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1349:. In the United States, surveyors and civil engineers use units of feet wherein a survey foot breaks down into 10ths and 100ths. Many deed descriptions containing distances are often expressed using these units (125.25 ft). On the subject of accuracy, surveyors are often held to a standard of one one-hundredth of a foot; about 1/8 inch. Calculation and mapping tolerances are much smaller wherein achieving near-perfect closures are desired. Though tolerances will vary from project to project, in the field and day to day usage beyond a 100th of a foot is often impractical.
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latitude and longitude, and often a height above sea level. As the surveying profession grew it created
Cartesian coordinate systems to simplify the mathematics for surveys over small parts of the Earth. The simplest coordinate systems assume that the Earth is flat and measure from an arbitrary point, known as a 'datum' (singular form of data). The coordinate system allows easy calculation of the distances and direction between objects over small areas. Large areas distort due to the Earth's curvature. North is often defined as true north at the datum.
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for many professional surveyors because they are versatile and reliable in all conditions. The productivity improvements from a GPS on large scale surveys makes them popular for major infrastructure or data gathering projects. One-person robotic-guided total stations allow surveyors to measure without extra workers to aim the telescope or record data. A fast but expensive way to measure large areas is with a helicopter, using a GPS to record the location of the helicopter and a laser scanner to measure the ground. To increase precision, surveyors place
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zenith angle. The horizontal circle uses an upper and lower plate. When beginning the survey, the surveyor points the instrument in a known direction (bearing), and clamps the lower plate in place. The instrument can then rotate to measure the bearing to other objects. If no bearing is known or direct angle measurement is wanted, the instrument can be set to zero during the initial sight. It will then read the angle between the initial object, the theodolite itself, and the item that the telescope aligns with.
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1172: using air pressure to find the height. When more precise measurements are needed, means like precise levels (also known as differential leveling) are used. When precise leveling, a series of measurements between two points are taken using an instrument and a measuring rod. Differences in height between the measurements are added and subtracted in a series to get the net difference in elevation between the two endpoints. With the
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bearing can be transferred to a reference point on Earth. The point can then be used as a base for further observations. Survey-accurate astronomic positions were difficult to observe and calculate and so tended to be a base off which many other measurements were made. Since the advent of the GPS system, astronomic observations are rare as GPS allows adequate positions to be determined over most of the surface of the Earth.
1189:. This is repeated until the series of measurements is completed. The level must be horizontal to get a valid measurement. Because of this, if the horizontal crosshair of the instrument is lower than the base of the rod, the surveyor will not be able to sight the rod and get a reading. The rod can usually be raised up to 25 feet (7.6 m) high, allowing the level to be set much higher than the base of the rod.
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559:, or calculate, the position of a point inside a triangle using the angles cast between the vertices at the unknown point. These could be measured more accurately than bearings of the vertices, which depended on a compass. His work established the idea of surveying a primary network of control points, and locating subsidiary points inside the primary network later. Between 1733 and 1740,
1078:. To measure horizontal distances, these chains or tapes were pulled taut to reduce sagging and slack. The distance had to be adjusted for heat expansion. Attempts to hold the measuring instrument level would also be made. When measuring up a slope, the surveyor might have to "break" (break chain) the measurement- use an increment less than the total length of the chain.
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1374:: a survey that documents the location of recently constructed elements of a construction project. As-built surveys are done for record, completion evaluation and payment purposes. An as-built survey is also known as a 'works as executed survey'. As built surveys are often presented in red or redline and laid over existing plans for comparison with design information.
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that allows the static antenna to send corrections to the roving antenna. The roving antenna then applies those corrections to the GPS signals it is receiving to calculate its own position. RTK surveying covers smaller distances than static methods. This is because divergent conditions further away from the base reduce accuracy.
723:(GPS) in 1978. GPS used a larger constellation of satellites and improved signal transmission, thus improving accuracy. Early GPS observations required several hours of observations by a static receiver to reach survey accuracy requirements. Later improvements to both satellites and receivers allowed for
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Random errors are small unavoidable fluctuations. They are caused by imperfections in measuring equipment, eyesight, and conditions. They can be minimized by redundancy of measurement and avoiding unstable conditions. Random errors tend to cancel each other out, but checks must be made to ensure they
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Errors made by the surveyor during the survey. Upsetting the instrument, misaiming a target, or writing down a wrong measurement are all gross errors. A large gross error may reduce the accuracy to an unacceptable level. Therefore, surveyors use redundant measurements and independent checks to detect
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Surveying instruments have characteristics that make them suitable for certain uses. Theodolites and levels are often used by constructors rather than surveyors in first world countries. The constructor can perform simple survey tasks using a relatively cheap instrument. Total stations are workhorses
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This is a type of survey conducted in or on a non-level surface. Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like-for-like basis, the advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to conduct the survey does not need to be level. This is useful in the
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is a term used when referring to moving the level to take an elevation shot from a different location. To "turn" the level, one must first take a reading and record the elevation of the point the rod is located on. While the rod is being kept in exactly the same location, the level is moved to a new
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that can be over 20 km long. RTK surveying uses one static antenna and one roving antenna. The static antenna tracks changes in the satellite positions and atmospheric conditions. The surveyor uses the roving antenna to measure the points needed for the survey. The two antennas use a radio link
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Licensing requirements vary with jurisdiction, and are commonly consistent within national borders. Prospective surveyors usually have to receive a degree in surveying, followed by a detailed examination of their knowledge of surveying law and principles specific to the region they wish to practice
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Surveyors determine the position of objects by measuring angles and distances. The factors that can affect the accuracy of their observations are also measured. They then use this data to create vectors, bearings, coordinates, elevations, areas, volumes, plans and maps. Measurements are often split
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GPS surveying differs from other GPS uses in the equipment and methods used. Static GPS uses two receivers placed in position for a considerable length of time. The long span of time lets the receiver compare measurements as the satellites orbit. The changes as the satellites orbit also provide the
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in South
Australia in 1858. Torrens intended to simplify land transactions and provide reliable titles via a centralized register of land. The Torrens system was adopted in several other nations of the English-speaking world. Surveying became increasingly important with the arrival of railroads in
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is a common method of surveying smaller areas. The surveyor starts from an old reference mark or known position and places a network of reference marks covering the survey area. They then measure bearings and distances between the reference marks, and to the target features. Most traverses form a
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Most
English-speaking countries consider building surveying a distinct profession. They have their own professional associations and licensing requirements. A building surveyor can provide technical building advice on existing buildings, new buildings, design, compliance with regulations such as
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usually hold a degree or higher qualification. They are often required to pass further exams to join a professional association or to gain certifying status. Surveyors are responsible for planning and management of surveys. They have to ensure that their surveys, or surveys performed under their
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is an alternate method of determining the position of objects, and was often used to measure imprecise features such as riverbanks. The surveyor would mark and measure two known positions on the ground roughly parallel to the feature, and mark out a baseline between them. At regular intervals, a
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Many surveys do not calculate positions on the surface of the Earth, but instead, measure the relative positions of objects. However, often the surveyed items need to be compared to outside data, such as boundary lines or previous survey's objects. The oldest way of describing a position is via
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The primary way of determining one's position on the Earth's surface when no known positions are nearby is by astronomic observations. Observations to the Sun, Moon and stars could all be made using navigational techniques. Once the instrument's position and bearing to a star is determined, the
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to measure angles in the horizontal and the vertical plane. A telescope mounted on trunnions is aligned vertically with the target object. The whole upper section rotates for horizontal alignment. The vertical circle measures the angle that the telescope makes against the vertical, known as the
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the curvature of the Earth is taken into account while calculating reduced levels, angles, bearings and distances. This type of surveying is usually employed for large survey works. Survey works up to 100 square miles (260 square kilometers ) are treated as plane and beyond that are treated as
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Surveyors avoid these errors by calibrating their equipment, using consistent methods, and by good design of their reference network. Repeated measurements can be averaged and any outlier measurements discarded. Independent checks like measuring a point from two or more locations or using two
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One of the primary roles of the land surveyor is to determine the boundary of real property on the ground. The surveyor must determine where the adjoining landowners wish to put the boundary. The boundary is established in legal documents and plans prepared by attorneys, engineers, and land
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assumes the Earth is flat. Curvature and spheroidal shape of the Earth is neglected. In this type of surveying all triangles formed by joining survey lines are considered as plane triangles. It is employed for small survey works where errors due to the Earth's shape are too small to matter.
