eagles

3474: 3091: 2967:

Biologists working to place an artificial nests for imperial eagles to use.

5045:

A general overview of the threats of Hungarian Great Bustards (Otis tarda)

4127:. Conservation Studies on Raptors. ICBP Technical Publication, 5, 237-242. 3543:

Zoogeographic support for the Spanish Imperial Eagle as a distinct species

2715:.) (40%) were favored. In extensive Russian studies, 78% of nests were in 2683:

with openings were favored alternately with more arid, isolated stands of

6341: 6303: 5365:

Barashkova, A., Smelansky, I., Tomilenko, A., & Akentiev, A. (2009).

4475:"Temporal changes in the diet composition of the Eastern Imperial Eagle ( 3772:

A field guide to the raptors of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa

3002: 2928: 2901: 2876: 2827: 2798: 2767: 2755: 2724: 2720: 2675: 2530: 2385: 2168: 2156: 2112: 1943: 1932: 1923: 1807: 1795: 1540: 1486: 1454: 1430: 1302: 1282: 1218: 1146: 1130: 1094: 1070: 1058: 997: 993: 957: 936:. Isolated populations also persist in northwestern, central and eastern 933: 929: 853: 829: 764: 498: 470: 140: 6399: 6072:. Conservation Studies on Raptors, ICBP Technical Publication, 5, 55-59. 5637:

Nikolenko, E., Alekseenko, A.N., Rakin, E.M. & Maslov, A.L. (2017).

5294:

Katzner, T. E., Bragin, E. A., Knick, S. T., & Smith, A. T. (2003).

4941:(Doctoral dissertation, Ph.D. thesis. Bombay University, Mumbai, India). 4921:

Katzner, T. E., Bragin, E. A., Knick, S. T., & Smith, A. T. (2005).

4784:

Marin, S. A., Ivanov, I. I., Georgiev, D. G., & Boev, Z. N. (2004).

4195:. Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research, (6), 81. 1425:. While these are significant, the primary prey type can vary and often 677:

The subadult eastern imperial eagle may be confused with older immature

587:

In flight, the eastern imperial eagle is a large raptor that has for an

363:

eagles, it has a strong preference for the interface of tall woods with

6643: 6539: 6384: 5254:

Predators as prey at a Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos eyrie in Mongolia

5030:

Karyakin, I., Nikolenko, E., Vazhov, S., & Bekmansurov, R. (2009).

2940: 2893: 2716: 2708: 2700: 2684: 2421: 2392:

other raptors as a matter of routine. Here, four species consisting of

2357: 2305: 2301: 2084: 1895: 1834:, reptiles amounted to 29.62% of the food, comprised largely either of 1827: 1611: 1576: 1564: 1556: 1434: 1422: 1403: 1391: 1379: 1330: 1306: 1294: 1262: 1222: 1186: 1182: 1154: 1110: 977: 905: 885: 865: 861: 857: 837: 833: 821: 727:, its proportions and size may be suggestive of the perhaps even rarer 482: 402: 356: 352: 333:. Furthermore, its feathered legs mark it as a member of the subfamily 5580:

Demerdzhiev, D., Stoychev, S., Terziev, N., & Angelov, I. (2011).

5278:

Phillips, R. L., Cummings, J. L., Notah, G., & Mullis, C. (1996).

5152: 4764:

The Imperial Eagle is a Vanishing Species in the Tyva Republic, Russia

4272:. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Bombay, 80(1), 58-62. 3541:

González, L. M., Hiraldo, F., Delibes, M., & Calderón, J. (1989).

3466: 3386:

Mitochondrial pseudo‐control region in old world eagles (genus Aquila)

2843:. Here fledgling success has decreased from roughly 71% to about 52%. 2312:. The ecology of wintering eastern imperials was studied at length in 6044:

Population structure of the Inperial Eagle range in northern Eurasia

5855:

Leppert, L. L., Layman, S., Bragin, E. A., & Katzner, T. (2004).

5787:

The situation of the eastern imperial eagle Aquila heliaca in Austria

3556:

Origin and formation of the Spanish Imperial Eagle (Aquila adalberti)

2936: 2897: 2889: 2806: 2663: 2446: 2438: 2309: 2277: 2208: 2160: 2108: 1915: 1903: 1819: 1643: 1580: 1502: 1387: 1359: 1290: 1278: 1242: 1238: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1162: 1138: 1126: 1074: 1037: 1033: 1021: 1013: 1001: 941: 937: 841: 406: 368: 344: 310: 130: 6565: 6474: 6318: 5538:

Handbook of North American Birds Volume VI: Diurnal Raptors (Part 1)

5421:. Korean Wild Birds Society & Shinan County, Seoul, South Korea. 5252:

Ellis, D. H., Tsengeg, P., Whitlock, P., & Ellis, M. H. (2000).

4245:

Autumn migration of Accipitriformes through Italy en route to Africa

4149:

Christensen, S. J., Lou, O., Miller, M., & Wohlmuth, H. (1980).

2237:

the golden and eastern imperial eagle, and to some extent also both

525:, but usually falls near the average size of the large-bodied genus 6487: 6160:

The status of the Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in Turkey

5484:

Bekmansurov, R. H., Karyakin, I. V., & Shnayder, E. P. (2015).

5326:

Katzner, T. E., Bragin, E. A., & Milner-Gulland, E. J. (2006).

4939:

The general ecology of raptors in Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur

2207:). Much smaller invertebrate prey such as 2 g (0.071 oz) 1935:

known to be consumed thusly and providing an ample source of meat.

6677: 6469: 5676:

Substitute nesting by imperial eagles (Aquila heliaca) in Slovakia

5296:

Coexistence in a multispecies assemblage of eagles in central Asia

4540: 4519: 4398:

Notes on Severtzoff's ‘Fauna of Turkestan’(Turkestanskie Jevotnie)

2973: 2962: 2860: 2850: 2787: 2734: 2640: 2317: 2281: 2255: 1937: 1875: 1771: 1715: 1585: 1544: 1507: 1374:) which may be 500 times more numerous overall. In the nations of 1340: 1322: 1298: 1233:. In more extensive wooded areas, eastern imperial eagles require 1210: 1200: 1190: 1166: 1118: 1106: 1098: 1066: 1062: 1054: 1045: 1009: 981: 967: 925: 811: 758: 612: 574: 554: 522: 512: 466: 326: 93: 87: 6656: 6096:

International action plan for the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca)

4346:

A case of wintering of the imperial eagle Aquila heliaca in Italy

4191:

Paltenea, E., Viforeanu, A., Bulgaru, C., & Jecu, E. (2008).

2111:, which are probably no issue for large eagles to attack, larger 5833:. Waldökologie, Landschaftsforschung und Naturschutz, 9, 95-100. 2361: 1911: 1755: 1663: 1568: 1474: 1426: 1407: 1395: 1383: 1326: 1150: 1050: 1029: 1025: 945: 788: 724: 634: 544: 348: 150: 6322: 4232:

The less common Palaearctic migrant birds of Kenya and Tanzania

3040: 3038: 2199:) and birds down to the size of the 21.4 g (0.75 oz) 2075:. Eastern imperial eagles select broadly overlapping prey with 5674:

Danko, Š., Mihók, J., Chavko, J., & Prešinský, L. (2007).

3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 2284: 2140: 2080: 1947: 1686:, Turkey, the second most regularly taken prey species is the 1077:. Further east, such as the imperial eagles that breed around 763:

A probable older subadult eastern imperial eagle in a captive

569: 5831:

Electrocution of raptors at power lines in Central Kazakhstan

2980:. In Kazakhstan moister conditions, possibly correlated with 547:

length from 260 to 308 mm (10.2 to 12.1 in) and in

5626:

Problems: Birds and Power Lines: Some Positive Effect Exists

5014:

Nedyalkov, N., Levin, A., Dixon, A., & Boev, Z. (2014).

4230:

Backhurst, G. C., Britton, P. L., & Mann, C. F. (1973).

4206:

Movements of Palearctic raptors in the Ethiopian rift valley

4151:

The spring migration of raptors in southern Israel and Sinai

1894:) (the latter taken in their wintering Indian quarters). In 1273:

and Kazakhstan, they may extend their breeding habitat into

309:. Most populations are migratory and winter in northeastern 6083:

Conservation Threats and Priorities for Raptors Across Asia

6070:

Status and conservation problems of birds of prey in Greece

5720:

Parental care and feeding ecology of Golden Eagle nestlings

5174:

Bowskill, P. (1997). "Imperial Eagle stoops on a gazelle".

4691:

The food of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in Slovakia

4234:. Journal of East African Natural History, 1973(140), 1-38. 4219:

The birds (Aves) of Oromia, Ethiopia–an annotated checklist

4006:

The Imperial Eagle in the Nizhniy Novgorod District, Russia

3545:. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club, 109, 86-93. 1089:. The eastern imperial eagle winters fairly broadly in the 6057:

The decline of the Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca in Greece

6007:. In Birds of Prey in Europe (pp. 1-43). Palgrave, London. 5445:

The significance of interspecific competition in bird life

5341:

TROPHIC STRUCTURE OF RAPTOR COMMUNITIES: A THREE-CONTINENT

4689:

Chavko, J., Danko, Š., Obuch, J., & Mihók, J. (2007).

