260:
31:
528:
269:
308:
303:
259:
47:
671:
560:
642:
618:
420:
393:
844:
Torge, Wolfgang (2015). "From a
Regional Project to an International Organization: The "Baeyer-Helmert-Era" of the International Association of Geodesy 1862â1916".
293:
147:(240 BC) between Alexandria and Syene in what is now Egypt, determining the radius of the Earth with remarkable correctness. In the early 8th century,
463:
446:
338:
313:
620:
from one end point to a fictitious point at the same latitude as the second end point is then calculated by trigonometry. The surface distance
861:
822:
774:
126:
208:
581:. High precision land surveys can be used to determine the distance between two places at nearly the same longitude by measuring a
283:
323:
144:
318:
288:
680:
An additional arc measurement at another latitudinal band, delimited by a new pair of standpoint and forepoint, serves to
348:
343:
333:
328:
298:
795:
194:
172:
918:
216:
67:
212:
728:
198:
189:
647:
536:
423:
118:
107:
623:
599:
674:
590:
586:
450:
95:
582:
112:
454:
365:
353:
229:
184:
159:
83:
71:
713:
574:
848:. International Association of Geodesy Symposia. Vol. 143. Springer, Cham. pp. 3â18.
398:
371:
894:
857:
818:
770:
594:
439:
253:
886:
849:
812:
764:
249:
242:
234:
718:
698:
681:
431:
63:
51:
877:
Hsu, MeiâLing (1993). "The Qin maps: A clue to later
Chinese cartographic development".
30:
740:
567:
202:
167:
573:
Historically, the distance between two places has been determined at low precision by
912:
59:
735:
723:
693:
427:
238:
138:
99:
523:{\displaystyle R={\frac {{\mathit {\Delta }}'}{\vert \phi _{s}-\phi _{f}\vert }}}
264:
155:
94:
between two locations on Earth's surface. The most common variant involves only
17:
890:
563:
220:
180:
87:
898:
224:
91:
79:
853:
798:, & Eggert, O. (1962). Jordan's Handbook of Geodesy, Vol. 1. Zenodo.
578:
449:
at the midpoint of the meridian arc can then be determined inverting the
75:
799:
708:
703:
163:
148:
270:
The
Adventures of Three Englishmen and Three Russians in South Africa
309:
Dunkirk-Collioure arc measurement (Cassini de Thury and de
Lacaille)
304:
Dunkirk-Collioure arc measurement (Cassini, Cassini, and de La Hire)
258:
125:). Arc measurement campaigns in Europe were the precursors to the
29:
435:
654:
629:
605:
543:
478:
197:
in 1735â1738, involving measurement expeditions to
Lapland (
817:. De Gruyter Lehrbuch (in German). De Gruyter. p. 5.
650:
626:
602:
539:
466:
401:
374:
665:
636:
612:
554:
522:
414:
387:
644:is reduced to the corresponding distance at MSL,
183:of the Earth ellipsoid by measuring at different
143:The first known arc measurement was performed by
179:Later arc measurements aimed at determining the
769:. De Gruyter Textbook. De Gruyter. p. 5.
248:Nowadays, the method is replaced by worldwide
158:measured the arc in 1528. The Dutch geodesist
8:
514:
488:
170:using more modern geodetic instrumentation (
27:Technique of determining the radius of Earth
758:
756:
294:SwedishâRussian Arc-of-Meridian Expedition
675:Geographical distance#Altitude correction
653:
652:
649:
628:
627:
625:
604:
603:
601:
542:
541:
538:
508:
495:
477:
476:
473:
465:
406:
400:
379:
373:
162:(~1620) repeated the experiment between
752:
533:where the latitudes are in radians and
263:Imaginary arc measurement described by
447:Earth's meridional radius of curvature
339:Boscovich and Maire's arc measurement
7:
729:Earth's circumference § History
709:Gradian § Relation to the metre
666:{\displaystyle {\mathit {\Delta }}'}
555:{\displaystyle {\mathit {\Delta }}'}
422:(forepoint) are known; these can be
314:Meridian arc of Delambre and MĂ©chain
127:International Association of Geodesy
800:http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.35314
637:{\displaystyle {\mathit {\Delta }}}
613:{\displaystyle {\mathit {\Delta }}}
106:; other variants may involve only
25:
885:(1). Informa UK Limited: 90â100.
319:West Europe-Africa Meridian-arc
78:difference (sometimes also the
66:â more specifically, the local
34:Arc measurement of Eratosthenes
763:Torge, W.; MĂŒller, J. (2012).
719:Spherical Earth § History
1:
324:De Lacaille's arc measurement
187:. The first of these was the
62:technique of determining the
682:determine Earth's flattening
151:performed a similar survey.
724:Meridian arc § History
289:Posidonius' arc measurement
284:Al-Ma'mun's arc measurement
139:Meridian arc § History
935:
195:French Academy of Sciences
136:
891:10.1080/03085699308592766
434:of sufficient numbers of
415:{\displaystyle \phi _{f}}
388:{\displaystyle \phi _{s}}
349:Hopfner's arc measurement
344:Maclear's arc measurement
334:Norwood's arc measurement
68:Earth radius of curvature
329:Fernel's arc measurement
299:Picard's arc measurement
241:, to compute the famous
213:geodetic control network
104:meridian arc measurement
278:List of other instances
190:French Geodesic Mission
173:Snellius' triangulation
123:oblique arc measurement
667:
638:
614:
556:
524:
416:
389:
274:
193:, commissioned by the
119:geographic coordinates
108:astronomical longitude
96:astronomical latitudes
55:
35:
668:
639:
615:
587:triangulation network
557:
525:
451:great-circle distance
417:
390:
262:
154:The French physician
102:length and is called
33:
854:10.1007/1345_2015_42
648:
624:
600:
537:
464:
445:Then, the empirical
399:
372:
366:astronomic latitudes
185:geographic latitudes
82:difference) and the
455:circular arc length
354:Struve Geodetic Arc
230:Struve Geodetic Arc
84:geographic distance
72:figure of the Earth
811:Torge, W. (2008).