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planning and building control. A building surveyor normally acts on behalf of his or her client ensuring that their vested interests remain protected. The Royal
Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) is a world-recognised governing body for those working within the built environment.
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that can be seen from long distances. The surveyors can set up their instruments in this position and measure to nearby objects. Sometimes a tall, distinctive feature such as a steeple or radio aerial has its position calculated as a reference point that angles can be measured against.
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1334:. This is the process of distributing the error between all measurements. Each observation is weighted according to how much of the total error it is likely to have caused and part of that error is allocated to it in a proportional way. The most common methods of adjustment are the
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is a method of horizontal location favoured in the days before EDM and GPS measurement. It can determine distances, elevations and directions between distant objects. Since the early days of surveying, this was the primary method of determining accurate positions of objects for
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a survey to determine if a structure or object is changing shape or moving. First the positions of points on an object are found. A period of time is allowed to pass and the positions are then re-measured and calculated. Then a comparison between the two sets of positions is
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is a development of the theodolite with an electronic distance measurement device (EDM). A total station can be used for leveling when set to the horizontal plane. Since their introduction, total stations have shifted from optical-mechanical to fully electronic devices.
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maintained the boundaries of a village or parish. This was the practice of gathering a group of residents and walking around the parish or village to establish a communal memory of the boundaries. Young boys were included to ensure the memory lasted as long as possible.
1872:. Many nations devolve this authority to regional entities or states/provinces. Cadastral surveys tend to be the most regulated because of the permanence of the work. Lot boundaries established by cadastral surveys may stand for hundreds of years without modification.
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often operate survey instruments, run surveys in the field, do survey calculations, or draft plans. A technician usually has no legal authority and cannot certify his work. Not all technicians are qualified, but qualifications at the certificate or diploma level are
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were measured using a variety of means. In pre-colonial
America Natives would use the "bow shot" as a distance reference ("as far as an arrow can slung out of a bow", or "flights of a Cherokee long bow"). Europeans used chains with links of a known length such as a
1250:. Then the heights, distances and angular position of other objects can be derived, as long as they are visible from one of the original objects. High-accuracy transits or theodolites were used, and angle measurements were repeated for increased accuracy. See also
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A survey using traverse and offset measurements to record the location of the shoreline shown in blue. Black dashed lines are traverse measurements between reference points (black circles). The red lines are offsets measured at right angles to the traverse
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Errors that follow a consistent pattern. Examples include effects of temperature on a chain or EDM measurement, or a poorly adjusted spirit-level causing a tilted instrument or target pole. Systematic errors that have known effects can be compensated or
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submarines. Surveyors found they could use field receivers to determine the location of a point. Sparse satellite cover and large equipment made observations laborious and inaccurate. The main use was establishing benchmarks in remote locations.
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of India began in 1801. The Indian survey had an enormous scientific impact. It was responsible for one of the first accurate measurements of a section of an arc of longitude, and for measurements of the geodesic anomaly. It named and mapped
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Cadastral surveyors often have to work around changes to the earth that obliterate or damage boundary monuments. When this happens, they must consider evidence that is not recorded on the title deed. This is known as extrinsic evidence.
1582:: Similar to a topographic survey but instead focuses more on the specific location of key features and structures as they exist at that time within the surveyed area rather than primarily focusing on the elevation, often used alongside
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Most jurisdictions also have a form of professional institution representing local surveyors. These institutes often endorse or license potential surveyors, as well as set and enforce ethical standards. The largest institution is the
1506:: Mining surveying includes directing the digging of mine shafts and galleries and the calculation of volume of rock. It uses specialised techniques due to the restraints to survey geometry such as vertical shafts and narrow passages.
948:; vegetation clearing equipment; digging implements for finding survey markers buried over time; hammers for placements of markers in various surfaces and structures; and portable radios for communication over long lines of sight.
694:(EDM) equipment. EDM units use a multi frequency phase shift of light waves to find a distance. These instruments eliminated the need for days or weeks of chain measurement by measuring between points kilometers apart in one go.
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Most countries' governments regulate at least some forms of surveying. Their survey agencies establish regulations and standards. Standards control accuracy, surveying credentials, monumentation of boundaries and maintenance of
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GPS systems have significantly increased the speed of surveying, and they are now horizontally accurate to within 1 cm ± 1 ppm in real-time, while vertically it is currently about half of that to within 2 cm ± 2 ppm.
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Modern top-of-the-line total stations no longer need a reflector or prism to return the light pulses used for distance measurements. They are fully robotic, and can even e-mail point data to a remote computer and connect to
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in 1086. It recorded the names of all the land owners, the area of land they owned, the quality of the land, and specific information of the area's content and inhabitants. It did not include maps showing exact locations.
1548:: an element of many other surveys where the calculated or proposed position of an object is marked on the ground. This can be temporary or permanent. This is an important component of engineering and cadastral surveying.