4125:

A resume of raptor migration in Europe and the Middle East

864:

and northern, western and much of the eastern part of the

543:

length from 540 to 622 mm (21.3 to 24.5 in), in

5881:

Araghi, M. P., Eskandari, F., & Gilasian, E. (2015).

5378:

Flint, V. E., Bourso-Leland, N., & Baird, J. (1984).

4256:

Ryabtsev, V.V., Durnev, Y.A. & Fefelov, I.V. (2001).

3993:

On the distribution of the Imperial Eagle. Aquila heliaca

2762:

egg laying peaks at about mid-February to March while in

1515:

are an important food source for eastern imperial eagles.

884:(excluding the northern parts), and the southern part of 4838:

Ecology of the imperial eagle Aquila heliaca in Georgia

4046:

Bukreev, A., Boldbataar, S. & Zvonov, B.M. (2010).

4004:

Bakka, S., Kiseleva, N.Y. & Karyakin, I.V. (2010).

1012:, with pockets of wintering eagles in Israel, northern 329:, the eastern imperial eagle is a member of the family 3945:

Die Vogelstimmen Europas, Nordafrikas und Vorderasiens

3511:. Berlin: World Working Group on Birds of Prey: 1–15. 3453:) analyzed by classical and DNA replication banding". 2830:

and viruses as well as maggot infection in a wound by

1786:, which they would hunt in a style reminiscent of the 1551:, beyond the common hare, at least 7 other species of 1125:. Other semi-regular wintering areas include southern 5352:

Janossy, D., Janossy, L. & Petrovics, Z. (1993).

3746:

Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum Volume 1

2147:) are sometimes prey for eastern imperial eagles and 1032:. A radio-tagging study of a few wintering eagles in 5564:

A critical review of cartwheeling flights of raptors

5356:. Aquila a Madartani Intezet Evkonyve, 100: 268-270. 5204:

Schuster, A.C.; Carl, T. & Foerster, K. (2017).

4270:

An east-west Aquila eagle migration in the Himalayas

6331: 5193:(Second ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4949: 4947: 3958:

New Palearctic bird sound recordings during 1966-67

3706:Louchart, A., Bedetti, C., & Pavia, M. (2005). 3689:by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (2008), 2099:) are known to be taken and a predation attempt on 5949:. Bird Conservation International, 17(3), 197-209. 5773:. Acta zoologica Bulgarica Supplementum, 3, 41-54. 5707:The Cain and Abel riddle in eagles and other birds 5584:. Acta zoologica Bulgarica Supplementum, 3, 87-93. 5549:Penteriani, V., & del Mar Delgado, M. (2019). 5189:Cramp, S.; Simmons, K.E.L.; Perrins, C.M. (1980). 5005:. Leningrad State University Newsletter, 9: 20-27. 4875:(No. 3rd edition). Johns Hopkins University Press. 4344:Bottazzo, S., Piras, G. & Tonelli, A. (1999). 4298:. Bird Conservation International, 12(3), 197-209. 4107: 4105: 3070:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22696048A155464885.en 2797:1.15 fledglings per pair in 2001-2009. In 2011 in 501:. The Spanish imperial eagle may be considered an 6238:. Russkiy Ornitologicheskiy Zhurnal, 14: 644-646. 6111:. Acta zoologica Bulgarica Supplementum, 3, 5-14. 6085:. In Birds of Prey (pp. 395-418). Springer, Cham. 5844:Investigations of bird collisions in 2 wind farms 4217:Gedeon, K., Zewdie, C., & Töpfer, T. (2017). 4058: 4056: 1269:tend to be preferred, albeit not exclusively. In 6225:. Bird Conservation International, 11(2), 93-99. 5576: 5574: 5572: 5562:Simmons, R. E., & Mendelsohn, J. M. (1993). 5406:Birds of South Asia: the Ripley guide. Vols. 1-2 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 2943:. However, overall 85% of the population in the 2388:, some pairs of imperial eagle were reported to 2079:but also fairly regularly attack these as prey. 1137:(recorded across Chinese border in southwestern 47:Subadult of typical transitional plumage at the 5859:. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 40(2), 316-319. 4646:Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 4080:) tagged with radio-transmitters in Bulgaria". 3438:. Vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 1886:), or very aggressive venomous snakes, such as 6120:Mikuš, J., Noga, M., & Nemček, V. (2008). 6031:Raptor persecution in the Gulf of Eilat region 5945:Ryabtsev, V. V., & Katzner, T. E. (2007). 5404:Rasmussen, P.C., & Anderton, J.C. (2005). 5367:Some Records of Raptors in the East Kazakhstan 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4164:Satellite tracking of Eastern Imperial Eagles 4123:Porter, R. F., & Beaman, M. A. S. (1985). 3687:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses, 2nd Edition 387:The eastern imperial eagle is a member of the 347:as prey but also a fairly large proportion of 5829:Lasch, U., Zerbe, S., & Lenk, M. (2010). 5501:. - Ulyanovsk: Volga Research Center.— 120 p. 5269:. Journal of Raptor Research, 47(3), 328-331. 4259:. Russian Journal of Ornithology. 130: 63-68. 4193:Swamps biodiversity of the White Nile (Sudan) 4064:The status of diurnal birds of prey in Turkey 3666: 3664: 8: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5781: 5779: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5731:Våli, Ü., & Lõhmus, A. S. K. O. (2002). 5322: 5320: 5290: 5288: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4094:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2617:. Although it may be classed properly as an 1345:A juvenile imperial eagle facing off with a 5467: 5465: 5330:. Biological Conservation, 132(3), 322-335. 5265:Kerley, L. L., & Slaght, J. C. (2013). 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4579: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4418:. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica Suppl, 3, 61-70. 4410: 4408: 4406: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 3906:Age and sex size variation in Golden Eagles 3885: 3883: 3861:. Macmillan International Higher Education. 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 1794:may also be taken fairly often, such as in 1497:) (32.5%) in the other, Saker mountain. In 948:. As a breeding species, they are probably 6319: 6309:Audio recordings of Eastern imperial eagle 6269: 5980:The Imperial Eagle: bird of Baikal legends 5961: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5941: 5939: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5497:Korepov, M.V. & Borodin, O.V. (2013). 5339:MARTI, C. D., & KORPIMÁKI, E. (2012). 5306: 5304: 4933: 4931: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4162:Meyburg, B. U., & Meyburg, C. (2015). 4042: 4040: 3943:Schulze, A., & Dingler, K. H. (2003). 3919:Águila imperial ibérica – Aquila adalberti 3908:. Journal of Field Ornithology. 55: 54–66. 3844:Naoroji, R., & Schmitt, N. J. (2007). 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3572:. Bombay: Bombay Natural History Society. 3558:. Journal of Ornithology, 149(2), 151-159. 3300:". In del Hoyo; Elliott; Sargatal (eds.). 1414:, including insects, may be taken rarely. 228: 65: 38: 29: 6042:Belik, V.P. & Galushin, V.M. (2002). 5280:Golden eagle predation on domestic calves 5229: 5141:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 5079:Eastern Imperial Eagle Attacks Desert Fox 4854: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4539: 4494: 4361:. Biological Conservation, 111(1), 71-77. 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3875:Flight identification of European raptors 3869: 3867: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3068: 6221:Ueta, M., & Ryabtsev, V. V. (2001). 6158:Gursan, H.M. & Bilgin, C.C. (2002). 5662:Pestov, M.V. & Saraev, F.A. (2009). 5594: 5592: 5590: 5527:Journal of ornithology, 153(3), 985-989. 5026: 5024: 4975: 4973: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4294:Chen, G., & Peterson, A. T. (2002). 4243:Agostini, N., & Logozzo, D. (1997). 3971:The European bird report: non-passerines 3846:Birds of prey of the Indian subcontinent 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3226:Ferguson-Lees, J.; Christie, D. (2001). 2875:once chose the imperial eagle to be its 1453:), at 12.71% of the diet. Similarly, in 1321:with scattered trees as well as various 6212:. Conservation Genetics, 9(3), 667-676. 5982:. Agency for International Development. 5933:. Molecular Ecology, 14(10), 2959-2967. 5920:. Molecular Ecology, 14(10), 2959-2967. 5510:Adamian, M. S., & Klem, D. (1999). 5417:Choi, C. Y., & Park, J. G. (2012). 4174: 4172: 3388:. Molecular Ecology, 11(10), 2189-2194. 3298:Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) 3014: 2984:seems to have increased populations of 2884:. As with other eagles in Eurasia, the 2792:A captive adult eastern imperial eagle. 1726:, mainly the nestlings of late-nesting 5789:. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica Supplement. 5488:. Slovak Raptor Journal, 9(1), 95-104. 5113:. Zoology and Ecology, 28(4), 421-424. 4873:Mammals of the world. Volumes I and II 4323:. Raptor Research of Taiwan, 5: 25-44. 4221:. European Journal of Taxonomy, (306). 4087: 3682: 3680: 3648:Eagles, Hawks and Falcons of the World 3646:Brown, Leslie and Amadon, Dean (1986) 1065:, irregularly down as far as southern 521:The eastern imperial eagle is a large 6553:eastern-imperial-eagle-aquila-heliaca 5820:. Slovak Raptor Journal, 8(1), 53-60. 5755:. Slovak Raptor Journal, 8(1), 27-39. 4862:. VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY, 62(2), 273-280. 4311:. Birds of Prey Bulletin, 3: 163-169. 4034:. Acta zool. bulg., Suppl, 3, 95-104. 3991:Michev, T., & Petrov, T. (1979). 3930:Gould, J., & Rutgers, A. (1966). 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 2855:A juvenile eastern imperial eagle in 7: 6527:c1dbd64d-426b-4241-ba9c-5669b5619dd5 5665:. Raptors Conservation, 17: 152-154. 4050:. Raptors Conservation, 20: 186-194. 2215:Interspecies predatory relationships 1245:and here the species often inhabits 1053:, mostly being reported in southern 6744:National symbols of Austria-Hungary 5641:. Raptor Conservation, 35: 265-270. 5611:Danko, Š., & Balla, M. (2007). 4766:. Raptor Conservation, 20: 177-185. 4614:Dudas, M. & Szitta, T. (1989). 3732:Weick, F., & Brown, L. (1980). 3432:Cramp, S.; Simmons, K.E.L. (1980). 3056:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 896:in the landlocked southwest of the 517:Closeup of an adult imperial eagle. 6149:. Slovak Raptor Journal, 3, 21-28. 6124:. Slovak Raptor Journal, 2, 87-90. 5678:. Slovak Raptor Journal, 1, 23-28. 5615:. Slovak Raptor Journal, 1, 19-22. 4983:. Slovak raptor journal, 1, 29-33. 4008:. Raptors Conservation, 20: 84-88. 3303:Handbook of the Birds of the World 2645:Nest of eastern imperial eagle in 2368:) and habitat preferences such as 2107:) has been reported. Beyond small 25: 6199:. Raptors Conservation, 7: 46-55. 5907:. Acta veterinaria, 63(1), 45-51. 5872:. Helminthologia, 54(4), 314-321. 5653:. Raptors Conservation, 7: 62-64. 5628:. Raptor Conservation, 12: 15-27. 5514:. American University of Armenia. 