714:History of geodesy
663:
634:
610:
552:
520:
412:
385:
368:of two endpoints,
275:
201:et al.) and Peru (
74:â by relating the
43:degree measurement
36:
863:978-3-319-24603-1
824:978-3-11-019817-1
776:978-3-11-025000-8
595:meridian distance
518:
440:meridian altitude
395:(standpoint) and
254:satellite geodesy
250:geodetic networks
237:compiled several
16:(Redirected from
926:
919:Geodetic surveys
903:
902:
874:
868:
867:
841:
835:
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832:
831:
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793:
787:
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619:
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529:
527:
526:
521:
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513:
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500:
499:
486:
482:
481:
474:
432:zenith distances
430:, observing the
421:
419:
418:
413:
411:
410:
394:
392:
391:
386:
384:
383:
243:Bessel ellipsoid
50:
21:
18:Arc measurements
934:
933:
929:
928:
927:
925:
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908:
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906:
876:
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864:
843:
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838:
829:
827:
825:
810:
809:
805:
794:
790:
781:
779:
777:
762:
761:
754:
749:
699:Earth ellipsoid
690:
651:
646:
645:
622:
621:
598:
597:
540:
535:
534:
504:
491:
487:
475:
462:
461:
402:
397:
396:
375:
370:
369:
362:
280:
141:
135:
115:arc measurement
64:radius of Earth
46:
39:Arc measurement
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
932:
930:
922:
921:
911:
910:
905:
904:
869:
862:
836:
823:
803:
788:
775:
751:
750:
748:
745:
744:
743:
741:Paris Meridian
738:
733:
732:
731:
726:
721:
711:
706:
701:
696:
689:
686:
661:
656:
631:
607:
568:mean sea level
550:
545:
531:
530:
516:
511:
507:
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498:
494:
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485:
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472:
469:
409:
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382:
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351:
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341:
336:
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326:
321:
316:
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306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
279:
276:
203:Pierre Bouguer
168:Bergen op Zoom
134:
131:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
931:
920:
917:
916:
914:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
873:
870:
865:
859:
855:
851:
847:
846:IAG 150 Years
840:
837:
826:
820:
816:
815:
807:
804:
801:
797:
792:
789:
778:
772:
768:
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746:
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458:
456:
452:
448:
443:
441:
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433:
429:
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407:
403:
380:
376:
367:
360:Determination
359:
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282:
281:
277:
272:
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266:
261:
257:
255:
251:
246:
244:
240:
239:meridian arcs
236:
232:
231:
226:
222:
218:
217:triangulation
214:
210:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
177:
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169:
165:
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132:
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116:
114:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
60:astrogeodetic
57:
53:
49:
44:
40:
32:
19:
882:
878:
872:
845:
839:
828:. Retrieved
813:
806:
791:
780:. Retrieved
765:
736:Meridian arc
694:Astrogeodesy
679:
591:fixed points
572:
532:
444:
428:astrogeodesy
363:
268:
267:in his book
247:
228:
219:between the
207:
188:
178:
171:
153:
145:Eratosthenes
142:
122:
111:
103:
100:meridian arc
42:
41:, sometimes
38:
37:
879:Imago Mundi
457:) formula:
364:Assume the
265:Jules Verne
211:measured a
156:Jean Fernel
56:Gradmessung
830:2021-05-02
796:Jordan, W.
782:2021-05-02
747:References
564:arc length
442:method).
424:determined
221:Arctic Sea
199:Maupertuis
181:flattening
137:See also:
117:) or both
88:arc length
58:), is the
899:0308-5694
655:Δ
630:Δ
606:Δ
544:Δ
506:ϕ
502:−
493:ϕ
479:Δ
404:ϕ
377:ϕ
225:Black Sea
205:et al.).
80:longitude
48:âčSee Tfdâș
913:Category
814:GeodÀsie
688:See also
660:′
589:linking
583:baseline
579:odometry
549:′
484:′
245:(1841).
223:and the
160:Snellius
113:parallel
98:and the
92:surveyed
76:latitude
766:Geodesy
704:Geodesy
570:(MSL).
562:is the
273:(1872).
252:and by
164:Alkmaar
149:Yi Xing
133:History
129:(IAG).
70:of the
897:
860:
821:
773:
673:(see:
593:. The
585:and a
575:pacing
235:Bessel
227:, the
209:Struve
52:German
436:stars
895:ISSN
858:ISBN
819:ISBN
771:ISBN
453:(or
215:via
166:and
887:doi
850:doi
677:).
577:or
566:on
426:by
233:.
176:).
915::
893:.
883:45
881:.
856:.
755:^
684:.
256:.
90:)
54::
901:.
889::
866:.
852::
833:.
785:.
515:|
510:f
497:s
489:|
471:=
468:R
438:(
408:f
381:s
121:(
110:(
86:(
45:(
20:)
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