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When using an optical level, the endpoint may be out of the effective range of the instrument. There may be obstructions or large changes of elevation between the endpoints. In these situations, extra setups are needed.
551:, approximately 72 miles (116 km). He underestimated this distance by 3.5%. The survey was a chain of quadrangles containing 33 triangles in all. Snell showed how planar formulae could be corrected to allow for the
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is the science of measuring distances by measuring the angle between two ends of an object with a known size. It was sometimes used before to the invention of EDM where rough ground made chain measurement impractical.
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The Romans recognized land surveying as a profession. They established the basic measurements under which the Roman Empire was divided, such as a tax register of conquered lands (300 AD). Roman surveyors were known as
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location where the rod is still visible. A reading is taken from the new location of the level and the height difference is used to find the new elevation of the level gun, which is why this method is referred to as
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distance was measured at right angles from the first line to the feature. The measurements could then be plotted on a plan or map, and the points at the ends of the offset lines could be joined to show the feature.
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By observing the bearing from every vertex in a figure, a surveyor can measure around the figure. The final observation will be between the two points first observed, except with a 180° difference. This is called a
187:, locations, such as the designated positions of structural components for construction or the surface location of subsurface features, or other purposes required by government or civil law, such as property sales.
1452:: a survey done to collect the positional data on a foundation that has been poured and is cured. This is done to ensure that the foundation was constructed in the location, and at the elevation, authorized in the
622:. It formed the basis for dividing the western territories into sections to allow the sale of land. The PLSS divided states into township grids which were further divided into sections and fractions of sections.
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of the project. A quantity surveyor can work for either the client or the contractor, and can be involved in different stages of the project, from planning to completion. Quantity surveyors are also known as
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software and hardware both on PC, and more and more in newer generation data collectors in the field as well. Other computer platforms and tools commonly used today by surveyors are offered online by the
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Good overview of surveying with references to construction surveys, cadastral surveys, photogrammetry surveys, mining surveys, hydrographic surveys, route surveys, control surveys and topographic surveys
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701:. Manufacturers added more equipment by degrees, bringing improvements in accuracy and speed of measurement. Major advances include tilt compensators, data recorders and on-board calculation programs.
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A History of the
Rectangular Survey System by C. Albert White, 1983, Pub: Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management : For sale by Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O.,
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For larger regions, it is necessary to model the shape of the Earth using an ellipsoid or a geoid. Many countries have created coordinate-grids customized to lessen error in their area of the Earth.
269:. It is also used in transportation, communications, mapping, and the definition of legal boundaries for land ownership. It is an important tool for research in many other scientific disciplines.
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964:, 3D scanners, and other collector data use land surveying software to increase efficiency, accuracy, and productivity. Land Surveying Software is a staple of contemporary land surveying.
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are usually unskilled workers who help the surveyor. They place target reflectors, find old reference marks, and mark points on the ground. The term 'chainman' derives from past use of
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The basic principles of surveying have changed little over the ages, but the tools used by surveyors have evolved. Engineering, especially civil engineering, often needs surveyors.
571:, leading to the publication in 1745 of the first map of France constructed on rigorous principles. By this time triangulation methods were well established for local map-making.
1498: : a building survey to produce plans of the building. such a survey may be conducted before renovation works, for commercial purpose, or at end of the construction process.
1554:: a detailed inspection to report upon the physical condition and structural stability of a building or structure. It highlights any work needed to maintain it in good repair.
727:(RTK) surveying. RTK surveys provide high-accuracy measurements by using a fixed base station and a second roving antenna. The position of the roving antenna can be tracked.
1176:(GPS), elevation can be measured with satellite receivers. Usually, GPS is somewhat less accurate than traditional precise leveling, but may be similar over long distances.
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surveyors. The surveyor then puts monuments on the corners of the new boundary. They might also find or resurvey the corners of the property monumented by prior surveys.
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A Center for
Operational Oceanographic Products and Services staff member conducts tide station leveling in support of the US Army Corps of Engineers in Richmond, Maine.
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Few survey positions are derived from the first principles. Instead, most surveys points are measured relative to previously measured points. This forms a reference or
1414:: Control surveys establish reference points to use as starting positions for future surveys. Most other forms of surveying will contain elements of control surveying.
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and satellite imagery continue to improve and become cheaper, allowing more commonplace use. Prominent new technologies include three-dimensional (3D) scanning and
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Advances in electronics allowed miniaturization of EDM. In the 1970s the first instruments combining angle and distance measurement appeared, becoming known as
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At the beginning of the century, surveyors had improved the older chains and ropes, but they still faced the problem of accurate measurement of long distances.
1426:: topographic, layout, and as-built surveys associated with engineering design. They often need geodetic computations beyond normal civil engineering practice.
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A basic tenet of surveying is that no measurement is perfect, and that there will always be a small amount of error. There are three classes of survey errors:
1472:: a survey conducted with the purpose of mapping the shoreline and bed of a body of water. Used for navigation, engineering, or resource management purposes.
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in, and undergo a period of on-the-job training or portfolio building before they are awarded a license to practise. Licensed surveyors usually receive a
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A Global event for professional land surveyors and students to remeasure planet in a single day during summer solstice as a community of land surveyors.
1386:. It involves the setting or restoration of monuments or markers at the corners or along the boundaries of a parcel. These take the form of iron rods,
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A licensed land surveyor is generally required to sign and seal all plans. The state dictates the format, showing their name and registration number.
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A surveyor is a professional person with the academic qualifications and technical expertise to conduct one, or more, of the following activities;
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Richards, D., & Hermansen, K. (1995). Use of extrinsic evidence to aid interpretation of deeds. Journal of
Surveying Engineering, (121), 178.
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It was only towards the end of the 18th century that detailed triangulation network surveys mapped whole countries. In 1784, a team from
General
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when in use. Tape measures are often used for measurement of smaller distances. 3D scanners and various forms of aerial imagery are also used.
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and the other
Himalayan peaks. Surveying became a professional occupation in high demand at the turn of the 19th century with the onset of the
489:) created a theodolite with a compass and tripod in 1576. Johnathon Sission was the first to incorporate a telescope on a theodolite in 1725.
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1724:, bridges, and buildings. They establish the boundaries of legal descriptions and political divisions. They also provide advice and data for
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into horizontal and vertical components to simplify calculation. GPS and astronomic measurements also need measurement of a time component.
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is a form of theodolite that uses a gyroscope to orient itself in the absence of reference marks. It is used in underground applications.
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in 1808. This gathered data on the number of parcels of land, their value, land usage, and names. This system soon spread around Europe.
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on the ground (about 20 km (12 mi) apart). This method reaches precisions between 5–40 cm (depending on flight height).
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Global social support network featuring surveyor forums, instructional videos, industry news and support groups based on geolocation.