4693:. Slovak Raptor Journal, 1, 1-18. 4632:Horváth, M.; et al. (2010). 4178:Kemp, A., & Kemp, M. (2006). 2784:Breeding success and survivorship 1036:found they returned variously to 305:and extensively through West and 6719:IUCN Red List vulnerable species 5802:. Ornis Hungarica, 22(1), 57-68. 5512:Handbook of the Birds of Armenia 4901:. Mammal Review, 46(3), 204-214. 4660:from the original on 2022-10-09. 4602:10.1111/j.2006.0908-8857.03617.x 4180:Sasol Birds of Prey; New Edition 3518:from the original on 2022-10-09. 3414:10.1046/j.0019-1019.2001.00026.x 1555:, about a dozen species each of 1491:southern white-breasted hedgehog 874:North Caucasian Federal District 355:and other prey types, including 107: 6252:BirdLife species factsheet for 5885:. J. Vet. Sci. Technol, 6, 212. 4953:Dharmakuarsinhji, K.S. (1955). 4816:. Slovak Raptor Journal, 8 (1). 4247:. AVOCETTA-PARMA-, 21, 174-179. 3794:Eastern Imperial Eagle plumages 3774:. Oxford University Press, USA. 3435:Birds of the Western Palearctic 3045:BirdLife International (2019). 1390:, especially ground squirrels, 6278:"Eastern imperial eagle media" 6033:. Israel J. Zool. 42: 295-296. 5709:. Afr. Wildlife, 43(1), 35-43. 5343:. Current Ornithology, 10, 47. 5298:. The Condor, 105(3), 538-551. 4066:. J. Raptor Res, 39(1), 36-54. 4048:The Imperial Eagle in Mongolia 3455:Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 972:A wintering imperial eagle in 653:. In their winter quarters in 1: 6018:Population ecology of raptors 5536:Palmer, R. S. (Ed.). (1988). 5475:. Raptors Conservation, (17). 5382:. Princeton University Press. 5369:. Raptors Conservation, (17). 5314:. Raptors Conservation, (25). 5034:. Raptors Conservation, (16). 4788:. Raptors Worldwide, 589-592. 3973:. British Birds, 95: 174-188. 3232:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2931:as well as some parts of the 2324:and shorter-distance migrant 1750:) and a couple of species of 964:Migration and wintering range 6293:at VIREO (Drexel University) 6291:Imperial eagle photo gallery 4140:. Sandgrouse 29(2): 177-182. 3335:. Zootaxa, 4216(4), 301-320. 3269:. London: T & AD Poyser. 1950:dummy, completed in seconds. 1221:, as well as around or near 1097:, eastward through southern 1081:, will generally migrate to 5735:. Bird Study, 49(1), 93-95. 5722:. The Auk, 101(4), 753-760. 5018:. Ecologia Balkanica, 6(1). 4748:. Lynx, series nova, 41(1). 4268:Fleming Jr., R. L. (1983). 3532:British Birds, 99, 306-323. 2005:greater white-fronted goose 1740:Threskiornis melanocephalus 1479:long-tailed ground squirrel 579:An adult imperial eagle in 493:sometimes between the late 391:or booted eagles, a rather 6765: 6187:. Moscow State University. 5443:Udvardy, M. D. F. (1951). 5122:Baidavletov, R.J. (1999). 4281:Den Besten, J. W. (2004). 4111:Domashevsk,y S.V. (2002). 4084:. Supplementum (3): 15–20. 2115:may be attacked including 1028:and adjacent southwestern 6297:Interactive range map of 6184:Barabashin, T.O. (2004). 6059:. Eagle Studies, 439-442. 5969:. Eagle Studies, 429–433. 5395:. Tartu University Press. 5282:. Wildlife Society (USA). 5222:10.1007/s00114-017-1430-3 4840:. Eagle Studies, 447-457. 4735:. Eagle Studies, 425-427. 3848:. Om Books International. 3063:: e.T22696048A155464885. 2211:was taken in Kazakhstan. 1513:European ground squirrels 1349:mother over its dead calf 1105:and down as far south in 872:, essentially all of the 533:reverse sexual dimorphism 276: 269: 236: 227: 209: 202: 104:Scientific classification 102: 85: 63: 54: 46: 37: 32: 6734:Birds of prey of Eurasia 6283:Internet Bird Collection 5696:. Ecologia Balkanica, 1. 5566:. Ostrich, 64(1), 13-24. 5553:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 5540:. Yale University Press. 5256:. Ibis, 142(1), 141-142. 5001:Ryabtsev, V. V. (1984). 4925:. Ibis, 147(3), 576-586. 4888:. Ecologia Balkanica, 1. 4590:Journal of Avian Biology 4335:. Calidris, 10: 263-264. 4309:Birds of prey in Vietnam 4082:Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 3960:. Diemer & Reynolds. 3932:Birds of Europe (Vol. 1) 3917:González, L. M. (2016). 3904:Bortolotti G.R. (1984). 3895:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 3674:. Ibis, 156(2), 395-403. 3570:The Book of Indian Birds 3554:González, L. M. (2008). 3306:. Vol. 2. pp. 1898:, very small numbers of 1616:Gallus gallus domesticus 1463:European ground squirrel 870:Central Federal District 803:Distribution and habitat 657:, this species rivals a 6749:Birds described in 1809 6136:. Ciconia, 14: 111-113. 5991:Ryabtsev, V.V. (1999). 5978:Ryabtsev, V.V. (1996). 5718:Collopy, M. W. (1984). 5650:Karyakin. I.V. (2006). 5624:Karyakin, I.V. (2008). 5456:Lindeman, G.V. (1985). 5434:. Aquila, 119, 105-110. 4762:Karyakin, I.V. (2010). 4396:Dresser, H. E. (1875). 4387:. Forktail., (20), 145. 4383:Fefelov, I. V. (2004). 3859:Birds of prey in Europe 3650:. The Wellfleet Press. 3296:Meyburg, B.U. (1994). " 2986:yellow ground squirrels 1662:), numerous species of 1149:and discontinuously in 1069:and once even northern 33:Eastern imperial eagle 6234:Korovin, V.A. (2005). 6003:Bijleveld, M. (1974). 5692:Dobrev, D. D. (2009). 5447:. Oikos, 3(1), 98-123. 5419:Birds of prey in Korea 5310:Vazhov, S. V. (2012). 5043:Bankovics, A. (2005). 4524:(Rodentia: sciuridae)" 4496:10.1515/orhu-2018-0001 4400:. Ibis, 17(1), 96-112. 4114:. Berkut, 11: 112-116. 3873:Porter, R. F. (1981). 3857:Bijleveld, M. (1974). 3596:Eastern Imperial Eagle 3528:Collinson, M. (2006). 2990:Naurzum Nature Reserve 2968: 2863: 2836:Naurzum Nature Reserve 2793: 2743: 2723:include one next to a 2650: 2463:European honey buzzard 2265: 2231:Naurzum Nature Reserve 2193:Eurasian harvest mouse 2139:). On some occasions, 2033:Sarkidiornis melanotos 1951: 1636:russet ground squirrel 1628:yellow ground squirrel 1620:Naurzum Nature Reserve 1599: 1516: 1483:Spermophilus undulatus 1350: 1206: 990:Spanish imperial eagle 985: 882:Ural Federal Districts 846:Bosnia and Herzegovina 817: 768: 733:Haliaeetus leucoryphus 679:greater spotted eagles 672:Spanish imperial eagle 622: 584: 560: 518: 505:due to its isolation. 463:Spanish imperial eagle 289:eastern imperial eagle 279:Aquila heliaca heliaca 6133:Sofronic, M. (2005). 6068:Hallmann, B. (1985). 6055:Hallmann, B. (1996). 5994:. Berkut, 8: 222–226. 5785:Wichmann, G. (2011). 5210:The Science of Nature 5125:. Selevinia: 141-146. 5047:. Aquila112, 135-142. 4836:Abuladze, A. (1996). 4522:Spermophilus citellus 4307:Morris, G.E. (1986). 4285:. Forktail, 20, 9-13. 4136:Lobley, G.R. (2007). 3796:. Alula, 11: 146-152. 3770:Clark, W. S. (1999). 3502:nucleotide sequences" 3356:Watson, Jeff (2010). 2966: 2949:Great Hungarian Plain 2886:Industrial revolution 2854: 2791: 2738: 2644: 2495:western marsh harrier 2398:western marsh harrier 2274:greater spotted eagle 2259: 2201:Eurasian tree sparrow 2077:mammalian carnivorans 1941: 1840:Paralaudakia caucasia 1732:Ciconia leucocephalus 1589: 1511: 1467:Spermophilus citellus 1344: 1337:Behaviour and ecology 1247:forest-steppe mosaics 1204: 971: 815: 762: 692:Indian spotted eagles 616: 578: 558: 516: 6739:Birds of East Africa 6522:Fauna Europaea (new) 6094:Heredia, B. (1996). 5842:Jánoska, F. (2012). 5705:Simmons, R. (1989). 5471:Moshkin, A. (2009). 4937:Prakash, V. (1988). 4204:Vittery, A. (1983). 3956:Boswall, J. (1969). 3889:Forsman, D. (2016). 3792:Forsman, D. (2005). 3736:. Verlag Paul Parey. 3530:Splitting headaches? 3265:Forsman, D. (1999). 3229:Raptors of the World 3092:"Appendices | CITES" 2945:Carpathian mountains 2523:rough-legged buzzard 2499:Eurasian sparrowhawk 2455:lesser spotted eagle 2414:Eurasian sparrowhawk 2378:long-legged buzzards 2322:Indian spotted eagle 2264:, in the background. 2189:Gazella subgutturosa 2177:Arabian sand gazelle 1864:Uromastix hardwickii 1860:spiny-tailed lizards 1748:Anhinga melanogaster 974:Little Rann of Kutch 741:Haliaeetus albicilla 619:lesser spotted eagle 609:Confusion of species 465:, which is found in 359:. Compared to other 49:Little Rann of Kutch 6171:Bragin, E. (2002). 6016:Newton, I. (2010). 4955:Birds of Saurashtra 4617:. Buvar, 45: 22-23. 4348:. Avocetta, 23: 17. 4153:. Sandgrouse, 2, 1. 3969:Davies, C. (2002). 3719:Kirmse, W. (1998). 3568:Ali, Salim (1993). 2921:European Green Belt 2627:Eurasian eagle-owls 2519:long-legged buzzard 2350:white-tailed eagles 2326:Pallas's fish eagle 2297:Indian subcontinent 2239:white-tailed eagles 2173:Capreolus capreolus 2049:Phalacrocorax carbo 1884:Zamenis longissimus 1632:Spermophilus fulvus 1608:Phasianus colchicus 1091:Indian subcontinent 729:Pallas's fish eagle 303:southeastern Europe 57:Conservation status 6304:IUCN Red List maps 6029:Yosef, R. (1996). 4979:Danko, Š. (2007). 4332:Fritz, O. (1981). 4208:. Scopus,(7), 1-9. 4062:Turan, L. (2005). 