1526:, building setback restrictions and shows nearby flood zones. In many places a mortgage survey is a precondition for a mortgage loan.
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to provide a magnetic bearing or azimuth. Later, more precise scribed discs improved angular resolution. Mounting telescopes with
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between them. These points are usually on the surface of the Earth, and they are often used to establish maps and boundaries for
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different methods are used, and errors can be detected by comparing the results of two or more measurements, thus utilizing
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of the surveyed property is done by the surveyor, and nearly everyone working in the area of drafting today (2021) utilizes
2188:, the locating of structures relative to a reference line, used in the construction of buildings, roads, mines, and tunnels
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to use that information for the planning and efficient administration of the land, the sea and any structures thereon; and,
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provided a graphical method of recording and measuring angles, which reduced the amount of mathematics required. In 1829
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Surveyors use ancillary equipment such as tripods and instrument stands; staves and beacons used for sighting purposes;
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when setting boundary corners. Monuments take the form of capped iron rods, concrete monuments, or nails with washers.
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geodetic. In geodetic surveying necessary corrections are applied to reduced levels, bearings and other observations.
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Survey points are usually marked on the earth's surface by objects ranging from small nails driven into the ground to
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maps of large areas. A surveyor first needs to know the horizontal distance between two of the objects, known as the
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in 1551, but it is thought that the instrument was in use earlier as his description is of a developed instrument.
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Local organisations or regulatory bodies class specializations of surveying in different ways. Broad groups are:
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network where each point can be used by a surveyor to determine their own position when beginning a new survey.
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the 1800s. Surveying was necessary so that railroads could plan technologically and financially viable routes.
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during the 1950s. It measures long distances using two microwave transmitter/receivers. During the late 1950s
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Based on the considerations and true shape of the Earth, surveying is broadly classified into two types.
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594:. The first Ramsden theodolite was built for this survey. The survey was finally completed in 1853. The
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of his own design. Ramsden's theodolite represented a great step forward in the instrument's accuracy.
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produced the first map of Japan using modern surveying techniques starting in 1800, at the age of 55.
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loop pattern or link between two prior reference marks so the surveyor can check their measurements.
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1568:: a survey of the positions and elevations of points and objects on a land surface, presented as a
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to determine, measure and represent land, three-dimensional objects, point-fields and trajectories;
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2180:, a square unit of land, six miles (~9.7 km) on a side, done by the U.S. Public Land Survey System
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Joe Dracup (1997) "A new age of geodesy begins: 1970-1990", History of Geodetic Survey – Part 7,
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Surveying has been an element in the development of the human environment since the beginning of
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United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management Technical Bulletin (1973).
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1406:. It incorporates elements of the boundary survey, mortgage survey, and topographic survey.
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Surveying equipment. Clockwise from upper left: optical theodolite, robotic total station,
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Land surveyors, construction professionals, geomatics engineers and civil engineers using
712:
587:
560:
556:
509:
395:
367:
331:
321:
2136:
2119:
was a British surveyor that explored the jungles of South America attempting to find the
1520:
is a simple survey that delineates land boundaries and building locations. It checks for
3066:
Manual of Surveying Instructions For the Survey of the Public Lands of the United States
2330:
1480:: either finds the elevation of a given point or establish a point at a given elevation.
16:
Science of determining the positions of points and the distances and angles between them
2153:
2120:
1817:
1721:
1530:
1279:
1096:
896:
765:
753:
655:
492:
In the 18th century, modern techniques and instruments for surveying began to be used.
347:
235:
93:
2488:
2357:
International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms: Proceedings of HMM 2008
1160:
801:
792:
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2116:
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1339:
1237:
1108:
957:
903:
849:
740:
698:
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493:
468:
429:
343:
223:
139:
3021:
2089:
colonial or frontier territories early in their career, prior to serving in office.
1446:
off-shore industry, as not all platforms are fixed and are thus subject to movement.
879:
The theodolite is an instrument for the measurement of angles. It uses two separate
350:
would use simple geometry to re-establish boundaries after the annual floods of the
2307:
Manual of Instructions for the Survey of the Public Lands of the United States 1973
2257: – Global organization for the profession of surveying and related disciplines
1801:
1797:
1746:
1573:
1330:
Once the surveyor has calculated the level of the errors in his or her work, it is
845:
683:
568:
454:
266:
247:
203:
2800:
2156:, a method of collecting information using aerial photography and satellite images
1771:. An assistant would move the far end of the chain under the surveyor's direction.
1111:
allowed measurement to a fraction of a degree, such as with a turn-of-the-century
528:
developed an optical meter for the measuring of distance in 1771; it measured the
2767:
2733:
2404:
567:
undertook the first triangulation of France. They included a re-surveying of the
3058:
2879:
2242:
2025:
1813:
1502:
1243:
1229:
1119:
1083:
1062:
1054:
869:
865:
583:
458:
372:
35:
2519:
2239: – Surveying instrument that uses the Sun's direction instead of magnetism
1560:: A boundary survey that splits a property into two or more smaller properties.
1037:
2905:
2194:, used in the oil industry to measure a borehole's departure from the vertical
1930:(BLM) conducts most cadastral surveys in the United States. They consult with
1587:
1539:
1104:
928:
measurement network with well conditioned geometry. This produces an accurate
853:
841:
736:
687:
525:
497:
478:
376:
351:
239:
227:
3052:
2634:
1987:
of construction projects. A quantity surveyor is an expert in estimating the
1716:
Surveyors help determine the placement of roads, railways, reservoirs, dams,
1382:: a survey that establishes or re-establishes boundaries of a parcel using a
1107:). Levels and calibrated circles allowed the measurement of vertical angles.
2620:
2106:
2102:
2015:
1805:
1169:
1155:
1042:
976:
521:
517:
409:
215:
184:
2982:
2219:, performing geographic surveys as part of the U.S. Department of Commerce
1965:(PLSS), surveyors must carry out BLM cadastral surveys under that system.
2248:
2159:
1914:
1742:
1738:
1476:
1066:
633:
625:
578:
A map of India showing the Great Trigonometrical Survey, produced in 1870
342:
Surveying has occurred since humans built the first large structures. In
199:
2174:, a method used in the United States to survey and identify land parcels
1843:
In many jurisdictions, surveyors must mark their registration number on
19:
This article is about measuring positions on Earth. For other uses, see
2309:. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office. p. 1.
2263: – Navigation and surveying instrument to measure magnetic bearing
2050: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1734:
1100:
1021:
938:
812:
705:
544:
390:
211:
195:
2991:
1756:
Most jurisdictions recognize three different levels of qualification:
1677:
1534:: A survey that creates reference marks visible from the air to allow
292:
to assemble and interpret land and geographically related information,
2994:
The Home of the National Museum of Surveying in Springfield, Illinois
972:
1000:
network, to get automated corrections and conversions for collected
386:) was set out by prehistoric surveyors using peg and rope geometry.