3600:. European Raptors 2969: 2888:allowed access to 2864: 2794: 2744: 2651: 2623:white-tailed eagle 2507:Accipiter gentilis 2402:Circus aeruginosus 2314:Bharatpur district 2266: 2129:Mustela eversmanii 2105:Vulpes bengalensis 1952: 1880:Aesculapian snakes 1852:Hermann's tortoise 1788:white-tailed eagle 1712:Bharatpur district 1688:yellow-legged gull 1640:Spermophilus major 1600: 1517: 1495:Erinaceus concolor 1351: 1259:agricultural areas 1231:agricultural areas 1219:enclosed woodlands 1207: 1157:as well as in the 1141:) and spottily in 1040:in four cases and 986: 818: 769: 737:white-tailed eagle 623: 585: 561: 519: 451:Aquila spilogaster 447:African hawk eagle 264: Non-breeding 6706: 6705: 6665:Open Tree of Life 6325:Taxon identifiers 5391:Väli, Ü. (2004). 5153:10.1111/bij.12121 4528:Mammalian Species 3695:978-1-4200-6444-5 3467:10.1159/000015216 3384:Väli, Ü. (2002). 3371:978-1-4081-1420-9 3364:. A&C Black. 2750:was 2.09. In the 2607:Falco vespertinus 2603:red-footed falcon 2599:Falco columbarius 2583:Falco tinnunculus 2487:Montagu's harrier 2406:black-winged kite 1922:. In one area of 1830:may be taken. In 1792:pigeons and doves 1768:Saurashtra region 1736:black-headed ibis 1692:Larus michahellis 1672:Falco tinnunculus 1668:Eurasian kestrels 1652:Corvus frugilegus 1529:Microtus socialis 1451:Cricetus cricetus 1347:Thomson's gazelle 1121:and northwestern 1109:as the states of 749:Aegypius monachus 745:Cinereous vulture 717:Aquila verreauxii 709:Aquila nipalensis 631:Aquila chrysaetos 601:as do some other 491:Iberian peninsula 427:Aquila nipalensis 285: 284: 97: 80: 16:(Redirected from 6756: 6699: 6698: 6686: 6685: 6673: 6672: 6660: 6659: 6647: 6646: 6634: 6633: 6621: 6620: 6618:NHMSYS0000532847 6608: 6607: 6595: 6594: 6582: 6581: 6569: 6568: 6556: 6555: 6543: 6542: 6530: 6529: 6517: 6516: 6504: 6503: 6491: 6490: 6478: 6477: 6465: 6464: 6452: 6451: 6439: 6438: 6429: 6428: 6416: 6415: 6403: 6402: 6393: 6392: 6390:469DCF57248A1C69 6380: 6379: 6367: 6366: 6365: 6352: 6351: 6350: 6320: 6287: 6273: 6268: 6261:"Aquila heliaca" 6239: 6232: 6226: 6219: 6213: 6206: 6200: 6194: 6188: 6182: 6176: 6169: 6163: 6156: 6150: 6143: 6137: 6131: 6125: 6118: 6112: 6105: 6099: 6092: 6086: 6079: 6073: 6066: 6060: 6053: 6047: 6040: 6034: 6027: 6021: 6020:. A&C Black. 6014: 6008: 6001: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5976: 5970: 5963: 5950: 5943: 5934: 5927: 5921: 5914: 5908: 5901: 5895: 5892: 5886: 5879: 5873: 5866: 5860: 5853: 5847: 5840: 5834: 5827: 5821: 5814: 5803: 5796: 5790: 5783: 5774: 5767: 5756: 5749: 5736: 5729: 5723: 5716: 5710: 5703: 5697: 5690: 5679: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5635: 5629: 5622: 5616: 5609: 5603: 5596: 5585: 5578: 5567: 5560: 5554: 5547: 5541: 5534: 5528: 5521: 5515: 5508: 5502: 5495: 5489: 5482: 5476: 5469: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5441: 5435: 5428: 5422: 5415: 5409: 5402: 5396: 5389: 5383: 5376: 5370: 5363: 5357: 5350: 5344: 5337: 5331: 5324: 5315: 5308: 5299: 5292: 5283: 5276: 5270: 5263: 5257: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5233: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5132: 5126: 5120: 5114: 5107: 5101: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5063: 5057: 5054: 5048: 5041: 5035: 5028: 5019: 5012: 5006: 4999: 4993: 4990: 4984: 4977: 4968: 4964: 4958: 4951: 4942: 4935: 4926: 4919: 4902: 4895: 4889: 4882: 4876: 4869: 4863: 4856: 4841: 4834: 4817: 4810: 4789: 4782: 4767: 4760: 4749: 4742: 4736: 4729: 4718: 4715: 4694: 4687: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4642: 4629: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4588:in Kazakhstan". 4581: 4554: 4553: 4543: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4498: 4470: 4419: 4412: 4401: 4394: 4388: 4381: 4362: 4355: 4349: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4320:Liu, C. (2004). 4318: 4312: 4305: 4299: 4292: 4286: 4279: 4273: 4266: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4241: 4235: 4228: 4222: 4215: 4209: 4202: 4196: 4189: 4183: 4176: 4167: 4160: 4154: 4147: 4141: 4134: 4128: 4121: 4115: 4109: 4100: 4099: 4093: 4085: 4073: 4067: 4060: 4051: 4044: 4035: 4028: 4009: 4002: 3996: 3989: 3974: 3967: 3961: 3954: 3948: 3941: 3935: 3928: 3922: 3915: 3909: 3902: 3896: 3887: 3878: 3877:. A&C Black. 3871: 3862: 3855: 3849: 3842: 3797: 3790: 3775: 3768: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3730: 3724: 3717: 3711: 3704: 3698: 3684: 3675: 3668: 3659: 3644: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3605: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3565: 3559: 3552: 3546: 3539: 3533: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3506: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3451:Aquila adalberti 3446: 3440: 3439: 3429: 3418: 3417: 3395: 3389: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3360:The Golden Eagle 3353: 3336: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3293: 3270: 3263: 3244: 3243: 3223: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3102: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3072: 3042: 2978:ground squirrels 2953:Carpathian basin 2927:of southwestern 2760:southeast Europe 2741:Museum Wiesbaden 2739:Egg, Collection 2615:peregrine falcon 2503:northern goshawk 2431:Falco peregrinus 2427:peregrine falcon 2410:Elanus caeruleus 2390:kleptoparasitize 2354:ground squirrels 2335:Korean peninsula 2289:ground squirrels 2262:Egyptian vulture 2251:ecological niche 2197:Micromys minutus 2185:goitered gazelle 2153:Otocolobus manul 2121:Mustela putorius 2029:knob-billed duck 2021:bar-headed goose 1928:kleptoparasitism 1856:Testudo hermanni 1744:Oriental darters 1720:kleptoparasitism 1708:Larus cachinnans 1612:domestic chicken 1604:common pheasants 1596:northern pintail 1592:bar-headed goose 1571:), 5 species of 1561:cricetid rodents 1537:Meriones crassus 1533:Sundevall's jird 1447:European hamster 1419:ground squirrels 1364:ground squirrels 1229:to wetlands and 1159:Korean peninsula 898:Russian Far East 793:ko-gok, wk wk wk 713:Verreaux's eagle 413:and a couple in 263: 257: 251: 245: 237:Distribution of 232: 215: 112: 111: 91: 74: 69: 68: 42: 30: 21: 6764: 6763: 6759: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6709: 6708: 6707: 6702: 6694: 6689: 6681: 6676: 6668: 6663: 6655: 6650: 6642: 6639:Observation.org 6637: 6629: 6624: 6616: 6611: 6603: 6598: 6590: 6585: 6577: 6572: 6564: 6559: 6551: 6546: 6538: 6533: 6525: 6520: 6512: 6507: 6499: 6494: 6486: 6481: 6473: 6468: 6460: 6455: 6447: 6442: 6434: 6432: 6424: 6419: 6411: 6406: 6398: 6396: 6388: 6383: 6375: 6370: 6361: 6360: 6355: 6346: 6345: 6340: 6327: 6276: 6259: 6248: 6243: 6242: 6233: 6229: 6220: 6216: 6207: 6203: 6195: 6191: 6183: 6179: 6170: 6166: 6157: 6153: 6144: 6140: 6132: 6128: 6119: 6115: 6106: 6102: 6093: 6089: 6080: 6076: 6067: 6063: 6054: 6050: 6041: 6037: 6028: 6024: 6015: 6011: 6002: 5998: 5990: 5986: 5977: 5973: 5964: 5953: 5944: 5937: 5928: 5924: 5915: 5911: 5902: 5898: 5893: 5889: 5880: 5876: 5867: 5863: 5854: 5850: 5841: 5837: 5828: 5824: 5815: 5806: 5797: 5793: 5784: 5777: 5768: 5759: 5750: 5739: 5730: 5726: 5717: 5713: 5704: 5700: 5691: 5682: 5673: 5669: 5661: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5636: 5632: 5623: 5619: 5610: 5606: 5597: 5588: 5579: 5570: 5561: 5557: 5548: 5544: 5535: 5531: 5522: 5518: 5509: 5505: 5496: 5492: 5483: 5479: 5470: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5442: 5438: 5429: 5425: 5416: 5412: 5403: 5399: 5390: 5386: 5377: 5373: 5364: 5360: 5351: 5347: 5338: 5334: 5325: 5318: 5309: 5302: 5293: 5286: 5277: 5273: 5264: 5260: 5251: 5247: 5203: 5202: 5198: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5121: 5117: 5108: 5104: 5099: 5095: 5086: 5084: 5074: 5071:Wayback Machine 5064: 5060: 5055: 5051: 5042: 5038: 5029: 5022: 5013: 5009: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4987: 4978: 4971: 4965: 4961: 4952: 4945: 4936: 4929: 4920: 4905: 4896: 4892: 4883: 4879: 4870: 4866: 4857: 4844: 4835: 4820: 4811: 4792: 4783: 4770: 4761: 4752: 4743: 4739: 4730: 4721: 4716: 4697: 4688: 4665: 4657: 4640: 4631: 4630: 4621: 4613: 4609: 4583: 4582: 4557: 4517: 4516: 4512: 4483:Ornis Hungarica 4472: 4471: 4422: 4413: 4404: 4395: 4391: 4382: 4365: 4356: 4352: 4343: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4306: 4302: 4293: 4289: 4280: 4276: 4267: 4263: 4255: 4251: 4242: 4238: 4229: 4225: 4216: 4212: 4203: 4199: 4190: 4186: 4177: 4170: 4166:Aquila heliaca. 4161: 4157: 4148: 4144: 4135: 4131: 4122: 4118: 4110: 4103: 4086: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4061: 4054: 4045: 4038: 4029: 4012: 4003: 3999: 3990: 3977: 3968: 3964: 3955: 3951: 3942: 3938: 3929: 3925: 3916: 3912: 3903: 3899: 3888: 3881: 3872: 3865: 3856: 3852: 3843: 3800: 3791: 3778: 3769: 3752: 3744: 3740: 3731: 3727: 3718: 3714: 3705: 3701: 3685: 3678: 3669: 3662: 3645: 3612: 3603: 3601: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3553: 3549: 3540: 3536: 3527: 3523: 3515: 3504: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3431: 3430: 3421: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3383: 3379: 3372: 3355: 3354: 3339: 3329: 3325: 3318: 3295: 3294: 3273: 3264: 3247: 3240: 3225: 3224: 3109: 3100: 3098: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3044: 3043: 3016: 3011: 2917:European Russia 2873:Austria-Hungary 2849: 2786: 2680:Sayan Mountains 2639: 2563:short-eared owl 2535:Strix uralensis 2491:Circus pygargus 2467:Pernis apivorus 2459:Clanga pomarina 2418:Accipiter nisus 2217: 2205:Passer montanus 2125:steppe polecats 2045:great cormorant 2009:Anser albifrons 1892:Daboia russelii 1888:Russell's viper 1868:monitor lizards 1836:Caucasian agama 1700:Ciconia ciconia 1676:little bustards 1656:Eurasian magpie 1443:Lepus europaeus 1339: 1215:scattered trees 1199: 1093:, from eastern 1024:, northeastern 966: 944:, and northern 932:) and northern 924:, northwestern 844:, northeastern 810: 805: 757: 611: 511: 495:Pleistocene era 473:, was formerly 459:Aquila fasicata 455:Bonelli's eagle 385: 373:IUCN Red Listed 301:that breeds in 265: 261: 259: 255: 253: 249: 247: 243: 223: 217: 211: 198: 195:A. heliaca 161:Accipitriformes 106: 98: 81: 70: 66: 59: 28: 27:Species of bird 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6762: 6760: 6752: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6724:Aquila (genus) 6721: 6711: 6710: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6700: 6696:Aquila-heliaca 6687: 6674: 6661: 6648: 6635: 6622: 6609: 6596: 6583: 6570: 6557: 6544: 6531: 6518: 6509:Fauna Europaea 6505: 6492: 6479: 6466: 6462:aquila-heliaca 6453: 6440: 6430: 6417: 6404: 6394: 6381: 6377:Aquila_heliaca 6368: 6363:Aquila heliaca 6353: 6337: 6335: 6333:Aquila heliaca 6329: 6328: 6323: 6317: 6316: 6306: 6299:Aquila heliaca 6294: 6288: 6274: 6257: 6254:Aquila heliaca 6247: 6246:External links 6244: 6241: 6240: 6227: 6214: 6201: 6189: 6177: 6164: 6151: 6138: 6126: 6113: 6100: 6087: 6074: 6061: 6048: 6035: 6022: 6009: 5996: 5984: 5971: 5951: 5935: 5922: 5909: 5896: 5887: 5874: 5861: 5848: 5835: 5822: 5804: 5791: 5775: 5757: 5737: 5724: 5711: 5698: 5680: 5667: 5655: 5643: 5630: 5617: 5604: 5586: 5568: 5555: 5542: 5529: 5516: 5503: 5490: 5477: 5461: 5449: 5436: 5423: 5410: 5397: 5384: 5371: 5358: 5345: 5332: 5316: 5300: 5284: 5271: 5258: 5245: 5196: 5181: 5176:Oman Bird News 5166: 5147:(1): 116–127. 5137:Gazella marica 5127: 5115: 5102: 5093: 5058: 5049: 5036: 5020: 5007: 4994: 4985: 4969: 4959: 4943: 4927: 4903: 4890: 4877: 4864: 4842: 4818: 4790: 4768: 4750: 4737: 4719: 4695: 4663: 4619: 4607: 4596:(6): 594–600. 4586:Aquila heliaca 4555: 4534:(913): 71–87. 4510: 4477:Aquila heliaca 4420: 4402: 4389: 4363: 4350: 4337: 4325: 4313: 4300: 4287: 4274: 4261: 4249: 4236: 4223: 4210: 4197: 4184: 4168: 4155: 4142: 4129: 4116: 4101: 4078:Aquila heliaca 4068: 4052: 4036: 4010: 3997: 3975: 3962: 3949: 3936: 3923: 3910: 3897: 3879: 3863: 3850: 3798: 3776: 3750: 3738: 3725: 3712: 3699: 3676: 3660: 3656:978-1555214722 3610: 3585: 3578: 3560: 3547: 3534: 3521: 3488: 3461:(1–2): 61–66. 3441: 3419: 3408:(1): 153–159. 3390: 3377: 3370: 3337: 3323: 3316: 3271: 3245: 3238: 3107: 3083: 3049:Aquila heliaca 3013: 3012: 3010: 3007: 2999:Ural mountains 2982:climate change 2960:region alone. 2933:Czech Republic 2868:eastern Europe 2848: 2845: 2811:Marmara region 2785: 2782: 2752:Czech Republic 2699:); in Turkey, 2668:Irkutsk Oblast 2638: 2635: 2591:Falco naumanni 2587:lesser kestrel 2579:common kestrel 2575:Falco subbuteo 2571:Eurasian hobby 2555:long-eared owl 2511:common buzzard 2483:Circus cyaneus 2475:Milvus migrans 2247:Altai Republic 2216: 2213: 2181:Gazella marica 2065:great bustards 1972:European hares 1960:European hares 1920:Czech Republic 1908:ground beetles 1848:Testudo graeca 1844:Greek tortoise 1776:Eurasian coots 1728:painted storks 1471:central Europe 1459:Czech Republic 1437:, showed that 1368:common buzzard 1338: 1335: 1287:montane steppe 1263:wooded patches 1261:with trees or 1251:open woodlands 1198: 1195: 1115:Madhya Pradesh 965: 962: 876:, most of the 826:Czech Republic 809: 808:Breeding range 806: 804: 801: 756: 753: 696:Clanga hastata 610: 607: 510: 507: 503:ice age relict 443:sister species 384: 381: 294:Aquila heliaca 283: 282: 274: 273: 267: 266: 260: 254: 252: Resident 248: 246: Breeding 242: 239:Aquila heliaca 234: 233: 225: 224: 218: 213:Aquila heliaca 207: 206: 200: 199: 192: 190: 186: 185: 178: 174: 173: 168: 164: 163: 158: 154: 153: 148: 144: 143: 138: 134: 133: 128: 124: 123: 118: 114: 113: 100: 99: 86: 83: 82: 64: 61: 60: 55: 52: 51: 44: 43: 35: 34: 26: 24: 18:Aquila heliaca 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6761: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6697: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6431: 6427: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6395: 6391: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6373: 6369: 6364: 6358: 6354: 6349: 6343: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6321: 6314: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6301: 6300: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6285: 6284: 6279: 6275: 6272: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6249: 6245: 6237: 6231: 6228: 6224: 6218: 6215: 6211: 6205: 6202: 6198: 6193: 6190: 6186: 6181: 6178: 6174: 6168: 6165: 6161: 6155: 6152: 6148: 6142: 6139: 6135: 6130: 6127: 6123: 6117: 6114: 6110: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6091: 6088: 6084: 6078: 6075: 6071: 6065: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6049: 6045: 6039: 6036: 6032: 6026: 6023: 6019: 6013: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5997: 5993: 5988: 5985: 5981: 5975: 5972: 5968: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5942: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5926: 5923: 5919: 5913: 5910: 5906: 5900: 5897: 5891: 5888: 5884: 5878: 5875: 5871: 5865: 5862: 5858: 5852: 5849: 5845: 5839: 5836: 5832: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5795: 5792: 5788: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5728: 5725: 5721: 5715: 5712: 5708: 5702: 5699: 5695: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5671: 5668: 5664: 5659: 5656: 5652: 5647: 5644: 5640: 5634: 5631: 5627: 5621: 5618: 5614: 5608: 5605: 5601: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5556: 5552: 5551:The eagle owl 5546: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5530: 5526: 5520: 5517: 5513: 5507: 5504: 5500: 5494: 5491: 5487: 5481: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5453: 5450: 5446: 5440: 5437: 5433: 5427: 5424: 5420: 5414: 5411: 5407: 5401: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5385: 5381: 5375: 5372: 5368: 5362: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5346: 5342: 5336: 5333: 5329: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5307: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5275: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5200: 5197: 5192: 5185: 5182: 5177: 5170: 5167: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5131: 5128: 5124: 5119: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5103: 5097: 5094: 5082: 5080: 5075:India Wilds. 5072: 5068: 5062: 5059: 5053: 5050: 5046: 5040: 5037: 5033: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5011: 5008: 5004: 4998: 4995: 4989: 4986: 4982: 4976: 4974: 4970: 4963: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4891: 4887: 4881: 4878: 4874: 4868: 4865: 4861: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4647: 4639: 4637: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4608: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4556: 4551: 4547: 4542: 4541:10.1644/913.1 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4523: 4514: 4511: 4506: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4479:) in Hungary" 4478: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4393: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4304: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4227: 4224: 4220: 4214: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4198: 4194: 4188: 4185: 4181: 4175: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4143: 4139: 4133: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4072: 4069: 4065: 4059: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4001: 3998: 3994: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3959: 3953: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3907: 3901: 3898: 3894: 3893: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3854: 3851: 3847: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3729: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3709: 3703: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3599: 3597: 3589: 3586: 3581: 3579:0-19-563731-3 3575: 3571: 3564: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3522: 3514: 3510: 3509:Eagle Studies 3503: 3501: 3492: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3445: 3442: 3437: 