3030:
National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES)
2997:
1016:
354:. The almost perfect squareness and north–south orientation of the
3063:
2925:
2595:
Accuracy Study of Airborne Laser Scanning Data with Photogrammetry
1854:
1706:
1700:
1676:
1211:
1159:
1075:
1036:
1015:
757:
666:
638:
608:
573:
548:
501:
440:
330:
243:
180:
160:
is the technique, profession, art, and science of determining the
144:
133:
298:
to conduct research into the above practices and to develop them.
1926:
are licensed by governments. The cadastral survey branch of the
980:
861:
719:
The US Air Force launched the first prototype satellites of the
539:(a.k.a. Snel van Royen) introduced the modern systematic use of
161:
840:
The main surveying instruments in use around the world are the
2019:
1046:
961:
29:
2095:
is considered the "father" of geodetic surveying in the U.S.
1488:: Survey to change base flood line, removing property from a
265:. It is used in the planning and execution of most forms of
2659:
https://apps.mht.maryland.gov/Medusa/PDF/NR_PDFs/NR-311.pdf
2225:, a former surveying agency of the United States Government
2207:, India's central agency in charge of mapping and surveying
2123:. His biography and expeditions were recounted in the book
3033:
2251: – Trigonometric function defined as secant minus one
1095:
Historically, horizontal angles were measured by using a
1057:(creation of map in real-time) and field data collection.
3027:
2621:"View DigitalGlobe Imagery Solutions @ Geospatial Forum"
2568:"Real-Time Kinematic (RTK): Chapter 5- Resolving Errors"
393:
described ways of measuring distant objects in his work
2276:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1983:
Quantity surveying is a profession that deals with the
1749:. They must also know the laws that deal with surveys,
375:(early 1st millennium BC). The prehistoric monument at
504:
in the horizontal and vertical planes. He created his
2801:"Building Surveyors London - ZFN Chartered Surveyors"
2672:
Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph
1318:
are not propagating from one measurement to the next.
532:
from which the distance to a point could be deduced.
2384:
Solving Stonehenge: The New Key to an Ancient Enigma
1168:
The simplest method for measuring height is with an
992:
and other governments' survey agencies, such as the
2727:
2725:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1598:: a survey of an underwater site, object, or area.
1130:for recording angles graphically by modifying the
365:, affirm the Egyptians' command of surveying. The
3049:Using Ground Penetrating Radar for Land Surveying
3036:National Society of Professional Surveyors (NSPS)
1884:). They represent the survey industry worldwide.
1693:gold medal in 1876, for his efforts in exploring
1345:The surveyor must be able to distinguish between
1103:atop the disc allowed more precise sighting (see
1065:(Electronic Distance Measurement) laser devices,
1730:(GIS) that record land features and boundaries.
1398:Land Title Survey is a standard proposed by the
1338:method, also known as the compass rule, and the
467:was introduced in 1620 by English mathematician
2896:Brinker, Russell C; Minnick, Roy, eds. (1995).
1859:Surveying students with their professor at the
1053:and field computer allows surveying as well as
704:The first satellite positioning system was the
3059:Surveyors – Occupational Employment Statistics
1991:needed for a project, as well as managing the
1954:, and others. The BLM used to be known as the
281:defines the function of surveying as follows:
3064:Public Land Survey System Foundation (2009),
3024:The History of Surveying And Survey Equipment
2961:Definitions of Surveying and Associated Terms
2213:, a national mapping agency for Great Britain
1363:Survey (disambiguation) § Earth sciences
643:A railroad surveying party at Russel's Tank,
190:A professional in land surveying is called a
8:
2355:Hong-Sen Yan & Marco Ceccarelli (2009),
2101:practiced land surveying before starting an
1788:supervision, meet the legal standards. Many
1733:Surveyors must have a thorough knowledge of
500:in 1787. It was an instrument for measuring
481:that measured horizontal angles in his book
1041:Example of modern equipment for surveying (
222:, and the law. They use equipment, such as
2848:American Congress on Surveying and Mapping
2109:goods. The business would later turn into
2078:Some U.S. Presidents were land surveyors.
1404:American Congress on Surveying and Mapping
1390:, or concrete monuments in the ground, or
750:survey remain the primary methods in use.
2695:Kahmen, Heribert; Faig, Wolfgang (1988).
2593:"Toni Schenk, Suyoung Seo, Beata Csatho:
2438:Nineteenth Century Scientific Instruments
2245: – Study and practice of making maps
2066:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2924:The Great Arc: The Dramatic Tale of How
2406:Surveying Instruments of Greece and Rome
2267:Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
543:. In 1615 he surveyed the distance from
250:, handheld tablets, optical and digital
2464:. International Federation of Surveyors
2294:
2283: – Survey methods in North America
2223:United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
1882:Fédération Internationale des Géomètres
1590:to locate or place building structures.
2772:. McGraw Hill Education. p. 542.
1074:, or measuring tapes made of steel or
483:A geometric practice named Pantometria
2998:Land Surveyors United Support Network
2255:International Federation of Surveyors
1878:International Federation of Surveyors
279:International Federation of Surveyors
149:A student using a theodolite in field
7:
3017:Table of Surveying, 1728 Cyclopaedia
3004:Natural Resources Canada – Surveying
2300:
2298:
2274: – Mapping Indian land cessions
2048:adding citations to reliable sources
1894:Building surveying § Profession
768:image processing is also appearing.
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1989:costs of materials, labor, and time
1628:On the basis of the instrument used
516:invented an instrument that used a
2674:. London: Imperial College Press.
2485:"Geodimeter-The First Name in EDM"
967:Typically, much if not all of the
592:Principal Triangulation of Britain
401:The Sea Island Mathematical Manual
371:instrument may have originated in
194:. Surveyors work with elements of
14:
2701:. Berlin: de Gruyter. p. 9.
2512:"Electronic Distance Measurement"
2459:"The History of the Tellurometer"
2403:Lewis, M. J. T. (23 April 2001).
1956:United States General Land Office
1861:Helsinki University of Technology
1304:these errors early in the survey.
1252:Triangulation in three dimensions
2992:The National Museum of Surveying
2024:
1727:geographical information systems
1705:An all-female surveying crew in
1394:set in concrete or asphalt. The
872:. Most instruments screw onto a
834:GPS base station, optical level.
820:
811:
800:
791:
34:
2199:Geospatial survey organizations
2035:needs additional citations for
1400:American Land Title Association
1379:Cadastral or boundary surveying
692:electronic distance measurement
496:introduced the first precision
337:Cassells' Carpentry and Joinery
254:, subsurface locators, drones,
45:needs additional citations for
2947:Surveying for Field Scientists
2457:Sturman, Brian; Wright, Alan.
2440:, Sotheby Publications, 1983,
2409:. Cambridge University Press.
2386:. (Thames & Hudson, 2008)
1880:(Abbreviated FIG, for French:
760:-based topographical surveys.
322:Topographic map § History
1:
3022:Surveying & Triangulation
2738:. Firewall Media. p. 2.
2541:Key, Henk; Lemmens, Mathias.
2217:U.S. National Geodetic Survey
1790:principals of surveying firms
913:satellite positioning systems
778:List of surveying instruments
524:as a target device, in 1640.
380:
359:
3040:Ground Penetrating Radar FAQ
2885:Resources in other libraries
1961:In states organized per the
1796:Related professions include
1603:Plane vs. geodetic surveying
1274:Datum and coordinate systems
3087:Ancient Egyptian technology
1993:financial and legal aspects
1531:Photographic control survey
590:of Great Britain began the
335:A plumb rule from the book
3113:
2281:Surveying in North America
2272:Surveying in early America
2129:and were later adapted on
2113:lifestyle clothing store.
2013:
2007:
1976:
1912:
1906:
1891:
1691:Royal Geographical Society
1689:(19th century) received a
1669:Surveying in North America
1662:
1546:Stakeout, layout or setout
1492:special flood hazard area.
1441:Dimensional control survey
1356:
1340:principle of least squares
1277:
1205:
1153:
775:
596:Great Trigonometric Survey
307:
258:, and surveying software.
226:, robotic total stations,
18:
2983:Géomètres sans Frontières
2934:, Harper Collins, 182pp,
2906:10.1007/978-1-4615-2067-2
2880:Resources in your library
2172:Public Land Survey System
2093:Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler
1963:Public Land Survey System
1948:Fish and Wildlife Service
1928:Bureau of Land Management
1782:Licensed, registered, or
1301:Gross errors or blunders:
1174:Global Positioning System
917:Global Positioning System
721:Global Positioning System
620:Public Land Survey System
485:(1571). Joshua Habermel (
445:Table of Surveying, 1728
25:Surveyor (disambiguation)
3045:22 December 2019 at the
2543:"Robotic Total Stations"
1944:Bureau of Indian Affairs
1924:Cadastral land surveyors
1863:in the late 19th century
994:National Geodetic Survey
555:. He also showed how to
3009:29 October 2010 at the
2769:Surveying and Levelling
2111:Abercrombie & Fitch
1940:Army Corps of Engineers
1915:Cadastre § Surveys
1359:Survey (disambiguation)
1020:A standard Brunton Geo
990:U.S. Federal Government
403:, published in 263 AD.
21:Survey (disambiguation)
2898:The Surveying Handbook
2735:Surveying by BC Punmia
2670:Ronalds, B.F. (2016).
2186:Construction surveying
2117:Percy Harrison Fawcett
1881:
1864:
1851:Surveying institutions
1710:
1698:
1651:Tacheometric Surveying
1584:architectural drawings
1419:Construction surveying
1347:accuracy and precision
1218:
1187:differential levelling
1165:
1058:
1025:
764:technology along with
675:
672:William Francis Ganong
648:
616:Land Ordinance of 1785
579:
553:curvature of the Earth
451:
339:
318:History of cartography
301:
150:
142:
1952:Bureau of Reclamation
1936:National Park Service
1858:
1704:
1680:
1665:Geomatics engineering
1639:Plane table Surveying
1424:engineering surveying
1215:
1163:
1128:reflecting instrument
1040:
1019:
776:Further information:
670:
642:
605:Industrial Revolution
577:
444:
426:William the Conqueror
356:Great Pyramid of Giza
334:
283:
220:programming languages
148:
137:
2436:Turner, Gerard L'E.
2237:Burt's solar compass
2166:Dominion Land Survey
2099:David T. Abercrombie
2044:improve this article
1673:Surveying in Oceania
1645:Theodolite Surveying
1193:Determining position
1033:Distance measurement
535:Dutch mathematician
416:In medieval Europe,
54:improve this article
2959:Genovese I (2005),
2635:"CAD for Surveying"
1998:Chartered Surveyors
1985:costs and contracts
1909:Cadastral surveying
1903:Cadastral surveying
1822:geomatics engineers
1784:chartered surveyors
1580:Existing conditions
1469:Hydrographic survey
1292:Errors and accuracy
1004:data, and the data
921:Real Time Kinematic
725:Real Time Kinematic
680:Trevor Lloyd Wadley
537:Willebrord Snellius
314:History of cadastre
208:regression analysis
138:A surveyor using a
2949:, Methuen, 230pp,
2766:N N Basak (2014).
2732:BC Punmia (2005).
2382:Johnson, Anthony,
2160:Cadastral surveyor
2126:The Lost City of Z
2016:Notable geodesists
1973:Quantity surveying
1888:Building surveying
1865:
1775:Survey technicians
1711:
1699:
1648:Traverse Surveying
1620:geodetic surveying
1565:Topographic survey
1536:aerial photographs
1431:Deformation survey
1219:
1202:Reference networks
1166:
1059:
1026:
1006:coordinate systems
676:
649:
630:continental Europe
628:Bonaparte founded
611:, roads and rail.
580:
520:with an installed
508:using an accurate
452:
418:beating the bounds
389:The mathematician
340:
310:History of geodesy
151:
143:
3092:Civil engineering
2945:Pugh J C (1975),
2915:978-1-4613-5858-9
2866:Library resources
2681:978-1-78326-917-4
2609:on 25 March 2009.
2547:GIM International
2392:978-0-500-05155-9
2370:978-1-4020-9484-2
2261:Prismatic compass
2148:Types and methods
2080:George Washington
2076:
2075:
2068:
2004:Notable surveyors
1979:Quantity surveyor
1870:geodetic networks
1810:photogrammetrists
1792:hold this status.
1761:Survey assistants
1753:, and contracts.
1636:Compass Surveying
1595:Underwater survey
1552:Structural survey
1450:Foundation survey
1411:Control surveying
1384:legal description
1091:Angle measurement
1051:laser rangefinder
674:surveying in 1903
530:parallactic angle
514:William Gascoigne
487:Erasmus Habermehl
428:commissioned the
246:sensors, radios,
169:three-dimensional
130:
129:
122:
104:
3104:
2988:
2919:
2853:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2729:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2667:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2602:. Archived from
2601:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2518:. Archived from
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2491:on 10 March 2014
2487:. Archived from
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2463:
2454:
2448:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2400:
2394:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2302:
2277:
2192:Deviation survey
2071:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2051:
2028:
2020:
1845:survey monuments
1769:measuring chains
1697:for the British.