3434: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3402: 3394: 3391: 3387: 3381: 3378: 3373: 3367: 3363: 3362: 3359: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3327: 3324: 3319: 3317:84-87334-15-6 3313: 3309: 3305: 3304: 3299: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3239:0-618-12762-3 3235: 3231: 3228: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3084: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3057: 3052: 3050: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2965: 2961: 2959: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2925:Morava region 2922: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2820:wind turbines 2817: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2790: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2777:booted eagles 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2731: 2730:steppe eagles 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2707:.) (44%) and 2706: 2702: 2698: 2697:Pistacia vera 2694: 2690: 2689:Juniperus ssp 2686: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2656:golden eagles 2648: 2643: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2619:apex predator 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2567:Asio flammeus 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2551:Athene noctua 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2527:Buteo lagopus 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2435:Sakmara river 2432: 2428: 2423: 2420:) as well as 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2394:saker falcons 2391: 2387: 2383: 2382:Buteo rufinus 2379: 2375: 2374:Falco cherrug 2371: 2370:saker falcons 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2243:steppe eagles 2240: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2149:Pallas's cats 2146: 2142: 2141:domestic cats 2138: 2134: 2133:stone martens 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2097:Vulpes corsac 2094: 2090: 2089:Vulpes vulpes 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2061:Ciconia nigra 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2025:Anser indicus 2022: 2018: 2017:Anser fabalis 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1997:greylag goose 1994: 1990: 1986: 1985:Lepus timidus 1982: 1981:mountain hare 1977: 1976:bobak marmots 1973: 1969: 1968:Marmota bobac 1965: 1964:bobak marmots 1961: 1956: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1900:invertebrates 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1804:Columba livia 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1704:Caspian gulls 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1680:Tetrax tetrax 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1646:, namely the 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1575:and assorted 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1557:murid rodents 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1475:Tyva Republic 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1439:European hare 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1412:invertebrates 1409: 1405: 1401: 1398:, as well as 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1348: 1343: 1336: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1267:Lowland areas 1264: 1260: 1256: 1255:river valleys 1252: 1249:, as well as 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1203: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1165:and southern 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1061:and northern 1060: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 983: 979: 975: 970: 963: 961: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 894:Transbaikalia 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 814: 807: 802: 800: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 766: 761: 755:Vocalizations 754: 752: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 701: 697: 693: 688: 684: 683:Clanga clanga 680: 675: 673: 669: 664: 660: 656: 652: 651: 646: 645: 640: 636: 632: 628: 620: 615: 608: 606: 604: 600: 595: 590: 582: 577: 573: 571: 567: 557: 553: 550: 546: 542: 538: 537:birds of prey 534: 530: 529: 524: 515: 508: 506: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 411:North America 409:(with one in 408: 404: 400: 399: 394: 390: 382: 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 341: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 297:) is a large 296: 295: 290: 281: 280: 275: 272: 268: 258: Passage 240: 235: 231: 226: 221: 216: 214: 208: 205: 204:Binomial name 201: 197: 196: 191: 188: 187: 184: 183: 179: 176: 175: 172: 169: 166: 165: 162: 159: 156: 155: 152: 149: 146: 145: 142: 139: 136: 135: 132: 129: 126: 125: 122: 119: 116: 115: 110: 105: 101: 95: 89: 84: 78: 73: 62: 58: 53: 50: 45: 41: 36: 31: 19: 6332: 6298: 6281: 6264: 6253: 6235: 6230: 6222: 6217: 6209: 6204: 6197: 6192: 6185: 6180: 6172: 6167: 6159: 6154: 6146: 6141: 6134: 6129: 6121: 6116: 6108: 6103: 6095: 6090: 6082: 6077: 6069: 6064: 6056: 6051: 6043: 6038: 6030: 6025: 6017: 6012: 6004: 5999: 5992: 5987: 5979: 5974: 5966: 5946: 5930: 5925: 5917: 5912: 5904: 5899: 5890: 5882: 5877: 5869: 5864: 5856: 5851: 5843: 5838: 5830: 5825: 5817: 5799: 5794: 5786: 5770: 5752: 5732: 5727: 5719: 5714: 5706: 5701: 5693: 5675: 5670: 5663: 5658: 5651: 5646: 5638: 5633: 5625: 5620: 5612: 5607: 5599: 5581: 5563: 5558: 5550: 5545: 5537: 5532: 5524: 5519: 5511: 5506: 5498: 5493: 5485: 5480: 5472: 5457: 5452: 5444: 5439: 5431: 5426: 5418: 5413: 5405: 5400: 5392: 5387: 5379: 5374: 5366: 5361: 5353: 5348: 5340: 5335: 5327: 5311: 5295: 5279: 5274: 5266: 5261: 5253: 5248: 5213: 5209: 5199: 5190: 5184: 5175: 5169: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5130: 5123: 5118: 5110: 5105: 5096: 5085:. Retrieved 5078: 5067:Ghostarchive 5065:Archived at 5061: 5052: 5044: 5039: 5031: 5015: 5010: 5002: 4997: 4988: 4980: 4962: 4957:. Dil Bahar. 4954: 4938: 4922: 4898: 4893: 4885: 4880: 4872: 4867: 4859: 4837: 4813: 4785: 4763: 4745: 4740: 4732: 4690: 4650: 4644: 4635: 4615: 4610: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4513: 4486: 4482: 4476: 4415: 4397: 4392: 4384: 4358: 4353: 4345: 4340: 4333: 4328: 4321: 4316: 4308: 4303: 4295: 4290: 4282: 4277: 4269: 4264: 4257: 4252: 4244: 4239: 4231: 4226: 4218: 4213: 4205: 4200: 4192: 4187: 4179: 4163: 4158: 4150: 4145: 4137: 4132: 4124: 4119: 4112: 4090:cite journal 4081: 4077: 4071: 4063: 4047: 4031: 4005: 4000: 3992: 3970: 3965: 3957: 3952: 3944: 3939: 3931: 3926: 3918: 3913: 3905: 3900: 3890: 3874: 3858: 3853: 3845: 3793: 3771: 3745: 3741: 3733: 3728: 3720: 3715: 3707: 3702: 3686: 3671: 3647: 3602:. Retrieved 3595: 3588: 3569: 3563: 3555: 3550: 3542: 3537: 3529: 3524: 3508: 3499: 3491: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3436: 3433: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3385: 3380: 3361: 3358: 3332: 3326: 3302: 3297: 3266: 3230: 3227: 3099:. Retrieved 3095: 3086: 3074:. Retrieved 3060: 3054: 3048: 2970: 2910: 2865: 2795: 2764:central Asia 2745: 2712: 2704: 2696: 2688: 2652: 2630: 2611:saker falcon 2606: 2598: 2590: 2582: 2574: 2566: 2558: 2550: 2543:Strix alucco 2542: 2534: 2526: 2514: 2506: 2490: 2482: 2474: 2466: 2458: 2452: 2430: 2417: 2409: 2401: 2381: 2373: 2347: 2293:Central Asia 2270:steppe eagle 2267: 2225: 2221:golden eagle 2218: 2204: 2196: 2188: 2180: 2172: 2164: 2152: 2144: 2137:Martes foina 2136: 2128: 2120: 2104: 2101:Bengal foxes 2096: 2093:corsac foxes 2088: 2068: 2060: 2048: 2040: 2037:common crane 2032: 2024: 2016: 2008: 2000: 1992: 1984: 1967: 1957: 1953: 1891: 1883: 1871: 1863: 1855: 1847: 1839: 1824: 1803: 1784:diving ducks 1779: 1747: 1739: 1731: 1707: 1699: 1696:white storks 1691: 1679: 1671: 1659: 1651: 1639: 1631: 1615: 1607: 1601: 1563:(especially 1536: 1528: 1525:social voles 1518: 1494: 1482: 1466: 1450: 1442: 1416: 1400:insectivores 1371: 1352: 1208: 1018:Saudi Arabia 987: 914:Turkmenistan 819: 796: 792: 785:golden eagle 780: 776: 772: 770: 748: 740: 732: 716: 708: 705:steppe eagle 700:golden eagle 695: 686: 682: 676: 662: 648: 642: 639:booted eagle 630: 627:golden eagle 624: 602: 593: 588: 586: 565: 562: 526: 520: 458: 450: 439:golden eagle 435:Aquila rapax 434: 426: 423:steppe eagle 421:such as the 418: 396: 393:monophyletic 386: 379:since 1994. 360: 338: 331:Accipitridae 307:Central Asia 299:bird of prey 293: 292: 288: 286: 278: 277: 238: 212: 210: 194: 193: 181: 171:Accipitridae 6561:iNaturalist 6357:Wikispecies 5216:(3–4): 10. 4653:: 187–200. 4489:(1): 1–26. 