1687:Nain Singh Rawat
1654:Aerial Surveying
1510:Mortgage survey:
1503:Mining surveying
1462:subdivision plan
1208:Geodetic network
1144:angular misclose
971:and some of the
824:
815:
804:
795:
506:great theodolite
385:
382:
364:
361:
263:recorded history
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3072:
3071:
3047:Wayback Machine
3011:Wayback Machine
2986:
2979:
2974:
2963:, ACSM, 314pp,
2928:was Mapped and
2922:Keay J (2000),
2916:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2860:Further reading
2857:
2856:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2807:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2731:
2730:
2723:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2653:
2643:
2641:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2599:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2551:
2549:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2522:on 29 July 2014
2509:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2435:
2431:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2363:, p. 107,
2354:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2275:
2232:
2211:Ordnance Survey
2205:Survey of India
2201:
2178:Survey township
2150:
2145:
2084:Abraham Lincoln
2072:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2041:
2029:
2018:
2012:
2008:Main category:
2006:
1981:
1975:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1896:
1890:
1853:
1830:
1818:civil engineers
1722:retaining walls
1675:
1661:
1633:Chain Surveying
1630:
1611:Plane surveying
1605:
1570:topographic map
1518:physical survey
1514:mortgage survey
1496:Measured survey
1372:As-built survey
1365:
1355:
1294:
1282:
1276:
1210:
1204:
1195:
1158:
1152:
1124:Francis Ronalds
1093:
1035:
1014:
954:
838:
837:
836:
835:
827:
826:
825:
817:
816:
807:
806:
805:
797:
796:
785:
780:
774:
766:photogrammetric
733:
713:Polaris missile
665:
654:introduced the
614:In the US, the
588:Ordnance Survey
561:Jacques Cassini
510:dividing engine
439:
396:Haidao Suanjing
383:
362:
329:
327:Ancient history
324:
306:
275:
236:retroreflectors
214:, engineering,
165:two-dimensional
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3110:
3108:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3061:
3056:
3050:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3014:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2978:
2977:External links
2975:
2973:
2972:
2957:
2943:
2920:
2914:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2875:
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2861:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2835:
2826:
2817:
2792:
2778:
2758:
2744:
2721:
2707:
2687:
2680:
2662:
2651:
2626:
2623:. 4 June 2010.
2612:
2584:
2559:
2533:
2516:Jerrymahun.com
2510:Mahun, Jerry.
2502:
2483:Cheves, Marc.
2475:
2449:
2429:
2415:
2395:
2375:
2369:
2347:
2322:
2316:978-0910845601
2315:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2157:
2154:Photogrammetry
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2121:Lost City of Z
2074:
2073:
2032:
2030:
2023:
2005:
2002:
1977:Main article:
1974:
1971:
1932:Forest Service
1907:Main article:
1904:
1901:
1892:Main article:
1889:
1886:
1852:
1849:
1829:
1826:
1794:
1793:
1779:
1772:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1591:
1577:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1527:
1507:
1499:
1493:
1481:
1473:
1465:
1447:
1437:
1427:
1415:
1407:
1375:
1354:
1351:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1293:
1290:
1280:Geodetic datum
1278:Main article:
1275:
1272:
1206:Main article:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1154:Main article:
1151:
1148:
1092:
1089:
1072:Gunter's chain
1034:
1031:
1013:
1010:
953:
950:
897:gyrotheodolite
846:measuring tape
829:
828:
819:
818:
810:
809:
808:
799:
798:
790:
789:
788:
787:
786:
784:
781:
773:
770:
754:Remote sensing
732:
729:
709:TRANSIT system
699:total stations
682:developed the
664:
661:
656:Torrens system
652:Robert Torrens
647:, in the 1860s
475:Leonard Digges
465:Gunter's chain
438:
435:
384: 2500 BC
363: 2700 BC
348:rope stretcher
328:
325:
305:
302:
300:
299:
296:
293:
290:
274:
271:
224:total stations
158:land surveying
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3109:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2969:0-9765991-0-4
2966:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2955:0-416-07530-4
2952:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2940:0-00-653123-7
2937:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2893:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2859:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2844:ACSM Bulletin
2839:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2781:
2779:9789332901537
2775:
2771:
2770:
2762:
2759:
2747:
2745:9788170088530
2741:
2737:
2736:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2710:
2708:3-11-008303-5
2704:
2700:
2699:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2655:
2652:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2605:
2598:
2596:
2588:
2585:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2534:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2503:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2476:
2460:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2446:0-85667-170-3
2443:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2418:
2416:9780521792974
2412:
2408:
2407:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2348:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2070:
2067:
2059:
2056:November 2022
2049:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2033:This section
2031:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1902:
1900:
1895:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1871:
1862:
1857:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1816:, as well as
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1802:hydrographers
1799:
1798:cartographers
1791:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1751:real property
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1703:
1696:
1695:the Himalayas
1692:
1688:
1685:cartographer
1684:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1574:contour lines
1571:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1238:Triangulation
1234:
1231:
1230:large beacons
1226:
1224:
1214:
1209:
1201:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1162:
1157:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1080:Perambulators
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1045:technology):
1044:
1039:
1032:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
965:
963:
959:
958:total station
951:
949:
947:
942:
940:
934:
931:
925:
922:
918:
914:
908:
905:
904:total station
900:
898:
893:
890:
886:
882:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
850:total station
847:
843:
833:
823:
814:
803:
794:
782:
779:
771:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
749:
746:
742:
741:total station
738:
730:
728:
726:
722:
717:
714:
710:
707:
702:
700:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
673:
669:
662:
660:
657:
653:
646:
641:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
621:
617:
612:
610:
606:
602:
601:Mount Everest
597:
593:
589:
585:
576:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
541:triangulation
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
494:Jesse Ramsden
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
470:
469:Edmund Gunter
466:
462:
460:
456:
450:
449:
443:
436:
434:
431:
430:Domesday Book
427:
422:
419:
414:
412:
411:
404:
402:
398:
397:
392:
387:
378:
374:
370:
369:
357:
353:
349:
345:
344:ancient Egypt
338:
333:
326:
323:
319:
315:
311:
303:
297:
294:
291:
288:
287:
286:
282:
280:
272:
270:
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
192:land surveyor
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
171:positions of
170:
166:
163:
159:
155:
147:
141:
140:total station
136:
132:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
26:
22:
3065:
3053:Survey Earth
2960:
2946:
2923:
2897:
2870:
2843:
2838:
2829:
2820:
2808:. Retrieved
2804:
2795:
2783:. Retrieved
2768:
2761:
2749:. Retrieved
2734:
2712:. Retrieved
2697:
2690:
2671:
2665:
2654:
2642:. Retrieved
2638:
2629:
2615:
2604:the original
2594:
2587:
2575:. Retrieved
2571:
2562:
2550:. Retrieved
2546:
2536:
2524:. Retrieved
2520:the original
2515:
2505:
2493:. Retrieved
2489:the original
2478:
2466:. Retrieved
2452:
2437:
2432:
2420:. Retrieved
2405:
2398:
2383:
2378:
2356:
2350:
2338:. Retrieved
2334:
2331:"Definition"
2325:
2306:
2137:InĹŤ Tadataka
2135:
2125:
2115:
2097:
2091:
2077:
2062:
2053:
2042:Please help
2037:verification
2034:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1967:
1960:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1897:
1874:
1866:
1842:
1839:
1835:post nominal
1831:
1814:topographers
1795:
1781:
1774:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1747:trigonometry
1732:
1725:
1715:
1712:
1618:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1593:
1579:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1529:
1523:encroachment
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1495:
1483:
1475:
1467:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1439:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1409:
1395:
1377:
1371:
1366:
1344:
1329:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1265:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1196:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1167:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1117:
1094:
1060:
1027:
1008:themselves.