3076:19 November 2994:Lake Baikal 2958:East Thrace 2906:Afghanistan 2841:Lake Baikal 2816:automobiles 2803:East Thrace 2713:Quercus ssp 2705:Populus ssp 2672:Lake Baikal 2660:East Thrace 2515:Buteo buteo 2479:hen harrier 2343:east Africa 2339:water birds 2310:semi-desert 2145:Felis catus 2057:black stork 2053:white stork 2001:Anser anser 1993:Lepus tolai 1816:water birds 1780:Fulica atra 1724:water birds 1684:East Thrace 1666:as well as 1499:East Thrace 1372:Buteo buteo 1356:water birds 1319:cultivation 1315:semi-desert 1297:, timbered 1275:semi-desert 1079:Lake Baikal 1051:Nile valley 1006:Middle East 988:Unlike the 954:Afghanistan 890:Lake Baikal 635:hallux claw 535:as do most 509:Description 487:paraspecies 431:tawny eagle 415:Australasia 325:. Like all 315:Middle East 6713:Categories 6691:Xeno-canto 6313:Xeno-canto 5459:90: 27-37. 5087:2019-03-29 3934:. Methuen. 3604:2020-11-20 3101:2022-01-14 3009:References 2913:Vulnerable 2824:Haematozoa 2547:little owl 2471:black kite 2366:lagomorphs 2235:Kazakhstan 2165:Ovis ammon 2069:Otis tarda 2013:bean goose 1989:Tolai hare 1987:) and the 1944:falconer's 1800:rock doves 1762:and large 1624:Kazakhstan 1553:lagomorphs 1386:, various 1376:Kazakhstan 1329:and other 1313:, plains, 1291:meadowland 1227:grasslands 1143:east China 1133:and north 1103:Bangladesh 1083:south Asia 1057:, central 1042:Kazakhstan 1016:, central 950:extirpated 922:Kazakhstan 920:, much of 918:Uzbekistan 910:Azerbaijan 836:, eastern 824:, eastern 687:fulvescens 659:fish eagle 655:South Asia 541:wing chord 497:and early 479:morphology 429:) and the 377:Vulnerable 90:Appendix I 72:Vulnerable 5083:. YouTube 4182:. Struik. 3096:cites.org 2857:Rajasthan 2832:blowflies 2828:helminths 2772:siblicide 2693:pistachio 2631:Bubo bubo 2559:Asio otus 2539:tawny owl 2443:Tatarstan 2422:red foxes 2308:and even 2157:ungulates 2113:mustelids 2085:Red foxes 2073:pheasants 2041:Grus grus 1812:waterfowl 1808:gamebirds 1752:cormorant 1660:Pica pica 1541:hedgehogs 1431:hedgehogs 1311:grassland 1283:mountains 1271:Turkestan 1257:and even 1135:Indochina 1123:Jharkhand 1087:Himalayas 850:Macedonia 781:kraw-kraw 581:Hong Kong 389:Aquilinae 335:Aquilinae 323:East Asia 189:Species: 127:Kingdom: 121:Eukaryota 6678:Species+ 6605:22696048 6579:10194916 6413:22696048 6408:BirdLife 6397:BioLib: 6342:Wikidata 5240:28236075 5178:(20): 8. 5161:83925236 5069:and the 4655:Archived 4505:91465482 3513:Archived 3483:41181626 3475:10343105 3003:Pakistan 2929:Slovakia 2902:Pakistan 2894:firearms 2877:heraldic 2799:Bulgaria 2768:Bulgaria 2756:Slovakia 2725:railroad 2721:Slovakia 2717:conifers 2676:Pakistan 2637:Breeding 2531:Ural owl 2386:Slovakia 2358:hamsters 2306:wetlands 2272:and the 2169:roe deer 2117:European 1933:ungulate 1924:Slovakia 1906:such as 1902:(mostly 1828:reptiles 1814:, other 1796:Slovakia 1565:hamsters 1487:Bulgaria 1457:and the 1455:Slovakia 1423:hamsters 1404:Reptiles 1392:hamsters 1331:wetlands 1303:Slovakia 1295:lowlands 1223:wetlands 1217:or more 1169:(mostly 1147:Cambodia 1131:Thailand 1095:Pakistan 1071:Tanzania 1059:Ethiopia 1008:down to 998:Bulgaria 994:Mongolia 958:Pakistan 934:Mongolia 930:Xinjiang 854:Bulgaria 830:Slovakia 765:falconry 721:dihedral 499:Holocene 471:Portugal 383:Taxonomy 271:Synonyms 167:Family: 141:Chordata 137:Phylum: 131:Animalia 117:Domain: 77:IUCN 3.1 6657:1484127 6540:2480500 6475:impeag1 6436:impeag1 6385:Avibase 6348:Q168976 6265:Avibase 5231:5325833 4550:8080957 3748:(1974). 3308:194–195 2941:Austria 2890:poisons 2748:Georgia 2691:.) and 2685:juniper 2647:Georgia 2302:savanna 2109:weasels 1904:insects 1896:Hungary 1872:Varanus 1832:Georgia 1820:corvids 1644:corvids 1581:jerboas 1577:dormice 1521:Georgia 1435:Hungary 1388:rodents 1380:Hungary 1360:insects 1323:marshes 1307:Hungary 1277:. True 1239:meadows 1197:Habitat 1187:Germany 1183:Denmark 1155:Vietnam 1111:Gujarat 978:Gujarat 906:Armenia 902:Georgia 892:to the 886:Siberia 866:Ukraine 862:Moldova 858:Romania 838:Croatia 834:Hungary 822:Austria 777:gok gok 773:owk owk 767:centre. 668:remiges 483:ecology 461:). The 403:Eurasia 357:carrion 353:reptile 345:mammals 220:Savigny 177:Genus: 157:Order: 147:Class: 92: ( 75: ( 6729:Eagles 6670:588044 6592:175413 6496:EURING 6488:AQUIHE 6426:104034 5238: 5228: 5159: 4548: 4503: 3693: 3654: 3576: 3481: 3473: 3368: 3314: 3236: 2937:Serbia 2898:Greece 2882:wolves 2847:Status 2807:Turkey 2701:poplar 2664:Turkey 2595:merlin 2447:Russia 2439:Russia 2412:) and 2376:) and 2364:& 2278:steppe 2226:Aquila 2209:locust 2183:) and 2161:argali 2131:) and 2123:) and 2091:) and 1916:Jordan 1910:) and 1876:snakes 1866:) and 1850:) and 1798:where 1782:) and 1682:). In 1674:) and 1654:) and 1634:) and 1545:shrews 1503:Turkey 1477:, the 1299:plains 1279:desert 1243:steppe 1235:glades 1179:Sweden 1175:Poland 1171:Honshu 1163:Taiwan 1139:Yunnan 1127:Bhutan 1075:Europe 1038:Russia 1034:Arabia 1022:Kuwait 1014:Jordan 1002:Israel 942:Cyprus 938:Turkey 842:Serbia 663:Aquila 650:Clanga 644:Aquila 603:Aquila 594:Aquila 589:Aquila 566:Aquila 549:tarsus 528:Aquila 475:lumped 453:) and 419:Aquila 407:Africa 398:Aquila 369:steppe 365:plains 361:Aquila 340:Aquila 327:eagles 313:, the 311:Africa 262: 256: 250: 244: 222:, 1809 182:Aquila 6631:52410 6574:IRMNG 6514:96732 6470:eBird 6449:5W2DZ 6433:BOW: 5157:S2CID 4658:(PDF) 4641:(PDF) 4546:S2CID 4501:S2CID 3516:(PDF) 3505:(PDF) 3479:S2CID 2974:taiga 2861:India 2670:near 2658:. In 2362:voles 2318:India 2282:taiga 2081:Foxes 1772:India 1764:rails 1760:geese 1756:ducks 1716:India 1573:zokor 1569:voles 1549:moles 1427:hares 1396:voles 1394:and 1384:hares 1327:lakes 1211:taiga 1191:Italy 1167:Japan 1119:Bihar 1107:India 1099:Nepal 1067:Kenya 1063:Kenya 1055:Sudan 1046:China 1010:Yemen 996:. In 982:India 952:from 926:China 888:past 878:Volga 723:. In 523:eagle 467:Spain 349:birds 319:South 94:CITES 88:CITES 6683:6741 6652:OBIS 6626:NCBI 6600:IUCN 6587:ITIS 6566:5071 6535:GBIF 6501:2950 6483:EPPO 6421:BOLD 6400:8533 5236:PMID 4096:link 3691:ISBN 3652:ISBN 3574:ISBN 3471:PMID 3401:Ibis 3366:ISBN 3312:ISBN 3234:ISBN 3078:2021 3061:2019 2939:and 2904:and 2892:and 2818:and 2613:and 2330:coot 2285:bogs 2241:and 2055:and 1974:and 1962:and 1912:fish 1818:and 1664:duck 1648:rook 1594:and 1579:and 1567:and 1559:and 1547:and 1421:and 1410:and 1408:fish 1378:and 1362:and 1317:and 1305:and 1289:and 1285:and 1189:and 1153:and 1151:Laos 1044:and 1030:Iran 1026:Iraq 956:and 946:Iran 880:and 789:frog 725:Asia 647:and 545:tail 469:and 405:and 321:and 317:and 287:The 151:Aves 6644:269 6613:NBN 6548:IBC 6457:CMS 6444:CoL 6372:ADW 6311:on 6302:at 5226:PMC 5218:doi 5214:104 5149:doi 5145:110 5139:". 4967:UK. 4598:doi 4536:doi 4491:doi 3463:doi 3410:doi 3406:144 3065:doi 2709:oak 2633:). 2609:), 2601:), 2593:), 2585:), 2577:), 2569:), 2561:), 2553:), 2545:), 2537:), 2529:), 2517:), 2509:), 2493:), 2485:), 2477:), 2469:), 2461:), 2437:of 2404:), 2316:of 2304:to 2291:in 2233:of 2175:), 2167:), 2051:), 2043:), 2035:), 2027:), 2019:), 2011:), 2003:), 1948:fox 1770:of 1742:), 1734:), 1714:of 1622:in 1429:or 1237:or 1101:to 797:gek 779:or 570:tar 375:as 6715:: 6693:: 6680:: 6667:: 6654:: 6641:: 6628:: 6615:: 6602:: 6589:: 6576:: 6563:: 6550:: 6537:: 6524:: 6511:: 6498:: 6485:: 6472:: 6459:: 6446:: 6423:: 6410:: 6387:: 6374:: 6359:: 6344:: 6280:. 6263:. 5954:^ 5938:^ 5807:^ 5778:^ 5760:^ 5740:^ 5683:^ 5589:^ 5571:^ 5464:^ 5319:^ 5303:^ 5287:^ 5234:. 5224:. 5212:. 5208:. 5155:. 5143:. 5073:: 5023:^ 4972:^ 4946:^ 4930:^ 4906:^ 4845:^ 4821:^ 4793:^ 4771:^ 4753:^ 4722:^ 4698:^ 4666:^ 4651:56 4649:. 4643:. 4622:^ 4594:37 4592:. 4558:^ 4544:. 4532:46 4530:. 4526:. 4499:. 4487:26 4485:. 4481:. 4423:^ 4405:^ 4366:^ 4171:^ 4104:^ 4092:}} 4088:{{ 4055:^ 4039:^ 4013:^ 3978:^ 3882:^ 3866:^ 3801:^ 3779:^ 3753:^ 3679:^ 3663:^ 3613:^ 3507:. 3477:. 3469:. 3459:84 3457:. 3422:^ 3404:. 3340:^ 3310:. 3274:^ 3248:^ 3110:^ 3094:. 3059:. 3053:. 3017:^ 2935:, 2908:. 2859:, 2826:, 2805:, 2662:, 2521:, 2501:, 2497:, 2445:, 2396:, 2360:, 2356:, 1942:A 1822:. 1810:, 1758:, 1543:, 1523:, 1501:, 1325:, 1265:. 1253:, 1193:. 1185:, 1181:, 1177:, 1161:, 1129:, 1117:, 1113:, 1020:, 980:, 976:, 960:. 940:, 916:, 912:, 908:, 904:, 860:, 856:, 852:, 848:, 840:, 832:, 828:, 775:, 481:, 445:, 351:, 241:: 6315:. 6286:. 6267:. 5242:. 5220:: 5163:. 5151:: 5090:. 5081:" 5077:" 4638:" 4634:" 4604:. 4600:: 4552:. 4538:: 4520:" 4507:. 4493:: 4098:) 3995:. 3947:. 3710:. 3697:. 3658:. 3607:. 3598:" 3594:" 3582:. 3500:b 3485:. 3465:: 3416:. 3412:: 3374:. 3320:. 3242:. 3104:. 3080:. 3067:: 3051:" 3047:" 2711:( 2703:( 2695:( 2687:( 2649:. 2629:( 2605:( 2597:( 2589:( 2581:( 2573:( 2565:( 2557:( 2549:( 2541:( 2533:( 2525:( 2513:( 2505:( 2489:( 2481:( 2473:( 2465:( 2457:( 2429:( 2416:( 2408:( 2400:( 2380:( 2372:( 2203:( 2195:( 2187:( 2179:( 2171:( 2163:( 2151:( 2143:( 2135:( 2127:( 2119:( 2103:( 2095:( 2087:( 2067:( 2059:( 2047:( 2039:( 2031:( 2023:( 2015:( 2007:( 1999:( 1991:( 1983:( 1966:( 1890:( 1882:( 1870:( 1862:( 1854:( 1846:( 1838:( 1802:( 1778:( 1746:( 1738:( 1730:( 1706:( 1698:( 1690:( 1678:( 1670:( 1658:( 1650:( 1638:( 1630:( 1614:( 1606:( 1598:. 1535:( 1527:( 1493:( 1481:( 1465:( 1449:( 1441:( 1370:( 984:. 928:( 747:( 739:( 731:( 715:( 707:( 694:( 681:( 629:( 621:. 599:V 583:. 457:( 449:( 433:( 425:( 291:( 96:) 79:) 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index