966:
955:
943:
935:
926:
909:
901:
894:
888:
884:
880:
878:
839:
752:
734:
731:21st century
718:
703:
696:
684:Tellurometer
677:
663:20th century
650:
624:
618:created the
613:
581:
569:meridian arc
563:and his son
534:
491:
482:
477:described a
473:
463:
457:described a
455:Abel Foullon
453:
446:
424:In England,
423:
415:
408:
405:
400:
394:
388:
366:
341:
336:
284:
276:
267:construction
260:
248:inclinometer
204:trigonometry
191:
189:
157:
153:
152:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2987:(in French)
2644:9 September
2577:5 September
2340:17 February
2243:Cartography
2131:film screen
2000:in the UK.
1558:Subdivision
1485:LOMA survey
1308:Systematic:
1244:topographic
1126:invented a
1120:plane table
1084:Tacheometry
1055:cartography
885:protractors
854:3D scanners
690:introduced
584:William Roy
459:plane table
448:Cyclopaedia
373:Mesopotamia
240:3D scanners
234:receivers,
228:theodolites
162:terrestrial
69:"Surveying"
3076:Categories
2751:9 December
2552:17 October
2289:References
2014:See also:
1913:See also:
1806:geodesists
1778:available.
1663:See also:
1659:Profession
1588:blueprints
1357:See also:
1325:redundancy
1311:corrected.
1266:Traversing
1258:Offsetting
1105:theodolite
1012:Techniques
915:, such as
842:theodolite
737:theodolite
688:Geodimeter
526:James Watt
498:theodolite
479:theodolite
437:Modern era
377:Stonehenge
352:Nile River
308:See also:
273:Definition
80:newspapers
3082:Surveying
2932:was Named
2871:Surveying
2714:10 August
2698:Surveying
2639:Tutorgram
2597:, p. 118"
2422:30 August
2107:excursion
2105:store of
2103:outfitter
2010:Surveyors
1828:Licensing
1718:pipelines
1642:Levelling
1540:rectified
1458:site plan
1454:plot plan
1396:ALTA/ACSM
1170:altimeter
1156:Levelling
1150:Levelling
1067:distances
1043:Field-Map
973:designing
772:Equipment
632:'s first
522:crosshair
518:telescope
410:Gromatici
216:metrology
185:ownership
177:distances
154:Surveying
110:June 2023
3097:Land use
3043:Archived
3007:Archived
2810:12 March
2361:Springer
2249:Exsecant
2143:See also
2087:surveyed
1765:chainmen
1743:geometry
1739:calculus
1737:, basic
1477:Leveling
1402:and the
1342:method.
1336:Bowditch
1332:adjusted
1248:baseline
1109:Verniers
1101:reticles
996:and the
969:drafting
952:Software
930:baseline
889:alidades
783:Hardware
634:cadastre
626:Napoleon
358:, built
200:geometry
175:and the
2930:Everest
2785:28 July
2572:Hexagon
2526:20 July
2495:20 July
2468:20 July
2335:fig.net
1958:(GLO).
1735:algebra
1315:Random:
1223:control
1182:Turning
1113:transit
1097:compass
1061:Before
1022:compass
939:beacons
881:circles
706:US Navy
645:Arizona
545:Alkmaar
391:Liu Hui
304:History
212:physics
196:geodesy
94:scholar
2967:
2953:
2938:
2912:
2868:about
2776:
2742:
2705:
2678:
2444:
2413:
2390:
2367:
2313:
1812:, and
1745:, and
1709:, 1918
1683:pundit
1671:, and
1538:to be
1217:lines.
1132:octant
874:tripod
609:canals
557:resect
502:angles
320:, and
252:levels
181:angles
173:points
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3028:NCEES
2926:India
2607:(PDF)
2600:(PDF)
2462:(PDF)
2230:Other
1707:Idaho
1572:with
1460:, or
1436:made.
1392:nails
1388:pipes
1353:Types
1140:close
1076:invar
981:plats
977:plans
866:level
758:lidar
565:CĂ©sar
549:Breda
368:groma
244:lidar
101:JSTOR
87:books
3034:NSPS
2965:ISBN
2951:ISBN
2936:ISBN
2910:ISBN
2812:2021
2787:2016
2774:ISBN
2753:2014
2740:ISBN
2716:2014
2703:ISBN
2676:ISBN
2646:2020
2579:2021
2554:2020
2528:2014
2497:2014
2470:2014
2442:ISBN
2424:2012
2411:ISBN
2388:ISBN
2365:ISBN
2342:2016
2311:ISBN
2082:and
1820:and
1681:The
1586:and
1490:SFHA
1422:and
1361:and
1118:The
998:CORS
979:and
975:for
902:The
895:The
868:and
862:GNSS
743:and
735:The
346:, a
277:The
232:GNSS
179:and
73:news
23:and
2902:doi
2805:ZFN
2046:by
1763:or
1617:In
1516:or
1063:EDM
1047:GPS
1002:GPS
985:CAD
962:GPS
946:PPE
887:or
870:rod
858:GPS
832:RTK
762:UAV
748:GPS
745:RTK
586:'s
547:to
399:or
256:GIS
167:or
156:or
56:by
3078::
2908:.
2900:.
2850:.
2846:.
2803:.
2724:^
2637:.
2570:.
2545:.
2514:.
2359:,
2333:.
2297:^
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